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Universidad Del Valle Diversidad Y Composición De UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE DIVERSIDAD Y COMPOSICIÓN DE HORMIGAS Y ESCARABAJOS CARÁBIDOS DEL SUELO EN UN PAISAJE CAFETERO DEL CAUCA, COLOMBIA ANDERSON ARENAS CLAVIJO INGE ARMBRECHT, Ph.D PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS-BIOLOGÍA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS NOVIEMBRE, 2016 AGRADECIMIENTOS Antes que a nadie, debo agradecer a Dios por la oportunidad maravillosa de adentrarme en el conocimiento (al menos de una parte) de los fascinantes sistemas biológicos que subsisten en este planeta. No pretendo que quien lea este agradecimiento inicial busque razones para contender, sólo quiero honrar a quien considero el más importante. Agradezco el apoyo recibido por parte de mi familia: mi esposa Claudia Lorena Balanta Mejía fue de gran ayuda en las labores de campo, mi hija Valeria Arenas Balanta fue, sin duda alguna, la persona que más me motivó a entrar a mis estudios de maestría. Agradezco a mis padres Rodrigo Arenas y Pilar Clavijo, quienes ofrecieron mucho apoyo logístico para el desarrollo de mis labores académicas. Agradezco el apoyo de la Universidad del Valle, al proyecto de convocatoria interna CI 71000, en el que se enmarca el presente trabajo, y al programa Jóvenes Investigadores e innovadores 706-2015 por patrocinar parte de la investigación. La doctora Inge Armbrecht fue de invaluable ayuda para concretar este documento, además de ser una atenta directora de investigación. Agradezco al doctor James Montoya por su apoyo logístico al inicio de este proceso académico. Agradezco a mi buen amigo, el doctor Ildefonso Ruiz-Tapiador, quien me ha motivado a continuar con el trabajo en el grupo taxonómico de los Carabidae, y quien además ha sido de gran valor para mi crecimiento profesional. Agradezco también a los auxiliares de campo: don Eibar Calambaz y su hijo Víctor, unos verdaderos luchadores. No podría dejar de agradecer a cada uno de los propietarios de las fincas, quienes con su característica amabilidad me permitieron hurgar en sus terrenos en busca de evidencia biológica. El curador Danny Shpeley (Museo Strickland-Universidad de Alberta, Edmonton-Canadá) fue de valiosa ayuda para identificar dos Harpalini muy similares entre sí. Finalmente agradezco el apoyo en las labores de laboratorio a Bryan Ospina. Leonardo Fabio Rivera, Carlos Santamaría, Elisabeth Jiménez y Juan Carlos Abadía me ayudaron a resolver dudas taxonómicas relacionadas con las hormigas. ii TABLA DE CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................... ii LISTADO DE TABLAS Y FIGURAS .................................................................................. v RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 1 HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................................ 3 ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................................. 3 La producción cafetera en Colombia .................................................................................. 3 La diversidad biológica y su cuantificación........................................................................ 4 Las hormigas en los agroecositemas ................................................................................... 5 Los carábidos en los agroecosistemas ................................................................................ 7 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................... 9 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................................. 10 Zona de estudio ................................................................................................................. 10 Diseño del muestreo .......................................................................................................... 11 Fase de laboratorio ............................................................................................................ 12 Análisis de datos ............................................................................................................... 13 Prueba de autocorrelación espacial. .............................................................................. 13 Diversidad de especies. ................................................................................................. 13 Efectos del uso del suelo y sequía sobre la riqueza y abundancia. ............................... 14 Composición de las comunidades y especies indicadoras. ........................................... 14 RESULTADOS .................................................................................................................... 15 Prueba de autocorrelación espacial ................................................................................... 15 Diversidad de especies ...................................................................................................... 15 Efectos del uso del suelo y avance de la sequía sobre la riqueza y abundancia ............... 19 Composición de las comunidades y especies indicadoras. ............................................... 23 DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 26 Prueba de autocorrelación espacial. .................................................................................. 27 iii Diversidad de especies ...................................................................................................... 28 Patrones generales de riqueza de Formicidae ............................................................... 28 Sobre las especies de hormigas mayormente registradas .............................................. 29 Acumulación de especies de hormigas.......................................................................... 30 Patrones generales de riqueza de Carabidae ................................................................. 31 Sobre las especies de carábidos mayormente registradas ............................................. 32 Acumulación de especies de Carabidae ........................................................................ 32 Efectos del uso del suelo y avance de la sequía sobre la riqueza y abundancia ............... 33 Riqueza y abundancia de hormigas ............................................................................... 33 Riqueza y abundancia de carábidos .............................................................................. 34 Composición de las comunidades y especies indicadoras. ............................................... 36 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................ 38 LITERATURA CITADA ..................................................................................................... 39 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................................. 53 iv LISTADO DE TABLAS Y FIGURAS Casos Figura 1. ............................................................................................................................... 11 Figura 10. ............................................................................................................................. 26 Figura 2. ............................................................................................................................... 12 Figura 3. ............................................................................................................................... 16 Figura 4. ............................................................................................................................... 17 Figura 5. ............................................................................................................................... 18 Figura 6. ............................................................................................................................... 20 Figura 7. ............................................................................................................................... 21 Figura 8. ............................................................................................................................... 22 Figura 9. ............................................................................................................................... 23 Figura A1. ............................................................................................................................ 64 Figura A2. ............................................................................................................................ 65 Tabla 1. ................................................................................................................................ 18 Tabla 2. ................................................................................................................................ 21 Tabla 3. ...............................................................................................................................
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