Index

A Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea), 315, 317 Abalone, 300, 480 Aldelphoparasitism, 210 Absolute salinity, 87 Aleutian Archipelago, 144 Acanthophora spicifera, 339, 346 Aleutian Islands, 162 Acanthurus Algal turfs, 334, 337 A. bahianus, 337 Alginate, 126, 486 A. chirurgus, 350 Allelopathy, 177, 184, 216 A. coeruleus, 337 Alloparasites, 210 Acclimation potential, 51 Altritol, 97 Acetabularia,96 Ammonium, 76 Acrochaete, 207 Ammonium uptake, 73 A. geniculata, 208 Amphi-epiphytes, 205 A. operculata, 124 Amphi-equatorial species, 390 Acrochaetium sp., 179, 205 Amphipod herbivory, 280 Acropora Amphipods, 369 A. cervicornis, 341 Amphiroa, 337 A. millepora, 342 A. fragillisima, 339 A. palmata, 341 Amylopectin, 34 Acrosiphonia, 90, 209, 277 Amylose, 34 A. arcta, 96, 97, 268, 269, 274, 435 Anoxia, 449 A. incurva, 267 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 267, 293 A. pacifica, 302 Antarctic Peninsula, 268, 275, 281, 383, Activated defenses, 181, 182 393, 395 N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), 179, Antarctic region, 393 183, 215 Antarctic seaweeds, 280 Adaptation through modulation, 50 Antarctic seaweeds, temperature demands, 390 Adaptation to low temperatures, 390 Antibacterial activities, 485 Adenocystis utricularis, 269, 274, 297, 302, Antifouling, 213, 222 307, 412 Antihelmintic properties, 485 Agar, 251, 486 Antioxidant, 57 Agaricia, 341 Antioxidative potential of phlorotannins, 440 Agarophyte, 251, 474 Anti-protozoan actibities, 252 Aglaothamnion,98 Antiviral activities, 485 Ahnfeltiopsis durvillaei, 297 Anvers Island, 275 Alaria esculenta, 12, 273, 276, 277, 436, Appressorium, 213 438, 486 Aquaculture, 78, 394, 471 Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 276, 280 Aquaporins, 94

C. Wiencke and K. Bischof (eds.), Seaweed Biology, Ecological Studies 219, 495 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 496 Index

Aragonite, 408, 412 Bloom formation, 449 Aragonite seas, 412 Bonnemaisonia hamifera, 183, 216 Archaea, 190 Bostrychia, 98, 214 Arctic region, 393 B. moritziana, 59, 102 Arctic seaweeds, temperature demands, 390 B. radicans, 59, 102, 240 Arctic to cold-temperate seaweeds, B. tenuissima, 102 temperature demands, 390 Bottom-up, 449 Argentinean province, 298 Boundary Ascomycota, 212 isotherms, 393 Ascophyllum, 360, 486 populations, 396 A. nodosum, 33, 69, 169, 179, 182, 206, Bromoperoxidase, 112, 116 438, 486 Bryopsis, 95, 168 Ascorbate, 112 B. australis, 298 Ascorbate peroxidase, 101, 111 B. plumosa, 239 Ascoseira,37 Bryozoans, 371 A. mirabilis, 33, 35, 38, 267, 269, 302 Buoyancy, 364 Ascoseirales, 35, 267 Buoyant seaweeds, 360, 367 Asparagopsis, 421 A. armata, 244 A. taxiformis, 52, 237, 245 C Assimilation, 68 Calcareous Associational resistance, 219 algae, 345 Atherinops affinis, 162 micro-and macroalgae, 409 Atkinson ratio, 68 Calcification, 166, 412, 422, 423 Azores, 316 Calcified macroalgae, 415 Calcite seas, 412 Californian current, 373 B Callophycus serratus, 183 Bacillus, 190, 215 Callophyllis, 297 Bacteria, 190 Caloglossa,98 Bactericidal activities, 252 C. continua, 100 Baffin Bay, 268 C. leprieurii, 101, 240 Ballast waters, 239 Calvin-Benson cycle, 27, 28, 34, 72, Ballia callitricha, 48, 52 110, 113 Baltic Sea, 89, 91, 102, 397 Calvin cycle, 51 Barnacles, 371 Canadian Arctic, 268, 277 Basiphyte, 203 Canary Islands, 317, 398 Beneficial acclimation hypothesis, 52 Canopy species, 139, 149 Bermuda, 55 Cape Horn current, 293 Betaine, 57 Carbonate buffer system, 26 Bet-hedging strategy, 209 Carbonate chemistry, 408, 415 Bicarbonate ion, 408 Carbonate ions, 408 Bifurcariopsis capensis,97 Carbon concentrating mechanism, 26, 73, Bioactive compounds, 485 409, 414 Biodiversity, 89, 267, 277 Carbon dioxide, 407 Biofilms, 204 Carbonic acid, 408 Biofouling, 177, 183, 238, 279 Carbonic anhydrase, 26, 321, 409, 411 Biogeographical Carbon nutrient ratio, 420 region, 57 Carbon storage, 270 transition regions, 399 Carbon to nitrogen ratio, 277 Biomass yield, 474–475 Carbon uptake, 422 Bioremediation of effluent, 253 b-Carboxylation, 32 Bipolar distributed species, 268 Caribbean, 6, 55, 162 Index 497

