DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Protists A. Algae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Protists A. Algae Chapter 12 – EUKARYOTES: Protists, Fungi & Helminths 1. Protists • Algae • Protozoa 2. Fungi 3. Helminths 1. Protists A. Algae B. Protozoa A. Algae 1 Overview of the Algae Characteristics of algae: • unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • almost all are photoautotrophs (photosynthetic) • all are essentially aquatic (live in fresh or saltwater) • all are capable of asexual reproduction • some are capable of sexual reproduction as well Algal phyla we will consider: Phaeophytes (brown algae) Diatoms Rhodophytes (red algae) Dinoflagellates Chlorophytes (green algae) Water Molds **produce an estimated 80% of O2 in the atmosphere!** Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) • macroscopic seaweeds referred to as “kelp” • largest members of the Kingdom Protista • can grow 20 cm/day • contain distinct vegetative structures • holdfast anchors kelp to surface • stemlike stipes • leaflike blades • pneumatocysts provide buoyancy Red Algae (Rhodophyta) • macroscopic seaweeds that lives in deep water where only blue light penetrates • source of “agar” (used in culture plates) • source of “carageenan” (thickening agent in foods) 2 Green Algae (Chlorophyta) • most are microscopic (uni- & multicellular), some are macroscopic • believed to have given rise to the plants Diatoms • unicellular or filamentous (form multicellular filaments) • have a unique cell wall structure composed of a carbohydrate called pectin & silica • responsible for geometric, glass-like appearance • widely distributed throughout photic zone • important part of aquatic food webs Dinoflagellates • what are commonly referred to as “plankton” • unicellular algae with 2 perpendicular flagella • some produce potent neurotoxins • source of toxic algal blooms (e.g., “red tide”) • important part of the oceanic food web 3 Water Molds (Oomycota) • have a “fungus-like” appearance but are protists • cell walls made of cellulose (not chitin) • spores have flagella (fungal cells never have flagella) • most water molds are decomposers • play an important role in recycling nutrients B. Protozoa Overview of the Protozoa Characteristics of protozoa: • all are unicellular eukaryotes lacking a cell wall • all are heterotrophs (a few can be photosynthetic) • capable of asexual reproduction (some sexual repr.) • parasitic species have complex life cycles • some form protective cysts (when times are bad) Protozoan phyla we will consider: Archaeozoa Ciliophora Microspora Euglenozoa Apicomplexa Amoebozoa 4 Archaezoa • do NOT have mitochondria • have an analogous organelle called a mitosome • most have multiple flagella • several parasitic genera can cause human disease • Trichomonas, Giardia Apicomplexa • non-motile obligate intracellular parasites • have a unique “apical complex” of fibers and vacuoles that release digestive enzymes • aid in penetration of host animal tissue • includes species of Plasmodium responsible for the disease malaria • e.g., P. vivax & P. falciparum Plasmodium vivax Life Cycle (malaria) 5 Ciliophora (“ciliates”) • all have many small projections called cilia • used for locomotion & to direct food into the • have contractile vacuole cytostome (“mouth”) to expel excess water taken in by osmosis • some have multiple nuclei (expelled by exocytosis) Sexual Reproduction in Ciliates Most ciliates are capable of sexual reproduction by a process called conjugation: • conjugating Paramecia ea produce 4 haploid micronuclei by meiosis, 3 of which disintegrate • remaining micronucleus divides by mitosis (2) • exchange of 1 micronucleus between cells • “old” & “new” micronuclei fuse, divide by mitosis, one of which replaces conjugating Paramecia original micronucleus Euglenozoa • some are photosynthetic (Euglena) • have a light-sensitive eyespot & a single flagellum • includes the hemoflagellates (Trypanosoma) • responsible for “sleeping sickness” & Chagas disease 6 Amoebozoa • aka “amoebas” • have distinct form of locomotion called “amoeboid movement” • extend cytoplasmic projections called pseudopods • also used to engulf and ingest food by phagocytosis Slime Molds • have characteristics of both amoeba & fungi but but are not true fungi • slime molds are split into 2 groups: Cellular Slime Molds • form large aggregates under unfavorable conditions • are considered part of the phylum Amoebozoa Plasmodial Slime Molds • only exist in large multinuclear aggregates • are classified