DOCSLIB.ORG

Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-Economic Development of Local Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-Economic Development of Local Communities Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-economic Development of Local Communities A case study of the fortifications of Famagusta, Cyprus and other fortified cities in the Eastern Mediterranean Doctoral Thesis Rand Eppich, BArch, MArch, MBA 2019 ii Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-economic Development of Local Communities A case study of the fortifications of Famagusta, Cyprus and other fortified cities in the Eastern Mediterranean Rand Eppich, Architect, MBA Director: Dr. Professor José Luis García Grinda 2019 iii © Copyright Rand Eppich, 2019 Deposited from Zanzibar, Friday September 13, 2019 Figure 1 – First page, Martinengo Bastion, at the northwest corner Famagusta, Cyprus (Eppich, 2016) iv Tribunal nombrado por el Sr. Rector Magfco. de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día...............de.............................de 20.... Presidente: Juan Monjo Vocal: Susana Mora Vocal: Christian Ost Vocal: Miguel Angel Troitiño Secretario: Fernando Vegas Suplente: Pablo Rodríguez Navarro Suplente: Ona Vileikis Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día..........de........................de 20…. en la E.T.S.I. /Facultad.................................................... Calificación ....................................................... EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO v vi Table of Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... xiii Motivations ................................................................................................................. xv Declaration ................................................................................................................. xvi Abstract and chapter outline .................................................................................... xviii Síntesis en español .................................................................................................... xxii Role of the researcher ............................................................................................. xxvii Place names and terminology ................................................................................ xxviii PART I – THESIS ....................................................................................................... 1-31 1 THESIS ............................................................................................................. 1-33 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1-33 1.2 Research problem.......................................................................................... 1-37 1.3 Thesis statement ............................................................................................ 1-37 1.4 Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 1-38 1.5 Justification rationale .................................................................................... 1-38 1.5.1 Values, significance, integrity, & authenticity of the fortifications ...... 1-39 1.5.2 Managing sustained conservation .......................................................... 1-41 1.5.3 Socio-economic development ............................................................... 1-43 1.5.4 Socio-political and cultural divisions .................................................... 1-48 1.6 Contribution to the field ................................................................................ 1-50 1.7 Relevancy of the topic .................................................................................. 1-52 1.8 Goals and Objectives .................................................................................... 1-53 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 2-57 2.1 Sustainability ................................................................................................ 2-57 2.1.1 Ubiquitous term? ................................................................................... 2-57 2.1.2 Community Sustainability ..................................................................... 2-61 2.2 Development ................................................................................................. 2-62 2.2.1 Redefining ............................................................................................. 2-62 2.2.2 Intersection between development and cultural heritage ...................... 2-65 2.2.3 Sustainable Development Goals, New Urban Agenda .......................... 2-67 2.2.4 Historic Urban Landscape approach...................................................... 2-70 2.2.5 Local Economic Development .............................................................. 2-71 2.3 Management .................................................................................................. 2-73 2.4 Fortifications ................................................................................................. 2-77 2.4.1 Organizations and initiatives ................................................................. 2-77 2.4.2 Publications ........................................................................................... 2-80 2.4.3 Individuals ............................................................................................. 2-81 2.5 Famagusta ..................................................................................................... 2-83 2.5.1 Historic reports ...................................................................................... 2-83 2.5.2 Academic publications .......................................................................... 2-85 2.5.3 Doctoral dissertations ............................................................................ 2-86 2.5.4 Contemporary reports ............................................................................ 2-88 2.6 Summary ....................................................................................................... 2-90 vii 3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 3-95 3.1 Defining the problem .................................................................................... 3-95 3.2 Theoretical framework .................................................................................. 