Carpophyllum, 360, 411 C. crispus, 56, 119, 124, 212, 307, 435, C. angustifolium, 301 461, 486 C. flexuosum, 301, 302 Chondrus/Acrochaete, 124 C. maschalocarpum, 301, 302 Chorda filum, 273, 277 C. plumosum, 302 Chordaria Carrageenan, 251, 486 C. flagelliformis, 277 Carrageenophytes, 212, 251, 474 C. linearis, 395 Cascading effects, 462 Chronic photoinhibition, 9, 274 Catalase, 8, 101, 112 Chukchia Caulacanthus, 301 C. endophytica, 267 Caulerpa, 168, 181, 301, 332, 335, 339, 412, C. pedicellata, 267 421, 454 Chytrids, 212 C. brachypus,72 CIMTAN, 480 C. geminata, 253 Circadian rhythm, 16 C. hodgkinsoniae, 253 Circannual rhythms, 16, 75, 138 C. lentillifera, 253 Cladophora, 90, 91, 343, 421, 450 C. obscura, 412 C. albida,59 C. racemosa, 56, 253 C. glomerata,91 C. racemosa var. cylindracea, 253 C. rupestris,91 C. racemosa var laetevirens, 253 C. sericea, 391 C. serrulata, 340 C. vagabunda,59 C. sertularioides, 339 Climate change, 407 C. taxifolia, 169, 247 Cl-transport, 96 C. verticillata, 348 Coalescence, 145 Caulerpenyne, 217 Coastal ocean pH measurements, 416 Cauloid, 196 Coast of China and Japan, 394 CCA. See Crustose coralline algae (CCA) Coccolithophores, 413 13C/12C ratios, 410 Coccotylus truncatus, 277 Cell viability, 90 Co-consumption, 219 Cell wall, 101 Codiolum, 209 Centrostephanus rodgersii, 300 Codium spp, 301, 450 Ceramium, 91, 343 C. decorticatum,97 C. rubrum, 205 C. fragile, 246, 254 C. strictum, 102 C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides, 255 Chaetangium fastigiatum, 302 Coexistence strategies, 165 Chaetomorpha, 69, 439, 450 Cold-temperate regions, 393 C. linum, 71, 114, 122 Cold-water history, 48, 266, 267, 272 Chatham Island, 302 Colpomenia Chemical defenses, 167, 168, 180, C. peregrina, 412 278, 338 C. sinuosa, 216 Chemokinesis, 178, 179 C. sinusosa, 301 Chemotaxis, 179, 180 Columbus, 359 Chiton, 148, 165 Commensalism, 203 Chiton granossus, 298 Common-environment experiments, 58 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 410 Community structure, 421 Chlorella vulgaris,53 Compatible solutes, 57, 99 Chlorochytrium, 209 Compensation irradiance, 5 Chlorodesmis fastigiata, 337 Competition, 135, 150, 341 Chloroflexi, 191 Complete temperature compensation, 52 Chlorophyll fluorescence, 51, 92 Concentration factor, 76 Chloroplast, 55, 101 Conducting channel, 38 Chlorurus microrhinos, 337 Constantinea subulifera,17 Chondrus, 207, 474 Constitutive defenses, 181 498 Index

