Thraupis by John T

AMIERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1262 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY September 8, 1944 New York City

STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. XLVIII1 THE GENERA IRIDOSORNIS, DELOTHRA UPIS, ANISOGNA THUS, BUTHRA UPIS, COMPSOCOMA, DUBUSIA, AND THRAUPIS BY JOHN T. ZIMMER

Many thanks are due to Messrs. James shared by I. r. caeruleoventris. The colora- Bond and Rodolphe de Schauensee of the tion of the rest of the plumage and the pro- Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- portions are shared by all the subspecies. phia, Mr. W. E. C. Todd of the Carnegie Records of reinhardti are from Culu- Museum of Pittsburgh, and Acting Di- machay, Puyas-yacu, Pumamarca, and rector Orr Goodson, Mr. K. P. Schmidt, Cumpang (Compan). and Mrs. Ellen T. Smith of the Chicago In the examination of the various forms Natural History Museum for the loan of of this species, an interesting situation has important material in their charge that has come to light. The original description been of much service in the following of I. r. ignicapillus from southwestern studies. Colombia pointed out the deeper, more Names of colors are capitalized when orange hue of the coronal patch in compari- direct comparison has been made with son with typical rufi-vertex from eastern Ridgway's "Color standards and color Colombia, but overlooked the fact that nomenclature." ignicapillus has, rather consistently, a broader black frontal band. In rufi- Iridosornis rufi-vertex reinhardti vertex, this band varies in width (along the (Sclater) median line from the exposed base of the Iridorni8 reinhardti SCLATER, 1865, Ibis, new culmen to the posterior border) usually ser., vol. 1, p. 495, pl. 11-eastern slope of the from 4 to 6 mm.; in one specimen it is Peruvian cordillera; Copenhagen Mus. only 3.5, in one it is 7 and in one 8 mm. Two birds from San Pedro, near Chacha- The average of 21 specimens is 5.4 mm. In poyas, extend the known range of this ignicapillus, the band is 6.2-8 mm. wide, form slightly to the northward. I can find averaging 7.3 mm. no characters distinguishing these speci- Birds from the western side of the mens from those taken farther south. Western Andes in Ecuador have the frontal I agree with Hellmayr that the characters band even wider, on occasion, but show shared in common with rufi-vertex outweigh the coronal patch varying from the light those which separate it, and that the rela- yellow of rufi-vertex to a darker and duller tionship may best be expressed by the use tone, though still without the strong orange of a trinomial. The yellow area on the hue of ignicapillus. Since these birds top of the head is paler than in rufi-vertex cannot be referred either to rufi-vertex or and is withdrawn from the crown but ex- ignicapillus, it seems desirable to give tended laterally to the sides of the neck and them a new name as follows. the posterior part of the auriculars. The lack of rufous on the lower under parts is Iridosornis rufi-vertex subsimilis, 1 Earlier Paipers in this series comprise American new subspecies Museum NOvitates nos. 500, 509, 523, 524, 538, 545, 558, 584, 646, 647, 668, 703, 728, 753, 756, western 757, 785, 819, 860, 861, 862, 889, 893, 894, 917, TYPE: From Mindo Valley, 930, 962, 963, 994, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1066, Ecuador; altitude 9400 feet. No. 173618, 1095, 1108, 1109, 1126, 1127, 1159, 1160, 1168, 1193, 1203, 1225, 1245, and 1246. American Museum of Natural History. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262

Adult male collected September 4, 1922, examples of the new form, but from this by Chapman, Cherrie, and O'Connell. extreme there is a gradation of color on the DIAGNOSIS: Similar to I. r. ignicapillus area in question reaching a pale yellow of southwestern Colombia in respect to extreme that is close to Deep Chrome. the broad frontal band, averaging even In ignicapillus, the color is a little more wider, but differing from it by the color reddish than Orange Chrome. In rufi- of the coronal patch which lacks the strong vertex, it is nearer Cadmium Yellow or orange tone, being lighter or duller. In Orange. the light extreme, the color of this patch Although the characters of this form are matches that of some examples of rufi- composed of a combination of certain capillus, but the frontal band is broader features of rufi-vertex and ignicapillus, they than in that form. are not intermediate between them. In RANGE: Western slope of the Western the matter of the frontal band, subsimilis Andes of Ecuador. is even more marked than ignicapillus, DESCRIPrION OF TYPE: Whole head having its width ranging from 7 to 11 mm., and neck black except for the bright averaging 8.3. As noted above, the color coronal patch, with the frontal band broad, of this cap also is not an intermediate hue extending posteriad 9 mm. in mid-line but is duller than in either of the others. from the exposed base of the culmen; center of crown, occiput, and nape occu- pied by a broad patch of Xanthine Orange, SPECIMENS EXAMINED leaving a broad black collar behind it on I. r. rufi-vertex. the hind neck; mantle a little more viola- COLOMBIA: ceous than Hay's Blue; lower back and El Pifino, 1 d; upper tail-coverts Dusky Blue X Indulin "Bogota," 4 (?). Blue. Breast (behind the black throat) ECUADOR: Oyacachi, 2 e, 4 9; near Azurite Blue; lower breast and flanks Macas region, 1 (?); a little darker than the lower back; belly Zufiac, 3 (?); and under tail-coverts Auburn X Sanford's Tambillo, 2 (?); Brown. Remiges blackish; primaries, ex- Asilan, 1 (?); Galgalan, 1 (?); cept outermost, with only a faint trace "S. Ecuador," 1 (?). of bluish color on the outermargin; second- I. r. caeruleoventris.- aries and tertials with broad outer mar- COLOMBIA: gins near China Blue; greater upper wing- Paramillo, 2 9 (incl. type). I. r. ignicapillu8. coverts margined like the secondaries; COLOMBIA: middle and lesser series a little brighter Coast range west of Popayan, 3 (incl. blue than the mantle; primary-coverts type), 3 9; black with slightly stronger bluish outer Almaguer, 2 c; "Antioquia," 1 (?). margins than the primaries, under wing- I. r. sub8imilis.- coverts sooty, with traces of bright brown ECUADOR: on the tips of the lower series, only faintly Mindo Valley, 1 e (type); paler than the rest of the under side of the Mindo, 1 c; Gualea, 1 , 2 9; webs. Rectrices blackish, with outer mar- Nono, 2 (?); gins near Dark Cadet Blue. Bill (in dried Aloag, 1 9; skin) blackish, with the mandible a little above Intac, 2 d; slaty; feet dark brown. Wing, 87.2 Verdecocha, 1 e, 1 9; west side of Pichincha, 1 9 mm.; tail, 74.5; exposed culmen, 9.2; "Quito-skin," 1 (?); culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 26. "Chivinda" (ex Buckley), 1 e¢. REMARKS: Females like the males but I. r. reinhardti. a little smaller, at least averaging so; wing, PERU': San Pedro, 1a, 1 9 79-82.1 mm. (as against 80-87); tail, Rumicruz, 1 c, 1 9,1 (?); 64-66 (as against 66-74.5). Maraynioc, 2 9; The type is one of the darker-crowned Cueva Seca, 1 (?). 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 3

