Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-economic Development of Local Communities A case study of the fortifications of Famagusta, Cyprus and other fortified cities in the Eastern Mediterranean Doctoral Thesis Rand Eppich, BArch, MArch, MBA 2019 ii Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Management Models of Sustainable Conservation for the Socio-economic Development of Local Communities A case study of the fortifications of Famagusta, Cyprus and other fortified cities in the Eastern Mediterranean Rand Eppich, Architect, MBA Director: Dr. Professor José Luis García Grinda 2019 iii © Copyright Rand Eppich, 2019 Deposited from Zanzibar, Friday September 13, 2019 Figure 1 – First page, Martinengo Bastion, at the northwest corner Famagusta, Cyprus (Eppich, 2016) iv Tribunal nombrado por el Sr. Rector Magfco. de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día...............de.............................de 20.... Presidente: Juan Monjo Vocal: Susana Mora Vocal: Christian Ost Vocal: Miguel Angel Troitiño Secretario: Fernando Vegas Suplente: Pablo Rodríguez Navarro Suplente: Ona Vileikis Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día..........de........................de 20…. en la E.T.S.I. /Facultad.................................................... Calificación ....................................................... EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO v vi Table of Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... xiii Motivations ................................................................................................................. xv Declaration ................................................................................................................. xvi Abstract and chapter outline .................................................................................... xviii Síntesis en español .................................................................................................... xxii Role of the researcher ............................................................................................. xxvii Place names and terminology ................................................................................ xxviii PART I – THESIS ....................................................................................................... 1-31 1 THESIS ............................................................................................................. 1-33 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1-33 1.2 Research problem.......................................................................................... 1-37 1.3 Thesis statement ............................................................................................ 1-37 1.4 Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 1-38 1.5 Justification rationale .................................................................................... 1-38 1.5.1 Values, significance, integrity, & authenticity of the fortifications ...... 1-39 1.5.2 Managing sustained conservation .......................................................... 1-41 1.5.3 Socio-economic development ............................................................... 1-43 1.5.4 Socio-political and cultural divisions .................................................... 1-48 1.6 Contribution to the field ................................................................................ 1-50 1.7 Relevancy of the topic .................................................................................. 1-52 1.8 Goals and Objectives .................................................................................... 1-53 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 2-57 2.1 Sustainability ................................................................................................ 2-57 2.1.1 Ubiquitous term? ................................................................................... 2-57 2.1.2 Community Sustainability ..................................................................... 2-61 2.2 Development ................................................................................................. 2-62 2.2.1 Redefining ............................................................................................. 2-62 2.2.2 Intersection between development and cultural heritage ...................... 2-65 2.2.3 Sustainable Development Goals, New Urban Agenda .......................... 2-67 2.2.4 Historic Urban Landscape approach...................................................... 2-70 2.2.5 Local Economic Development .............................................................. 2-71 2.3 Management .................................................................................................. 2-73 2.4 Fortifications ................................................................................................. 2-77 2.4.1 Organizations and initiatives ................................................................. 2-77 2.4.2 Publications ........................................................................................... 2-80 2.4.3 Individuals ............................................................................................. 2-81 2.5 Famagusta ..................................................................................................... 2-83 2.5.1 Historic reports ...................................................................................... 2-83 2.5.2 Academic publications .......................................................................... 2-85 2.5.3 Doctoral dissertations ............................................................................ 2-86 2.5.4 Contemporary reports ............................................................................ 2-88 2.6 Summary ....................................................................................................... 2-90 vii 3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 3-95 3.1 Defining the problem .................................................................................... 3-95 3.2 Theoretical framework .................................................................................. 3-96 3.3 Research paradigm ........................................................................................ 3-98 3.4 Assumptions .................................................................................................. 3-99 3.5 Research design .......................................................................................... 3-102 3.6 Data collection ............................................................................................ 3-104 3.6.1 Primary resources: interviews, visits, observations ............................. 3-104 3.6.2 Secondary resources: literature review, management plans ................ 3-105 3.6.3 Data analysis and evaluation ............................................................... 3-106 3.6.4 Verification .......................................................................................... 3-107 3.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 3-109 PART II – CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................... 3-111 4 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT ............................................. 4-113 4.1 Trade / Religious nexus .............................................................................. 4-113 4.2 Fortification building .................................................................................. 4-120 4.3 Surviving fortified cities ............................................................................. 4-126 4.4 Case Study selection rationale .................................................................... 4-127 4.5 Evaluation factors ....................................................................................... 4-131 5 FORTIFIED CITIES .................................................................................... 5-137 5.1 Istanbul (Constantinople) ............................................................................ 5-138 5.1.1 History ................................................................................................. 5-138 5.1.2 Fortifications ........................................................................................ 5-148 5.1.3 Management Organization – Multi-tiered Bureaucracy ...................... 5-151 5.1.4 Socio-economic benefits ..................................................................... 5-156 5.1.5 Analysis ............................................................................................... 5-159 5.1.6 Good practice ....................................................................................... 5-161 5.2 Acre (Akko/Akka) ...................................................................................... 5-164 5.2.1 History