Consumption, 458 D. confervoides, 268, 307, 390 Convergence zones, 364 D. ligulata, 138, 140, 307 Coorong lagoon, 89 D. menziesii, 35, 38, 267, 269, 275, 307 Copper, 115 D. rossii, 302 Coral-algal interactions, 397 D. viridis, 144, 268, 277, 279, 307 Coral bleaching, 397 Desmarestiales, 35, 38, 268, 270, 272, 273 Corallina, 297 Detrital food chain, 279 C. officinalis, 216 Detritivores, 481 C. pilulifera, 415 Devaleraea ramentacea, 123, 267, 272, 436 C. sessilis, 423 Diablo Potter Cove, California, 396 Coralline algae, 6, 145, 319, 421 Diadema antillarum, 162, 459 Coral reefs, 144, 162, 330–334, 336, DIC, 409, 416, 417 340–342, 350, 397, 419, 455 Dictyol, 220 Corals, 409, 421 Dictyota, 168, 338, 421, 459 Cottonii, 221, 474 D. bartayresiana, 339, 340 Cross-talk mechanisms, 204 D. cervicornis, 346 Crustaceans, 457 D. dichotoma, 9, 11, 16 Crustose coralline algae (CCA), 6, 217, D. menstrualis, 183, 218, 220 334, 340–342 D. pulchella, 341 Cryptochromes, 15 Dictyotales, 339 Cryptopleura lobulifera,33 Diffusion boundary layer, 69, 410, 417 d 13C value, 38 Digalactosylglycerol, 98 Cyanobacteria, 95, 191, 397 Digeneaside, 98, 100 Cyclobutane dimers, 434 phosphatase, 100 Cymodocea rotunda, 345 P synthase, 100 Cystophora, 360 7S,8R-Dihydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid C. torulosa, 300 (7,8-di-HETE), 217 Cystoseira, 334 Dilophus guineensis, 414–415 Cystosphaera jacquinotii, 267, 275 Dilsea integra, 267 Cytoplasmic Na+ concentration, 95 b-Dimethylsulphoniumproprionate (DMSP), 97, 182, 274 D-isofloridoside, 98 Disruptive stress, 54 D Dissipation Dark carbon fixation, 32 excessive energy, 111 Darkness, 265, 270 light energy, 10 Dasycladus vermicularis, 438 Diversity, 333 Daylength, 265 DNA-photolyase, 440 Defensive chemical ecology, 177 D1-protein, 7 Delesseria, 302 Drake Passage, 304 D. lancifolia, 435 Dulcitol, 98, 102 D. salicifolia, 269 Durvillaea, 38, 360 D. sanguinea, 38, 102, 223, 436 D. antarctica, 144, 297, 298, 301, 302, 305, Delisea pulchra, 169, 181, 183, 215 307, 484 Demand, 472, 479 D. chathamensis, 302, 305 Depth distribution, 137 D. potatorum, 300, 305 Desiccation, 54, 88, 89, 92, 93, 110, 118, D. willana, 301 274, 368 Dynamic photoinhibition, 271 tolerant seaweeds, 99 Desmarestia, 38, 275, 276, 297, 302 D. aculeata, 277 E D. anceps, 33, 267, 269, 271, 275, 279, East Antarctica, 276 307, 412 East Australian Current, 137, 295 D. antarctica, 269 East Cape Current, 295 Index 499

Ecklonia radiata, 137, 144, 148, 300, 301, 304 Flavobacterium, 190 Ecological Flindersian province, 299 niche model, 59 Floridean starch, 34 response group, 140 Florideophyte, 210 Ecotypes, 102 Floridoside, 34, 98, 99 Ectocarpus, 212 Fluorescent in situ hybridization, 191 E. siliculosus, 16, 100, 117, 178, 214, 390 Food webs, 455 Eisenia arborea, 145, 147 Fouling, 222 Elachista fucicola, 206 Fouling control, 110 Electron flow, 93 Fram Strait, 267 El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Freezing, 54, 55, 274 147, 384, 397, 398 Fucales, 38 Encrusting algae, 145 Fucoxanthin, 14 Endemism, 266, 267 Fucus, 27, 360 Endophytes, 203, 268, 280 F. distichus, 51, 274, 277 Enemy release hypothesis, 238 F. serratus, 10, 79, 396, 414 Enhalus acoroides, 345 F. spiralis,59 Epibionts, 366, 372 F. vesiculosus, 59, 79, 102, 112, 113, Epibiosis, 371 147, 181, 196 Epicladia heterotricha, 207 Functional Epiphytes, 203, 268, 280, 339, 342–344, 347, form model, 146, 165 348, 350, 458 genomics, 54 Epiphytism, 396 morphology form, 138 Estuaries, 457 thallus morphology, 5 Eualaria fistulosa, 143 Fungi, 190 Eucheuma, 212, 474, 483 Fungicidal activities, 252 Euphotic zone, 4 Furanones, 181, 183 European coast, 399 Furcellaria fastigiata, 216 Euryhaline, 92 seaweeds, 90 Eurythermal species, 48, 51, 389 G Eutrophication, 71, 164, 204, 350, 423, Galactans, 211 449, 480 Galapagos Archipelago, 398 Evechinus chloroticus, 301 Galaxaura, 337 Evolutionary significant taxonomic unit, 237 Gamete attraction, 178 Excessive Gametogenesis, temperature light, 7, 118 dependence, 321 radiation, 110 Gametophytes, 208 Excision repair, 440 Gastropods, 219 Exploitative competition, 136, 144 Gelidium, 296, 301 Extinction, 391, 398, 399 G. coulteri,36 Exudation, 438 G. pusillum,77 Gene expression, temperature induced changes, 57 F Geographical distribution, 47, 57, 384 Facilitated transport, 70, 73 Georgiella confluens, 267, 272, 275, 411 Falkland Giffordia current, 294 G. duchassaigniana, 335 islands, 298 G. mitchellae,76 Fast rate constant (kfast), 9 Gigartina, 301, 484 Feed crop for abalone aquaculture, 253 G. skottsbergii, 48, 269, 271, 272, 275, Fenton reaction, 111 297, 302 Fissurella, 298 Glacial refugium, 59 500 Index