Iridosornis jelskii jelskii (Cabanis) I. j. bolivianus.- Iridornis Jelgkii CABANIS, 1873, Jour. fUSr PERU: Ornith., vol. 21, p. 316-Maraynioc, Perul; d; Cedrobamba, 1 e, 1 el. Berlin Mus. BOLIVIA: Cocopunco, 1 9 . Apparently never found anywhere in Peru' except at Maraynioc, from which Iridosornis analis analis (Tschudi) locality we have a number of specimens. T[anagra] analis TSCHUDI, 1844 (May), Arch. The record from the Urubamba Valley is Naturgesch., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 287-Per-6; better assigned to the following form. Lima (errore), Tschudi, 1846; C. Perd suggested, Berlepsch, 1912; Vitoc suggested, Hell- Iridosornis jelskii bolivianus mayr, 1936; cotypes in Mus. Neuchatel, U. S. Berlepsch National Mus., and British Mus. Iridosornis jelskii boliviana BERLEPSCH, 1912 (Feb.), Ber. V Internatl. Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, A male of this form from Cutucd, eastern 1910, p. 1043-Unduavi, La Paz, Bolivia; d; Ecuador, extends the known range well Frankfort Mus. to the northward, approaching somewhat The two males from Cedrobamba, near closer to that of the allied I. a. porphyro- Machu Picchu, recorded by Chapman cephalus. A specimen of the latter from (1921, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., vol. 117, Buckley's collection through the Boucard p. 119) are closer to the Bolivian subspecies Museum is labeled "Sarayacu" where it is than to typical jelskii, although they are known that Buckley worked, but the only not so strongly marked as a female from indication of locality is on the Boucard Cocopunco, La Paz. The Cocopunco Museum label, and the word "Sarayacu" bird has only the faintest trace of yellow has been added to the label after the rest tips on the black feathers of the median of the lettering which gives, simply, line of the forehead-not noticeable ex- "Aequator." The specimen is of regular cept on close examination-and those on "Quito" preparation. The only definite the anterior part of the crown are less Ecuadorian locality for porphyrocephalus is prominent than in jelskii. In the Cedro- above Intac, on the western side of the bamba birds, the marking on the forehead Andes, although other "Quito" skins are is only slightly more pronounced but still known, one of which also is at hand. There weaker than in the Maraynioc examples. is, thus, no near conflict of the ranges of The correspondingly greater extension of porphyrocephalus and analis. the black pigmentation is further demon- As in the case of other members of strated in all three birds over the rest of the genus Iridosornis (reinhardti and the the top of the head where the dark centers rufi-vertex group), the subspecific distinc- of the feathers are somewhat deeper black tion appears to be quite abrupt, but there than in jelskii and reach nearer to the tips are more points of resemblance than of of the feathers. An additional character difference. Among the similarities may also is shown by all three specimens, al- be mentioned the pattern of pigmentation though I can find no mention of it in dis- of the bill, common to analis and porphy- cussions of bolivianus. This is the color of rocephalus but not shared with the other the mantle which is nearer an indigo hue conspecies. than the more violaceous blue of the same I can see no distinctions in the series of area in jelskii (near dark Eton Blue in- analis analis from eastern Ecuador to stead of Deep Dull Violaceous Blue). southeastern Perd. Two birds from the Although bolivianus might be expected Huayabamba Valley show some develop- to occur in extreme southeastern Peru' ment of red on portions of the yellow adjacent to Bolivia, there are no records of throat, quite marked in one of them. the species from that region. Friedmann and Deignan (1942, Zoolo- gica, vol. 27, p. 52) consider one of Tschu- SPECIMENS EXAMINED di's specimens in the United States Na- I. j. jel8kii.- PER9: 1 Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Washing- Maraynioc, 6 e, 4 9Q ,1 Q9l ton, D. C. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262 tional Museum as a cotype of analis, I. a. porphyrocephalus.- basing this contention on the ECUADOR: fact that "Sarayacu" = "Quito-skin," 1 (?); Tschudi did not specify any particular "Quito," 1 6. specimen as type in his published accounts COLOMBIA: of the species. There is no evidence, Cerro Munchique, 1 9; N6vita trail, 1 6; either, that Tschudi marked any of his Cocal, 2 ci"; birds as type, even without publishing that San Antonio, 4 e, 1 9(?); fact. In Berlepsch and Hellmayr's ac- "Bogoti," 1 (?); count of a limited number of Tschudi's Medellin, 1 (?); birds in the Neuch'atel Museum (1905, La Costa, El Tambo, 1 9; Jour. fur Ornith., vol. 53, pp. 6-20), the "Colombia," 2 (?). transcriptions of the labels there given show no such designation. Consequently, Fried- Delothraupis castaneoventris peruviana mann and Deignan are probably correct Carriker in their Delothraupis castaneiventris [sic] peruvianus contention. Another cotype is in CARRIKER, 1935 (Oct. 25), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. the British Museum. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 358-Auquimarca, There is no justification for the claim PerA; d; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. that other specimens in the United States Most of the characters ascribed to this National Museum are types of Tschudi's subspecies are of no value. There is no species merely because Berlepsch and difference in the size of the bill in Bolivian Hellmayr failed to mention those species and Peruvian specimens, and the inten- in their paper. They expressly state sity of color on the under parts, including that their discussion concerns only certain the chin and throat, varies in both; in forms which are poorly known. Most of fact, the specimen immediately at hand Tschudi's birds are thus left out of the ac- with the least amount of whitish feathering count, although the types, or perhaps at the base of the bill is from Bolivia. cotypes, of these were in the Neuchatel However, the blackish malar stripe in Museum at the time and are still there. the Peruvian birds is distinctly narrower Without other evidence, therefore, I must and averages shorter than in the Bolivian consider the specimens in the United States examples, and the Bolivian birds have the National Museum as no more than cotypes wing shorter. Southeast-Peruvian birds, at best. according to Carriker's measurements and Records of analis are from Achamal, one specimen from that area now before Chirimoto, Pampa de Felipe, Ray-urmana, me, are intermediate in respect to the Utcubamba, Huaynapata, and San An- length of wing, but the bird at hand has the tonio. Tschudi's citation of "Lima" is malar stripe like that of the birds from totally unsupported by any later evidence central Perd, indicating that southeastern and must be considered erroneous. birds belong to peruviana rather than to SPECIMENS EXAMINED castaneoventris. I. a. analis.- According to published measurements PERU6: and the dimensions of the specimens ex- Inca Mine, 2 d; amined, central-Peruvian birds (without Santo Domingo, 6 e, 3 9; regard to sex) have the wing 80-86 mm. in Rio Inambari, 4 ci", 1 9; Idma, 2 ae; length; southeast-Peruvian birds, 79-81; Chilpes, 3 cP, 4 9; Bolivian birds, 75-81.5. Utcuyacu, 2 9; Peruvian records thus are from Culu- Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 1 6; machay, Sillapata, Auquimarca, Puma- Chinchao, 1 el, 3 9 1; Huachipa, 1 el; marca, San Gaban, Oconeque, and Santo Chachapoyas, 1 d; Domingo. Huayabamba [Valley], 1 e, 1 9. ECUADOR: SPECIMENS EXAMINED Cutucu, 1 6". D. c. castaneoventris.- Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. BOLIVIA: 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 5

Incachaca, 1 e, 1 9, 1 (?)l; near Ri6 Aceramarca, 2 d; Quebrada Onda, 1 (?). Incachaca, e 1, 3 9 l. D. c. peruviana.- PERU': PER-: Marcapata, 1 d; Marcapata, 1 (?); Limbani, 2 e, 1 9,1 (?); Pariayacu, 1 9, 1 9 2; Cedrobamba, Machu Picchu, 1 e. Maraynioc, 1 9; A. i. igniris8us. Panao, 3 3,2Q93; PERUI: mountains near HuAnuco, 1 e3. Maraynioc, 4 e, 2 9; Panao, 1 e83; mountains near Huanuco, 5 e, 5 9 3; Anisognathus igniventris ignicrissus Compan [Cumpang], 1 (?); (Cabanis) Levanto, 3 e, 1 ci3; Poecilothraupis ignicri88a CABANIS, 1873, mountains east of Balsas, 1 9 3; Jour. far Ornith., vol. 21, p. 317-Maraynioc, Leimebamba, 2 9; Perd; Berlin Mus. Chachapoyas, 1 9; Poecilothraupis lunulata intercedens BER- LaLejia,5 d; LEP5CH, 1912, Ber. V Internatl. Ornith. Kongr., San Pedro, 2 e. Berlin, p. 1044-Leimebamba; d; Frankfort A. i. erythrotu8.- Mus. ECUADOR: 54. A. i. lunulatu&. Birds from the northern part of Peru COLOMBIA: 39. show a slightly longer average wing-length than those from central Peru (89-96.5 mm. as against 93-98) and also average very Anisognathus lacrymosus caerulescens slightly deeper red on the lower under (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) parts, but there is too much overlap in [Poecilothraupis palpebro8a] caerulewcen8 TAC- both characters to permit the recognition ZANOWSKI AND BERLEPSCH, 1885, Proc. Zool. of intercedens. Soc. London, p. 80, in text-Cutervo, Per6; o7'; type from Berlepsch Collection in Amer. Records are from Huambo, Vitoc, and Mus. Nat. Hist. Tamiapampa. The allocation of the name caerulescens I have elsewhere (1930, Publ. Field Mus. is open to a certain amount of study. The Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 17, p. 444) first use of the name is in the reference cited given the reasons for supplanting Poecilo- above where it appears in the discussion thraupis by the earlier Anisognathus. of three birds from San Rafael, eastern Ecuador, which Taczanowski and Berlepsch Anisognathus igniventris igniventris found to be intermediate between Bogota (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye) and Antioquia examples of "palpebrosa" A [glaia] igniventris D'ORBIGNY AND LAFRES- and examples from Cutervo, northern NAYE, 1837, Mag. Zool., vol. 7, cl. 2, "Syn. Av.," Peru. Actually, Bogota and Antioquia p. 32-Apolobamba, Bolivia; Paris Mus. birds belong to olivaceiceps, but that does This form replaces ignicrissus in the not affect the application of the name southeastern part of Peru, including the caerulescens. After noting the intermedi- UJrubamba Valley. Peruvian birds are ate character of the San Rafael birds, inseparable from Bolivian examples. Taczanowski and Berlepsch give the char- Records are from Chachupata [= acters that distinguish them from the Ccachupata; Cachupata], San Gaban, and Bogota and Antioquia form and state that Paucartambo. they belong to the "subsp. caerulescens, Berl. MS." The characters are even SPECIMENS EXAMINED more pronounced in the birds from Cutervo A. i. igniventris.- BOLIVIA: and vicinity than in those from San Rafael, Pucyuni, 1 ce; as may be supposed by the comment on Cillutinacara, 2 d; intermediacy. Since Cutervo is cited in Cocopunco, 1 (?); this 1885 account, it, too, must be counted Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. as one of the original localities. 2 Specimen in U. S. National Museum, Washington, It was not until 1912 (Ber. V Internatl. D. C. 3 Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, 1910, p. 1046) 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262 that Berlepsch published a formal descrip- area in the Peruvian birds; the upper parts tion of caerulescens with citation of the type average less bluish and a little darker, and specimen, but at that, time he *noted the upper wing-coverts are usually a little Cutervo as type locality and specified deeper blue. North-Ecuadorian birds from No. 6784 from his collection as the type, as far south as the Macas region (which is which specimen came into possession of south of San Rafael) have the under parts the American Museum of Natural History averaging still deeper yellow, with the some years ago and is now before me, extremes overlapping both the south- marked in Berlepsch's handwriting as Ecuadorian and the Colombian series; "typus." Since he acquired this skin in the upper parts are not quite so dark as 1880, as noted on the label, it was in his in the Colombian birds and show as little possession at the time of the publication bluish tinge as in palpebrosus; and the of the paper by Taczanowski and himself color of the upper wing-coverts is deep in 1885 and was, without question, one of blue, also as in palpebrosus. They form the original series. There is no reason, the pale extreme of palpebrosus, and the therefore, to refuse to accept it as the type dividing line between palpebrosus and of caerulescens, the type locality of which caerulescens thus appears to lie south of the is, accordingly, Cutervo, Peru. Macas region, between that point and The matter is of some importance since Loja, although it is not sharp at any point. the birds from the area adjacent to San Ra- A similar intergradation takes place fael are closer to true palpebrosus than to between palpebrosus and olivaceiceps in the north-Peruvian form, although Tac- the central Andes of Colombia where zanowski and Berlepsch's material may palpebrosus occurs at Laguneta, on the have shown a trend in the other direction. western slope, with a tendency toward an To attempt to cite San Rafael as type olive tinge -on the forehead and over the locality of caerulescens, 1885, as has been eye. At Medellin, a little farther to the done by Hellmayr (1936, Publ. Field Mus. northward, olivaceiceps is well developed, Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 187) and a single bird from Rio TochK, very would necessitate providing a new name for near to Laguneta but on the eastern slope the Cutervo form, a procedure for which of the Central Range, is distinctly closer there is no need. to olivaceiceps than to palpebrosus, even as This north-Peruvian form, caerulescens, the latter is modified in the Laguneta differs from palpebrosus by lighter yellow specimens. A BogotA skin shows an ap- under parts, lighter and duller upper parts proach toward tamae. with a tinge of blue (weaker than in Records of caerulescens are from Paucal, lacrymosus of central Peru), and a paler Tambillo, and Leymebamba. and duller tone of blue on the upper wing- coverts than in either of the others, though Anisognathus lacrymosus lacrymosus closer to the color in lacrymosus. The yel- (Du Bus) low post-auricular spot and the smaller Tachyphonus lacrymosus Du Bus, 1846, Esq. subauricular blotch are present in all the Ornith., no. 2, pl. 10-Peru' (I suggest Maray- specimens examined, although it is weaker nioc); Brussels Mus. in one or two of the skins from La Lejia, The yellow post-auricular spot is quite east of the Marafn6n, than in the others. absent from most of the individuals of this Helhnayr (loc. cit.) found the post-auricular form, but occasionally there is a suggestion spot lacking in a Cutervo specimen he of it on one or two feathers. examined, but it is quite pronounced in Records are from Higos, Chilpes, and the type. Cumpang (= Compan). There is perfect intergradation between caerulescens and palpebrosus. A series of [Anisognathus lacrymosus palpebrosus birds from southern Ecuador (Taragua- (Lafresnaye) cocha, Loja, and Ofia) have the under Tanagra palpebrosa LAFRESNAYE, 1847, Rev. parts only a little deeper inl color than that Zool., vol. 10, p. 71-"Pasto in Peruvia," 1944] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 7 errore = Pasto, Colombia; d; Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 342-Maraynioc, Perd; 'cotypes, e in War- Philadelphia. saw Mus., 9 in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Although ostensibly from Peru, it is Berlepsch and Stolzmann had five speci- conceded that the locality, Pasto, refers mens from Maraynioc when they de- to the place of that name in Colombia. scribed their cyanonota. Stolzmann and The original description agrees with the Domaniewski (1927, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. characters of the subspecies found in that Hist. Nat., vol. 6, p. 184) claim a male in region to which the name has been as- the Warsaw Museum as type but no speci- signed in recent years. That subspecies men was singled out for that honor in the does not reach any part of Perui.] original account, and one of the five original examples (from the Rothschild Collection SPECIMENS EXAMINED and now before me) is marked "typus" A. 1. lacrymo8us.- on the original label. It is a female, while PERU': the Warsaw "type" is a male. Presum- Maraynioc, 1 c, 2 9; Rumicruz, 6 , 1 Q9. ably both specimens are of equal rank as A. 1. caerulescena.- cotypes of the subspecies. PERt: I can find no distinctions between birds Cutervo, 1 6' (type); from northern Peru and those from the Chugur, 4 , 2 9; central part of the country. Taulis, 2 , 1 9; El Tambo, 3 e, 3 9; Records are from Higos and Pangoa.