3-96 3.3 Research paradigm ........................................................................................ 3-98 3.4 Assumptions .................................................................................................. 3-99 3.5 Research design .......................................................................................... 3-102 3.6 Data collection ............................................................................................ 3-104 3.6.1 Primary resources: interviews, visits, observations ............................. 3-104 3.6.2 Secondary resources: literature review, management plans ................ 3-105 3.6.3 Data analysis and evaluation ............................................................... 3-106 3.6.4 Verification .......................................................................................... 3-107 3.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 3-109 PART II – CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................... 3-111 4 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT ............................................. 4-113 4.1 Trade / Religious nexus .............................................................................. 4-113 4.2 Fortification building .................................................................................. 4-120 4.3 Surviving fortified cities ............................................................................. 4-126 4.4 Case Study selection rationale .................................................................... 4-127 4.5 Evaluation factors ....................................................................................... 4-131 5 FORTIFIED CITIES .................................................................................... 5-137 5.1 Istanbul (Constantinople) ............................................................................ 5-138 5.1.1 History ................................................................................................. 5-138 5.1.2 Fortifications ........................................................................................ 5-148 5.1.3 Management Organization – Multi-tiered Bureaucracy ...................... 5-151 5.1.4 Socio-economic benefits ..................................................................... 5-156 5.1.5 Analysis ............................................................................................... 5-159 5.1.6 Good practice ....................................................................................... 5-161 5.2 Acre (Akko/Akka) ...................................................................................... 5-164 5.2.1 History
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antagonist Images of the Turk in Early Modern European Games
    ANTI/THESIS 87 The earliest representation of the Turk in art appeared in Venetian Quattrocento ANTI-THESIS Antagonist paintings as a result of the increasing com- Images of mercial activities of Venice, which played a role as the main connection between the Turk in Europe and the Levant (Raby 17). The per- ception of the image of the Turk varied Early Modern depending on the conflicts between Venice and the Ottomans, usually pro- European Games voked by religious and political propa- ganda. Gentile Bellini’s circa 1480 portrait of Mehmed the Conqueror, who con- quered Constantinople, is one of such rare early examples that reflected an apprecia- tion of an incognito enemy before the early modern period, which had faded Ömer Fatih Parlak over the course of time as tensions increased. Bellini, who started a short- “The Turk” is a multifaceted concept that perspective to the image of the Turk by lived early Renaissance Orientalism, was emerged in the late Middle Ages in shedding light on its representations in commissioned by Mehmed II, whose pri- Europe, and has gained new faces over early modern European board games and vate patronage was “eclectic with a strong the course of time until today. Being pri- playing cards; thus, contributing to a nou- interest in both historical and contempo- marily a Muslim, the Turk usually con- velle scholarly interest on the image of rary Western culture” (Raby 7).1 The forma- noted the antichrist, infidel, and the ulti- the Turk. It argues that, belonging to a tion of the Holy League of 1571 against the mate enemy.
    [Show full text]
  • On Celestial Wings / Edgar D
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitcomb. Edgar D. On Celestial Wings / Edgar D. Whitcomb. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. United States. Army Air Forces-History-World War, 1939-1945. 2. Flight navigators- United States-Biography. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Pacific Area. 4. World War, 1939-1945-Personal narratives, American. I. Title. D790.W415 1996 940.54’4973-dc20 95-43048 CIP ISBN 1-58566-003-5 First Printing November 1995 Second Printing June 1998 Third Printing December 1999 Fourth Printing May 2000 Fifth Printing August 2001 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. Digitize February 2003 from August 2001 Fifth Printing NOTE: Pagination changed. ii This book is dedicated to Charlie Contents Page Disclaimer........................................................................................................................... ii Foreword............................................................................................................................ vi About the author ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Presentación De Powerpoint