Global warming, 383 Halosiphon tomentosus, 273 Glutamine synthetase/glutamine-oxoglutarate Harveyella mirabilis, 211 aminotransferase (GS/GOGAT), 76 Heat shock proteins, 56, 124 Glutathione, 112 Heat stress, 57 peroxidase, 112 Heavy metal exposure, 114 reductase, 101 Heavy metals, 115 Glycine-betaine, 97 Hedophyllum sessile, 144, 148, 461 Glycoproteins, 212 Heliocidaris erythrogramma, 300 Gondogeneia antarctica, 208 Hemiparasitism, 206 Gracilaria, 414, 450, 474, 476, 480 Herbivores, 165, 180, 456 G. chilensis, 125, 179, 205, 215, 297 Herbivorous fishes, 162, 455 G. conferta, 124 Herbivory, 77, 334, 336–340, 349, 369 G. cornea,38 Heptadeca-5,8,11-trienoic acid, 217 G. gaditana,79 Heteroside-P synthase, 99 G. salicornia, 251 Himanthalia elongata,97 G. tikvahiae, 71, 147 Himantothallus,37 G. vermiculophylla, 196, 450 H. grandifolius, 33, 35, 75, 267, 269, 271, Gracilariophila oryzoides, 210 275, 276, 279, 302, 307 Gracilariopsis, 125 Hincksia irregularis, 180 G. andersonii, 210 Hipposcarus longiceps, 337 Grazing, 6, 135, 148, 366, 370, 397 Holo-epiphytes, 205 Great Barrier Reef, 397 Hormosira banksii, 97, 300, 301 Greenhouse effect, 434 Host specificity, 213 Greenland, 267, 268, 277 Humboldt Current, 293 Green-tide-forming alga, 254 Hybridization, 237 Growth, 89–91 Hydrodynamics, 458 boundary, 385 Hydrogen peroxidase, 8 Gulf of California, 55 Hydrogen sulfide, 450 Gymnogongrus Hydrolithon, 341, 342, 345, 415, 423 G. antarcticus, 49, 52, 269 H. boergesenii, 341 G. turquetii, 269, 275 H. onkodes, 422 Hydroperoxides, 116 Hydropuntia, 125 H Hydroxycumarine, 438 Haber–Weiss reaction, 111 8R-Hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid Halidrys dioica, 145 (8-HETE), 217 Halimeda, 59, 95, 167, 181, 332, 337–339, Hydroxylated eicosanoids, 217 348, 412, 459 Hymenena falklandica, 207 H. cylindracea, 337 Hymenocladiopsis crustigena, 269 H. discoidea, 337 Hypersaline, 94 H. distorta, 411 Hypersalinity, 110 H. incrassata, 346 Hypnea, 337 H. opuntia, 337, 339 H. musciformis, 211, 335, 346 H. renschii, 345 Hypneocolax stellaris, 211 H. tuna, 415 Hypoglossum,98 Haliotis H. barbatum,98 H. midae, 480 Hyposaline, 94 H. rubra, 300 Hyposalinity, 110 Halodule uninervis, 345 Hypoxia, 459 Haloperoxidases, 112, 116 Halophila ovalis, 345 I Halopteris funicularis, 304 Ice age, 59 Halosaccion glandiforme, 422 Ice-binding proteins, 49, 274 Index 501

