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(:Ji:Sic Sritidtf Or the ARTESANAL FISHERIES and TOURISM SECTORS, SCOTT's HEAD/SOUFRIERE, COMMONWEALTH of DOMINICA

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(:Ji:Sic Sritidtf Or the ARTESANAL FISHERIES and TOURISM SECTORS, SCOTT's HEAD/SOUFRIERE, COMMONWEALTH of DOMINICA AND PARTICIPATORY CLIMATE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: (:ji:sic sriTiDTf or THE ARTESANAL FISHERIES AND TOURISM SECTORS, SCOTT'S HEAD/SOUFRIERE, COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA IPETT&RJLIIAinES [email protected] COPYRIGHT July, 2004 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in International Development Studies (IDS) At Saint Mary’s University, Nova Scotia, Canada July 15,2004 Thesis Approved By: Dr. Henry Veltmeyer, Thesis Supervisor Dr. Tony Charles. Fire* D' jjr. uinc Irotz, Second Reader National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1^1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisisitons et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-93674-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-93674-0 The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of theL'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither thedroit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from Niit la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this dissertation. ont été enlevés de ce manuscrit. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the dissertation. Canada ABSTRACT VULNERABLE COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND PARTICIPATORY CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF SCOTT'S HEAD/SOUFRIERE, COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Virtually all development efforts are at stake in this climate-changing world. Marginalized communities in the developing world are at greatest risk. Yet, despite impressive advancements in climate change adaptation, there is a poverty of thought or “critical ontology” (Foucault 1989) within the development and climate adaptation disciplines regarding community (micro-level) development. Growth theory, an affinity for meso-macro level programs, and a preponderance of scientific climate change research are substituting for community risk reduction and development discourse, and impeding vulnerable communities’ participatory involvement. The result is an imperfect coordination of analysis and praxis between mainstream and grassroots adaptation efforts, and a propensity to develop centralized, stagiest, and externally driven macro-remedial adaptation models prone to socially fragment and falter. We need a profound paradigm shift to navigate through the immense swamp of stale, normative ideas, and grapple with participatory, transformative concepts grounded in community that are floating amongst the micro, meso and macro development realms. This research draws on the rich traditional adaptive knowledge of Dominica’s artesanal fisher folk to engender greater understanding of participatory approaches to climate adaptation. Like the Andean stargazers who predict El Nino weather for tuber planting, and the Honduran Quezungal farmers whose terraced farming practices protect crops from flash floods, these coastal villagers continue to collaboratively practice their unique forms of collective adaptation to climate variability. We must rekindle the notion of genuine community development through grassroots social agency. Self-determined social agency, with its endogenous decision-making and local resource management, is arguably much better able than externally designed projects to engage and sustain community resources over time, and obtain the desired adaptation goals. This is especially so where there are opportunities for synergies between social concerns (such as coastal erosion and fish stock depletion, threatened livelihoods and food security). Thepioneering of micro-adaptation risk-consciousness raising (ARC) and grassroots adaptation in development (GrAD) practices by and for marginalized coastal communities, and the blending of traditional adaptive knowledge and contemporary expertise and requisite resources within broader adaptation and development strategies will support sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity more effectively. Peter J. Hayes July 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Ulric (Neville) Trotz and the CPACC/MACC team (Barbados/Belize) for their ongoing support of this research-to-pilot effort. Dr. Trotz’s contribution as Thesis Reader has been essential in validating my approach in the field. Many thanks also to Dr. Henry Veltmeyer of Saint Mary’s University International Development Studies for serving patiently as my Supervisor, and to Dr. Tony Charles of Saint Mary’s University Coastal Zone Management Institute for his valuable contribution as Thesis Reader. These three luminaries have ensured the academic and sectoral rigour necessary for this challenging endeavour. I am also thankful to George deBerdt Romilly for providing suggestions, for research, and professional references during the field portion of my research. Thanks to Kerry Max, Senior Economist, and Ralph Ostervoldt, Senior Environmental Specialist, at the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) for your steady vote of confidence and for allowing me to present some of my core findings to CIDA’s climate change team. This, in the hope that my research will offer insight into micro-adaptation approaches within small island developing states, be incorporated into donor agency practices, and provide a potential opportunity for meaningful intervention in the Caribbean region, and other vulnerable areas. In Barbados, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment, Dr. Leonard Nurse provided valuable insight into local climate change adaptation priorities, and was most instructive in suggesting adaptation approaches and potential partnerships. University of the West Indies (UWI) National Librarian Kenneth Chase, and his Senior Librarian Carlisle Best, were most helpful in providing access to Caribbean-based literature on development theory, and contextual material on Dominican history and culture. In addition, at UWI, Dr. Robin Mahon, an eminent fisheries expert in the region, provided vital information on the Caribbean fishery, climate change morphology and sectoral data, and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) fisheries adaptation approaches. In the host country of the Commonwealth of Dominica, the Hon. Deputy Minister of Tourism was most sensitive and insightful regarding the impact of climate change on the industry. Lloyd Pascal, Director of the Environmental Coordinating Unit (ECU) and Operational and Technical Global Environment Facility (GBF) Focal Point, took the time, amidst a profoundly hectic schedule, to provide guidance and staff support, and give greater formality to this research effort. Chief Fisheries Officer Andrew Magloire from the Fisheries Development Division, facilitated many of my field contacts and access to fisheries documentation. His intense commitment to his fishery colleagues in the field is truly inspiring. Aaron (Izzy) Madesetti graciously offered me a drive-around orientation of the Scott’s Head/Souffiere Marine Reserve (SSMR) target communities. This is an ecologically committed man with a commendable mission. Petronelle Green, Director of Communications, Works and Housing shared his insights into hurricane impacts on public infrastructure. Cecil Shillingford, Executive Director of the Office of Disaster Management, welcomed my enquiries on several occasions and shared his knowledge of disaster management practices, and the possibilities for climate change considerations. Permanent Secretary Dr. Colmore Christian was most insightful regarding the relationship between climate and the tourism sector. National Development Corporation Director Vincent Fhilbert, and Assistant Officer Marcella LaRocque helped me to better understand Tourism’s priorities in Dominica, and the inter-dependence between eco-tourism and the fishery. Fitzroy Pascal, Acting Senior Meteorological Officer, patiently assisted me in hurricane data collection. Thanks also to Rosie Brown of the Women’s Bureau, whose astute comments and commitment to gender mainstreaming in Dominica inspire great confidence in the prominent role of women in Dominican society. In the community, Chair Deborah Detouche and the Soufriere, Scott’s Head, Gallion, Bagatelle (SSGB) Village Council members’ desire for positive change was inspirational, and their practical insights revealing. Adelina Detouche and the Scott’s Head Improvement Committee were most informative, and clearly dedicated to their remarkable community. Dr. Lennox Honychurch is the cultural and historical anchor for this research. His mastery of knowledge of Dominica is truly unmatched. To the Soufriere Fisheries Group, with President Rupert Jules at the helm, and to the Scott’s Head
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