in their own phylum Cellular Slime Mold Life Cycle in unfavorable conditions 7 2. Fungi Overview of the Fungi General characteristics of fungi: • all are eukaryotic absorptive heterotrophs • unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds, club fungi) • capable of asexual & sexual reproduction • have cell walls that contain chitin • aerobes w/some being facultative anaerobes • vast majority are terrestrial (i.e., live on land) • all fungi develop from haploid spores (no embryos) • do NOT have flagella (spores are immotile) **study of fungi is known as mycology ** Structure of Multicellular Fungi The thallus (“body”) of a fungus consists largely of filamentous chains of cells called hyphae: • vegetative (non-reproductive) or aerial (reproductive) • some have septa (septate), some don’t (coenocytic) 8 Hyphae form a Mycelium On a rich source of nutrients, many hyphae can be produced to form a continuous mass called a mycelium. • vegetative hyphae spread across food source & “absorb” • aerial hyphae grow vertically & produce spores in a number of different ways, depending on the fungus Reproduction in Filamentous Fungi Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation: • hyphae fragments grow by mitosis Produce spores asexually or sexually: Asexual spore production • occurs at the tip of aerial hyphae • derived from single parent fungus • produced by mitosis Sexual spore production • involves a partner of opposite mating type, meiosis Asexual Spores 2 types of asexual spores: 1) those not enclosed in a sac are conidiospores (aka conidia) • produced at the end of an aerial hypha called a conidiophore 9 2) sporangiospores are produced within an enclosed sac called a sporangium • forms at the end of hypha called a sporangiophore Sexual Spores Sexual spores in fungi require 3 phases not seen in the production of asexual spores: 1) transfer of a haploid nucleus to a cell of the opposite mating type: plasmogamy 2) fusion of the haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote nucleus: karyogamy • haploid nuclei may reproduce by mitosis before fusing • this is the ONLY occasion when fungal cells are diploid 3) meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores The 3 Fungal Phyla Zygomycota • conjugation fungi (molds) Basidiomycota • club fungi (mushrooms, smuts, rusts, puffballs) Ascomycota • sac fungi (yeasts, molds, truffles, lichens) 10 Zygomycota • molds with coenocytic hyphae (no septa) • saprophytic (feed on dead vegetation) • produce spores in sporangia Zygomycote Sexual Reproduction • plasmogamy occurs via conjugation • results in zygospore which grows a sporangium **all 3 phyla conjugate, not just “conjugating fungi”** Basidiomycota • commonly called the “club fungi” due to the presence of microscopic, club-shaped basidia: • reproductive structures that produce basidiospores • some are parasitic • many have mutualistic symbioses with various plant species 11 Basidiomycote Life Cycle • sexual reproduction via conjugation produces a basidioma: • tightly packed aerial hyphae that make up the “fruiting body” (e.g., mushroom) • basidia form on the “gills” and produce spores by meiosis Ascomycota • produce sexual ascospores in a sac-like ascus • produce asexual conidia • includes molds with septate hyphae, yeasts lichens Ascomycote Sexual Reproduction • conjugation between opposite mating types results in the formation of an ascus followed by karyogamy & meiosis (sometimes followed by mitosis) • resulting 4 or 8 ascospores released when ascus opens 12 Budding Yeasts Spherical unicellular fungi. • reproduce asexually by budding • also reproduce sexually • facultative anaerobes (used for beer, wine…) • important in biological research • studying the cell cycle • production of insulin & Saccharomyces cerevisiae other important things Fission Yeasts Oval or rod-shaped unicellular fungi. • reproduce asexually by fission • also reproduce sexually • facultative anaerobes • biological research • also very important for studying the cell cycle Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lichens Lichens are actually 2 different organisms in a mutualistic symbiosis: • cyanobacteria or green algae living among the hyphae of an ascomycote (or basidiomycote) • fungus gets free carbs! • algae or cyanobacteria protected from elements • important pioneers • can grow on inorganic surfaces, begin succession 13 Lichen Structure Fungal hyphae form the following structures: • protective cortex • inner medulla where algae grow • rhizines to attach to growth surface 3. Helminths