Induced defenses, 181, 182 L. digitata, 27, 35, 79, 96, 112, 116, 126, Infochemicals, 169 138, 178, 218, 273, 277, 395, 414, Inorganic carbon, 409 478, 486 Inorganic carbon acquisition, 26 L. farlowii, 148 Integrated-Multi-Trophic Aquaculture L. groenlandica,91 (IMTA), 78, 479–482 L. hyperborea, 17, 35, 70, 112, 196, 270, Interactive effects of multiple stressors, 323, 391 422, 439 L. longicruris, 486 Interference competition, 136, 144 L. ochroleuca, 316, 320, 391 Intermediate disturbance hypothesis, 346 L. pallida, 391 Internal transcribed spacer, 207 L. religiosa, 217 Intertidal species, 110 L. rodriguezii, 317, 391 Invasion, 399 L. solidungula, 34, 49, 75, 267–272, Invasive species, 236, 364–365 276–278, 436 Iodine metabolism, 117, 118, 126 Laminariales, 34, 35, 268, 442 Iodoperoxidases, 117 Laminariocolax Iridaea, 302 L. macrocystis, 207 I. cordata, 33, 37, 267, 269, 270, 275, L. tomentosoides, 219 276, 278, 297, 302 Land-based tank cultivation, 478 Isofloridoside, 98 Landsburgia quercifolia, 300–301 Isopods, 369 Laurencia, 51, 168, 301, 335, 339 Isotope disequilibrium, 410 L. papillosa, 415 Leeuwin Current, 137, 295 Lessonia, 32, 38 J L. adamsiae, 306 Japanese archipelago, 399 L. brevifolia, 304 L. corrugata, 300, 306 L. flavicans, 297, 298, 302, 306 K L. nigrescens, 33, 115, 116, 208, 297 Kappa-carrageenan, 213 L. tholiformis, 302, 306 Kappaphycus, 474, 480 L. trabeculata, 297, 305 K. alvarezii, 221 L. vadosa, 297, 298, 305 Kathrina tunicata, 148 L. variegata, 301 K+ channels, 96 Lethal boundary, 57, 385 Kelp Life history, 216 forest, 144, 148, 315 stage, 458 gametophyte, 147 Light, 331, 423 Kerguelen, 308 availability, 458 Kerguelenella lateralis, 302 demands for photosynthesis, 271 King George Island, 265 harvesting complex, 13 K+/Na+ ratio, 95 independent carbon fixation, 32 Kombu, 474, 477 saturation of growth, 6 Krebs cycle, 35 Limpets, 165, 298 K+ transport system, 96 Lipid peroxidation, 115 Kyphosus vaigiensis, 337 Lipoxygenase, 116 L-isofloridoside, 98 Lithophyllum, 335 L L. cabiochae, 422 Lambda-carrageenan, 213 L. yessoense, 217 Laminaran, 34 Lobophora, 338, 459 Laminaria, 32, 37, 102 L. variegata, 183, 218, 335, 339, 341, 415 L. abyssalis, 391 Lobophorolide, 218 L. complanata, 461 Lomentaria articulata, 412, 414 502 Index

Long distance transport of photoassimilates, 37 Mesophyllum, 345 Longline system, 477 M. alternans, 319 Lophocladia lallemandii, 217 Metabolic carbon balance, 4, 271 Lottery model, 197 Metagenome, 197 Low light Microbiota, 197 adaptation, 4 Microscopic developmental stage, 442 tolerance, 270 Microstages, 435 Loxechinus albus, 298 Midday depression of photosynthesis, 10 Lyngbya majuscula, 339 Mitochondria, 101 Monoculture, 476–478 Monophyly, 242 M Monostroma, 16, 123 Macquarie Island, 302, 308 Monterey Bay, California, 397 Macroalgae, (Seaweeds), 471 Montipora capitata, 341 Macrocystis, 38, 360 Montrastrea annularis, 340 M. angustifolia, 305 Moraxella, 190 M. integrifolia, 70, 305, 438 Morpho-functional processes, 25, 297 M. laevis, 302, 305 Mutualism, 203 M. pyrifera, 138, 140, 143, 147, 148, 180, Mycosporine-like amino acids, 113, 437 207, 219, 297, 298, 300, 302, 305, 307, Myriogramme 418, 484 M. manginii, 267, 271, 275 Macrograzers, 161 M. smithii, 275 Magellan province, 296, 298 Myrogloia major, 298 Malondialdehyde, 114 Mangroves, 89, 329, 336, 342, 347–350 Mannitol, 25, 34, 57, 97, 100 N cycle, 100 Na+/H+ antiporters, 95 dehydrogenase, 100 Namibia, 316 Mannitol-1-P dehydrogenase, 100 Na+-transport systems, 96 Mannitol-1-phosphatase, 100 15N discrimination, 78 MAP kinases, 126 Nemalion, 301 Mariculture, 204 Neosiphonia, 221 Marine protected areas, 249 Nereocystis Marion Island, 302, 308 N. leutkeana, 143 Mastocarpus N. luetkeana, 147 M. papillatus, 143 Nitrate M. stellatus, 119, 486 reductase, 73, 76 Maugean province, 299 storage, 69 Maximum photosynthetic rate, 5 uptake, 73 Maximum quantum yield, 51 Nitrite reductase, 76 Mazzaella Nitrogen, 331, 340, 343, 344, 347, 348 M. laminarioides, 145, 296 Non-calcifying seaweeds, 414 M. splendens, 209 Non-indigenous marine species, 235 McMurdo Sound, 276 Nori, 474, 477 Mehler reaction, 100, 109, 111, 113 North-central Chilean coast, 399 Membrane Nothogenia, 307 damage, 55 N. fastigiata, 145, 296 fluidity, 50 Novel Weapons Hypothesis, 216 Membranoptera alata, 102, 412 Nutrient Meristem, 25, 196 storage, 147 Meristematic region, 37 Nutrients, 146, 266, 269, 321, 330–332, 334, Mesograzers, 161 335, 338, 340, 342–350 Mesoherbivores, 369 availability, 71, 419 Index 503