LaLejia, 2 c, 3 9. ECUADOR: Buthraupis montana saturata Berlepsch Loja,1 c,1? 9; Taraguacocha, 3 e, 3 9; and Stolzmann south of Ofna, 1 9. Buthraupiw cucullata saturata BERLEPSCH AND A. 1. palpebrosus.- STOLZMANN, 1906, Ornis, vol. 13, p. 80-Idma, ECUADOR: Santa Ana, Peril; d; Warsaw Mus. (Papallacta, Oyacachi, upper Sumaco, above Baeza, Sical, Zuflac, Tambillo, Apparently confined to southeastein Galgalan, Macas region, and Monji), Perd and the UJrubamba Valley. Records 14 cP, 12 9, 6 () are from Idma [Santa Ana], and Mar- COLOMBIA: capata Valley. (Almaguer, coast range west of Popayan, Santa Isabel, Laguneta, and "Bogota" = There appears to be some uncertainty errore; not a Bogota-skin), 17 e, 14 9, regarding the record from Cosniipata. 1 (?). Sclater and Salvin (1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. A. 1. olivaceicep.- COLOMBIA: London, p. 185) give a list of the species (Medellin, Santa Elena, Paramillo, Rio 'represented in the collection made by Toch6, Sabanalarga, and "BogotA"), 5 c, Whitely in that general region and not 6 9, 2(?) included in a former report. The birds A. 1. tamae.- VENEZUELA: secured at a number of different localities ' Piramo TamA, 2 (incl. type'). are supposedly marked with distinguishing A. 1. melanops. letters, and the remainder are said to have VENEZUELA: come from Cosfiipata, among which is (Merida, Culata, Nevados, Escorial, El Valle, El Loro, and Cicua Nevada), "Buthraupis cucullata." However, on the 14e, 2 9, 8() following page, there is a special discussion A. 1. melanogenys.- of the form in question of which Whitely COLOMBIA: is said to have taken two examples at Santa Marta, El Libano, 4 e; "Huasampilla," with no mention of Cos- San Lorenzo, 5 9. niipata. Whitley must have taken more Buthraupis montana cyanonota than the two examples mentioned, since Berlepsch and Stolzmann two are listed in the "Catalogue of birds in the Buthraupi8 cucullata cyanonota BERLEPSCH British Museum," (vol. 11, p. 148), AND STOLZMANN, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Berlepsch (1896) noted one in his collection, and one is in the American Museum 1 Specimen in collection of William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela. of Natural History, all collected by 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262

Whitely at "Huasampilla." Nevertheless, like the Junin specimens although with there is no apparent reason why saturata a trend toward the characters of the should not occur at Cosniipata, although northern birds. the record has yet to be made. It is justifiable, therefore, to separate the two populations under distinctive SPECIMENS EXAMINED names, but this cannot be done until it is B. m. montana.- determined to which form the type of BOLIVIA: somptuosa belongs. Hellhnayr (1936, Publ. Cocapata, 1 ce, 1 9; 13, San Crist6bal, 1 d; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. Tanampaya, I d; pt. 9, p. 203) notes that the type was col- Chaco, Yungas, 1 e. lected by Ajassou, but I am quite unfamil- B. m. saturata.- iar with this name and have no information PERUT: to Peru in he Limbani, 1 ce; as the portion of which may below Limbani, 1 c?; have traveled. The naming of the new Huaisampillo, 1 (?); form must, therefore, await the deter- Torontoy, 1 e. mination of the application of the name B. m. cyanonota. PERU': somptuosa. Maraynioc (Tambo de Aza), 1 9 (cotype); Records which belong to the northern Maraynioc, 1 eP, 4 9; population are from Charapi, Chirimoto, Rumicruz, 2 9; Ray-urmana, and Piquitambo. Records Compan, 1 (?); Leimebamba, 1 9, 1 (?); that are assignable to the Junfn form are La Lejia, 2 , 2 9. from Paltaypampa, Garita del Sol, Auqui- B. m. cucullata.- marca, "Marca" (probably Auquimarca), ECUADOR: 34. Chanchamayo, and "Eastern Peru"' COLOMBIA: (Almaguer, Cocal, Cerro Munchique, La- (Tschudi). guneta, and Santa Isabel), 5 e, 6 9. B. m. giga8.- Compsocoma flavinucha flavinucha COLOMBIA: (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye) Subia, 1 , 1 9; T[achyphonus] flavinucha D'ORBIGNY AND El Piflon, 3 9; LAFRESNAYE, 1837, Mag., Zoo]., vol. 7, el. 2, Anolaima, 2 &'; "Syn. Av.," p. 29-Yungas (Bolivia); Paris "Bogota," 12 (?). Mus. Compsocoma flavinucha somptuosa Although not recorded heretofore, this (Lesson) form occurs in southeastern Peru' in the vicinity of Santo Domingo. I can find Tachyphonus somptuosus LESSON, 1831, Trait6 no distinctions between Peruvian and d'ornithologie, p. 463-no locality; the type in the Paris Museum said to have been collected in Bolivian birds. Perfi. of this from northern SPECIMENS EXAMINED Examples species C. f somptuosa.- Peru and southeastern Ecuador are recog- PER1: nizably distinct from those found in central Chaupe, 2 e, 3 9Q Peru. Not only is the yellow color of the Uchceo, 1 e; Chachapoyas, 1 e', 2 9; under parts and the crown somewhat Cueva Seca, 1 [ 9 ]; deeper in tone, as pointed out by Chapman Chilpes, 5 e, 3 9; (1926, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. Cushi Libertad, 2 9, 1 9. 55, p. 670), but the outer margins of the ECUADOR: Zamora, 2 e, 1 ; rectrices are brighter and less greenish Sabanilla, 1 e, 2 9; blue, the outer margins of the remiges Cutucu, 1 9. also less greenish although not so dis- C. f. flavinucha.- tinctly brighter. A bird from Cueva PERU6: Santo Domingo, 9 c5, 7 9; Seca, on the Rfo Mixiollo, Huallaga Valley, Inca Mine, 2 e. is clearly like the northern examples, while BOLIVIA: three skins from Cushi Libertad are more Incachaca, 8 e, 2 ?e, 4 9; 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 9