    Painted by Titian 1551 PHILIP II KING OF SPAIN “ THE PRUDENT” Signature CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING UNIT (UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA CLIL) 2017/18 HISTORY lrs Lourdes Ruiz Juana of Castile Philip “The Handsome” Maria of Aragon. Manuel I of Portugal 3rd DAUGTHER OF of Austria 4TH DAUGTHER OF Isabel and Ferdinand Isabel and Ferdinand Charles I of Spain Isabella of Portugal nd Born: 21 May 1527 1st wife 2 wife 3rd wife 4th wife Died: 13 September 1598 Maria Manuela Mary I of England Elizabeth Anna of Austria Philip II of Spain of Portugal “Bloody Mary” of Valois Spain, the Netherlands, Italian Territories & The Spanish Empire lrs 1527: Philip II of Spain was born in Palacio de Pimentel, Valladolid, which was the capital of the Spanish empire. In June 1561, Philip moved his court to Madrid making it the new capital city. Philip was a studious young boy, he learnt Spanish, Portuguese and Latin. 'The Baptism of Philip II' in Valladolid. He enjoyed hunting and sports as well as music. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid) Also, he was trained in warfare by the . court [kɔːt] N corte Duke of Alba hunting [ˈhʌntɪŋ] N caza, cacería lrs warfare [ˈwɔːfɛər] N guerra, artes militares Look at this map. In 1554-55, Philip’s father, Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor abdicated in favour of his son Philip and his brother Ferdinand. Charles left all the territories in ORANGE to his son. After different battles and expeditions, Philip’s Empire would include all the territories in GREEN. That is, he took control of Portugal and its colonies in America, Africa and Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Manuscrit Acceptat
    MANUSCRIT ACCEPTAT The South-eastern Aegean Mercourios Georgiadis Lemos, I.; Kotsonas, A. (eds.), A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Llibre Greece and the Mediterranean. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2020 ISBN 978-1-118-77019-1 Disponible Data de publicació 2020 en línia Per citar aquest document: Mercourios Georgiadis, "The Southeastern Aegean" a Lemos, I.; Kotsonas, A. (eds.), A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, p. 985-1006. Aquest arxiu PDF conté el manuscrit acceptat per a la seva publicació. The South-eastern Aegean Keywords: South-eastern Aegean, Rhodes, Kos, burials, graves, pottery, sanctuary, cremation, inhumation, past Introduction The area of the South-eastern Aegean is defined here as the region known today as the Dodecanese and parts of Anatolia on the opposite coast, like the Halicarnassos peninsula. This area of the Aegean had been under the Minoan cultural influence from as early as the Middle Bronze Age in terms of its material culture and architecture (Georgiadis 2003). The South-eastern Aegean has yielded many remains of the LH III and the EIA, whilst it possesses a strategic position in the Aegean Sea in relation to its contacts and interactions with the Eastern Mediterranean. The traditional forms of explanation for culturalACCEPTAT development and change in this region have focused on migration and the presence of newcomers. In fact, this has been a common denominator in the understanding of the Southern-eastern Aegean equally for the Late Helladic III period and the Early Iron Age. The thorough and up-to-date presentation of the different cultural aspects and periods from this area will demonstrate the regional character and the idiosyncrasies that are visible already from the LH III phase.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Malta, 1565
    MALTA, 1565: LAST BATTLE OF THE CRUSADES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Tim Pickles,Christa Hook,David Chandler | 96 pages | 15 Jan 1998 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781855326033 | English | Osprey, United Kingdom Malta, 1565: Last Battle of the Crusades PDF Book Yet the defenders held out, all the while waiting for news of the arrival of a relief force promised by Philip II of Spain. After arriving in May, Dragut set up new batteries to imperil the ferry lifeline. Qwestbooks Philadelphia, PA, U. Both were advised by the yearold Dragut, the most famous pirate of his age and a highly skilled commander. Elmo, allowing Piyale to anchor his fleet in Marsamxett, the siege of Fort St. From the Publisher : Highly visual guides to history's greatest conflicts, detailing the command strategies, tactics, and experiences of the opposing forces throughout each campaign, and concluding with a guide to the battlefields today. Meanwhile, the Spaniards continued to prey on Turkish shipping. Tim Pickles describes how despite constant pounding by the massive Turkish guns and heavy casualties, the Knights managed to hold out. Michael across a floating bridge, with the result that Malta was saved for the day. Michael, first with the help of a manta similar to a Testudo formation , a small siege engine covered with shields, then by use of a full-blown siege tower. To cart. In a nutshell: The siege of Malta The four-month Siege of Malta was one of the bitterest conflicts of the 16th century. Customer service is our top priority!. Byzantium at War. Tim Pickles' account of the siege is extremely interesting and readable - an excellent book.
    [Show full text]
  • September, 2015
    Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller Founded in Jerusalem 1113, continuing through Czar Nicholas II Confirmed by the Royal Charter and Constitution of H.M. King Peter II of Yugoslavia Pro Fide, Pro Utilitate Hominum SEPTEMBER 2015. PART 1 The September issue of the International Newsletter is published in two Parts: Part 1 contains: General news in the Sovereign Order and: Commemorating the 450th Anniversary Victory of the Great Siege of Malta. H. E. BAILIFF MAY STORRIE, CBE, GCSJ, MMSJ HONOURED BY THE QUEEN On July 1 Bailiff May Storrie was formally invested as a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. May’s sons Grahame and Stuart and her daughter-in-law Kathryn were guests at the ceremony. This distinguished honour is awarded in recognition of May Storrie’s contributions to business and philanthropy over many years. We congratulate May on this recognition of her significant community involvement. International SOSJ Newsletter September 2015 1 NEW COMMANDERY OF MONACO IN FORMATION COMBINED WITH THE ITALIAN COMMANDERY IN FORMATION The Government of Monaco has approved the formation of a Commandery in the Principality of Monaco. It will be known as “Association of Monaco Italy of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller” and “Association Monaco Italie de l’Ordre Souverain de Saint Jean de Jérusalem, Chevaliers Hospitaliers” The plan is to form an Italian Priory that would include the Commanderies of Italy and Monaco. Already Commander Jacqueline Marschner Von Helmreich of Monaco has met with Commander Anselmo Sarchi of the Italian Commandery in Formation to discuss the structures of the respective Commanderies.