enrichment, 458 pCO2, 417 limitation, 69 Pelagophycus porra, 138 storage, 321 Pelvetia canaliculata,97 uptake, 68, 73 Penicillus, 412 Peracarid crustaceans, 372 O Performance breadth, 48 Peronian province, 299 Ocean acidification, 149, 281, 398, 407, 422 Peroxidation of membrane lipids, 274 Ocean warming, 308 Peruvian province, 296 Ochtodes secundaramea, 339 Petalonia fascia, 15, 296 Odonthalia dentata, 412 Petrocelis, 209 Offshore aquaculture, 481–482 P. polygyna, 267 Ogonori, 474 pH, 407, 415, 416 Oligoguluronate, 118 Phaeurus antarcticus,90 Olpidiopsis (Pythium) porphyrae, 213 Phase shifts, 150, 459 Oomycete, 211 pH drift experiments, 410, 411 Optimal defense theory, 39, 167 Phenotypic plasticity, 239 Organic osmolytes, 94, 97 Pheromones, 178 Osmolytes, 274 Phlorotannins, 39, 161, 168, 181, 182, 282, Osmotic 367, 437, 438, 443 acclimation, 91, 93, 98, 274 Phosphate uptake, 73 potential, 93 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 32 Osmotically active compound, 93 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, 32 Osmotically active inorganic ions, 94 Phosphorus, 331, 340, 347 Overfishing, 449 Photoacclimation, 367 Oxidative bursts, 110, 118, 124, 125, 218 Photobleaching, 114 responses, 182 Photochemistry, 8 Oxidative stress, 109 Photodamage, 7 Oxygen evolving complex, 51 Photoinhibition, 7, 110, 367 Oxylipins, 220 Photomorphogenetic effects, 15 Ozone Photoperiodism, 17 depletion, 434 Photoprotection, 7 hole, 433 Photoreceptor, 15 stress, 118 Photorepair, 435 Photorespiration, 25, 31, 112 P Photosynthesis, 89, 92, 271 Pachydictyol, 220 low temperatures, 272 Pachymenia lusoria, 301 salinity-relationship, 92 Padina, 412 seasonal pattern, 269 P. perindusiata, 339 seasonal temperature acclimation, 52 Palmaria, 474 Photosynthetically active radiation, 329 P. decipiens, 16, 33, 37, 51, 267, 269–271, Photosynthetic apparatus, 366 274–276, 302, 412, 437 Photosynthetic carbon fixation, 27 P. georgica, 302 Photosynthetic electron transport, 51 P. palmata, 12, 123, 435, 436, 478 Photosynthetic quotient, 73 Pantoneura baerii, 267 Phototactic response, 15 Parasites, 203 Phycobiliproteins, 14 Parasitism, 203 Phycobilisomes, 8, 270 Parrotfishes, 165 Phycodrys,91 Patagonian Current, 295 P. antarctica, 267 Pathogens, 182, 213 P. austrogeorgica, 435 defence, 110, 124 P. rubens, 277, 435 504 Index