Locotal, 1 a, 2 9; of stictocephala by having the feathers of Roquefalda, 1 e, 1 9; Quebrada Onda, 1 d; the mantle distinctly tipped with silvery San Crist6bal, 1 i. blue and those of the hind neck sometimes C. f. alamoris.- even more brightly marked. It is possible ECUADOR: that closer intergrades may yet be found (Alamor, Salvias, El Chiral, San Bartolo, and Celica), 17 c(incl. type), 7 9. in suitable terrain in northern Perd. The C. f. baezae.- range of taeniata approaches the Peruvian ECUADOR: border but is not known to cross it. Baeza, 6d (incl. type), 3 9; Among the material at hand is one of below Baeza, 1 9; (a series of specimens collected by Good- Berlepsch and Stolzmann's original speci- fellow and Hamilton and labeled "w. mens clearly marked "typus." Since a Pichincha," "Mindo," "above Milli- "type" is claimed for the Warsaw Museum galli," and "Canzacota"-errore), 5 e, and other specimens, possibly cotypes, 3 9. C. f. cyanoptera.- are said to be in the Berlepsch Collection, ECUADOR: now in the Frankfort Museum, I must con- "Papallacta" (errore, by Goodfellow and sider the bird at hand and the Warsaw Hamilton), 6 c, 3 9; specimen as cotypes-possibly also the (Pallatanga, Gualea, "Quito," Zaruma, Porvenir, and "Equador"), 2 e, 5 9, 2 (?). Frankfort examples. COLOMBIA: Records of D. t. stictocephala are from [San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, La Flor- Huarmipaycha and Occobamba Valley. ida, La Sierra, Salento, east of Palmira, Hellmayr (1936, Publ. Field Mus. Gallera, Cocal, Cauca Valley, El Roble (near Salento, not E. Andes), "New Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 197) Grenada" and "BogotA" (errore; not proposes the acceptance of Dubusia selysia a "BogotA trade skin) ], 19 e, 15 9,7 (?). = Tanagra selysia as type of the genus C. f. victorini.- Dubusia by "virtual orig. desig." as being COLOMBIA: (Subia, El Roble, La Candela, near San the sole species in the original account Augustin, Anolaima, La Palma, and whose specific name was there listed in "BogotA"), 15 i, 5 9,8 (?). combination with the new generic name. C. f. antioquiae.- I doubt the validity of this claim. In the COLOMBIA: (Barro Blanco, Santa Elena, Paramillo first place, the name taeniata is listed also Trail, Las Cruces, Retiro, La Ceja, El in combination with Dubusia, and even if Eden, Medellin, and Rio Toch6), 8 ce, taenjata and selysia are synonymous, as 4 9,6(?). appears to be the case, Bonaparte did not C. f. venezuelana.- VENEZUELA: consider them as such and did not specify [Galipan, Cumbre de Valencia, near Bu- either as the type. In any case, seven carito (Tocuyo), Colonia Tovar, between other species are assigned by Bonaparte El Lim6n and Colonia Tovar, "Caripe" to Dubusia, albeit without formally com- (ex Mocquerys; presumably not the Caripe in Bermfidez) 1, 5 c, 5 9, 6 (?). bining the specific and the new generic names, and any one of them is available Dubusia taeniata stictocephala Berlepsch as type. To avoid any pos§ibility of con- and Stolzmann fusion or undue change in accepted nomen- Dubu8ia, 8tctocephala BERLEP5CH AND STOLZ- clature, I hereby designate Dubusia selyysia MANN, 1894, Ibis, vol. 6, pt. 6, p. 386-Maray- (Bonaparte) = Tanagra selysia Bonaparte nioc, Perd; cotypes in Warsaw Mus., Amer. as type of the genus Dubusia Bonaparte, Mus. Nat. Hist., and possibly Frankfort Mus. 1850. There is a wide hiatus between the known ranges of this form and typical SPECIMENS EXAMINED taeniata, embracing the whole of northern D. t. taeniata.- Perd south to the Junfn region. Never- VENEZUELA: theless, I consider the differences to be Escorial, Merida, 1 c; San Antonio, M6rida, 1 a. only of subspecific value.. Specimens of COLOMBIA: taeniata from eastern Ecuador frequently ("BogotA," El Pifn6n, Subia, and west of show a definite trend toward the characters Popayan), 2 , 2 9, 1 (?). 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262

ECUADOR: Gray); rump Sky Gray (pale Burn Blue); (Pichincha, Yanacocha, "Quito," Chivinda, Taraguacocha, Zufiac, Riobamba, Baeza, upper tail-coverts a little darker. Throat Oyacachi, Sumaco, Macas region, and Pale Glaucous-Blue (Sky Gray); breast "Napo ?"), 9 e, 6 9,7(?). and sides Persian Blue (Burn Blue); flanks D. t. 8tictocephala.- like the sides; belly a little paler; under PERU': Maraynioc, Pariayacu, 1 e (cotype); tail-coverts duller. Primaries and second- Rumicruz, 1 e, 2 9. aries with outer margins Olympic Blue (Vanderpoel's Blue); tertials duller-a Thraupis episcopus quaesita Bangs and little greenish-with indistinctly defined Noble whitish areas at the tips of the outer webs; Thraupi8 cana quaesita BANGS AND NOBLE, greater upper wing-coverts broadly tipped 1918, Auk, vol. 35, p. 460-Sullana, Peru; 9; with white extending basad along the Mus. Comp. Zool. outer margins of the feathers-rather This subspecies is confined to the region broadly on the outer ones; lesser and west of the Andes in extreme northwestern median coverts white; under wing-coverts Peru, western Ecuador, and southwestern whitish washed with pale blue; inner mar- Colombia. Whereas there is in caerulea gins of remiges pale. Tail with exposed some indication of a trend toward this outer margins the color of the primary form, I can find no suggestion of a similar, margins. Bill (in dried skin) blackish; opposite trend in quaesita, even in birds feet dusky brown. Wing, 87.5 mm.; from Palambla, just across the divide tail, 62; exposed culmen, 13; culmen from from Huancabamba. base, 17; tarsus, 20. Records are from Sullana, Paletillas, REMARKS: Females sometimes indis- M6rrope, Paucal, Piura, La Laja, Romeros, tinguishable from the males but averaging and Lechugal. paler and duller and with less white on the greater upper wing-coverts; shoulder usu- Thraupis episcopus mediana, new ally clearer white, less lilac tinged. subspecies This form is admittedly intermediate TYPE: From Manaos, Brazil. No. between episcopus and coelestis, but it is 233638, American Museum of Natural relatively consistent over a very extensive History. Adult male collected August range and deserves recognition as a dis- 20, 1927, by G. H. H. Tate and T. D. tinct form. Carter; original no. 38. While T. e. episcopus often has the DIAGNOSIS: Similar to T. e. episcopus shoulder apparently clear white, especially of French Guiana, but males with the top when comparison is made with the lilac- of the head a little deeper blue and wing shouldered nesophila, there is usually a with more white on the greater upper trace of lilaceous coloration, sometimes coverts-usually with a decided bar formed quite obvious, against which the shoulder by the white tips of these feathers. of mediana appears still whiter. The RANGE: Southwestern Venezuela, on pale tips and edges of the greater upper the Cassiquiare; northern Brazil on the wing-coverts also are definitely lilac-blue Rio Negro and Rio Uaup6s (and the in all Guianan birds and never form a de- Colombian side of the Uaup6s); east to cided wing-bar, whereas in mediana they the Rio Jamunda and (on the south bank are whiter and often very broad and of the Amazon) to the Tapajoz; west to conspicuous. the Rio Madeira (both banks), ascending There is more tendency toward inter- that stream to Porto Velho and possibly gradation between mediana and episcopus farther. than between mediana and coelestis where DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of the head the distinction is more abrupt. Speci- Lumiere Blue X Etain Blue (Pale Nero- mens from the Xingdi, Tapajoz, Pars dis- palin Blue);' mnantle Glaucous-Blue (Cadet trict, and northern Goyaz are very close to the Guianan specimens, although they show 1 Colors in parentheses are with the bird held toward the light. a little stronger tinge of lilac on the shoulder 1944] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII it in some examples. In any case, none of tion on the shoulder than the great majority these birds has a well-marked wing-bar and of specimens of that form, and between but little whitish edging is on the greater Caracas and the Paria Peninsula there is wing-coverts. My material from the evident intergradation, making the identi- Tapajoz and Villa Bella Imperatriz, just fication of birds from that area rather west of that stream, is limited, but has more puzzling; but Orinoco birds I believe to be pronounced white on the greater coverts unequivocally referable to nesophila, at as do specimens from Faro, on the north least as far upstream as Maipures and bank of the Amazon. When the series are Ayacucho. laid out from the different areas, these In this same category are specimens from Faro-Tapajoz-Villa Bella Imperatriz birds Roraima and Auyan-tepui in Venezuela, agree a little better with mediana than and from Frechal, Rio Surumd, Brazil- with episcopus. all with strongly violaceous shoulders. Likewise, an occasional specimen from There is a tendency toward episcopus in the course of the Rio Negro and its upper this region, evidenced by somewhat paler affluents shows a diminution of white on violaceous shoulders than in Orinoco birds. the wing-coverts suggesting a trend toward On the other hand, specimens of episcopus episcopus, but other examples from the from British Guiana show a trend toward identical localities frequently show a de- nesophila by having more evident violet cided, white wing-bar, preventing associa- tints on the shoulder, but here the closest tion with the Guianan form. One bird affinity is with the Cayenne population. from San Gabriel has the blue areas rather In any case, the presence of nesophila greener and shows a decided likeness to in an intermediate area seems to close any leucoptera of eastern Colombia. It is the avenue of connection between the Guianas only specimen so marked. and Duida. Two birds from Mt. Duida are rather Thraupis episcopus caerulea Zimmer difficult to place. Neither has much white Thraupis episcopus caeruleus ZIMMER, 1929, on the greater wing-coverts, although both Proc. Biol. Soc.- Washington, vol. 42, p. 94- are sexed as males. They can be matched Vista Alegre, Perd; ce; Chicago Natural History more closely with certain extreme exam- Museum. ples of mediana than with episcopus, I have found the delimitation of this especially in respect to the darker hue of form extremely difficult since there is per- the head, and probably belong to mediana fect intergradation between it and coelestis as, indeed, the geographic position would of the upper Amazonian region of western suggest. Brazil. There is no point at which sharp A bird labeled "Yungas, Bolivia," demarcation takes place. collected by Rusby, belongs to this form Beginning at Caviana, west of the Rio but may have been collected outside of the Madeira, there is an increase in the inten- boundaries of Bolivia, perhaps on the Rio sity of coloration on the top of the head, Madeira. There is no other record from which reaches its strongest development in Bolivia. the neighborhood of Moyobamba. A Association of the Duida birds with Caviana male has the top of the head episcopus episcopus is difficult for geo- Light Neropalin Blue (with the bird held graphic reasons. I find myself unable to toward the light). At Teff6, the color ap- agree with Hellmayr (1936, Publ. Field proaches Neropalin Blue. At Tonantins, Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, the darkest bird has the cap Neropalin p. 213, footnote 1) that birds from the Blue X Alice Blue. Males from north- Orinoco Valley are pronouncedly inter- eastern Peru and one specimen from mediate between cana and nesophila, but Loretoyacu, Colombia, reach a greater ex- find them decidedly close to nesophila treme, sometimes approaching Pale Cadet with very little variation in the direction of Blue, but in general the hue remains in the cana. On the other hand, an occasional clear "Blue" column, not verging on the canra shows a little more violaceous colora- greenish tones. 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262