    [Show full text]
  • MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 329 July 2020
    MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 329 July 2020 1 MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 329 July 2020 FRANK SCICLUNA RETIRES… I WOULD LIKE INFORM MY READERS that I am retiring from the office of honorary consul for Malta in South Australia after 17 years of productive and sterling work for the Government of the Republic of Malta. I feel it is the appropriate time to hand over to a new person. I was appointed in May 2003 and during my time as consul I had the privilege to work with and for the members of the Maltese community of South Australia and with all the associations and especially with the Maltese Community Council of SA. I take this opportunity to sincerely thank all my friends and all those who assisted me in my journey. My dedication and services to the community were acknowledged by both the Australian and Maltese Governments by awarding me with the highest honour – Medal of Order of Australia and the medal F’Gieh Ir-Repubblika, which is given to those who have demonstrated exceptional merit in the service of Malta or of humanity. I thank also the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Evarist Bartolo, for acknowledging my continuous service to the Government of the Republic of Malta. I plan to continue publishing this Maltese eNewsletter – the Journal of Maltese Living Abroad which is the most popular and respected journal of the Maltese Diaspora and is read by thousands all over the world. I will publish in my journal the full story of this item in the near future. MS. CARMEN SPITERI On 26 June 2020 I was appointed as the Honorary Consul for Malta in South Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Felipe Ii Y El Islam Antes De Lepanto
    FELIPE II Y EL ISLAM ANTES DE LEPANTO Enrique MARTÍNEZ RUIZ Catedrático de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval Introducción A bancarrota declarada en 1557 (1) por Felipe II mostraba las dificultades de la Hacienda real y la necesidad de recuperar la solvencia que permitiera cerrar la guerra con Francia y prevenir posibles contingencias en el Mediterráneo. En esa situación, el rey recurrió a arbitrios diversos para reunir dinero (enajenación de oficios, incautación de los caudales de particulares que traía la Flota de Indias y otros expedientes fiscales) y, de abril a junio de 1557, ordenó sobreseer las libranzas y consignaciones para obtener los fondos necesarios. Como compen- sación, de 1558 a 1560 se entregaron juros en pago de los asientos de la deuda vieja y como incentivo para negociar nuevos préstamos, refinanciar la deuda flotante acumulada, dar confianza a los asen- tistas y tener liquidez, si bien a costa de incrementar el endeudamiento de la Hacienda real. Desde 1558 se estableció un impuesto bastante alto sobre la exportación de la lana, se cobraron aranceles en la frontera portuguesa, se aumentaron el almojarifazgo y los impuestos en los puertos vascos, además de incorporar las minas de sal a la Corona y establecer el monopolio sobre las barajas de cartas. Todo ello supuso un sensible aumento de las imposiciones al margen de las Cortes, que también incrementaron el encabezamiento de 1561, al prometerles (1) Sobre la bancarrota y sus consecuencias, ÁLVAREZ NOGAL, Carlos, y CHAMLEY, Chris- topher: «La crisis financiera de Castilla en 1557-1577: fiscalidad y estrategia», en Crisis finan- cieras en la Historia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And
    HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence, Protection and Commerce
    This file is to be used only for a purpose specified by Palgrave Macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an index, reviewing, endorsing or planning coursework/other institutional needs. You may store and print the file and share it with others helping you with the specified purpose, but under no circumstances may the file be distributed or otherwise made accessible to any other third parties without the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Please contact [email protected] if you have any queries regarding use of the file. Proof 1 2 3 3 4 Violence, Protection and 5 6 Commerce 7 8 Corsairing and ars piratica in the Early Modern 9 Mediterranean 10 11 Wolfgang Kaiser and Guillaume Calafat 12 13 14 15 Like other maritime spaces, and indeed even large oceans