Phyllariopsis a-Proteobacteria, 191 P. brevipes, 316, 317, 319 Protists, 190 P. purpurascens, 316, 317, 319, 321 Pseudendoclonium submarinum, 207 Phyllophora Pseudomonas, 190, 215 P. ahnfeltioides, 49, 269 Pterocladia capillacea, 145 P. antarctica, 276, 278, 279 Pterois volitans, 350 Phyllospora, 360 Pterygophora californica, 140, 147, 148 P. comosa, 300 Ptilota gunneri, 412 Phymatolithon foecundum, 276 Punctaria glacialis, 267 Physiochemical cues, 179 Pylaiella littoralis, 102, 206, 212, 217, 450 Physodes, 38, 438 Pyrenoids, 28 Phytochromes, 15 Pyrimidine (6-4)-pyrimidone (6-4)- Planctomycetes, 191 photoproducts, 434 Plasmolysis, 101 Plastoquinone, 93 Platax pinnatus, 337 Q Platysiphon verticillatus, 267 Quantitative adaptation strategy, 50 Pleurophycus gardneri,17 Quorum sensing, 179, 183, 215 Plocamium P. cartilagineum, 272, 280 P. hamatum, 184 R Plumaria,91 Reactive oxygen species, 8, 53, 55, 93, 100, Pmax,5 109, 182, 274 Pneumatocyst, 139 Recovery mechanism, 56 Polar regions, 394, 419 Redfield ratio, 68, 321 Polyneura hilliae, 9, 435 Red Sea, 55 Polyplacophora, 298 Relative dominance model, 460 Polysiphonia, 38, 301 Remobilisation of storage products, 99 P. harveyi, 205 Reproduction, 178 P. lanosa, 91, 102 boundary, 57, 385 Porites Reproductive activity, 368 P. cylindrica, 339 Respiration, 89 P. porites, 339 Respiration-salinity-relationship, 92 Porolithon, 342 Respiration, temperature optima, 273 P. onkodes, 335 Rhipocephalus, 167 P. pachydermum, 335 Rhizophora mangle, 349 Porphyra, 302, 474, 476, 480, 486 Rhodomela confervoides, 211 P. columbina, 98, 296, 302, 484 Rhodymenia, 297, 302 P. dioica,98 Ribulose 1,5 bis-phosphate carboxylase/ P. endiviifolia, 274 oxygenase (RUBISCO), 25, 28, 409 P. haitanensis, 423, 477 Ring design, 478 P. perforata, 93, 98 Rock pools, 89 P. umbilicalis, 91, 98, 101 Ross Sea, 268, 276 P. yezoensis, 100, 213, 414, 477 Rubisco, 25, 28, 72, 409 Porphyran, 213 Russian Arctic, 268, 277 Postelsia palmaeformis,39 Practical Salinity Units (PSU), 87 Prasiola, 90, 92, 274, 438 S P. crispa, 90, 274 Saccharina P. crispa ssp. antarctica, 437 S. japonica, 474, 477 Primary production, 69, 275, 334, 343, 347, 348 S. latissima, 12, 34, 53, 56, 59, 91, 102, 112, Proline, 57, 97 138, 195, 269, 273, 276–278, 390, 396, Protective coating, 219 414, 482, 486 Index 505

Saccorhiza Siganus S. dermatodea, 12, 277, 438 S. canaliculatus, 337 S. polyschides, 315, 316, 320, 322 S. doliatus, 337 Sahlingia subintegra, 179 Signy Island, 265, 275 Salinity, 87, 89, 92, 94, 273 Singlet oxygen, 109 ecotypes, 102 Slow rate constant (kslow), 9 gradients, 87, 89 Snail, 298 tolerance, 91, 93 Socio-economic aspects, 482–484 Salt marshes, 89 Sodium ion export mechanisms, 95 Sarcothalia crispata, 484 Sorbitol, 98, 102 Sargassum, 38, 144, 213, 334–337, 339, 360, Sorkappland, Svalbard, 395 421, 459, 484 Southern Australian coast, 399 S. lapazeanum,55 Southland Current, 295 S. mangarevense, 340 South Orkney Islands, 265 S. muticum, 140, 243 South Shetland Islands, 265 S. polyceratium, 335 Southwest African coast, 399 Saturating irradiance, 5 Southwestern Pacific coast, 399 Scarus Sparisoma S. guacamaia, 350 S. aurofrenatum, 337 S. rivulatus, 337 S. rubripinne, 337 S. taeniopterus, 337 S. viride, 337 Scotia Arc, 273 Spatial uncoupling, 74 Scytosiphonales, 38 Species richness, 238, 268 Scytosiphon lomentaria, 15, 115, 116 Sphacelaria tribuloides, 335 Sea Spitsbergen, 267, 280 ice, 265, 281 Spongomorpha, 277 otters, 162 Sporangia, 212 Seagrass, 204, 331, 336, 342–347, 349, Spores, 179, 180 350, 449 Sporolithon durum, 417 Season Stable carbon isotopes, 6 anticipators, 16, 268, 269 Standing biomass, 275–277 responders, 16, 269 Stenohaline, 92 Seasonal Stenothermal species, 48, 51, 389 dynamics, 335 Storage carbohydrates, 34 growth, 75, 138, 364 Strait of Gibraltar, 315, 318, 319 pattern of photosynthesis, 16 Strait of Korea, 394 Seasonality, 266 Strait of Messina, 315, 319 Sea surface temperatures, simulated future Stratospheric ozone (O3) layer, 433 changes, 393 Streblonema macrocystis, 208 Sea urchins, 162, 298, 300, Streptomyces, 215 301, 421 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, 460 larvae, 169 Sub-Antarctic islands, 273, 296, 301, 362, Seaweeds 373, 374 agriculture and animal diets, 485–486 Succession, 277, 332 applications, 484–487 Sucrose, 34, 97 Secondary metabolites, 215 Sun species, 139 Sedimentation, 170, 209 Superoxide dismutase, 8, 101, 110, Self-thinning, 143 123, 436 Sensory chemical ecology, 177 Superoxide radical, 109 Sewage, 458 Surface area to biovolume ratio, 70 Shade species, 139 Survival, 89–91 Shellfish, 450 Svalbard, 268, 277, 278 Shifts, 330, 338, 345, 350 Synechocystis, 12, 95 506 Index