These birds from Caviana westward also Two specimens from Huancabamba and have the mantle relatively clear and light PucarA, respectively, have the wing-bar in hue and with a bluish tinge when held greatly reduced and the shoulder-patch toward the light. The tips of the feathers noticeably lilaceous instead of white. Both are a little paler than the subterminal appear to be adult males. Since the range areas and, when the plumage is abraded, of quaesita, with its blue shoulder and no often appear conspicuously light. wing-bar, occurs just over the divide on At the most strongly colored end of the the western side of the Western Andes, scale are, as noted, some of the Moyo- perhaps the peculiarity of the two skins in bamba males which have the top of the question is an indication of a degree of head approaching Vanderpoel's Blue. intermediacy. Other males from the same region are less Peruvian records of caerulea, as limited intensely colored, with the cap near King's here, are from Callacate, Vifia, Jeberos, Blue, and still others are intermediate. Chamicuros, Guajango, and Huambo. These birds appear to be adult, since examples that are obviously immature have Thraupis episcopus coelestis (Spix) the cap still duller and the shoulder and Tanagra coelestis Spix, 1826, Av. Spec. Nov. wing-bar very dull or obsoletely marked- Brasil., vol. 2, p. 42, pl. 55, fig. 2-(part) descr. not the clear white of adults. In the upper male; Fonteboa and ParM, Brazil; d; restricted is less intensity of to Fonteb6a by Hellmayr, 1906; Munich Mus. Huallaga region there Tanagra ehrenreichi REICHENOW, 1915, Or- blue on the head, and in the middle nith. Monatsber., vol. 23, p. 154-Hyutanahin, Marafn6n region and other adjacent areas Rio Purds, Brazil; 2 e, 1 9 ; Berlin Mus. the color is even more greenish, approach- This subspecies, as noted in the discus- ing Squill Blue. All these birds, however, sion of caerulea, is variable, showing the have the mantle darker, more clouded, and strongest coloration in the more western more greenish in tone than in the birds of part of the range and the lightest toward the lower, more eastern region, and the the east. I have not seen material exactly outer surface of the wing and tail also topotypical of coelestis, but specimens from averages more greenish blue. In spite of Teff6 and from Sao Paulo de Olivenga are the range of variation, therefore, all these not distinguishable from each other, and Andean birds may be included in caerulea Fonteb6a lies between these two localities. in default of a number of additional groups Several specimens from the Rio Purdis, of minor importance in which each degree kindly lent by Mr. Todd, show the agree- of difference would have to be segregated. ment of the supposedly distinct "ehren- Some difficulty occurs in trying to assign reichi" with coelestis and not with the form the specimens from the lower Huallaga from the Rio Madeira separated hereunder. and the Ucayali rivers. They show various Peruvian records that may be assigned stages of intermediacy but are not cer- to coelestis are from Pebas, Cumaria, and tainly assignable to one form or the other. "Lower Ucayali." In general the Ucayali birds show a closer approximation to coelestis, having the Thraupis episcopus major (Berlepsch mantle relatively light in color and the cap and Stolzmann) rather clear blue. The lower Huallaga Tanagra coelestis major BERLEPSCH AND birds have the mantle rather clearer than STOLZMANN, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. that of typical caerulea, but the head is a 343-La Merced, Chanchamayo, and Garita del little more greenish blue than in coelestis. Sol, Perfi; cotypes in Warsaw Mus., Amer. I prefer to keep them in caerulea. Mus. Nat. Hist., and Frankfort Mus. Females of coelestis are distinguishable The name major is not highly appropri- from females of caerulea by their lighter ate for this form since most examples of it color of head and back, although in both are no larger than individuals of some other forms the coloration of the head is less forms. The form is, however, quite dis- strongly developed than in the respective tinct, although relatively limited in distri- males. bution, being confined to the Chancha- 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII .13 mayo Valley region of central Peru. Its margins of outer remiges Motmot Blue X colors are lighter in tone than those of the Methyl Green (Chessylite Blue), becom- other Peruvian forms except a new sub- ing darker and a little greener on the inner species from southeastern Peru' described feathers. Shoulder white; greater wing- hereunder. coverts tipped with slightly dull whitish; Berlepsch and Stolzmann did not publish under wing-coverts white; inner margins any facts indicating the selection of a of remiges dull whitish. Tail with ex- definite type specimen of this form, al- posed edges like the outer margins of the though Stolzmann and Domaniewski (1927, primaries. Bill (in dried skin) blackish; Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., vol. 6, feet dark brown. Wing, 99 mm.; tail, p. 185) claimed this honor for a male in the 66.5; exposed culmen, 11.5; culmen from Warsaw Museum. There are, however, base, 16; tarsus, 19.8. other specimens apparently entitled to REMARKS: Female like the male but share the honor of the rank of cotypes. averaging duller and paler and usually with Among these are two of the original series the wing-bar reduced or inconspicuous. collected by Kalinowski-a male from This form appears to be relatively con- Garita del Sol and a female from La stant in characters and shows no distinc- Merced, both marked "typus" on the tions between the Urubamba Valley and original labels. A third male from La southeastern Peru'. Merced, with similar origin, is not marked in this way, indicating some selection in the Peruvian records are from Marcapata, matter, even though nothing was published Pintobamba, Occobamba, Huaynapata, concerning it in the original account. The Chaquimayo, San Gaban, and Astillero. type locality may remain as La Merced. Through the kindness of Mr. Rodolphe Records that should be assignable to de Schauensee of the Academy of Natural major are from San Juan. Sciences of Philadelphia, I have been able to examine the type and other specimens Thraupis episcopus urubambae, new of T. e. boliviana whose relationship to subspecies urubambae might have been questioned. TYPE: From Santa Ana, Urubamba This is a puzzling form whose status can- Valley, Perul; altitude 3500 feet. No. not be determined with complete satisfac- 145784, American Museum of Natural tion until more adequate series of birds are History. Adult male collected July 15, available from western Bolivia. T. e. 1916, by Frank M. Chapman and George boliviana would make a good connectant K. Cherrie. between the episcopus and sayaca groups. DIAGNOSIS: Similar to T. e. major of The color of wings and tail is that of central Perd, but top of the head paler and sayaca, the wing-bar is nearly obsolete duller. Wing-bar averaging a little less though lightly suggested, and the shoulder clearly white. is neither white nor the deep blue of sayaca RANGE: Urubamba Valley and extreme but an intermediate hue that is different in southeastern Peru' in the Amazonian drain- all four known specimens of boliviana. In age. the type, from Chatarona, the shoulder is DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of the head Light Neropalin Blue (held toward light); Dark Glaucous-Gray (Light Medici Blue); in the female from Chatarona it is a duller mantle Grayish Blue-Green X Deep tone of the same hue; in the male from Grayish Blue-Green (Medici Blue X Deep Huanay, it is much more whitish, with a Medici Blue); rump Pale Dull Glaucous- tinge of blue; and in the other bird from Blue X Light Niagara Green (Pale Rus- Huanay (with sex questioned but with the sian Blue); upper tail-coverts about like notation "T.M.E.") the shoulder is more the mantle. Throat and breast Pale strongly blue than in the Huanay male Glaucous-Blue (Russian Blue X Pale but less than in the Chatarona female. Russian Blue); flanks slightly darker; The top of the head and the back are belly and under tail-coverts paler. Outer paler than in urubambae but with a slight 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262 bluish tinge, and are much paler than in and Camotins), 5 e, 2 9; sayaca obseura. IlhaSaoLuiz, 2 e, 4 9,1 (?); Maranhao (Estiva, Ilha Jeanna, and Ilha T. sayaca obscura is at hand from Apolo BomFin),l1e,2 9; and is recorded from Sandillani. Both these Piauhy, Therezina, 3 d; localities are at higher elevations than Rio Tocantins (Baiao and Mocajuba), 6 e, Huanay and Chatarona, so it is not im- 1 9; Rio Xingu (Tapara and Porto de Moz), 7 ci, possible that there is a zonal separation of 1 9; ranges of the two groups in northwestern Rio MajarS, Recreio, 1 e. Bolivia. Nevertheless, T. episcopus uru- T. e. mediana.- bambae is found at Santo Domingo, Perd, BRAZIL: Rio Negro, Manaos, 14 e (incl. type), at an elevation as high as that of Apolo, 11 9; and obscura occurs at Todos Santos, lower (Muirapinima, Igarap6 Cacao Pereira, than Huanay. Tauapessasu, Tahuapunto, Iauarete, Four specimens collected by Rusby in Tatu, San Gabriel, Santa Maria, Tabo- cal, Yavanari, and Yucabi), 36 e, 24 9, Bolivia are at hand. Two examples of 1 (?); ob8cura are labeled as from the [Province Faro, 6 , 11 ; of] Yungas, 6000 feet, presumably quite Rio Tapajoz (TauarS, Aramanaf, Igarap6 correctly; a third example of the same form Brabo, and Santarem), 2 c, 6 9, 1 (?; is labeled as from the lower Beni, while a Villa Bella Imperatriz (Lago Andira, Boca specimen of T. e. mediana, probably from R. Andira, and Santa Clara), 9 c; the lower Beni, is labeled as from the Rio Madeira (Borba, Igarap6 Auara, Rosar- Yungas at 6000 feet. I suspect that the inho, Santo Antonio de Guajara, Porto Velho, and CalamA), 27 e, 12 9; labels of these last two birds should be Rio Solimoes, 1 d; transposed. That would place the speci- ? "Bolivia, Yungas," 1 (?). mens of obscura as coming from somewhere COLOMBIA: near Sandillani and the example of mediana Rio Uaup6s, opposite Tahuapunto [Brazil], as on 1 d. taken the lower Beni where it may be VENEZUELA: suspected to occur. Rio Cassiquiare, El Merey, 2 ce, 1 9; Thus, there is a possibility that boliviana ? Mt. Duida (Esmeralda and Playa del Rio represents an intermediacy between T. s. Base), 2 e. obscura and T. e. mediana, but until more T. e. berlep8chi. is known of the variability of the popula- TOBAGO: 12 , 10 9, 2(?). T. e. ne8ophila. tion in the upper Beni region, it would be TRINIDAD: unwise to propose specific union of the two (Caparo, Seelet, Chaguaramas, Carenage, groups, both of which occur there, although Pointe Gourde, Valencia, Savannah apparently not at the same localities. Grande, Princestown, Heights of Aripo, and "Trinidad"), 27 e, 10 9, 3 (?). Union of the two groups would necessitate MONOs ISLAND: 1 9. the use of the specific name, sayaca, for the VENEZUELA: combined group. (Guanoco, Crist6bal Col6n, Cocallar, La Latal, Rio Neveri, Carapas, Cuchivano, Ayacucho, Caicara, Las Barrancas, Mar- SPECIMENS EXAMINED ipa, Quiribana de Caicara, La Uni6n, T. e. episcopus.- Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, Agua Salada FRENCH GUIANA: de Ciudad Bolivar, Sacupana, Maipures, (Cayenne and Approuague), 4 e, 4 9, 1 Roraima, and Auyan-tepui), 35 c, 23 9, (?). 2 (?). DUTCH GUIANA: BRAZIL: (Paramaribo, Kwata, and "Surinam"), Frechal, Rio Surumd, 1 c, 1 9. cana.- 13 e, 1 9 , 1(?. T. e. BRITISH GUIANA: VENEZUELA: (Rockstone, Minnehaha. Creek, Wismar, (Caracas, Cotiza, Colonia Tovar, El Lim6n, Potaro Landing, Tumatumari, Quonga, Las Trincheras, above La Guaira, Tuca- Annai, and "Demerara"), 7 c, 3 9, 10 cas, Cumanacoa, San Antonio, San Est6- (?). ban, Salsipuede, Quebrada Seca, Valle BRAZIL: Santa Ana, Campos Alegre Valley, and (Utinga, Para, Igarape Assu, Maguary, M6rida), 22 c, 14 9, 10 (?). 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 15