Overview of the Helminths Helminths are parasitic worms found in 2 animal phyla, the Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and the Nematodes (roundworms). • multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs • have complex life cycles frequently involving multiple hosts • contain distinct organ systems • some may be reduced or absent due to dependence on host (e.g., no digestive system, no locomotion) 14 Platyhelminthes (flatworms): • typically hermaphroditic (monoecious) • have a proctostome (single opening, no anus) • we will look at 2 classes: Trematodes (flukes) & Cestodes (tapeworms) Nematodes (roundworms): • typically dioecious (2 sexes) • have complete digestive system (mouth & anus) • we will look at 2 types: pinworms & hookworms Trematodes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leaf-Associated Shifts in Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Response to Chicken Rearing Under Moso Bamboo Forests in Subtropical China
    Article Leaf-Associated Shifts in Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Response to Chicken Rearing Under Moso Bamboo Forests in Subtropical China Xiaoping Zhang 1, Zheke Zhong 1,*, Xu Gai 1, Jiafu Ying 2, Weifen Li 2, Xuhua Du 1, Fangyuan Bian 1 and Chuanbao Yang 1 1 China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Resources and Utilization of Bamboo of State Forestry Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (X.D.); [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (C.Y.) 2 College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] (J.Y.); wfl[email protected] (W.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0571-88860734 Received: 25 January 2019; Accepted: 25 February 2019; Published: 1 March 2019 Abstract: Integrated bamboo-chicken farming (BCF) systems are a traditional agroforestry pattern with large economic benefits in subtropical China. However, little is known regarding the effect of this integration on the bamboo leaf-associated microbiome, which can be very important for disease control and nutrient turnover. In the present study, we compared the leaf-associated bacterial and fungal communities of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) in a BCF system and an adjacent moso bamboo forest (MBF). The results showed that Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota were the predominant microbial phyla associated with bamboo leaves. Chicken farming under the bamboo forest significantly increased the bacterial and fungal alpha diversity (observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Simpson’s index) associated with bamboo leaves. Principal components analysis (PCoA) further confirmed the shifts in the bacterial and fungal communities caused by chicken farming.
    [Show full text]
  • RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta Are Cosmopolitan, Found from the Artic to the Tropics
    RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta are cosmopolitan, found from the artic to the tropics. Although they grow in both marine and fresh water, 98% of the 6,500 species of red algae are marine. Most of these species occur in the tropics and sub-tropics, though the greatest number of species is temperate. Along the California coast, the species of red algae far outnumber the species of green and brown algae. In temperate regions such as California, red algae are common in the intertidal zone. In the tropics, however, they are mostly subtidal, growing as epiphytes on seagrasses, within the crevices of rock and coral reefs, or occasionally on dead coral or sand. In some tropical waters, red algae can be found as deep as 200 meters. Because of their unique accessory pigments (phycobiliproteins), the red algae are able to harvest the blue light that reaches deeper waters. Red algae are important economically in many parts of the world. For example, in Japan, the cultivation of Pyropia is a multibillion-dollar industry, used for nori and other algal products. Rhodophyta also provide valuable “gums” or colloidal agents for industrial and food applications. Two extremely important phycocolloids are agar (and the derivative agarose) and carrageenan. The Rhodophyta are the only algae which have “pit plugs” between cells in multicellular thalli. Though their true function is debated, pit plugs are thought to provide stability to the thallus. Also, the red algae are unique in that they have no flagellated stages, which enhance reproduction in other algae. Instead, red algae has a complex life cycle, with three distinct stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Algae (Bangia Atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Red Algae (Bangia atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, February 2014 Revised, March 2016, September 2017, October 2017 Web Version, 6/25/2018 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Bangia atropurpurea has a widespread amphi-Atlantic range, which includes the Atlantic coast of North America […]” Status in the United States From Mills et al. (1991): “This filamentous red alga native to the Atlantic Coast was observed in Lake Erie in 1964 (Lin and Blum 1977). After this sighting, records for Lake Ontario (Damann 1979), Lake Michigan (Weik 1977), Lake Simcoe (Jackson 1985) and Lake Huron (Sheath 1987) were reported. It has become a major species of the littoral flora of these lakes, generally occupying the littoral zone with Cladophora and Ulothrix (Blum 1982). Earliest records of this algae in the basin, however, go back to the 1940s when Smith and Moyle (1944) found the alga in Lake Superior tributaries. Matthews (1932) found the alga in Quaker Run in the Allegheny drainage basin. Smith and 1 Moyle’s records must have not resulted in spreading populations since the alga was not known in Lake Superior as of 1987. Kishler and Taft (1970) were the most recent workers to refer to the records of Smith and Moyle (1944) and Matthews (1932).” From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Established where recorded except in Lake Superior. The distribution in Lake Simcoe is limited (Jackson 1985).” From Kipp et al. (2017): “Bangia atropurpurea was first recorded from Lake Erie in 1964. During the 1960s–1980s, it was recorded from Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe (part of the Lake Ontario drainage).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Two Undescribed Mucoralean Species with Specific
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 26 March 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0204.v1 1 Article 2 Characterization of Two Undescribed Mucoralean 3 Species with Specific Habitats in Korea 4 Seo Hee Lee, Thuong T. T. Nguyen and Hyang Burm Lee* 5 Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 6 Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; [email protected] (S.H.L.); 7 [email protected] (T.T.T.N.) 8 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-(0)62-530-2136 9 10 Abstract: The order Mucorales, the largest in number of species within the Mucoromycotina, 11 comprises typically fast-growing saprotrophic fungi. During a study of the fungal diversity of 12 undiscovered taxa in Korea, two mucoralean strains, CNUFC-GWD3-9 and CNUFC-EGF1-4, were 13 isolated from specific habitats including freshwater and fecal samples, respectively, in Korea. The 14 strains were analyzed both for morphology and phylogeny based on the internal transcribed 15 spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of 28S ribosomal DNA regions. On the basis of their 16 morphological characteristics and sequence analyses, isolates CNUFC-GWD3-9 and CNUFC- 17 EGF1-4 were confirmed to be Gilbertella persicaria and Pilobolus crystallinus, respectively.To the 18 best of our knowledge, there are no published literature records of these two genera in Korea. 19 Keywords: Gilbertella persicaria; Pilobolus crystallinus; mucoralean fungi; phylogeny; morphology; 20 undiscovered taxa 21 22 1. Introduction 23 Previously, taxa of the former phylum Zygomycota were distributed among the phylum 24 Glomeromycota and four subphyla incertae sedis, including Mucoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, 25 Zoopagomycotina, and Entomophthoromycotina [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Riot and Dance ANSWER KEY2.Indd
    REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY 2 the riot and the dance teacher’s guide • answer key Chapter 1 10. Draw a water molecule (H2O) showing orbitals and shared electrons (atomic 1. A substance that has distinct chemical number of hydrogen: 1). properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical means is a(n) element. 2. The smallest unit of an element is a(n) atom. 3. Two or more atoms bonded together is a(n) molecule. 4. A molecule containing two or more elements is a(n) compound. 5. The two subatomic particles contained in the nucleus of an atom are neutrons and protons. What are their charges? Neutral and positive. 6. The subatomic particles contained in the shells orbiting the nucleus are the electrons. Charge? Negative. 7. Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. 11. A complete transfer of electrons from one 8. Atomic weight or mass number is the sum atom to another resulting in oppositely of protons and neutrons. charged atoms sticking together is called 9. Draw an oxygen atom (atomic number: 8). a(n) ionic bond. 12. When atoms are joined together because they are sharing electrons it is called a(n) covalent bond. 13. In a polar covalent bond how are the electrons being distributed in the molecule? The atoms with the greatest pull on the shared electrons will cause the electrons to swarm around them more than the weaker atoms. 14. In a non-polar covalent bond how are the electrons being distributed in the molecule? The atoms involved have an equal pull on the shared electrons and consequently the electrons are equally distributed between the two or more atoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Text Ch 31 Bullet Points: • Fungi – Our Sister Group! • Characteristics
    Overview of Lecture: Fungi Read: Text ch 31 Bullet Points: V fungi – our sister group! V characteristics V fungusfocus.com V doctorfungus.com the biology of antifungal agents V new phylogeny (dang!!!) V microsporidia V chytrids V zygomycota – bread molds V glomeromycota - mycorrhizzae V ascomycota – yeasts & morrels V basidiomycota - mushrooms NATURE | REVIEW Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health MC Fisher et al. Nature 484, 186–194 (12 April 2012) doi:10.1038/nature10947 The past two decades have seen an increasing number of virulent infectious diseases in natural populations and managed landscapes. In both animals and plants, an unprecedented number of fungal and fungal-like diseases have recently caused some of the most severe die-offs and extinctions ever witnessed in wild species, and are jeopardizing food security. Human activity is intensifying fungal disease dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new opportunities for evolution. We argue that nascent fungal infections will cause increasing attrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystem health, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide. a. Disease alerts in the ProMED database for pathogenic fungi of animals and plants. c, Relative proportions of species extinction and/or extirpation events for major classes of infectious disease agents Fungi are the sister group of animals and part of the eukaryotic crown group that radiated about a billion years ago … ... a monophyletic group that shares some characters with animals such as chitinous structures {fungi have chitinous cell walls, unlike animals; arthropods secrete extracellular chitin sheets that are more like finger nails than cell walls} storage of glycogen, and mitochondrial UGA coding for tryptophan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hidden Kingdom
    INTRODUCTION Fungi—The Hidden Kingdom OBJECTIVE • To provide students with basic knowledge about fungi Activity 0.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The following text provides an introduction to the fungi. It is written with the intention of sparking curiosity about this GRADES fascinating biological kingdom. 4-6 with a K-3 adaptation TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS TYPE OF ACTIVITY 1. With your class, brainstorm everything you know about fungi. Teacher read/comprehension 2. For younger students, hand out the question sheet before you begin the teacher read and have them follow along and MATERIALS answer the questions as you read. • copies of page 11 3. For older students, inform them that they will be given a • pencils brainteaser quiz (that is not for evaluation) after you finish reading the text. VOCABULARY 4. The class can work on the questions with partners or in groups bioremediation and then go over the answers as a class. Discuss any chitin particularly interesting facts and encourage further fungi independent research. habitat hyphae K-3 ADAPTATION kingdom 1. To introduce younger students to fungi, you can make a KWL lichens chart either as a class or individually. A KWL chart is divided moulds into three parts. The first tells what a student KNOWS (K) mushrooms about a subject before it is studied in class. The second part mycelium tells what the student WANTS (W) to know about that subject. mycorrhizas The third part tells what the child LEARNED (L) after studying nematodes that subject. parasitic fungi 2. Share some of the fascinating fungal facts presented in the photosynthesis “Fungi—The Hidden Kingdom” text with your students.