T Turf algae, 143, 145, 148 Tasmanian Gateway, 304 Turgor, 93, 94 Technical design commercial cultivation, 476 Turnerella pennyi, 267 Tegula atra, 298 Temperate regions, 396 Temperature, 330, 419, 422 U acclimation, 51, 389 Udotea, 33, 167, 332, 335, 412 ecotype, 58 U. petiolata, 412 response curves, 52 UIothrix,90 tolerance, 54 Ultrastructure, 442 Temporal uncoupling, 74 Ultraviolet radiation, 11, 120, 123, 265, 272, Terpenes, 181, 183, 184 281, 308, 320, 366, 395, 423, 433 Terra Nova Bay, 276 Ulva, 90, 92, 143, 147, 179, 180, 335, 450, 474 1,1,3,3-Tetrabromo-2-heptanone, 217 U. australis, 196 Tetrapygus niger, 298 U. clathrata, 441 Tetrasporophytes, 216, 244 U. compressa, 115 Thalassia U. fasciata, 100, 342 T. hemprichii, 345, 420 U. fenestrata, 217 T. testudinum, 344–346, 349 U. flexuosa, 240 Thalassodendron ciliatum, 343 U. hookeriana, 119, 269, 274, 435 Thermal U. intestinalis, 70, 71, 196, 412 limits, 320 U. lactuca, 71, 97, 205, 239, 414, 454, stress, 367 480, 486 tolerance, 56 U. lingulata,77 Thylakoids, 101 U. ohnoi, 254 Thymine dimer, 435 U. pertusa, 73, 91 Tide pool, 54 U. prolifera, 96, 254, 450 Tikvahiella candida, 211 U. reticulata, 183 Titanoderma prototypum, 341 U. rigida, 73, 97, 112, 420 a-Tocopherol, 113 U. rotundata, 114, 122, 439 Tonoplast, 101 Undaria, 474 Top-down, 449 U. pinnatifida, 56, 244, 254, 298, 300, 450 Total alkalinity, 416 Understory species, 139, 149 Tradition, 471 Underwater light regime, 14 Trailliella intricata, 412 Upward shift of seaweeds, 395 Translocation, 37 Upwelling, 318 Trehalose, 57, 98 Urbanization, 454 Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, 100 Urchin barren, 398 Trematocarpus antarcticus, 267, 269, Urospora penicilliformis, 274 271, 275 UV-B induced damage, 434 Triplett chlorophyll, 111 Trophic cascades, 162 V levels, 455 Vacuoles, 101 relationships, 399 Valonia Tropical V. macrophysa,91 regions, 393, 397 V. utricularis, 51, 52, 55, 56, seaweeds, temperature demands, 390 59, 340 Trumpet cell, 37 Ventricaria ventricosa, 340 Turbinaria, 334, 340 Vertebrata (Polysiphonia) lanosa, 206 T. ornata, 339 Vertical distribution, 121 T. triquetra, 336 Vibrio, 190, 215 T. turbinata, 415 Violaxanthin, 7 Index 507

Volatile organic compound, 127 West Wind Drift, 293, 373, 374 Volcanic CO2 vents, 421 Whiplashing, 144 Volemitol, 97 Wrack, 450

W X Wakame, 474 Xanthophyll cycle, 7, 10, 111 Warm-temperate Xiphophora chondrophylla, 97, 301, 302 regions, 393 seaweeds, temperature demands, 390 Y Wastewater, 454 Yellow Sea, 394 Water motion, 417 potential, 89 Z transparency, 452 Zonation, 334, 335, 349, 434, Waterborne cues, 179, 182 435, 443 Western Mediterranean Sea, 317 Zoospores, 442 Ecological Studies

Further volumes can be found at springer.com Volume 202 Ecosystem Organization of a Complex Landscape: Long-Term Research in the Bornhoved€ Lake District, Germany (2008) O. Fr€anzle, L. Kappen, H.-P. Blume, and K. Dierssen (Eds.) Volume 203 The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe (2008) H. Dolman, R. Valentini, and A. Freibauer (Eds.) Volume 204 Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives (2009) G. Rilov and J.A. Crooks (Eds.) Volume 205 Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences M.J.H van Oppen and J.M. Lough (Eds.) Volume 206 Marine Hard Bottom Communities: Patterns, Dynamics, Diversity, and Change (2009) M. Wahl (Ed.) Volume 207 Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value (2009) C. Wirth, G. Gleixner, and M. Heimann (Eds.) Volume 208 Functioning and Management of European Beech Ecosystems (2009) R. Brumme and P.K. Khanna (Eds.)

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