COLOMBIA: San Felipe, 1 e, 1 9; (Cartagena, Las Lomitas, Florida, Noa- Huancabamba, 3 e; namA, Juntas de Tamana, Puerto Valdi- San Ignacio, 1 e, 2 9; via, Antioquia, Navarro, Rio Frio, Cabico, 1 d; Caldas, near Honda, Popayan, La Fri- Perico, 3 9; jolera, Dabeiba, Tumaco, San Jose, Huarandosa, I e; San Antonio-Cauca, San Antonio- Charapi, 1 d; Cundinamarca, El Carmeni, Novita, Tamborapa, 2 61; Chicoral, Tenasuca, Alto de La Paz, near Saposoa, 1 el; San Augustin, Anolaima, Andalucia, Uchco, 1 e; Cauca River, east of Palmira, La Mar, Rio Seco, 3 e, 1 9; Santa Marta, Donama, Cacagualito, Chachapoyas, 1 9; Bonda, and "Bogota"), 42 e, 31 9, 24(?). Yurimaguas, 2 c 2; PANAMA: Tarapoto, 1 (?); (Cape Garachine, Tapalisa, El Real, Rio Moyobamba, 5 2, 7 9 2; Chucumaque, and Ensenada Guayabo Vista Alegre, 2 cI2 (inel. type), 1 9 2; Chiquito), 4ci.5 9. Chinchao, 3 e 2, 1 9 2; T. e. diaconus.- [Santa Rosa de] Huayabamba, 1 e, 2 9; PANAMk: Nuevo Loreto, 1 (?). (Saboga I., San Miguel I., Sevilla I., Leones T. e. major.- I., Espartal I., Afuera I., Jicaron I., PER1UT: Coiba I., El Rey I., Pacheco I., San Tulumayo, 5 c; Jose I., Pedro Gonzales I., Vivienda I., Peren6, 3 ce, 1 9; La Chorrera, "Panama" = Lion Hill, Utcuyacu, 1 e; Savanna near Panama, GatOin, Almirante, Vitoe, 1 ce (cotype); Cocoplum, Santa F6, Santiago, Chitra, La Merced, 1 ce, 4 9 (inel. cotype); Bogava, Boquete, Tocume, Monte Os- Chanchamayo, 1 9; curo, Veragua, and Boqueron), 42 , San Ramon, 2 (?). 29 9, 6 (?). T. e. urubambae. COSTA RICA: 14 e, 10 9. PER1: NICARAGUA: 4 ce , 4 9. Santa Ana, 1 ce (type), 1 9; GUATEMALA: 11 ,11 9, 2(?). Idma, 4 e, 1 9; HONDURAS: 3 , 1 (?). Chauillay, 1 o; MEXICO: 5 , 4 9, 4(?). Astillero, 2 9 T. e. leucoptera.- Potrero, 1 9; COLOMBIA: Cosfiipata, 1 ce', 1 9; (Barrigon, Buena Vista, and Quitame), Huiro, 2 9 1. 1 e,6 9. Y'. e. boliviana.- T. e. quaesita.- BOLIVIA: COLOMBIA: Chatarona, 1 e (type)', 1 9 1; Barbacoas, 1 e, 1 (?). Huanay, 1 el, 1 (?)l. ECUADOR: T. e. coelestis.- (Esmeraldas, Santa Rosa, Chone, Daule, PERfr: coast of Manavi, Rio de Oro, Loja, Las Pozuzo, 1 c; Pifias, Naranjo, Bucay, Isla Puna, "Upper Ucayali," 1 (?); Zaruma, Casanga, Alamor, Portovelo, Santa Rosa, 2 e, 6 9; Rio Jubones, Gualea, Duran, Salvias, Lagarto, 1 d; Guainche, Cebollal, Cachabi, Chimbo, Sarayacu, 3 e, 2 9; Santo Domingo, Guancillo, and Guaya- Orosa, 1 c; quil), 43 ce, 33 9, 2 (?). Apayacu, 2 eP, 5 9; PERt: Puerto Indiana, 1 e, 2 9; Tumbes, 1 9; mouth of Rio Curaray, 1 9, 1 9 1; Sullana, 5 e, 4 9; Iquitos, 1 (?); Paletillas, 2 c, 2 9; Nauta, 1 6<. Pilares, 1 aI, 1 9; ECUADOR: Palambla, 3 e, 3 9. "Napo," 2 (?); T. e. caerulea.- mouth of Lagarto Cocha, 1 9; ECUADOR: Archidona, 2 e, 1 9; Zamora, 2 9; valley of Gualaquiza, 1 (?); Sabanilla, 2 9. Macas region, 3 c, 2 9; PER16: "Santa Rosa (Dalmas), 1 (?); Sauces, 1 e, 1 9; "El Loreto," 1 (?). 1 2 Jaen, e, 9; 1 Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences, Lomo Santo, 1 e; Philadelphia. Pucara, 1 ce; 2 Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [NO. 1262

COLOMBIA: Sara in eastern Bolivia are not clearly dis- La Morelia, 3 e, 1 9, 1 (?), 1 '11, 1 91; tinguishable from parts of this intergrad- Loretoyacu, 1 e. BRAZIL: ing population, but without more material Tefft, 10 e, 9 9; it is unsafe to attempt their assignment to Caviana, 1 e2. one form or the other. Tonantins, 2 e2; In to the localities in Peru from Arima, 2 e2; addition Hyutanahfin, 1 [e ]2 which material has been examined, there are records from Iquitos, Rioja, Mon- terico, La Merced, Lamas, San Miguel Thraupispalmarummelanoptera (Sclater) Bridge, Rio Cadena, and Caradoc. Tanagra melanoptera SCLATER, "1856" Although T. p. melanoptera is the only 1= Jan., 1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. subspecies of palmarum found in Peru, it 24, p. 235-E. Peru; British Mus. Thraupis palmarum duvida CHERRIE, 1916 will be advisable to fix a definite type (May), Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, locality for it, and I suggest San Ram6n, p. 190-Carapanha, Rio Roosevelt, Brazil; Chanchamayo Valley, as a satisfactory, d; Amer. Mu,. Nat. Hist. central locality known to have been visited This appears to be a very wide-ranging by collectors prior to the date of the de- subspecies from the eastern side of the scription of this form. Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru' to Although T. p. violilavata of western Trinidad, the three Guianas, and the ParA Ecuador is found so near to the boundary of district of Brazil, extending thence south- Peru' that its occurrence on the Peruvian westward across northern Matto Grosso to side is almost certain, I have no positive northern Bolivia. evidence of such occurrence. This dark In this wide area there is a gradually in- form may, therefore, be left in abeyance for creasing trend toward typical palmarum further consideration as a Peruvian form as the more easten parts of the range are when satisfactory evidence is forthcoming. approached. The greenish edges of the remiges become a little broader (or more SPECIMENS EXAMINED frequently so), the top of the head may T. p. palmarum.- BRAZIL: average a little duller, the mantle tends to Maranhao (Kelsi, Ilha Sao Luiz, S. Joao become slightly lighter in tone, and the un- dos Patos, Flores, Ilha Itauna, As Man- der parts likewise have an average tone gueras, and Riachao), 19; somewhat lighter than in Peruvian speci- Goyaz (Fazenda Esperanea), 1; CearA (Vifosa), 4; mens. The strongest expression of these Bahia (Jaguaquara, Iracema, Santa Ritta, trends is found in the ParA district and on Cajazeiras, Bahia), 12; the Rio Xingi. On the Tocantins, at "Brasilia" [= Canaveiras, Bahia], 1 e Faro, and in French Guiana they appear (type); Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao), 1; to be less evident. On the Madeira and Sao Paulo (S. Sebastiao), 2; the Negro, in British and Dutch Guiana, Piauhy (Patos, Bello Horizonte, Therezina, and in Venezuela there is less departure Corrente, and Gilbues), 9; from topotypical examples. At almost any Espirito Santo (Lagoa Juparana), 4; Rio de Janeiro, 1; place east of Colombia, Peru', and Ecuador, Matto Grosso (Chapada, Abrilongo, and there is slight differentiation from the birds Santa Ritta de Araguaya), 44. of these three countries, but it is impossible BOLIVIA: to draw a satisfactory line until the range of Prov. Sara, 2 (subsp. incert.). T. p. melanoptera.- palmarum is reached in eastern Brazil, from PERE(: Maranhao to Sao Paulo and southern Matto Astillero, 3 d; Grosso. I have seen no material from Santa Rio Tavara, 1 e, 1 9; Catharina or from Paraguay. Cosnfipata, 1 e, 1 9; Two specimens from the Province of La Pampa, i c<; Peren6, 2 e, 1 9; Tulumayo, 1 9; 1 Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences, 1 Philadelphia. San Ram6n, d; .2 Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Chanchamayo, 1 9; 1944] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 17