such as the 16 Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean was not at all a ‘no man’s sea’ – as 17 the sea in general appears, opposed to territorial conquest and occupa- 18 tion of land, in a prominent way in Carl Schmitt’s opposition between 19 a terrestrian and a ‘free maritime’ spatial order.1 Large oceanic spaces 20 such as the Indian Ocean and smaller ones such as the Mediterranean 21 were both culturally highly saturated and legally regulated spaces.2 22 The Inner Sea has even been considered as a matrix of the legal and 23 political scenario of imposition of the Roman ‘policy of the sea’ that 24 had efficiently guaranteed free circulation and trade by eliminating 25 the pirates – Cicero’s ‘enemy of mankind’ 3– who formerly had infected the 26 Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhodes, Greece
    TRIP REPORT RHODES, GREECE 4 TO 11 MAY 2016 GLYN & CHRIS SELLORS MALE LITTLE BITTERN, KREMASTI FACTS & FIGURES CAR PARKING AT EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT - £ 50 JET2 FLIGHTS – EAST MIDLANDS TO RHODES - £ 200 EACH ACCOMMODATION IN IALYSOS – VILLASDUC HOTEL – APARTMENT WITH B & B - £ 200 EACH [email protected] - ( ASK FOR EVELYNE ) CAR HIRE WITH JET2 ( HERTZ ) £ 200 FOR 7 DAYS ITINERARY FLIGHT FROM EAST MIDLANDS TO RHODES – JUST OVER 4 HOURS – WE COLLECTED OUR CAR FROM HERTZ & DROVE STRAIGHT TO OUR HOTEL IN IALYSOS. I CHOSE IALYSOS BECAUSE THE RIVER AT KREMASTI IS ONE OF THE BEST SITES FOR BIRDING ON RHODES & ONLY A SHORT DISTANCE FROM OUR HOTEL. I VISITED THE RIVER AT KREMASTI EVERY MORNING – IT WAS EXCELLENT FOR HERONS & WADERS, ALTHOUGH APRIL WOULD BE BETTER FOR MORE VARIETY. ( I DID FLUSH A GREAT SNIPE - & IT CALLED ) FROM IALYSOS WE DID DAY TRIPS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE ISLAND. LINDOS – A BEAUTIFUL OLD TOWN WITH AN ACROPOLIS – FROM THE ACROPOLIS WE WATCHED LESSER KESTRELS FROM ABOVE BREEDING IN A CAVE – ALSO BLACK-EARED WHEATEARS WERE BREEDING IN THE WALL RIGHT NEXT TO THE TICKET OFFICE + ALPINE & PALLID SWIFTS. APOLAKIA DAM – NOT VERY PRODUCTIVE, BUT LONG-LEGGED BUZZARDS & BEE-EATERS. AFANDOU BEACH – STONE CURLEWS, BEE-EATERS, HOOPOES ETC. – THIS LOOKS A VERY GOOD AREA FOR MIGRATION IN APRIL. GADOURAS RESERVOIR – BOTH SHALLOW ENDS WERE EXCELLENT – WHITE- WINGED BLACK TERNS, FERRUGINOUS DUCKS, SQUACCO HERON, BLACK- WINGED STILTS, WOOD SANDPIPERS – 2 HONEY BUZZARDS NEARBY. WE ALSO TRIED OTHER PLACES THAT LOOKED OF INTEREST ON THE MAP. RHODES IS A BEAUTIFUL ISLAND & WE WILL DEFINITELY DO ANOTHER TRIP, BUT PROBABLY IN MID APRIL WHEN THERE ARE LOTS MORE MIGRANTS.
    [Show full text]
  • Punti D'incontro Nell' Architettura a Malta E in Sicilia
    MICHAEL ELUjL PUNTI D'INCONTRO NELL' ARCHITETTURA A MALTA E IN SICILIA L'Architettura e stata definita come "l'espressione piu genuina delle vicende storiche che l'hanno prodotta", e pert an to sara utile cominciare con un brevissimo riferimento alIa storia delle nostre due isole. La civilta a Malta risale al quarto millennio avanti Cristo, e i nostri templi megalitici, COS! complessi nelle loro strutture e COS! misteriosi nella loro grandiosita, testimoniano un popolo di una intelligenza non comune che e approdato qui dalla Sicilia. 1 Al momento dell'abbandono dei maggiori compIessi megalitici nella prima meta del secondo millennio a. C., il popoIo che li aveva costruiti scomparve misteriosamente,2 e con esso scomparve ogni traccia della sua origine e della sua sorte finale. Dopo illungo capitolo della preistoria, la nostra storia documentata si apre con riferimenti casuaIi nelle letterature classiche. La prima menzione di Malta e desunta da una citazione di Nonio e si riferisce ad un episodio della prima guerra punica, cioe a una battaglia navale allargo delle coste meridionali della Sicilia ed a nord-ovest di Malta. Durante la seconda guerra punica, poi, secondo Livio, la flotta cartaginese, avendo perduto le sue basi della Sicilia, faceva di Malta una base avanzata per un eventuale attacco sulle coste siciliane. Scrive ancora Livio che il console romano Tito Sempronio, diretto verso Cartagine, fece una sosta nella nostra isola in cerea dell a flotta cartaginese. In un contesto piu personale, Cicerone nel suo secondo libro In Verres parla di un certo Diodoro, nativo di Malta, che possedeva una cas a in Sicilia ed un'altra a Malta dove aveva amici e famigliari e 10 descrive come un uomo raffinato di cultura greca.
    [Show full text]