    [Show full text]
  • Protistology Mitochondrial Genomes of Amoebozoa
    Protistology 13 (4), 179–191 (2019) Protistology Mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa Natalya Bondarenko1, Alexey Smirnov1, Elena Nassonova1,2, Anna Glotova1,2 and Anna Maria Fiore-Donno3 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia 3 University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany | Submitted November 28, 2019 | Accepted December 10, 2019 | Summary In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa. Amoebozoa is a major, early-diverging lineage of eukaryotes, containing at least 2,400 species. At present, 32 mitochondrial genomes belonging to 18 amoebozoan species are publicly available. A dearth of information is particularly obvious for two major amoebozoan clades, Variosea and Tubulinea, with just one mitochondrial genome sequenced for each. The main focus of this review is to summarize features such as mitochondrial gene content, mitochondrial genome size variation, and presence or absence of RNA editing, showing if they are unique or shared among amoebozoan lineages. In addition, we underline the potential of mitochondrial genomes for multigene phylogenetic reconstruction in Amoebozoa, where the relationships among lineages are not fully resolved yet. With the increasing application of next-generation sequencing techniques and reliable protocols, we advocate mitochondrial
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
    United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Amber Taxa
    Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line supplement v.2021.1 Andrew J. Ross 21/06/2021 Principal Curator of Palaeobiology Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland Chambers St. Edinburgh EH1 1JF E-mail: [email protected] Dr Andrew Ross | National Museums Scotland (nms.ac.uk) This taxonomic list is a supplement to Ross (2021) and follows the same format. It includes taxa described or recorded from the beginning of January 2021 up to the end of May 2021, plus 3 species that were named in 2020 which were missed. Please note that only higher taxa that include new taxa or changed/corrected records are listed below. The list is until the end of May, however some papers published in June are listed in the ‘in press’ section at the end, but taxa from these are not yet included in the checklist. As per the previous on-line checklists, in the bibliography page numbers have been added (in blue) to those papers that were published on-line previously without page numbers. New additions or changes to the previously published list and supplements are marked in blue, corrections are marked in red. In Ross (2021) new species of spider from Wunderlich & Müller (2020) were listed as being authored by both authors because there was no indication next to the new name to indicate otherwise, however in the introduction it was indicated that the author of the new taxa was Wunderlich only. Where there have been subsequent taxonomic changes to any of these species the authorship has been corrected below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity of Basidiomycota Fungi That Have the Potential As a Source of Nutraceutical to Be Developed in the Concept of Integrated Forest Management Poisons
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2S, July 2019 The Diversity of Basidiomycota Fungi that Have the Potential as a Source of Nutraceutical to be Developed in the Concept of Integrated Forest Management Mustika Dewi, I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha, Mamat Kandar straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and shiitake Abstract: The fungus Basidiomycota found in Indonesia have mushrooms. very high diversity, but have not been explored so far. The development of local Basidiomycota mushrooms that Development of fungi Basidiomycota is an alternative as a are cultivated by utilizing space on the forest floor has not source of natural nutraceuticals, especially beta glucan and been done mostly in Indonesia. In several countries such as lovastatin compounds. This compound can be used in the pharmaceutical and food fields. This study aims to obtain Japan, people have long been cultivating shitake mushrooms Basidiomycota fungi isolates that have the potential as a by utilizing forest floors. Reported by (Savoie & Largeteau, nutraceutical source. As the first stage in this research, the 2011) that mushrooms from the Basidiomycota group are activities carried out were exploration, isolation on culture widely produced in forest areas through the utilization of media, and identification of fungi based on genotypic forest floors as a place to grow these fungi which have characters. The results showed that the fungi identified based on economic value quite high by applying the concept of their genotypic characters were Pleurotusostreatus, Ganodermacf, Resinaceum, Lentinulaedodes, micosilviculture. The concept of micosilviculture is a Vanderbyliafraxinea, Auricularia delicate, Pleurotusgiganteus, concept that is applied in the management of integrated Auricularia sp.
    [Show full text]