Chuchurras, 1 9; Thraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala Pozuzo, 2 9; and Vista Alegre, 1 9 1; (D'Orbigny Lafresnaye) "Upper Ucayali," 2 d; A [glaia] cyanocephala D'ORBIGNY AND LA- "Lower Ucayali," 1 d; FRESNAYE, 1837, Mag. Zool., vol. 7, el. 2, "Syn. Santa Rosa, 5 e, 3 9; Av.," p. 32-Yungas [Bolivia]; type from En- Sarayacu, 1 c?; quisivi, Bolivia, in Paris Mus. Apayacu, 1 e, 3 9; Peruvian birds are so nearly like Bolivian Puerto Indiana, 5 ce, 3 9; that is mouth of Rio Curaray, 9 e, 3 9; examples separation inadvisable. Yurimaguas, 1 9; They have the back averaging a little Jeberos, 5 e, 2 9; yellower green (though often at the same Chamicuros, 2 d; time a little darker), the under parts a Uchco, 1 c; and the under tail-coverts Rio Negro, 2 9; trifle darker, Rio Seco, 2 c, 2 9; deeper yellow with more frequent clouding Nuevo Loreto, 1 (?). in the centers of the feathers. Also, where ECUADOR: the Bolivian bird,s appear to have a notice- (Zamora, Archidona, and lower Rio Suno), on 15. ably greenish area the hind neck at the BOLIVIA: posterior border of the blue cap, the Peru- (Todos Santos, Vinto, Yungas of Cocha- vian birds, especially those from the north- bamba, and Pitiaguaya), 4. ern parts of the country, usually have COLOMBIA: (Villavicencio, La Morelia, Quetame, Bar- little or no trace of it. Nevertheless, these rigon, Florencia, Buena Vista, and "Bo- characters are not constant, and sharp de- gotA"), 13. limitation is not present. VENEZUELA: Most of these same distinctive features (M6rida region), 7; (Cocallar, Campos Alegre Valley, Salsi- are developed in Colombia and the M6rida puede, Rinc6n San Antonio, and Cristo- region of Venezuela in the birds heretofore bal Col6n), 12; grouped together under the name auri- (Mt. Duida and Rio Cassiquiare), 29; crissa, but in this case they appear to be of (Orinoco and Caura valleys, Mt. Roraima, and Auyan-tepui), 56. greater value than in Peru and Bolivia and TRINIDAD: 27. it is possible to separate a recognizable sub- BRITISH GUIANA: 11. species on them as is discussed hereunder. DUTCH GUIANA: 14. Peruvian records of cyanocephala are FRENCH GUIANA: 7. BRAZIL: from Marcapata, San Miguel Bridge, (Rio Negro, Rio Uaup6s, and Rio Surumd), Occobamba Valley, Auquimarca, Garita 86; del Sol, Ninabamba, Cumpang, Cutervo, Faro, 17; Tambillo, and Tabaconas. Tschudi's rec- ParA region, 7; Rio Tocantins, 10; ord from Lima (1846, Faun. Per., Aves, p. Rio Xing6, 10; 206) is certainly an error unless individuals Rio Tapajoz, 29; of the species had been brought to Lima Villa Bella Imperatriz, 3; and released in the fruit gardens there- Rio Madeira (south to CalamA and Porto Velho), 28; abouts. Other workers around Lima never Teff6, 9; secured the bird at that locality, which is Matto Grosso, Tapirapoan, 3; far out of the range of the species as other- Carapanha, 1 &' (type of "duvida"). wise known. T. p. violilavata. ECUADOR: (Esmeraldas to Santa Rosa), 18. Thraupis cyanocephala annectens, T. p. atripennis. new subspecies COLOMBIA: TYPE: (Magdalena and Cauca valleys, west coast From Cerro Munchique, Coast south to Los Cisneros, and Santa Marta Range west of Popayan, Colombia; alti- region), 30. tude 8325 feet. No. 110256, American PANAMA: 35. Museum of Natural History. Adult male CosTA RICA: 18. collected May 26, 1911, by W. B. Richard- NICARAGUA: 3. son. 1 Specimen in Chicago Natural History Museum. DIAGNOSIS: Similar to T. c. auricrSiss 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262 of "Bogott," Colombia, and the M6rida more frequent development than in cyano- region of Venezuela, but back darker green; cephala where it rarely occurs. Some of under parts usually darker gray; under the variability may be due to differences of tail-coverts on average lighter yellow, preparation of the skins, since this patch is always obscured by greenish centers of a continuation of the yellow under wing- the feathers that often leave only relatively coverts, part of which may sometimes be narrow yellow borders. drawn over to the dorsal surface of the RANGE: Central and Western Andes of shoulder. central Colombia. DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of head SPECIMENS EXAMINED Grayish Violaceous Blue, extending over T. c. cyanocephala.- hind neck; forehead narrowly black, all BOLIVIA: Incachaca, 5 e, 4 9; but interrupted in mid-point; lores and a Locotal, 1 d. narrow circumocular ring black, extending PERfJ: over anterior part of auriculars and base of Inca Mine, 1 d; malar region; rest of sides of head and Oconeque, 1 d; Santo Domingo, 6 e, 2 9; neck blue like the cap; back near Serpen- Torontoy, 1 9; tine Green, with uropygium very little San Miguel, 1 d; lighter. Throat, breast, sides, and flanks Santa Rita, 1 e, 1 9; between Dark Plumbeous and Utcuyacu, 2 e, 1 9; Blackish Chilpes, 2 e, 5 9; Plumbeous; belly near Dark Plumbeous, Rumicruz, 2 ce, 2 9; even lighter in mid-line; thighs Lemon Chinchao, 1 el; Chrome; under tail-coverts centrally Cit- Chugur, 2 e, 1 9; rine margined with Aniline Yellow. LaLejia,3 c?; Ex- San Pedro, 2 9; posed outer surface of wings near Warbler Taulis, 1 9; Green but outer margin of outermost pri- Levanto, 1 9; mary dark, and a small spot on the shoulder Chachapoyas, 2 , 1 9. is near Light Cadmium. Bend of and ECUADOR: wing Pallatanga, 1 e; under wing-coverts deep Lemon Chrome; Gualea, 1 d; inner margins of remiges near Wax Yellow San Bartolo, 2 d; (except toward tips of outer primaries and Loja, 2 e, 1 9; Guachanama, I d. on tertials). Tail largely Dark Citrine, T. c. annectens. brighter and more greenish on outer mar- COLOMBIA: gins and on middle rectrices. Bill (in dried Cerro Munchique, 3 e (incl. type), 1 9, 1 skin) blackish, a little paler at lower base; (?; feet dark brown. 89 Cocal, 1 9; Wing, mm.; tail, 67; Coast Range west of Popayan, 2 , 1 9; exposed culmen, 12.5; culmen from base, Salento, 1 d; 18; tarsus, 22. above Salento, 1 9; REMARKS: Females similar to the males. Retiro, 1 ed; An occasional specimen from the Central La Florida, 1 e, 1 9; El Eden, 1 e, 5 9; Andes of Colombia shows a reduction of La Sierra, 1 c, 1 9; the amount of dark shading in the centers Santa Elena, 3 , 2 9, 1 (?); of the under tail-coverts, but in none is Novita trail, 1 (?); Medellin, 1 e, 1 9; this area as clear yellow as in true auri- Antioquia, 1 (?). crissa which, on the other hand, is never so T. c. auricrissa. heavily shaded as most of the examples of COLOMBIA: annectens. The color of the back similarly Gramalote, 1 d; varies in some Palo Hueco, near Pacho, 1 e, 1 9; Central-Andean specimens, Aguadita, 1 9; but distinction is possible on this basis in El Roble, 1 d; nearly all the examples at hand. Choachi, 1 (?); 'The small yellow patch on the shoulder is "Bogotai," 5 (?). unequally developed in all of specimens 1 Specimen in Chicago Museum of Natural His- annectnu as well as in auricrisaa, but it is of tory. 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 19

VENEZUELA: culmen from base, 15 to 18. In the region MWrida, 1 c, 5 (?); Valle,8ce,2 9,1 (?); of overlap, there are 17 out of 28 coastal Escorial, 2 c; and upper Marafi6n birds and 26 out of 34 Sierra, 1 d; of the remaining adult males. However, Culata, 1 c; taking the mean of the overlapping meas- Ejido, 1 (?). T. c. margaritae.- urements, there are only some 20 birds COLOMBIA: out of the 62 that cannot be placed defi- Santa Marta, Valparaiso, 1 d; nitely in one group or the other on this El Libano, 1 9. basis. T. c. olivi-cyanea.- VENEZUELA: Nevertheless, without some supporting Galipan, 8 e, 4 9; character, the separation of "laeta" is Las Cienagas de Aguilar, 2 c; hardly justified. Wings and tail are even Silla de Caracas, 1 d; more broadly overlapping in lengths and Colonia Tovir, 1 d, 2 (?); Junquito, 1 d; are useless for this purpose. The colors of Junquito or Colonia TovAr, 1 e, 2 9; the various parts of the population appear head of Chichiriwichi Valley, 1 (?). to vary without any clear distinctions, and T. c. subcinerea.- I am unable to recognize any subspecies in VENEZUELA: El GuAcharo, 1 e, 1 (?); different parts of Perd on such basis. The Los Dos Rios, 1 9; adult male at hand with the lightest yellow Los Palmales, 7 e, 1 (?); under parts is from Chachapoyas; the most hills of Quebrada Seca, 1 e. deeply colored males are from Utcuyacu, T. c. bu8ingi.- TRINIDAD: Huancabamba, and Cajabamba, Perd, Trinidad, 1 e,, 1 (?); and from Cumbaya, Ecuador, but other ex- Aripo,10ae,5 9. amples from these localities fail to support this tendency. Thraupis bonariensis darwinii It is questionable whether we are justi- (Bonaparte) fied in accepting Berlepsch's emendation of Tanagra darwinii BONAPARTE, 1838 (June), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 121-Chile; Bonaparte's given locality for darwinii. It S. W. PerA subst. by Berlepsch, 1912; type lost. is reasonably certain that the type was not T[anagra] frugilegus TSCHUDI, 1844 (May), obtained by the Beagle expedition as Arch. Naturgesch., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 286-Peru' claimed by Bonaparte, since the account of [fruit gardens of Lima; Tschudi, 18451; Mus. con- Neuchatel. the birds obtained on the expedition T[anagra] darwtni laeta BERLEPSCH AND tains the statement that the only specimen STOLZMANN, 1906, Ornis, vol. 13, p. 81-Cuzeo, of this species was obtained at Maldonado, Perd; d; Mus. Frankfort. Uruguay-of course an example of typical A long series of specimens from various bonariensis to which Bonaparte's descrip- parts of Peru gives some support to the tion does not apply. However, in spite of claim of "laeta" for recognition, but I am the fact that Peruvian specimens of ancient dubious about the full validity of the date are sometimes labeled as from Chile, claim. The only character of any value is it is not impossible that Bonaparte's speci- the size of the bill, and this is not always men actually came from that country, in a diagnostic. If the birds from the coast of limited portion of which darwinii exists. northernmost Chile, the coast of Peru Consequently, the type locality may re- from Macate southward, and the upper main as Chile until more information be- part of the Marafn6n Valley are grouped comes available on the actual source of together, it will be found that the exposed Bonaparte's bird. culmen ranges in length from 11.5 to 14 This tanager is widely distributed in the mm.; the culmen from base, 16 to 19.5. Andean regions of Perd and on the more The birds from the Urubamba Valley, southern part of the coast. Localities of Chanchamayo, Hu4nuco, Chachapoyas, record from which material has not been and Huancabamba regions of Peru and examined in the present study are Marca- from Ecuador have the exposed culmen pata, Cosnfipata, Huiro, Idma, Machu between 10 and 12.75 mm. in length; the Picchu, Pisac, Santa Ana, Maraynioc, 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1262

Pumamarca, Tamiapampa, La Merced, of chin black; rump deep Cadmium Tarma, Auquimarca, Huancavelica, Anco Orange; upper tail-coverts olive brown, (sight), Lircay, Lucre, Moquegua, Are- broadly margined with Orange Citrine. quipa, Araqueda, Succha, Chota, Cutervo, Breast deep Cadmium Orange with a black Callacate, Palca, Huanta, and Lima. area on each side continuous with the Further extensions of the range are as far mantle; the orange is continued pos- as northern Ecuador and western Bolivia. teriorly, becoming paler and more yellow- In conjunction with the study of the ish, near Lemon Chrome, on the lower present subspecies, the other forms of the belly; posterior flanks slightly tinged with species have been examined. It appears Old Gold; thighs whitish; shorter under that T. b. schulzei (Brodkorb, 1938, Occas. tail-coverts near Apricot Yellow; longer Papers Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool., no. ones paler. Wings and tail blackish, with 367, p. 3-west of Puerto Casada, Para- outer margins Light Columbia Blue; guay) ranges west from Paraguay to outer rectrices with a terminal whitish spot northwestern Argentina from which region and a subterminal black area; axillars and I have 32 examples that show the char- inner under wing-coverts with pale green- acters ascribed to this form, i.e., smaller ish margins; outer ones with somewhat size and more intense coloration on the bluish margins. Maxilla (in dried skin) under parts of the males than in typical blackish; mandible pale; feet light brown. bonariensis. Wing, 97 mm.; tail, 74; exposed culmen, Birds from Bolivia, as far west as the 12; culmen from base, 16.8; tarsus, 22. Cochabamba region, combine the char- REMARKS: Females not certainly dis- acters of the typical form and schulzei tinguishable from those of bonariensis but almost exactly, although the range is not possibly averaging darker in general colora- an intermediate one. They are fully as tion; size larger than that of female large as bonariensis but have the under schulzei. parts of the males almost as richly colored The measurements in composita are as in schulzei. In view of the impossibility more definitive than those found in the of assigning them to either form, they may different parts of the population of dar- be described as new. winii. Thirty adult males of bonariensis have the wing 89-96 mm. in length (aver- Thraupis bonariensis composita, new age, 92.9); 17 schulzei, 84.5-91.2 (aver- subspecies age, 88.2); 19 composita, 90-97 (average, TYPE: From Vinto, Province of Cocha- 93.6). The tails in the three respective bamba, Bolivia; altitude 8000 feet. No. forms are 65.5-74.2 (average, 72.9); 64- 138354, American Museum of Natural 69 (average, 67.8); and 68-74 (average, History. Adult male collected July 6, 71.5). Only five composita males and three 1915, by Leo E. Miller and Howarth schulzei males overlap in wing measure- Boyle; original No. 12937. ment, and the figures are but three and one, DIAGNOSIS: Similar in size to T. b. respectively, if the mid-point of the over- bonariensis of southeastern Brazil and lap is taken as the line of demarcation. northeastern Argentina, but lower under Between schulzei and bonariensis, there is an parts more deeply colored; orange of overlap of three schulzei and two bonarien- breast deeper and carried farther posteriad; sis, or one and one, respectively, from the flanks less brownish. Compared to T. b. mid-point. With regard to the tail, there schulzei of [Paraguay and] northwestern are two composita males and six schulzei Argentina, composita is larger, the blue of in the overlapping sector, or but one and the head averages darker, and the orange one below and above the mid-point. colors of the lower under parts and rump There are, however, nine schulzei and 11 are a little less intense. bonariensis with overlapping tail measure- RANGE: Eastern and central Bolivia. ments, or seven and 10, respectively, on DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Forehead, lores, the wrong side of the mid-point of the over- circumocular space, malar apex, and point lap. 19441 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XLVIII 21

Several specimens of bonariensis males Parotani, 2 e, 2 9; Tujma, 1 c; have the black mantle feathers margined, Tarata, 1 e, 1 9; in varying degree, with olive. Many speci- Arque, 1 c; mens of bonariensis, schulzei, and composita Valle Grande, 1 e; have a band of olive separating the black Olgin, 1 c; Pulque, 2 c; of the mantle from the orange of the rump, Chilon, 7 e, 1 9; but many lack it. Some females (if the Rio Pilcomayo, 2 ci'; specimens are correctly sexed) have as Rio Cachimayo, 1 c, 1 9. much blue on the head as certain females of T. b. darwinii.- darwinii, although other examples of the PERfJ: Peruvian form reach an extreme not Cuczo, 1 9; covered by the other three subspecies. All Calca, 1 d; these characters, however, are indicative Tinta, 1 ci', 1 9; Chospiyoc, 1 9; of the close relationship of all forms. San Miguel, 1 c; Vitor, 7 c, 2 9; SPECIMENS EXAMINED Moquegua, 1 c; T. b. bonarien8is.- Sayan, 1 9; ARGENTINA: Huaral, 10 ci, 2 9; La Plata, 1 e, 2 9; Huacho, 6 c, 2 9; La Soledad, 3 e, 1 9; Matucana, 1 9 1; Buenos Aires, 1 e; Acobamba, 1 9; Conchitas, 1 9; Utcuyacu, 7 e, 4 9; Barracas al Sud, 1 e, 1 9; Chinchao, 1 9 1; "Argentina," 1 c. Panao, 1 9 1; BRAZIL: Huanuco, 4 ci, 2 9 1; Rio Grande do Sul (Palmares, Sinirnbu, Cullcui, 2 ,3 91; Arroyo del Rey, Lag6a dos Patos, Cumpang, 1 9; Sao Lorenzo, Sao Francisco de Perla, Cajabamba, 3 i; Candiota, Lagoa Mangueira, Tahyn, Huamachuco, 1 e, 2 9; Quinta, Santa Cruz, Sapyranga, and Cajamarca, 3 , 1 9, 4 el, 1 9 1; Santa Victoria), 33 e, 23 9, 2 (?). Hacienda Llagueda, 2 ei", 1 9'; URUGUAY: Macate, 4 el; Jaquarao River, 1 ce. Huancabamba, 5 e, 3 9; T. b. schulzei.- Sondorillo, 2 e, 2 9; ARGENTINA: Chachapoyas, 4 c, 1 9; Rosario de Lerma, 6 c, 2 9; San Pedro, 1 ce, 1 9; Suncho Corral, 4 e, 1 9; Palambla, 1 c. Embarcaci6n, 5 e, 1 9; CHILE: Tucumgn, 2 9; Putre, 1 cl, 3 9 1; San Pablo, 1 e; ECUADOR: Avia Terai, 1 9; (El Paso, Valle Tumbaco, Valle Cuixibaya, Lavalle, 1 9; Mt. Chimborazo, Guapilo, Ibarra, Cay- Fuente de Andagala, Catainarca, 2 c; ambe, Rio Napo, Chivinda, Quito, and Mendoza, 2 e, 1 9. "Ecuador"), 23 12 2 (?) T. b. composita.- e, 9, BOLIVIA: Vinto, 4 c(incl. type); 1 Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum.