Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province: Comparison of the Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Survey Yoo, Young Seong Et Al

Gyeonggi Research Institute Policy Study 2019-73

Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province: Comparison of the Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Survey Yoo, Young Seong et al.

Gyeonggi Research Institute

Gyeonggi Research Institute Policy Study 2019-73

Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province: Comparison of the Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Survey Yoo, Young Seong et al.

Gyeonggi Research Institute

Preface

Dec, 2019. President of Gyeonggi Research Institute Hanjoo Lee

5 Abstract

Analysis of the Policy Effects of Youth Basic Income in Gyeonggi Province : Comparison of Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Surve

Gyeonggi Province has been implementing the Youth Basic Income (“YBI”) policy since April 1, 2019. Under this policy, every 24-year-old who has lived in Gyeonggi Province with resident registration for at least three consecutive years or ten years in total is paid KRW 250,000 every quarter, or up to KRW 1 million a year, in local currency. Around 175,000 youths are eligible for the Gyeonggi Province YBI. Out of the qualified recipients, 124,335 filed for the benefits in 1Q (including those who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q). These applicants were the subjects of this study. To analyze the policy effects of the Gyeonggi Province YBI, we needed to compare the survey results with a comparison group of youths aged 24 residing across South Korea, outside Gyeonggi Province. The survey methods were both quantitative and qualitative. For the quantitative study, structured questionnaires were distributed to the subjects. The same questions were included in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys, barring adjustments to account for the time difference, so that a panel data set could be created. Simultaneously, the same quantitative study was designed to also be conducted among the comparison group, consisting of 24-year-olds residing in regions other than Gyeonggi Province. The experimental group comprised 63,300 youths (aged 24) who applied for the YBI and participated in the ex-ante survey. Of the participants in the ex-

6 ante survey, a total of 32,687 youths also responded to the ex-post survey. Therefore, it was possible to establish panel data based on the responses of the 32,687 respondents. As for the comparison group, the ex-ante survey obtained 1,300 responses, of which 900 respondents participated in the ex- post survey. Thus, the panel data of the comparison group consisted of 900 responses. However, the qualitative study was conducted only for the experimental group—24-year-olds residing in Gyeonggi Province—because it was deemed unnecessary for the comparison group, who had been unaffected by the program. For the qualitative study, the subjects were divided into six groups of about five participants each and asked to participate in discussions. The study used a “semi-structured” focus group interview (FGI) method, where the interviewer is allowed some discretion, albeit with a pre-determined set of questions. The interviewees were selected by a specialized research agency; among the people who were randomly selected based on several criteria, those who agreed to participate were finally chosen for the FGIs. The selection criteria examined whether they are employed, students, or graduates; what their level of formal education is; and whether they have prior experience receiving public assistance. In addition, for balanced regional representation, the subjects were selected evenly from five districts in Gyeonggi Province: Gyeongbu, Gyeongwon, Gyeongui, Dongbu, and West Coast districts. The six FGI groups were composed as follows: ① employed with high school education or below (4 persons), ② employed with a college degree or above (7 persons), ③ unemployed with high school education or below (5 persons), ④ unemployed with a college degree or above (6 persons), ⑤

7 university students (including those in leave of absence) (6 persons), and ⑥ former recipients of public assistance (6 persons).The results of the survey analysis are as follows: First, the following five categories were analyzed for the quantitative study: happiness, health and diet, perception and attitude, economic activity, and dream capital. The differences in the individual variables within each category between the experimental group and the comparison group were analyzed using the paired t-test and independent two-sample t-test (under the assumption of homoscedasticity after Levene's test). According to the findings, on the whole, the Gyeonggi Province YBI policy has had positive effects, including the following:

① There were substantial improvements in the overall satisfaction with life, perception of work values, and level of happiness among youths in Gyeonggi Province. ② There was a positive impact on the perception and attitude of youths in Gyeonggi Province. ③ There was a positive impact on the beneficiaries’ general perception about welfare and basic income. ④ Youth perception and attitude toward basic income also changed positively. ⑤ The subjects were positive about the nationwide expansion of basic income for youths but were reserved about the expansion of basic income to the general population. ⑥ There was a positive impact on the recipients’ motivation to work. ⑦ The overall level of dream capital was high among youths in Gyeonggi Province.

8 Second, as part of the qualitative study, FGIs were conducted in four domains: experiences of receiving YBI, perceptions regarding youth basic income, youths’ understanding of life, and other. The findings can be summarized as follows: ① YBI recipients believe that there is little scope for improvement in the current Gyeonggi Province YBI policy. ② There were complaints about the limitations on the regions and the size of stores (where local currency could be used), but these restrictions are in line with the original policy goals. ③ In particular, the hassle of filing an application every quarter was raised; this has improved since the 4Q application. ④ Participants considered it premature to expand the basic income program to the general population, even within just Gyeonggi Province. ⑤ The majority of the participants do not seem to fully understand the meaning of basic income or are still inclined to prefer selective welfare, which is currently the prevalent method in Korean society. These results point to the need to raise awareness of basic income policies among the public.

In conclusion, it can be said that the Gyeonggi Province YBI has influenced youth recipients positively in various ways. The subjects also reacted favorably to the local currency. Although there were some areas that scored worse in the ex-post survey than the ex-ante survey or did not show more positive effects than the comparison group, the vast majority of these differences was not statistically significant.

Keyword Youth Basic Income, Gyeonggi Province, Policy Evaluation.

9 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction 18

1. Background and Purpose of the Study 18 2. What is Gyeonggi Province Youth Basic Income (YBI)? 20 2-1. Main Contents of the YBI Policy 2-2. Main characteristics of the YBI Policy 3. Research Content and Methodology 26 3-1. Overview of the Survey Project 3-2. Survey Results 4. Research Framework 32

Chapter 2

Quantitative Study 36

1. Organization of Effect Measurement Items 36 1-1. Happiness 1-2. Health and Diet 1-3. Perception and Attitudes 1-4. Economic Activities 1-5. Dream-Capital 2. Analysis of Results (Statistical Verification) 48 2-1. Happiness 2-2. Health and Diet 2-3. Perception and Attitude 2-4. Economic Activities 2-5. Dream-capital 3. Sub-conclusion 120 Chapter 3

Qualitative Study 123

1. Design of the Qualitative Study 126 1-1. Introduction 1-2. Composition of the Questionnaire 2. Analysis of the Qualitative Study Results by Group 128 2-1. [Group 1] Employed with high school education or below 2-2. [Group 2] Employed with a college degree or above 2-3. [Group 3] Unemployed with high school education or below 2-4. [Group 4] Unemployed with a college degree or above 2-5. [Group 5] University Students 2-6. [Group 6] Former Recipients of Public Assistance 3. Comprehensive Results of the Qualitative Study 144 3-1. Experience of Receiving YBI 3-2. Thoughts on YBI 3-3. Perception about the Lives of Youth 4. Sub-conclusion 148

Chapter 4

Comprehensive Analysis and Conclusion 152

1. Comprehensive Analysis 152 1-1. Comprehensive Analysis of the Quantitative Study 1-2. Comprehensive Analysis of the Qualitative Study 1-3. Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of the Quantitative and Qualitative Study 2. Summary and Conclusion 156

Chapter 5

References 162

Chapter 6

Appendix 172 Table·List of Figures

[Table 1-1] Eligibility for Quarterly YBI Payment 20 [Table 1-2] Estimated Number of Beneficiaries and Budget for Gyeonggi YBI Project 21 [Table 1-3] Does Gyeonggi YBI Satisfy the Requirements of Basic Income? 24 [Table 1-4] Survey Period 29 [Table 1-5] Characteristics of the Panel (I) 30 [Table 1-6] Characteristics of the Panel (II) 31 [Table 1-7] Composition of the FGI Groups 32 [Table 2-1] Composition of the Variables 47 [Table 2-2] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 50 [Table 2-3] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 51 [Table 2-4] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 52 [Table 2-5] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 52 [Table 2-6] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 57 [Table 2-7] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 58 [Table 2-8] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 59 [Table 2-9] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 60 [Table 2-10] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 64 [Table 2-11] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 65 [Table 2-12] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Result for the Experimental Group 65 [Table 2-13] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 66 [Table 2-14] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 69 [Table 2-15] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 70 [Table 2-16] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 70 [Table 2-17] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 71 [Table 2-18] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 74 [Table 2-19] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 75 [Table 2-20] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 75 [Table 2-21] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 76 [Table 2-22] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 78 [Table 2-23] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 78 [Table 2-24] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 78 List of Tables

[Table 2-25] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 79 [Table 2-26] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 80 [Table 2-27] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 80 [Table 2-28] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 81 [Table 2-29] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 81 [Table 2-30] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 84 [Table 2-31] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 84 [Table 2-32] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 85 [Table 2-33] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 85 [Table 2-34] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 91 [Table 2-35] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 91 [Table 2-36] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 92 [Table 2-37] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 92 [Table 2-38] Proportion of the Employed/Unemployed 95 [Table 2-39] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 96 [Table 2-40] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 96 [Table 2-41] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 97 [Table 2-42] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 97 [Table 2-43] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 98 [Table 2-44] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 99 [Table 2-45] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 99 [Table 2-46] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 100 [Table 2-47] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 102 [Table 2-48] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 102 [Table 2-49] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 103 [Table 2-50] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 103 [Table 2-51] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 105 [Table 2-52] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group 106 [Table 2-53] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group 107 [Table 2-54] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group 109 Table·List of Figures

[Figure 1-1] Support System and Flow of YBI Payment 22 [Figure 1-2] Research Framework 33 [Figure 2-1] Ex-ante/ex-post survey by city and county in Gyeonggi Province 49 [Figure 2-2] “Overall Life Satisfaction (Recent Days)”- Results by City and County 53 [Figure 2-3] “Overall Value of Work (Recent Days)” - Results by City and County 54 [Figure 2-4] “Level of Happiness (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County 54 [Figure 2-5] “Level of Depression (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County 55 [Figure 2-6] “Level of Worries (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County 56 [Figure 2-7] “Self-evaluated current health status” - Results by City and County 61 [Figure 2-8] “Self-evaluated health status (compared to peers)” - Results by City and County 61 [Figure 2-9] “Degree of mental difficulties (in the past month)”- Results by City and County 62 [Figure 2-10] “Frequency of forgetting important things in the past month” - Results by City and County 63 [Figure 2-11] “Frequency of working out for 30 minutes or longer” - Results by City and County 63 [Figure 2-12] “Diet in the past year”- Results by City and County 66 [Figure 2-13] “Degree of effort to eat healthy” - Results by City and County 67 [Figure 2-14] “Frequency of having fruits” - Results by City and County 68 [Figure 2-15] “Trust in others” - Results by City and County 71 [Figure 2-16] “Trust in laws and institutions” - Results by City and County 72 [Figure 2-17] “Trust in politicians” - Results by City and County 73 [Figure 2-18] “Trust in the media” - Results by City and County 73 [Figure 2-19] “We live in a gender-equal society” - Results by City and County 76 [Figure 2-20] “Interest in gender discrimination issues” - Results by City and County 77 [Figure 2-21] “Degree of self-determination over personal problems” - Results by City and County 79 [Figure 2-22] “Degree of influence on others in the decision-making process” - Results by City and County 81 [Figure 2-23] “Are we living in an equal society?” - Results by City and County 86 [Figure 2-24] “Is the nation/society ultimately responsible for social problems?” - Results by City and County 87 [Figure 2-25] “Support for Universal Welfare” - Results by City and County 87 List of Figures

[Figure 2-26] “Support for Free Education” - Results by City and County 88 [Figure 2-27] “Support for Free Healthcare” - Results by City and County 87 [Figure 2-28] “Attitudes toward welfare expansion with a tax increase” - Results by City and County 87 [Figure 2-29] “Perception about basic income as a share of the common wealth and a civic right” - Results by City and County 93 [Figure 2-30] “Nationwide Expansion of Youth Basic Income” - Results by City and County 93 [Figure 2-31] Opinion on the “Expansion of basic income to the entire population” - Results by City and County 94 [Figure 2-32] “Average weekly working hours” - Results by City and County 98 [Figure 2-33] “Average hours of job search per week” - Results by City and County 100 [Figure 2-34] “Job training hours per week” - Results by City and County 101 [Figure 2-35] “Self-perceived economic status” - Results by City and County 104 [Figure 2-36] “I enjoy imagining my future” - Results by City and County 110 [Figure 2-37] “I often imagine myself being successful in the future” - Results by City and County 110 [Figure 2-38] “I do not dream of the future” - Results by City and County 111 [Figure 2-39] “I really want to achieve my dream” - Results by City and County of Gyeonggi Province 112 [Figure 2-40] “I feel hopeful about the future” - Results by City and County 112 [Figure 2-41] “I do not lose hope even in times of trouble” - Results by City and County 113 [Figure 2-42] “I feel hopeless about the future” - Results by City and County 114 [Figure 2-43] “I feel nervous about the future” - Results by City and County 114 [Figure 2-44] “I am confident I can achieve my dreams” - Results by City and County 115 [Figure 2-45] “My future will be better than the present” - Results by City and County 116 [Figure 2-46] “I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face” - Result by City and County in Gyeonggi Province 116 [Figure 2-47] “I tend to recover quickly from stress” - Results by City and County 117 [Figure 2-48] “I have coped with past failures well” - Results by City and County 118 [Figure 2-49] “I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble” - Results by City and County 118 [Figure 2-50] “I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience” - Results by City and County 119 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1. Background and Purpose of the Study 2. What is Gyeonggi Province Youth Basic Income (YBI)? 2.1. Main Contents of the YBI Policy 2.2. Main characteristics of the YBI Policy 3. Research Content and Methodology 3.1. Overview of the Survey Project 3.2. Survey Results 4. Research Framework Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Background and Purpose of the Study

1) The condition of residence for more than 10 years in total did not exist at the beginning of the project, but it has been applied since the 2Q payment of the project year after complaints were filed by young people who had lived in Gyeonggi Province for a long time although they had to move out temporarily and could not live for three years continuously. 2) Since the ordinance adopted the term "youth dividend" instead of "youth basic income" when enacted, there may be a misunderstanding that it is a distinct concept. When the Gyeonggi YBI policy was implemented, the basic income payment was referred to as youth dividend because it succeeded the Seongnam-si youth dividend policy in terms of name and content, but in 2019, Gyeonggi Province adopted the name of youth basic income in consultation with the central government.

18 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion the beneficiaries every year and incorporate them in the next year project.” In accordance with this article, Gyeonggi Province needs to conduct an evaluation and research into the YBI project. In this context, this study aims to examine the effects of the YBI project on the beneficiaries, the 24-year-olds in Gyeonggi Province. It should be noted that it is premature to make an evaluation of the policy in less than a year of its implementation. It seems more reasonable to assess the policy effects on the recipients after at least one full year of payment has been made. In the first year of the project, the number of payments can vary from one to four depending on the birth date of the individuals, as the payment is made every quarter, which means it would make more sense to evaluate the policy effects after all the subjects have been paid four times. Despite this problem, it would still be meaningful to see if there have been changes after the implementation of the project and to examine what changed and to what extent to identify potential areas for policy improvement regardless of how small they might be. This study aimed to conduct ex-ante and ex-post surveys covering the periods before and after April 1, when the Gyeonggi Province Youth Basic Income Project was launched, to examine how the payment of YBI changed the lives of youths and to determine the significance of the policy.

19 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. What is Gyeonggi Province Youth Basic Income (YBI)?

2-1. Main Contents of the YBI Policy

1) Design of YBI

Gyeonggi YBI makes a quarterly payment to those aged 24, with the birth date bracket of the recipients defined based on the first day of the beginning month of every quarter (See [Table 1-1]). Under this project, as the benefits are paid by quarter, the recipients are required to file for them every quarter.3) Those who are late to apply can file for the benefits in the next quarter and get paid retroactively. The number of youths who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q exceeded 10,000. The project started in April 2019, and those eligible in 1Q of 2019 can file for the benefits starting from 2Q.

[Table 1-1] Eligibility for Quarterly YBI Payment

By Quarter Payment Date Birth Date of the Subjects 1Q 01/01/2019 01/02/1994–01/01/1995 2Q 04/01/2019 04/02/1994–04/01/1995 3Q 07/01/2019 07/02/1994–07/01/1995 4Q 10/01/2019 10/02/1994–10/01/1995

Source: Gyeonggi Province Youth Welfare Policy Division (2019). <2019 Operational Guidelines for Youth Basic Income (Youth Dividend) Project>

In the first year of the project, among young adults who are 24 years of age, those born in 1Q will receive KRW 250,000 only once, those born in 2Q will receive KRW 500,000 in two installments, those born in 3Q will receive KRW 750,000 in three installments, and those born in 4Q will receive a total of KRW 1 million in four installments. From the second year, 24-year-olds applying for the payment, regardless of which quarter they were born, will receive a total of KRW 1 million in four installments. This project is being implemented by Gyeonggi Province, in collaboration with its 31 cities

3) Out of the qualified recipients, 124,335 (about 71%) filed for the benefits in 1Q. 4) The number of youths who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q exceeded 10,000.

20 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion and counties, each of which will issue local currency in preferred forms and methods. Local currency can come in different forms, including paper, plastic cards, or mobile accounts, in separate or overlapping modes, depending on the situation of the local authority. The term of this project is four years from 2019 to 2022, as it was launched during the seventh phase of the civilian election. In 2019, around 175,000 youths (aged 24) were eligible for Gyeonggi Province YBI, and this trend is projected to continue for the next four years. The budget is estimated at around KRW 175.3 billion for 2019 and will be at a similar level for the remaining three years. The outgo will be shared by Gyeonggi Province and the 31 cities and counties in the ratio of 70:30 (See [Table 1-2]).

[Table 1-2] Estimated Number of Beneficiaries and Budget for Gyeonggi YBI Project

(Unit: 100 million won, persons)

Div. Sum 2019 2020 2021 2022 Sum 6,866 1,753 1,746 1,698 1,669 Project Province (70%) 4,806 1,227 1,222 1,189 1,168 Cost City and County (30%) 2,060 526 524 509 501 Project (No. of registered 686,550 175,281 174,557 169,812 166,900 Volume residents)

Source: Gyeonggi Province Youth Welfare Policy Division (2019). <2019 Operational Guidelines for Youth Basic Income (Youth Dividend) Project>

2) Mechanism of Implementation of the YBI Policy

The Gyeonggi YBI project is implemented by institutions and organizations in Gyeonggi Province. The province plans and establishes a budget, while the cities and counties receive applications and select recipients, issue local currencies, and make payments to the recipients. In addition, the Gyeonggi Province Job Foundation has built an online system that it operates, while the Gyeonggi Research Institute (GRI) monitors the subjects (pre- and post-evaluation) and surveys them (satisfaction level, etc.). Issuance and payment of local currency has been entrusted to Kona I Co., Ltd., a payment solution and platform provider. In principle, the application for the Gyeonggi YBI payment can only be made online. The applicants can apply for the benefits online by visiting the website (https://apply.jobaba. net/bsns/bsnsListView.do), built and operated by the Gyeonggi Province Job Foundation. Applicants are required to submit documents, such as the application form, resident registration copy, and a written consent to the use of personal information.

21 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 1-1] Support System and Flow of YBI Payment

Case Application Review Selection Payment Management

Subsidy Local payments Age, Period currency (Province of residence Check for purchase and Monitor → Cities & eligibility issuance subjects by Counties) Check application Confirm all Payment of type Online form/ YBI payment YBI Fact-finding application evidence targets (Cities & survey (Gyeonggi- > documents > > Counties → > Province Job Foundation) Youths)

Gyeonggi Gyeonggi Cities & Cities & Province, Province, GRI Counties Counties Cities & Internet Counties

Source: Gyeonggi Province Youth Welfare Policy Division (2019). <2019 Operational Guidelines for Youth Basic Income (Youth Dividend) Project>

2-2. Main characteristics of the YBI Policy

The main characteristics of Gyeonggi Province’s YBI policy can be described as follows: First, the Gyeonggi YBI project, classified as a provincial matter, should be run with its own budget. This means there is no need for central government intervention or permission to implement this project. However, as stipulated in the Ordinance on Youth Basic Income in Gyeonggi Province, this project is a cash payment welfare program, which requires consultation with the central government. As a result, the Gyeonggi YBI project is subject to consultation with the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MoHW), and needs approval from the social welfare policy deliberation committee. If the Gyeonggi YBI project were to be treated as an economic policy, rather than a monetary social welfare program, through the revision of the ordinance, there would be no reason for consultation with the MoHW. However,

22 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Gyeonggi Province currently defines the YBI project as a social welfare policy and therefore goes through the deliberation committee’s approval process before implementation. Second, the geographical scope of Gyeonggi YBI has been set as Gyeonggi Province, but strictly speaking, the circulation of local currencies is limited within the boundaries of its 31 cities and counties. In other words, since the geographical boundaries for the payment are the cities and counties, the Gyeonggi YBI policy should be called a joint policy between Gyeonggi Province and its 31 cities and counties. Third, Gyeonggi YBI was originally named “Youth Dividend,” but was later renamed “Youth Basic Income.” Although the names are different, it is safe to say that dividend or basic income essentially mean the same thing. The term “youth dividend” has been borrowed from the different names for basic income, such as social dividend, citizen dividend, or national dividend, while it can be interpreted to mean that the target of the dividend is youths. The dividend here means that the State pays its citizens their share of the common wealth of the society in the form of a dividend, which is unlike a dividend for profits from equity investment by private companies. In other words, it is basic income. In this context, it is not necessary to distinguish between youth dividend and youth basic income. Fourth, does Gyeonggi YBI satisfy the necessary conditions to be called basic income? It can be concluded that the program does not completely fulfill the conditions of basic income, but meets the conditions for a modified version that takes into consideration the reality. More specifically, it satisfies the three essential conditions of basic income, namely universality, unconditionality, and individuality. It is universal, as it targets all 24-year-olds; unconditional, as it is paid without a requirement; and individual, as it is paid to individual youths, not to family heads or their spouses. In addition, although Gyeonggi YBI is paid only for a year, it is “periodic” as it is paid in four installments. It may seem that it fails to meet the condition of being “periodic,” which originally means that the benefits are paid at regular intervals for many years, while Gyeonggi YBI is just for one year. However, YBI was launched targeting 24-year-olds, and in this sense, the one-year payment is expected and inevitable. It is fair to say that Gyeonggi YBI satisfies the condition of “near-cash payment” as it is paid in Gyeonggi local currencies, which can be used for a wide range of purposes and mostly take the form of debit cards, among other forms, such as paper and mobile accounts.

23 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 1-3] Does Gyeonggi YBI Satisfy the Requirements of Basic Income?

Basic Income Satisfied Description Comment Requirements

● Targets all 24-year-olds(living in Gyeonggi Province for 3 consecutive years or 10 years Universal O Category universality in total) ● No review of asset or income status ● No requirement of work or willingness to Unconditional O work ● Paid to individual youths, not to household Individual O heads or their spouses ● Paid for a year only Periodic △ Near-periodic ● Paid every quarter (at regular intervals) ● Paid in local currencies used just like cash Cash Payment △ (not in vouchers or gift coupons for fixed Near-cash payment purposes) ● KRW 250,000 a quarter Not recognized as ● Less than living expenses (KRW 512,102 per basic income by BIEN Adequate △ month for a single-person household as of (Basic Income Earth 2019) Network)

Note: 1) Requirements satisfied? (O Satisfied, △ Partially satisfied, × Not satisfied), 2) Universality, Unconditionality, and Individuality are the essential requirements for basic income.

However, there are limitations in terms of free use and maximum efficiency compared to cash, since the use of the local currency forms is limited to traditional markets and small businesses, while departmental stores, hypermarkets, super supermarkets (SSMs), and other stores with annual sales of more than KRW 1 billion are excluded. However, these weaknesses or limitations need to be seen as benefits to the society as a whole. That is, by compromising the maximization of individual utility, it is possible to maximize social utility through the instrumental means of the local currency and to create a non-market (social) value of realizing a more harmonious society. Fifth, the YBI policy is designed to help guarantee basic social rights through the combination of social welfare and economic policies. It can be said that Gyeonggi Province takes an instrumental approach that considers youth basic income as a civic right to a share in the common wealth of the society, rather than adopt a fundamental approach to solve problems from the perspective of realistic welfare policies. However, the local government takes an additional step to guarantee the basic social rights of youths by providing policy support to engage them in social activities and to provide a livelihood. This is in line with the spirit of basic income, which is regarded as a civic right to a share in the

24 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion common wealth (common assets, land, etc.). Gyeonggi youth basic income might be confused with youth allowance, which is a selective welfare system. This is especially true when youth basic income is seen as youth dividend. However, one needs to make sure that they are clearly different. YBI, which targets all youths, can be seen as a universal welfare policy as it is not limited to those in the low income bracket or the poor. However, the current YBI policy can be included in public income transfer, so the benefits might be reduced or suspended for the recipients of the Basic Livelihood Security Scheme. In this sense, the YBI may be defective as a universal welfare policy. As of 2019, the number of 24-year-olds eligible for the Basic Livelihood Security Scheme was 1,601. They are ineligible for other benefits, such as living allowances, once they are paid youth basic income. Therefore, many of them are expected to not apply for YBI or to withdraw their application if they already did. Although they account for less than 1% of the YBI targets, they are evidence of a problem that contradicts the spirit of basic income. Apparently, this is not a problem inherent in Gyeonggi YBI policy, but one caused by the conflict with the national welfare system. Through negotiations and modifications, this glitch can and should be resolved in the future. With its clear aim of using local currency to vitalize the local economy, Gyeonggi YBI has the characteristics of an economic policy. The payment in local currency can lead to a rise in the (disposable) income of youths (and those around them), improve purchasing power, increase consumption, and boost sales of local small businesses, which, in turn, would increase consumption of small business owners whose income has grown. These expected effects demonstrate that the YBI is an economic policy that aims to achieve economic goals, including an increase in local household income, the promotion of the local economy, and an increase in employment. Also, it can be posited that local currency will be circulated in the economy continually like cash, instead of being used as a one-off grant. In this sense, YBI can be seen as a monetary and financial policy generating economic effects through currency circulation. In this context, the circulation of local currency in Gyeonggi YBI is a long-term consideration. In conclusion, it is safe to say that Gyeonggi YBI is a converged or transformed economic and social policy that has evolved to solve real-world problems by combining the characteristics of a subsidy (welfare policy) with those of local financial policy, mediated by local currency.

25 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Research Content and Methodology

The purpose of this study was to analyze the policy effects of the Gyeonggi YBI project by building panel data through ex-ante and ex-post surveys. It is imperative to collect research materials for the analysis of the effects of the youth basic income policy. In this study, most of the content was derived from the analysis of the survey results. The methodology directly reflects the characteristics of the survey project.

3-1. Overview of the Survey Project

1) Subjects of the Survey

There are about 175,000 youths (aged 24) who are entitled to Gyeonggi YBI.5) Out of the qualified recipients, 124,335 (about 71%) filed for the benefits in 1Q.6) These applicants were the subjects of this study.7) To analyze the policy effects of the Gyeonggi Province YBI, we need to compare the survey results with a comparison group, which was set as youths aged 24 residing across South Korea, excluding Gyeonggi Province.

2) Survey Method

The survey consisted of both quantitative and qualitative research.

5) Currently, there are no basic statistics on the 175,000 youths (aged 24) who are eligible for the Gyeonggi Province YBI. Therefore, the basic statistics on the panel respondents were used as an alternative, as described in [Table 1-5] and [Table 1-6]. 6) The current youth basic income can be included in “public transfer income” and the benefits might be reduced or suspended for the subjects of the Basic Livelihood Security Scheme. At present, the number of 24-year-old subjects of the Basic Livelihood Security Scheme is 1,601, or less than 1% of people of this age, as of 2019. They become unqualified for other benefits such as living allowances once they are paid youth basic income; so many of them are expected not to apply for YBI, or withdraw the application. Therefore, they should be excluded from the subjects and if there are 1Q applicants among the 1,601 subjects, they need to be excluded from the target group. 7) Since the subjects of this study consist of the applicants, the sampling method of separating the population and samples is statistically meaningless.

26 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

(1) Quantitative Study i) For the quantitative study, structured questionnaires were distributed to the subjects, namely the 24-year-olds in Gyeonggi Province.8) The same questions were included in the ex-ante and ex-post survey, barring adjustments to account for the time difference, so that a panel data set could be created. As the ex-post survey was limited to the respondents of the ex-ante survey, the number of respondents of the ex-post survey was smaller than that of the ex-ante survey. However, this set of ex-post survey respondents was a subset of the ex-ante survey respondents and the subject of the final analysis of panel data. Among the ex-post survey respondents, those who did not use the local currency were excluded from the survey through a discerning question. ii) The same quantitative study was designed to be conducted for the comparison group, consisting of 24-year-olds residing in regions other than Gyeonggi Province.

(2) Qualitative Study Conversely, the qualitative study was conducted only for the experimental group—24- year-olds residing in Gyeonggi Province—because it was deemed unnecessary for the comparison group, who had been unaffected by the program. For the qualitative study, the subjects were divided into six groups of about five participants each and asked to participate in discussions. The study used a “semi-structured” focus group interview (FGI) method, where the interviewer is allowed some discretion, albeit with a pre-determined set of questions. The interviewees were selected by a specialized research agency; among the people who were randomly selected based on several criteria, those who agreed to participate were finally chosen for the FGIs. The selection criteria examined whether they are employed, students, or graduates, what their level of formal education is, and whether they have experienced poverty.9) In addition, for balanced regional representation, the subjects were

8) The structured questionnaire is presented in Appendix I. 9) The survey excluded questions asking whether the respondents are poor or are recipients of the National Basic Livelihood Security Scheme, as it could stigmatize them. Instead, a question that can be used to infer poverty was included; the respondent was asked whether or not they have received social security benefits, with a list of the social security schemes provided. This question was designed to find out whether the respondent was poor without causing social stigma. If someone has received National Basic Livelihood Security, which is given to those who fall in the bottom 5% of the nation, they are highly likely to belong to the poorest group or second poorest group of Korean society, where the class ladder is believed to have collapsed these days.

27 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

selected evenly from five districts in Gyeonggi Province, namely the Gyeongbu, Gyeongwon, Gyeongui, Dongbu, and West Coast districts. Six researchers of this study participated in the interviews as moderators or assistant moderators to help the interviewees state their opinions without influencing the process. Also, they were asked to encourage the participants to speak as freely as possible provided that the right to speak was evenly distributed among them.

3) Administration of Surveys

(1) Gyeonggi Province Youth Survey (Quantitative Study) The ex-ante survey (1Q) was conducted from April 12 to May 20, 2019. Specifically, the applicants were surveyed online before the application process for the payment of youth basic income in Gyeonggi Province began and local currency was paid. Recipients who used the local currency during the period were excluded from the list of the final survey respondents through a discerning question in the questionnaire. Also, those who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q were included in the ex-ante survey results. They were surveyed from June 27 to August 5, 2019. The ex-post survey was conducted from September 16 to October 21, after the payment of local currency to the 1Q applicants was completed.

(2) Gyeonggi Province Youth Survey (Qualitative Study) The FGIs for the qualitative study of the youths (aged 24) in Gyeonggi Province were performed in the conference room of Macromill Embrain for three days on August 28-30, 2019. A total of six interview sessions were held for three days, once in the morning and once in the afternoon for two hours each.

(3) Comparison Group Survey (Quantitative Study) The ex-ante survey (1Q) of the subjects of the comparison group was conducted on May 14-17, 2019. During the period from the start of the application process to the payment of local currency, the subjects were surveyed online. The ex-post survey was conducted from September 16 to November 4, after the payment of local currency to the 1Q applicants was completed (See [Table 1-4]).

28 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 1-4] Survey Period

Subjects Type of Study Study Period Application Period April 12–May 20, 2019 April 8–May 10 (1Q) Ex-Ante Survey June 27–August 5, 2019 June 1–June 30 (2Q) Quantitative Youths in Gyeonggi September 16–October 21, When the local Study Ex-Post Survey Province (Aged 24) 2019 currency was issued Qualitative April 15 (1Q) Ex-Post Survey August 28–August 30, 2019 Study July 20 (2Q) When the payment Youths in the Ex-Ante Survey May 14–May 17, 2019 Quantitative was closed Comparison Group Study September 16–November 04, May 13 (1Q) (Aged 24) Ex-Post Survey 2019 July 14 (2Q)

3-2. Survey Results

1) Composition of the Quantitative Study Panel

(1) Youth in Gyeonggi Province The experimental group comprised 63,300 youths (aged 24) who applied for the YBI and participated in the ex-ante survey. They included 57,540 applicants in 1Q and 5,760 applicants who applied for 1Q payment in 2Q. From the ex-ante survey respondents, a total of 32,687 respondents participated in the ex-post survey. Therefore, we were able to build panel data consisting of 32,687 responses.

(2) Comparison Group As for the comparison group, there were 1,300 samples in the ex-ante survey, out of which 900 responded in the ex-post survey. Therefore, we were able to build panel data consisting of 900 responses.

2) Characteristics of the Quantitative Study Panel

The statistical characteristics of the 65,374(=32,687*2) youths in Gyeonggi Province who applied for YBI and used the local currency and of the 1,800(=900*2) youths in the comparison group are displayed in [Table 1-5] and [Table 1-6].

29 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 1-5] Characteristics of the Panel (I)

Gyeonggi Province Youths Comparison Group Youths (aged 24) (aged 24) Div. No. of No. of % % Cases(persons) Cases(persons)

Male 28,460 43.5 842 46.8 Gender Female 36,914 56.5 958 53.2

Middle school or 333 0.5 88 4.9 below

High school degree 10,188 15.6 187 10.4 Level of formal education College student 15,677 24.0 611 33.9

College degree or 39,176 59.9 1,002 55.7 higher

Not married 63,297 96.8 1,753 97.4

Marital status Married 1,891 2.9 47 2.6

Other 186 0.3 - -

Single-person 7,696 11.8 440 24.4 household

Married couple 777 1.2 26 1.4 Household type Living with children 859 1.3 19 1.1

Living with parents 51,466 78.7 1,192 66.2

Other 4,576 7.0 123 6.8

Owned 35,502 54.3 863 47.9

Rented 11,330 17.3 328 18.2

Monthly rent (with Housing 13,098 20.0 482 26.8 type deposit money) Monthly rent (without 1,957 3.0 68 3.8 deposit money)

Other 3,487 5.3 59 3.3

High 3,608 5.5 111 6.2 Economic level Medium 39,954 61.1 1,196 66.4 of parents Low 21,812 33.4 493 27.4

30 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 1-6] Characteristics of the Panel (II)

Gyeonggi Province Youths (aged 24) Comparison Group Youths (aged 24) No. of Cases No. of Cases Region % Region % (persons) (persons) Suwon-si 6,988 10.7 Metropolitan area 676 37.6

Seongnam-si 4,281 6.5 Chungcheong 240 13.3

Bucheon-si 4,735 7.2 Honam 214 11.9

Anyang-si 3,567 5.5 Gyeongbuk 229 12.7

Ansan-si 4,442 6.8 Gyeongnam 353 19.6

Yongin-si 5,148 7.9 Gangwon/ Jeju 88 4.9 Pyeongtaek-si 2,379 3.6 Gwangmyeong-si 1,662 2.5 Siheung-si 2,681 4.1 Gunpo-si 1,664 2.5 Hwaseong-si 2,943 4.5 Icheon-si 743 1.1 Gimpo-si 1,544 2.4 Gwangju-si 1508 2.3 Anseong-si 783 1.2 Hanam-si 905 1.4 Uiwang-si 915 1.4 Osan-si 994 1.5 Gwacheon-si 341 0.5 Yeoju-si 440 0.7 Yangpyeong-gun 344 0.5 Goyang-si 5,546 8.5 Uijeongbu-si 2,566 3.9 Namyangju-si 3,047 4.7 Paju-si 1,747 2.7 Guri-si 1,116 1.7 Pocheon-si 636 1.0 Yangju-si 920 1.4 Dongducheon-si 465 0.7 Gapyeong-gun 173 0.3

31 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3) Composition of the Qualitative Study Participant Groups

The composition of the six FGI groups established for the qualitative study among Gyeonggi Province youth (aged 24) was as follows: ① employed with high school education or below, ② employed with a college degree or above, ③ unemployed with high school education or below, ④ unemployed with a college degree or above, ⑤ university students (including those in leave of absence), and ⑥ former recipients of public assistance. The number and gender of the participants in each FGI group are shown in [Table 1-7].

[Table 1-7] Composition of the FGI Groups

Group Male Female Sum 1. Employed with high school education or below 2 2 4 2. Employed with a college degree or above 3 4 7 3. Unemployed with high school education or below 3 2 5 4. Unemployed with a college degree or above 3 3 6 5. University students (including those in leave of absence) 4 2 6 6. Former recipients of public assistance 3 3 6 Total 18 16 34

4. Research Framework

The research framework used to analyze the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI is described in [Figure 1-2].

32 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 1-2] Research Framework

Set research purpose and direction

Establish research design

Design Quantitative Study Design Qualitative Study

Create questionnaire and build the subjects Organize FGI participants and D/B create questionnaire

Conduct survey Conduct survey Build the D/B of subjects of among youths in among Gyeonggi qualitative study and conduct the comparison youths survey group

Organize and analyze the results Organize and analyze the results

Integrated analysis and interpretation of policy implications

Policy suggestions and improvement measures

33 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 2 Quantitative Study

1. Organization of Effect Measurement Items 1.1. Happiness 1.2. Health and Diet 1.3. Perception and Attitudes 1.4. Economic Activities 1.5. Dream-Capital 2. Analysis of Results (Focus on Statistical Verification 2.1. Happiness 2.2. Health and Diet 2.3. Perception and Attitude 2.4. Economic Activities 2.5. Dream-capital 3. Sub-conclusion Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Chapter 2 Quantitative Study

1. Measurement Items10)

In this chapter, we will verify the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI based on the quantitative study. The size of the experimental group and comparison group subject to verification is 32,687 and 900 persons, respectively.11) The composition method, process, and characteristics have been explained in detail in Section 2, Chapter 1. The categories for analysis of the policy effects were broadly divided into “happiness,” “health and diet,” “perception and attitude,” “economic activity,” and “dream-capital.” The categories, which match the policy goals and intent of the Gyeonggi YBI project, were extracted from discussions on the effects of basic income and from the items that have been tested and proved in basic income experiments conducted in many countries. The effects of basic income, covered in the experiments or theoretical discussions, are roughly divided into two types (Seo Jeonghee, 2019).. First, there have been discussions about the macroscopic effects of basic income. They mostly deal with the influence of basic income on inequality, labor market, or labor incentives. More specifically, these include a negative correlation between basic income and labor incentives (Productivity Commission, 2016; Tcherneva, 2013), a positive correlation with labor incentives (Kang Nam-hoon, 2019a; Van Parijs, 2013), alleviation of inequality (Kim Gyo-seong, 2009; Baek Seung-ho, 2010;

1) Some of the contents of this section are revisions and supplements of Seo Jeong-hee (2019). 2) In general experimental designs, the group without the program in question is referred to as “control group,” but in this study, it is called “comparison group” considering the geographical and numerical differences between the experimental group and control group.

36 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Kang Nam-hoon, 2019a; 2019b; Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2017; Stern and Kravitz, 2016), worsening wages and working conditions (Lewis et al., 2005; Wiseman, 1990), improved protection of wages and working conditions (Standing, 2011; 2013; 2017; Offe, 2008), community effect of regional communities (Standing, 2017; Davala et al., 2015), economic growth (Nikiforos et al., 2017), and others. Second, there have been discussions about the microscopic effects of basic income. They seek to understand how basic income influences the lives of individuals, and to theoretically examine and empirically demonstrate whether basic income increases individual happiness (Y Combinator, 2017; Kangas et al., 2016), expands autonomy and individual choice (Widerquist, 2013; Stern and Kravitz, 2016; Offe, 2008; Standing, 2017; Wright, 2005; 2006; Handler and Babcock, 2006), improves the way a person plans and uses time, and has a positive impact on the lives of the individuals in terms of education and health, among others (Segal, 2016; Akee et al., 2010; 2015; Hines, 2016; Forget, 2011; Y Combinator, 2017; Kangas et al, 2016). In this study, we developed items, including microscopic effects and macroscopic effects that can be measured on an individual basis. The following sections describe the rationale for including these measurement items in the analysis of YBI effects, and the composition of the questionnaire.

1-1. Happiness

The provision of basic income can be a main tool to increase individual happiness (Y Combinator, 2017). The rationale for linking basic income to happiness is related to the changes in social policy objectives in recent years. Social policy goals can be measured by macroscopic indicators, such as a reduction of inequality or increase in GDP, but there is growing awareness that increasing or maintaining happiness at the individual level, rather than at the “national” level, should be a more important objective of social policies (Helliwell et al., 2017: 3). This realization has led to the introduction of an individual happiness index for evaluating the effectiveness of social policies, even as international organizations, such as the UN and OECD, have been working to refine the concept of happiness and develop reliable tools to measure happiness. The importance that these organizations place on happiness as a key indicator is evident from the fact that the UN and the OECD publish “reports on happiness” annually or

37 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

biennially. The UN has published the “World Happiness Report” since 2012, with its seventh publication issued in 2019. As part of its “Better Life Initiative,” the OECD announced the “Better Life Index,” which has been capturing happiness trends among its member nations every year since 2011, and also publishes related reports titled “How’s Life: Measuring Wellbeing” and “Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Wellbeing” every two years. Basic income experiments are in line with this social policy trend. In an experiment conducted by Y Combinator, eight research questions were suggested to understand the overall influence of basic income on individuals, of which the second question was about individual subjective well-being (Y Combinator, 2017). In accordance with OECD guidelines (2013), Y Combinator developed happiness metrics, including happiness as a life assessment tool, emotional happiness, and eudemonic happiness (Y Combinator, 2017). The preliminary report of the Finnish basic income experiment, published in February 2019 (Kangas, Jauhiainen, Simanainen, and Ylikännö, 2019; Kela, 2019), also deals with individual happiness as the main outcome. Happiness can be measured based on the integration of subjective and objective well- being. This method is broadly divided into three areas (Cho Dong-hoon, 2017). First is the evaluation of life by individuals based on cognitive thinking, rather than emotional factors; this leads to their overall cognitive assessment or judgment about their lives. Second is the measurement of happiness as an emotion or feeling at specific times. Third is eudemonic well-being, which means the purpose or meaning of life. It is a psychologically positive function that was introduced to overcome the limitations of subjective well-being in measuring happiness. Eudemonic well-being was also introduced in the European Social Survey by Huppert et al. (2009) to measure happiness from the perspective of the purpose and meaning of life. In this study, happiness is composed of five items, based on existing studies and the scale of happiness used in the Finnish experiment and research from OECD (2013), UN (2017), and Helliwell et al.(2017).

1-2. Health and Diet

Health is a prerequisite for happiness in an individual's life and is directly related to social productivity and quality of life (Kangas et al., 2019). Basic income is expected to affect health through personal income growth, as has been verified in some experiments (Forget, 2011;

38 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Forget et al., 2016). One of the important factors affecting health is diet. Lack of food or nutrients results in deterioration of physical fitness and diseases, which in turn lead to a decrease in labor productivity and life satisfaction in terms of personal aspects, and a rise in health costs and a decrease in productivity and the quality of life in communities in terms of social aspects (Segal et al., 2016). Payment of basic income is expected to help solve the problem of food insecurity (in terms of the absolute amount and nutrition) (Segal et al., 2016). As a temporary experiment, Namibia has been paying basic income grants to all residents aged 60 or below since January 2008. After a year of the experiment, the Namibian government announced a surprising result. Those who did not experience food shortage increased from 20% to 40% of the entire population, and the proportion of underweight children aged five or below decreased to 17% from 42%. Also, the rate of absence from school due to financial reasons halved from 12 times to 6 times a month (Haarmann et al., 2008). The Namibian case illustrates well how basic income can contribute to solving the problems of clothing, food, and shelter, which are connected to problems related to health and education. Food insecurity is not a problem for developing nations alone. Despite the fact that global production is adequate to solve food insecurity, the problem still exists even in advanced nations. With a special focus on this aspect, the government of Ontario, Canada, conducted a basic income experiment. The experimental design noted that the current social welfare system has failed to solve the poverty problem due to the multidimensional characteristics of poverty, and highlighted the need to find whether generous basic income will help improve the health of the recipients (Segal, 2016: 5). In particular, it was pointed out that food insecurity causes health to deteriorate, weakens productivity, and, consequently, reduces income. The experiment looked into whether basic income changed the diet of individuals or families for the better, and how the changes (if any) affected health and diseases, productivity, and education (Segal, 2016). However, the Ontario Basic Income Pilot was scrapped after the Conservative Party won the 2018 local elections and the Provincial governor declared the suspension of the experiment, the results of which are still unknown. The problem of poverty has not been resolved even in a prosperous modern society, despite the development of more than enough productive power to resolve clothing, food, and shelter issues for everyone around the world. For instance, in South Korea, there were college students going hungry not in the 1960s, but even in 2017. According to a college charity organization called “Sip Si Il Ban (‘chipping in to help people’),” college students are generally too proud to ask for help, but as many as 1,900 students applied for meal tickets

39 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

distributed by the organization in exchange for volunteer work (Byun Jinkyung, 2018). Many youths, who owe about KRW 10 million a year toward college tuition and living expenses, cite their food expenses first when they have to give up earning money to prepare for public service examinations or employment (Byun Jin-kyung, 2018). The controversy among Korean youth over “golden spoon, silver spoon, or earth spoon” is now being expanded to include “earthen rice”, which mean poor eating habit of low-income youth’s in Korea. In this study, the items to measure “health and diet” were extracted from the health metrics used in the Survey of Nutrition Quotient of Korea. These included core items on self-reported health status (mental and physical health status, functional ability), exercise, and diet. Under the Finnish experiment, self-evaluation of health consisted of three items (mental health, physical health, and functional ability), which are in accordance with those in Korea’s Nutrition Quotient Survey.

1-3. Perception and Attitudes

Perception measures the perception about Korean society, universal welfare, and basic income, while attitude measures trust in others and in society. Previous research on happiness and health states that trust in others and the overall society leads to confidence and happiness in one’s life (Kangas et al., 2019). In the Finnish basic income experiment, Kela, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, classified trust as the “trust in others,” “trust in laws and institutions,” and “trust in politicians” (Kangas et al., 2019: 19). In this study on Gyeonggi YBI, we selected the three items from Finland’s experiment, and added “trust in the media” to reflect the uniqueness of Korean society. One of the expected effects of basic income is an increase in self-determination and negotiating power. Basic income paid at regular intervals can nurture negotiating power for low-waged and low-skilled workers by guaranteeing them a realistic alternative (Wright, 2006: 146~147). In addition to enhancing personal influence, basic income also contributes to an increase in the collective power of the labor force, especially in the role of a working class strike fund (Van Parijs, 2006; Wright, 2005: 5~6; Vanderborght, 2006). The argument that basic income improves personal negotiating power and the right to speak up is based on the premise that guaranteeing survival with basic income will allow beneficiaries to have more power to reject exploitative wages and to have more confidence in getting higher wages through negotiation. It enables the vulnerable to say “no!” to extreme

40 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion options (Standing, 2017: ch 6; Offe, 2008). This will prompt employers to offer higher wages and better working conditions to attract candidates to less popular positions, and also to be more earnest and active in their negotiations with workers (Offe, 2008: 10~11). This improvement in personal negotiating power or say is expected not only in labor relations but also in the family. When there is inequality between the major breadwinner and other family members, the relationship can go sour, or domestic violence can occur. Basic income gives the weaker members economic stability and the freedom to leave, and, consequently, they are more likely to have their say in everyday life (Standing, 2017; Jordan, 1992: 172; Standing, 1992: 59; Van Parijs, 2001: 20). Also, it gives freedom to avoid bureaucratic intervention, snooping, and coercion (Standing, 2017), providing “exit options” from absurdity and injustice (Handler and Babcock, 2006). The Finnish experiment included assessing one's own influence on social issues as a measurement item as it considered the increase in the bargaining power and self-determination of individuals as an emancipatory feature of basic income. Based on the items from the Finnish experiment, this study selected the influence on others in the decision-making process as a question item and also added the degree of self-determination over personal problems. The self-determination item was borrowed from Question 55 (How much freedom of choice and decision-making power you feel you have over your problems?) in the World Values Survey (2010-2014). The perception about society is composed of the perceptions about gender, welfare, and equality. For gender perception, we took the item on “the level of gender equality in our society” from the Analysis of the Gender Equality Status in 2016, sponsored by the Ministry of Gender Equality & Family (MOGEF) and the Korean Women’s Development Institute (Choi Yoo-jin et al., 2016), and the “interest in gender discrimination issues” item from the Study of the Perception of the Gender Equality Issues in Korean Society, conducted by the Korean Women’s Development Institute in July and November of 2018. The questionnaire about the perception of welfare was organized by choosing and modifying some of the items in the supplemental survey on the perception of welfare in the Korean Welfare Panel Study, conducted annually by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and Institute for Social Welfare, Seoul National University. More specifically, the item seeks opinions about free education and childcare. This study replaced free childcare, as it is already in place, with free medical care. The question on whether subjects prefer “selectivism” was changed into a positive term, “universalism,” while the question about the obligatory “tax increase to expand welfare” was softened to ask if the subjects are “willing to pay more tax….” The overall content was enriched by adding questions on how serious

41 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

the problem of inequality is in Korean society and who is responsible for social problems. The perception about basic income was split into the following items to identify the degree of overall understanding and willingness to extend basic income: the time when the existence of basic income was recognized, the degree of perception of basic income as a dividend of common wealth, the degree of agreement with the nationwide expansion of youth basic income, the degree of agreement with the expansion of basic income to the entire population, and the appropriate amount of basic income.

1-4. Economic Activities

The most controversial aspect of basic income payment is whether it negatively affects the recipients’ motivation to work. One of the biggest objections to basic income is that universal and unconditional basic income will weaken the individual’s motivation to work. In part, these concerns are based on the paid-work centered approach and the fundamental work ethic, which preaches that the most desirable way of maintaining livelihoods is through paid work and that people get lazy when given free money without being required to work (Productivity Commission, 2016; Tcherneva, 2013; Watts, 2002). Also, some worry that basic income payment to the economically active population is actually a form of subsidy to employers, which would eventually lead to the erosion of wages and working conditions (Wiseman, 1990; Vanderborght, 2006). Some refute this view. They argue that the introduction of basic income is actually more likely to increase labor incentives than existing public assistance policies. In most countries, under public assistance policies, when the beneficiaries start earning, the public grant amount is reduced or discounted by the amount of the income, generating disincentives to work with the marginal tax rate at 100%. Therefore, the substitution effect between income security and working hours is very large in public assistance but very small in basic income (Kang Nam-hoon, 2019a). One of the counterarguments is that basic income can improve both the quantity and quality of work. This is not to say that we need to increase paid work regardless of what the work entails. Labor, only as a means of survival, demotivates workers, separates work from life, and ruins the lives of people (Häni and Kovce, 2015). Long and hard work reduces productivity and lowers the quality of goods and services (Standing, 2017: 191~192). To consider the effect of basic income as a labor incentive, labor should not be limited to paid work, but should include creative thinking and socially meaningful activities (Forget et al.,

42 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2016; Standing, 2017). Some argue against the effect of basic income as a labor incentive from the empirical perspective, saying past basic income experiments have found that (i) working hours increased, (ii) working hours decreased but not to the extent seen with other general labor disincentives, and (iii) in many cases, working hours decreased for the purpose of pursuing studies or taking care of family members. A case in point is the Mincome (Manitoba Basic Annual Income) experiment in Canada, where the number of people who stopped working was not statistically significant. A decrease in working hours was seen in some groups, specifically pregnant women and teenagers (Kennedy, 2016; Forget, 2011). At the same time, instances of increased working hours have been frequently reported. In the Namibian basic income pilot test, overall economic activities increased after the launch of the project (Haarmann, et al., 2008), and an experiment in Madhya Pradesh, India, witnessed an increase in work among adults. The increase was particularly notable among women, while school age children were the only demographic group that showed a decrease in labor (Davala et al., 2015). There is an ongoing controversy over the universality and unconditionality of basic income with respect to labor incentives. Opponents, who argue that basic income will encourage people to work less, make intuitive and ethical cases, while advocates of basic income present empirical evidence. The first goal of many basic income experiments has been to verify its effect as a labor incentive or disincentive. One of the best known cases is the Finnish basic income pilot. During the process of deliberations on a bill regarding a basic income experiment, the Sipilä Cabinet specified that the experiment “aims to reform the social security system so that it corresponds better to the changes in work life, and to encourage participation and employment. It also seeks to reduce bureaucracy and simplify the existing complicated benefits system in a sustainable way with respect to public finances” (Kangas et al., 2016). Its target group was limited to persons between 25 and 58 years of age living in Finland who receive a basic daily allowance or labor market support under the Unemployment Security Act, and the goal was stipulated as “promoting employment.” The evaluation criteria for the experiment were defined as whether basic income encouraged employment (Kangas et al., 2016). In many countries other than Finland, most basic income experiments have been interested in the effect of basic income as a labor incentive. The item has been included in the experiments in Canada (Segal, 2016), the Netherlands, the United States (Y Combinator, 2017), Namibia (Haarmann, et al., 2008), and India (Davala et al., 2015).

43 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

In this study, we measured the hours of economic activities of the participants to examine the effect of basic income on labor. The respondents were divided into employed and unemployed people, with the former asked to disclose their working hours per week, while the latter was asked to state the hours they spent on job hunting or job-related training.

1-5. Dream-Capital

Dream-capital was not an item that was taken from the traditional discussions on basic income. In consideration of the exclusivity of basic income for the “youths” in Gyeonggi Province, this item was extracted to identify the effects of basic income that are limited to the young generation. The young generation of people in the current Korean society often call themselves the “Sam-po Generation,” a neologism in South Korea referring to a generation that gives up three essential things, namely dating, marriage, and having children. Depending on the number of things that is given up, it can be the “Sa-po Generation” (giving up four things— courtship, marriage, kids, and house ownership), “O-po Generation” (giving up five things, including relationship in addition to the four things mentioned above), or even the “Chil-po Generation,” which gives up dreams and hope as well. This N-po12) generation, as they self- mockingly describe themselves as, feels that they have to give up numerous things (Seo Jeonghee et al., 2019). This attitude is based on their belief that they would experience frustration in real-world problems and there is no way to overcome them. For young people in contemporary Korean society, the “standard” life cycle, which is “graduate-get a job-get married-have kids,” has transformed into a daunting task requiring substantial work and ability and has become a de-standardized process (Bruckner and Mayer, 2005; Requoted from Kim Hongjoong, 2015: 189~190). Youths (aged 15 to 29) account for the majority of the long-time unemployed, or those without a job for more than six months, and the idle workforce rate is higher among youths than among those aged 55 or older (Oh Jae-ho et al., 2019), with the rate of long- time unemployment increasing only among youths (Park Se-jeong⋅Kim Ahn-jeong, 2016; Requoted from Lee Seung-yoon et al., 2017: 492). As for the share of young people who are “not in employment, education, or training” (NEET), Korea ranked seventh among the OECD

12) N-po stands for giving up many things even up to the Nth one in Korea.

44 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion nations (OECD, 2016). With the overall college enrollment rate getting higher, a diploma gives no competitive edge in the labor market any more, driving young people to pursue overseas language courses, certificates, internship, and others to distinguish themselves from other job candidates, in an effort to “accumulate specs.” However, even these “specs” have now become a requirement, rather than a distinctive feature, continuously delaying young people’s entry into the job market. The average time that it takes for young people to complete college education is 51 months (61 months for men and 42 months for women). The failure to get a job as young people causes economic instability, which leads to life- long scar effects (Kim Soojeong · Kim Young, 2013; Han Seung-heon et al., 2017: 95). The problem is that even if they get a job, things do not get much better. In 2018, 37% of young wage workers' first jobs were temporary, with or without fixed contract periods (Statistics, 2018). This job insecurity leads to mental health problems among youths, including depression and anxiety, insomnia, and difficulty concentrating, as well as alcohol and drug abuse (Requoted from Lee Hoongu et al., 2000; Jang Jae-yun et al., 2004; Jeong Na-ra et al., 2010; Axelsson & Ejlertsson, 2002; Hammarstrom et. al., 2002; Han Seung-heon et al., recited in 2017: 95). In our society, the real estate market has been booming through the “compressed industrialization” process, and real estate has become a major means of accumulating wealth. The benefits and harms caused by the bullish real estate market are not distributed equally among households. The time it takes to purchase an apartment unit, based on the annual average household income (assuming that the entire income is saved without a dime being spent) and the average price of apartments in Seoul (family income), is estimated to be 10.1 years for those born in 1965, 15.8 years for those born in 1975, and 16.0 years for those born in 1985 (Kim Jeong-hun et al., 2019). As housing prices keep skyrocketing and the housing rental price is set at around 50-70% of the sales price, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the younger generation to raise the money to rent a house, let alone buy one. Due to these economic difficulties, many single men and women cannot even date even though they want to (Jo Sung-ho, 2014; 2018). Ultimately, these problems are not just about buying or renting a house, but explain why the younger generation has become the “Sampo Generation,” giving up courtship, marriage, and having kids. This supports Masahiro Yamada’s (2010) argument that the polarization of the modern society started with the quantitative gap (economic gap), leading to qualitative gaps (in occupation, lifestyle, or social status), and eventually to a psychological gap (in hopes). As a result, the young Korean generation now self-mockingly calls themselves the “N-po

45 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Generation,” which has given up even its dreams and hopes. A dream is “(i) constructed, negotiated, and transformed through the interactions between desire and hope, (ii) giving direction and meaning to the flow of practice, and (iii) representing the hope of the future.” (Kim Hong-joong, 2018: 28). The fact that the young Korean generation has given up hope means that social actors cannot build hope or give direction and meaning to their activities. Under these circumstances, dream becomes capital. According to Bourdieu, capital is “social energy that discriminately structures space by being unevenly distributed in social space” (Bourdieu, 1979: 127). It is the “weapon” with which social agents exert power (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 2015: 176), and includes “physical and symbolic capital” that agents strive to possess and accumulate (Bourdieu, 1977: 178) (Kim Seok-ho et al., 2017: 295). Dreams now serve as the capital of the young generation. The ability to dream functions as “capital” because the ability itself is treated as an important resource and is integrated into the social process as it is inherited, learnt, distributed, accumulated, and nurtured (Kim Seok-ho et al., 2017: 296). This study aims to investigate whether the unconditional YBI policy of Gyeonggi Province can contribute to the dream-capital of young people of the N-po generation. The dream- capital is measured using the “dream-capital scale” created by Kim Seok-ho and his research team.13) This scale consists of four indicators or sub-elements: imagination, hope, optimism and resilience. This study measured a total of 15 items, excluding four items related to communication. [Table 2-1] summarizes the contents and types of the sub- categories and individual variables used to quantitatively verify the effects of the Gyeonggi YBI policy.

13) Our special appreciation goes to Kim Seok-ho and his research team for allowing us to use this scale to analyze the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI.

46 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-1] Composition of the Variables

Classification Description Type

● Overall life satisfaction (recent days) ● Perception about the value of work (recent days) 11-point Happiness ● Level of happiness (yesterday) scale ● Level of depression (yesterday) (0-10) ● Level of worries (yesterday) ● Current health status＊ ● Health status (compared to peers)＊ ● Frequency of mental difficulties (in the past month)＊ 5-point ● Frequency of forgetting important things because there were too scale many things to do (in the past month)＊ (1-5) Health and diet ● Frequency of working out 30 minutes or longer ● Degree of effort to eat healthy ● Frequency of having fruits 4-point ● Diet (in the past year) scale ● Trust in others, laws/institutions, politicians, and the media ● Opinion regarding gender-equal society＊ ● Degree of interest in gender discrimination issues＊ ● Degree of self-determination 5-point Perception and ● Degree of influence on others in the decision-making process scale attitude ● Opinion on egalitarian society, national(social) accountability for (1-5) social problems, universal welfare, free education, free healthcare, welfare expansion with a tax increase ＊ ● Opinion on the expansion of basic income/YBI to the entire population as a share of common wealth and rights＊ ● Employment status (employed/unemployed) Nominal Category/ ● Participation in economic activities Economic Continuous activities 5-point ● Self-reported economic status＊ scale (1-5) 7-point Dream-capital ● 15 questions＊ scale (1-7)

Note: ＊For questions on the survey scale with a positive or negative connotation, the answers were reverse-coded and analyzed to facilitate interpretation. For example, the questions regarding “dream-capital” were presented on a scale ranging from 1: “Strongly agree” to 7: “Strongly disagree,” but they were coded in reverse order from 1: “Strongly disagree” to 7: “Strongly agree.”

47 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. Analysis of Results (Focus on Statistical Test14) )

This study used the “pre-test-post-test control group” design to verify the policy effects of YBI. In general, the effectiveness of a policy is analyzed through an experimental design by comparing the differences in dependent variables between the “experimental group,” which receives the specific program or intervention being tested, and the “comparison group.” At the same time, the experimental group and the comparison group are evaluated before and after the program is provided, and the homogeneity between the two groups is also confirmed through the pre-program comparisons. In this section, we will describe the results focused on (i) the differences in the ex-post survey scores of the experimental group and the comparison group and (ii) the differences in the ex-ante and ex-post survey scores of the experimental group. To determine homogeneity between the experimental group and comparison group, the group difference in scores of the ex-ante survey will be presented, along with the results of the ex-ante and ex-post surveys for the comparison group as reference. The differences between the time points and the groups will be examined by comparing the results of the “paired sample t-test” and the “independent sample t-test” to determine whether there is statistical significance. Individual variables will be verified according to the process mentioned above, and the scores for the experimental group by city and county (in Gyeonggi Province) will be provided. [Figure 2-1] below shows the number of subjects included in the ex-ante/ex-post survey by city and county in Gyeonggi Province. The number of youths residing in Suwon-si, Goyang-si, Yongin-si, Bucheon-si, Ansan-si, and Seongnam-si is relatively higher, while there are fewer youths in Yeoncheon-gun, Gapyeong-gun, Yangpyeong-gun, Gwacheon-si, and Yeoju-si.

14) The results of questionnaire analysis, focused on descriptive statistics, are presented in .

48 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-1] Ex-ante/ex-post survey by city and county in Gyeonggi Province

(Unit: persons)

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 Guri Paju Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

2-1. Happiness

The variables that were examined first in the quantitative analysis of the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI were related to the basic “well-being” of youth. This was based on the expectation and belief that YBI will improve the overall well-being of the youth in Gyeonggi Province by providing a fixed amount of money to ensure basic living. This is in line with the purpose of the policy of “supporting youths by providing basic income at regular intervals to help them find happiness and improve their health and quality of life.” The variables related to well-being used in this study included social and psychological variables, such as self-reported “life satisfaction,” “value of work,” “happiness,” “depression,” and “worries.” These items are based on the expectation that youth basic income will increase the level of life satisfaction, perception about their work, and happiness, while alleviating depression and worries. This composition of the variables is not really different from that of the Finnish Basic Income Pilot, conducted for two years from 2017 by the Finnish government (Kangas et al., 2019), because the welfare system is closely related to individual well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, and health.

49 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Let us take a look at the policy effects one at a time. First, we compared the results between the experimental group, who receive youth basic income, and the comparison group, who reside in areas other than Gyeonggi Province. to verify between-group homogeneity. The ex-ante survey analysis results for the two groups, displayed in [Table 2-2], showed slight differences by variable. First, the level of overall life satisfaction (5.95) and level of worries (5.53) for the comparison group were a little higher than the levels for the experimental group (5.88, 5.48), but the differences were not statistically significant. This confirmed homogeneity between the two groups in terms of life satisfaction and worries before the payment of YBI. However, there were significant differences between the two groups in their perception about the value of work, the level of happiness, and depression. Before YBI, the perception about the value of work (6.16) and level of happiness (5.96) was higher among Gyeonggi Province youths (compared to 5.91 and 5.73, respectively, for the comparison group), while the level of depression (4.23) was lower than that of the comparison group (4.47).

[Table 2-2] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Overall life satisfaction 5.88 2.15 2.15 2.01 -1.09 .278 (recent days) Perception about the value 6.16 2.23 2.23 2.21 3.30 .001** of work (recent days) Level of happiness 5.96 2.29 2.29 2.13 3.27 .001** (yesterday) Level of depression 4.23 2.39 2.39 2.23 3.10 .002** (yesterday) Level of worries (yesterday) 5.48 2.44 2.44 2.30 0.65 .514

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-3] below compares the dependent variables of the experimental group and the comparison group after the payment of youth basic income. Overall life satisfaction was very high at 6.41 for the experimental group, but was only 5.87 for the comparison group not living in Gyeonggi Province. The scores of the two groups showed a statistically significant difference. Therefore, it was confirmed that the YBI policy improved the level

50 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion of life satisfaction for youth in Gyeonggi Province. Similar results were observed for other variables related to basic welfare as well. The youth in the experimental group in Gyeonggi Province rated the overall value of work (6.47) higher than did the comparison group (5.93), and felt relatively happier than the comparison group (experimental group scoring 6.35 and comparison group scoring 5.90). The differences were statistically significant. The level of depression and worries showed similar trends. The experimental group’s level of depression (4.07) and level of worries (5.21) were lower than those of the comparison group (4.50 and 5.51, respectively). Thus, Gyeonggi Province youth have a lower negative mental health than other youths. In light of these facts, the effects of the Gyeonggi YBI policy on overall welfare- related variables can be evaluated very positively. Thus, it was confirmed that the payment of a fixed amount as basic income helps recipients pursue happiness and improve their overall life satisfaction.

[Table 2-3] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Perception about the value 6.41 2.26 5.87 2.03 7.79 .000*** of work (recent days) Level of happiness 6.47 2.26 5.93 2.22 7.25 .000*** (yesterday) Level of depression 6.35 2.29 5.90 2.05 6.54 .000*** (yesterday) Level of worries (yesterday) 5.93 2.43 5.50 2.24 5.68 .000*** Level of worries (yesterday) 4.78 2.47 4.48 2.27 3.92 .000***

*p<.05, **

The same results were also confirmed in the ex-ante/ex-post survey for the experimental group (see [Table 2-4]). Gyeonggi Province youth reported a significant increase in overall life satisfaction, the value of work, and the level of happiness after receiving YBI payments (6.41, 6.47, and 6.35) than before (5.88, 6.16, and 5.96). At the same time, the level of depression and of worries were also significantly reduced in the ex-post survey (4.07, 5.21) compared to the ex-ante survey (4.23, 5.48). All the differences found during the process of comparison were statistically significant. As a result, it was confirmed that there were positive changes

51 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

in the overall well-being, happiness level, and mental health of young people who received Gyeonggi YBI.

[Table 2-4] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Overall life satisfaction 5.88 2.15 6.41 2.26 -43.21 .000*** (recent days) Perception about the value 6.16 2.23 6.47 2.26 -25.52 .000*** of work (recent days) Level of happiness 5.96 2.29 6.35 2.29 -28.16 .000*** (yesterday) Level of depression 4.23 2.39 4.07 2.43 -11.09 .000*** (yesterday) Level of worries (yesterday) 5.48 2.44 5.21 2.47 -17.69 .000***

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-5] shows the ex-ante/ex-post survey results for the comparison group. An increase or decrease was observed in all variables, but not to a statistically significant degree. The only variable with a significant difference was the level of happiness, which increased from 5.73 to 5.90, but it was much lower than that of the experimental group (6.35).

[Table 2-5] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Other Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Overall life satisfaction 5.95 2.01 5.87 2.03 1.34 .181 (recent days) Perception about the value 5.91 2.21 5.93 2.22 -0.24 .811 of work (recent days) Level of happiness 5.73 2.13 5.90 2.05 -2.26 .024* (yesterday) Level of depression 4.47 2.23 4.50 2.24 0.36 .716 (yesterday) Level of worries (yesterday) 5.53 2.30 5.51 2.27 -0.19 .848

*p<.05, **

52 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

In short, Gyeonggi YBI has had positive effects on overall life satisfaction, perceived value of work, and the level of happiness, while it has alleviated depression and worries in young people. The ex-ante/ex-post survey analysis results by city and county of Gyeonggi Province are given below. The focus is on the top 20% of the 31 cities and counties in Gyeonggi Province. The scores for “Overall life satisfaction (recent days)” increased in the ex-post survey in all cities and counties without exception. In the ex-ante survey, Yeoncheon-gun (6.36) ranked first, followed by Gwacheon-si (6.29), Gapyeong-gun (6.27), Yeoju-si (6.13), Uiwang-si (6.12), Seongnam-si (6.10), and Yongin-si (6.00). Yeoncheon-gun (6.64) retained the top spot in the ex-post survey, followed by Uiwang-si (6.59), Dongducheon-si (6.59), Gapyeong-gun (6.56), Yongin-si. (6.53), and Gimpo-si (6.52) (See [Figure 2-2]).

[Figure 2-2] “Overall Life Satisfaction (Recent Days)”- Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

The perception about the “overall value of work” improved in the ex-post survey compared to the ex-ante survey but the difference was not significant. Looking at the rankings by city and county based on the ex-ante survey, Gapyeong-gun (7.00) was the most positive, followed by Yeoncheon-gun (6.75), Gwacheon-si (6.53), Yeoju-si (6.47), Uiwang-si (6.37), and Seongnam-si (6.35). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (7.03) again ranked first, followed by Dongducheon-si (6.79), Yeoncheon-gun (6.72), Uiwang-si (6.65), Gimpo-si (6.62), and Gwacheon-si (6.57) (See [Figure 2-3]).

53 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-3] “Overall Value of Work (Recent Days)” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

As for the “level of happiness (yesterday),” Yeoncheon-gun (6.35) showed the highest level of happiness, followed by Gapyeong-gun (6.33), Gwacheon-si (6.25), Yeoju-si (6.20), Dongducheon-si (6.14), and Uiwang-si (6.09) in the ex-ante survey. The ex-post survey revealed that youths in Yeoncheon-gun were the happiest (6.87), followed by those in Gapyeong-gun (6.56), Gimpo-si (6.53), Dongducheon-si (6.49), Osan-si (6.49), and Yeoju-si (6.49) (See [Figure 2-4]).

[Figure 2-4] “Level of Happiness (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points]) 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

54 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

As for the “level of depression (yesterday),” the ex-ante survey showed that it was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun (6.17), followed by Gapyeong-gun (6.05), Hanam-si (6.03), Yeoju- si (5.91), Gimpo-si (5.90), and Dongducheon (5.89). In the ex-post survey, the highest level of depression was again reported in Yeoncheon-gun (6.49), followed by Gapyeong-gun (6.38), Gimpo-si (6.16), Dongducheon-si(6.14), Gunpo-si (6.02), and Pyeongtaek-si (6.01) (See [Figure 2-5]). Lastly, as shown in [Figure 2-6], “the level of worries (yesterday)” was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun (5.11) followed by Yeoju-si (4.79), Hanam-si (4.73), Dongducheon-si (4.64), Osan-si (4.62), and Gimpo-si (4.62). In the ex-post survey, Yeoncheon-gun (5.30) again reported the highest, followed by Dongducheon-si (5.20), Gapyeong-gun (5.19), Gimpo-si (4.97), Gunpo-si (4.93), and Yeoju-si (4.91).

[Figure 2-5] “Level of Depression (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

55 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-6] “Level of Worries (Yesterday)” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

2-2. Health and Diet

Health and basic eating habits are prerequisites for maintaining individual well-being and the quality of life at a certain level. Health and diet are not only a functional aspect for basic living, but also important conditions for carrying out various activities, including jobs. Hence, it is important to verify the policy effects on health and diet. In this study, the questions were organized into three areas: “subjective” and “relative” health status, “mental” health status, and overall dietary habits. The respondents were asked about their subjective and relative health status, their level of stress, which was a main indicator of mental health, and the frequency of workout. The questionnaire regarding diet consisted of items including “the diet for the past year,” “the degree of effort to eat healthy,” and “the frequency of having fruits.” The results, categorized into health and diet, can be summarized as follows:

1) Health

First, let us examined the differences in the variables related to health status between the two groups. [Table 2-6] compares the status before YBI between the experimental group and comparison group. They showed differences in the level of subjective and relative perception about health status. It was found that Gyeonggi Province youth in the experimental

56 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion group evaluate their health status more positively in the subjective (3.11) and relative (3.07) assessments than those in the comparison group (3.05 and 2.98, respectively). However, no significant differences were found between the groups with respect to the two questions regarding stress and the frequency of workout. Degree Mental difficulties and the frequency of working out were higher in the experimental group, whereas the frequency of forgetting important things was higher in the comparison group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, between-group homogeneity was ensured. As for the physical health status, there was a slight difference between the groups in the ex-ante survey, necessitating a closer look at the results of the analysis.

[Table 2-6] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-evaluated current health 3.11 0.89 3.05 0.84 2.37 .018* status Self-evaluated health status 3.07 0.92 2.98 0.90 2.88 .004** (compared to peers) Degree of mental difficulties (in 2.24 0.96 2.21 0.91 0.86 .391 the past month) Frequency of forgetting important things because there 2.09 0.87 2.06 0.82 0.89 .371 were too many things to do (in the past month) Frequency of working out 30 1.78 0.97 1.77 0.97 0.31 .756 minutes or longer

*p<.05, **

The analysis comparing between-group differences after YBI payment showed quite different results (See [Table 2-7]). Youth in Gyeonggi Province reported a remarkably lower degree of mental difficulties in the past month (2.19) than those in other areas (2.26), implying positive effects of YBI. The frequency of working out was also higher in the experimental group (1.88) than in the comparison group (1.77), with the difference being statistically significant. It is estimated that YBI contributes to the improvement of the overall quality of life for youths by ensuring basic living and also giving them more time and opportunities to enjoy various cultural pursuits and activities.

57 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-7] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-evaluated current health 3.14 0.90 3.09 0.94 5.43 .000*** status Self-evaluated health status 2.99 0.82 2.94 0.88 4.75 .000*** (compared to peers) Degree of mental difficulties (in 2.19 0.94 2.26 0.92 -2.15 .032* the past month) Frequency of forgetting important things because there 2.08 0.86 2.06 0.84 0.56 .574 were too many things to do (in the past month) Frequency of working out 30 1.88 0.98 1.77 0.96 3.15 .002** minutes or longer

*p<.05, **

The ex-post results for the “frequency of forgetting important things because there were too many things to do” were similar to those in the ex-ante survey for the experimental group (2.08) and comparison group (2.06). There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of the self-evaluated subjective health status and relative health status; the experimental group (3.14, 2.99) evaluated their health status higher than the comparison group (3.09, 2.94). However, the differences between the groups had already been identified in the ex-ante survey. The policy effects can be defined more accurately in the ex-ante and ex-post survey results by individual and group. [Table 2-8] shows the ex-ante and ex-post survey analysis results for the experimental group. According to the results, most variables showed positive changes. Self-evaluated subjective health status greatly improved (3.11→3.14), along with relative health status (3.07→3.09) and the frequency of workout (1.78→1.88), whereas the degree of mental difficulties reduced (2.24→2.19). The differences were statistically significant. These results confirmed the positive effects of Gyeonggi YBI with respect to health. It is safe to say that basic income has a positive impact on the subjective and relative health status of individuals and contributes to the alleviation of stress from the mental health perspective. Although positive results were observed for the variable of “frequency of forgetting important things,” the difference was not statistically significant.

58 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-8] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Self-evaluated current health 3.11 0.89 3.14 0.90 -5.79 .000*** status Self-evaluated health status 3.07 0.92 3.09 0.94 -4.37 .000*** (compared to peers) Degree of mental difficulties (in 2.24 0.96 2.19 0.94 8.65 .000*** the past month) Frequency of forgetting important things because there 2.09 0.87 2.08 0.86 1.38 .168 were too many things to do (in the past month) Frequency of working out 30 1.78 0.97 1.88 0.98 -18.15 .000*** minutes or longer

*p<.05, **

Lastly, [Table 2-9] shows the ex-ante and ex-post survey analysis results for the comparison group. Significant differences were not observed for most of the variables. However, subjective health status improved (3.05→3.09) in the comparison group. showing a result similar to that of the experimental group. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the effect on the health status is limited to Gyeonggi Province youth who received YBI. In short, Gyeonggi YBI clearly helped improve the relative health status, increase the frequency of workout, and reduce mental difficulties among youths. Thus, the positive effect of basic income on health, demonstrated in the Finnish experiment and the Mincome pilot project in Canada, was also proved in Gyeonggi YBI (Kim Gyo-seong, Baek Seung-ho, Seo Jeong-hee, Lee Seung-yoon, 2018: 151~153).

59 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[able 2-9] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-evaluated current health 3.05 0.84 3.09 0.82 2.31 .021* status Self-evaluated health status 2.98 0.90 2.94 0.88 1.26 .209 (compared to peers) Degree of mental difficulties (in 2.21 0.91 2.26 0.92 -1.51 .132 the past month) Frequency of forgetting important things because there 2.06 0.82 2.06 0.84 -0.04 .972 were too many things to do (in the past month) Frequency of working out 30 1.77 0.97 1.77 0.96 -0.17 .863 minutes or longer

*p<.05, **

Next, let us examine the ex-ante and ex-post survey results regarding health status by city and county in Gyeonggi Province. First, the “self-evaluated current health status” was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun (3.36), followed by Gapyeong-gun (3.32), Gwacheon-si (3.26), Yeoju-si (3.24), Gimpo-si (3.17), and Uiwang-si (3.17) in the ex-ante survey. In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.40) ranked at the top, followed by Gwacheon-si (3.30), Yeoju-si (3.29), Hanam-si (3.21), Yongin-si (3.20), and Uiwang-si (3.19) (See [Figure 2-7]). It should be noted that some cities and counties reported a lower level of health status in the ex-post survey than in the ex-ante survey, including Hwaseong-si, Icheon-si, Gwangju-si, and Anseong-si. The health status of youths living in these areas needs to be evaluated.

60 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-7] “Self-evaluated current health status” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points]) 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Second, “self-evaluated health status (compared to peers)” improved in the ex-post survey in most regions, except Siheung-si, Anseong-si, Gwangju-si, Yangju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun, where the local governments should check whether there are health problems among youths. In this category, Yeoncheon-gun (3.35) scored the highest points, followed by Gapyeong-gun (3.34), Gwacheon-si (3.20), Yeoju-si (3.14), Anseong-si (3.12), and Gimpo-si (3.11) in the ex-ante survey. In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.43) scored the highest, followed by Gwacheon-si (3.29), Yeoju-si (3.24), Hanam-si (3.17), Gimpo-si (3.16), and Yongin-si (3.13) (See [Figure 2-8]).

[Figure 2-8] “Self-evaluated health status (compared to peers)” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

61 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Third, for the “degree of mental difficulties in the past month” item, the score was the highest in Gwacheon-si (2.36), followed by Yangpyeong-gun (2.33), Guri-si (2.32), Yangju- si (2.28), Icheon-si (2.27), and Bucheon-si (2.27), in the ex-ante survey, while in the ex-post survey, Yangpyeong-gun (2.33) took the top spot, followed by Pocheon-si (2.27), Gwangju-si (2.26), and Anseong-si, Yangju-si, and Pyeongtaek-si (2.25) (See [Figure 2-9]).

[Figure 2-9] “Degree of mental difficulties (in the past month)”- Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Fourth, “the frequency of forgetting important things” was the highest in Gwacheon-si (2.24), followed by Yangpyeong-gun (2.16), Icheon-si and Pocheon-si (2.14), and Yeoju-si and Guri-si (2.13), in the ex-ante survey. In the ex-post survey, Yangpyeong-gun (2.22) ranked the highest, followed by Gwacheon-si (2.19), Icheon-si (2.17), Pocheon-si (2.16), Gwangju-si (2.15), and Yangju-si (2.13) (See [Figure 2-10]).

62 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-10] “Frequency of forgetting important things in the past month” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.30 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Fifth, as shown in [Figure 2-11], the “frequency of working out for 30 minutes or longer” was the highest in Gwacheon-si (1.95), followed by Yeoncheon-gun (1.92), Gunpo-si (1.84), Dongducheon-si (1.83), Uiwang-si (1.82), and Seongnam-si (1.81) in the ex-ante survey. After implementing YBI, the frequency was still the highest in Gwacheon-si (2.11), followed by Gapyeong-gun (2.03), Yeoncheon-gun, Gunpo-si, and Gwangmyeong-si (1.92 each), and Anseong-si (1.91).

[Figure 2-11] “Frequency of working out for 30 minutes or longer” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

63 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Diet

Next, we examined the policy effects of YBI on diet among youths. The between- group homogeneity was confirmed by comparing the results of the ex-ante survey of the experimental group and comparison group, which found no significant differences except for the variable “diet (in the past year)” (See [Table 2-10]). The “degree of effort to eat healthy” and “frequency of having fruits” showed similar results for both groups. However, in terms of overall dietary habits, the comparison group (3.30) scored better than the experimental group (3.24), which shows the need for improving the dietary habits of the youth in Gyeonggi Province. With this point in mind, we took a look at the changes after the implementation of YBI.

[Table 2-10] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Diet in the past year 3.24 0.70 3.30 0.67 -2.67 .008* Degree of effort to eat healthy 3.12 0.96 3.12 0.94 -0.18 .855 Frequency of having fruits 2.10 1.02 2.14 1.01 -1.29 .197

*p<.05, **

The changes observed in the same variables after the implementation of YBI revealed that the youth in Gyeonggi Province were making better efforts to eat healthier (See [Table 2-11]). This variable did not significantly differ in the ex-ante survey, but as the gap widened between the experimental group (3.21) and the comparison group (3.09) in the ex-post survey, the difference became statistically significant. This result confirmed the positive effect of Gyeonggi YBI on dietary improvement. The score for the “frequency of having fruits” was also higher in the experimental group (2.11), but the numerical value that determines statistical significance was marginal. The dietary habits of the experimental group showed a clear but moderate improvement after YBI (3.26), compared to before YBI (3.24), while the diet of the comparison group slightly worsened (3.30→3.28), narrowing the gap between the groups. However, since it is not a statistically significant difference, the effects on these variables seem to require more specific analysis.

64 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-11] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Diet in the past year 3.26 0.68 3.28 0.65 -0.80 .425 Degree of effort to eat healthy 3.21 0.93 3.29 0.97 3.52 .000*** Frequency of having fruits 2.11 1.00 2.05 0.97 1.81 .071

*p<.05, **

Now, let us examine the ex-ante and ex-post survey results for the experimental group. According to [Table 2-12], the changes in all variables are positive and significant. “Diet in the past year” improved to 3.26 from 3.24 in the ex-ante survey, and the “degree of effort to eat healthy” also improved with a score of 3.21, up from 3.12 before the YBI program. In addition, the “frequency of having fruits” rose slightly, from 2.10 to 2.11. All three variables showed changes that were statistically significant. These results demonstrate the positive effects of Gyeonggi YBI on ensuring basic living and improving the dietary habits of the beneficiaries.

[Table 2-12] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Result for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Diet in the past year 3.24 0.70 3.26 0.68 -7.29 .000*** Degree of effort to eat healthy 3.12 0.96 3.21 0.93 -16.82 .000*** Frequency of having fruits 2.10 1.02 2.11 1.00 -2.31 .021*

*p<.05, **

The ex-ante and ex-post survey analysis results for the comparison group also have some important implications. [Table 2-13] below shows that the scores of the three indices became lower in the ex-post survey. Most notably, the comparison group’s score for dietary habits, which was better than that of the experimental group, as shown in [Table 2-10], worsened from 3.30 to 3.28. The decline in the score for the “frequency of having fruits” was statistically significant. It can be said that the dietary conditions of the youth in Gyeonggi Province were not exactly desirable, but those of youths in other provinces were more serious.

65 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-13] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Diet in the past year 3.30 0.67 3.28 0.66 0.74 .462 Degree of effort to eat healthy 3.12 0.94 3.09 0.97 0.90 .368 Frequency of having fruits 2.14 1.01 2.05 0.97 3.05 .002**

*p<.05, **

In summary, Gyeonggi YBI has had a very positive effect on the overall dietary habits of youths in the province. The positive policy effect is the more remarkable in the “degree of effort to eat healthy” compared with the youths in other areas. According to the ex-ante and ex-post survey results by city and county of Gyeonggi Province, Seongnam-si (3.32) scored the highest in terms of “diet in the past year,” followed by Gwacheon-si (3.31), Anyang-si and Guri-si (3.28), and Yongin-si and Goyang-si (3.27) in the ex-ante survey. The ex-post survey showed similar results, with both Gwacheon- si and Seongnam-si at the top spot (3.33), followed by Uiwang-si (3.32), Anyang-si (3.31), and Yongin-si, Gapyeong-gun, and Goyang-si (3.30) ([Figure 2-12] See). The ranks barely changed between the ex-ante survey and the ex-post survey.

[Figure 2-12] “Diet in the past year”- Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

66 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

As for the “degree of effort to eat healthy,” the ex-ante survey revealed that Gwacheon- si (3.30) scored the highest, followed by Gapyeong-gun (3.20), Seongnam-si (3.19), Gwangmyeong-si and Yongin-si (3.17), and Goyan g-si (3.16). In the ex-post survey, Gwacheon-si (3.38) again ranked first, followed by Gapyeong-gun (3.31), Yeoncheon-gun (3.28), Seongnam-si (3.26), and Gwangmyeong-si and Yongin-si (3.25) (See [Figure 2-13]).

[Figure 2-13] “Degree of effort to eat healthy” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Lastly, as can be seen in [Figure 2-14], the “frequency of having fruits” was the highest in Gwacheon-si (2.39), followed by Uiwang-si (2.24), Yongin-si, Goyang-si, and Gunpo-si (2.20), and Seongnam-si and Anyang-si (2.19) in the ex-ante survey. After the payment of YBI, it was higher in Gwacheon-si (2.43) than in other areas, including Anyang-si (2.21), Yongin-si and Uiwang-si (2.20), and Seongnam-si and Gunpo-si (2.19).

67 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-14] “Frequency of having fruits” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

0.5

To sum up, it is safe to say that Gyeonggi YBI has positively influenced the dietary habits of youths in all cities and counties in Gyeonggi Province. However, the ranks among cities and counties showed that richer areas fared better in both the ex-ante and ex-post surveys than poorer neighborhoods.

2-3. Perception and Attitude

1) Trust

Trust in others is also one of the main variables significantly influencing the self-perceived well-being of people (Kangas, et al., 2019: 18). It has been established that the level of trust in various social systems, in general, is high in (welfare) states where social security systems, which protect people from social risks, are well established. It is assumed that the experience of enjoying guaranteed basic living standards and receiving welfare benefits can increase the level of trust not only in the state, political and legal systems but also in the community and other people. This study sought to verify the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI, focusing on the possibility of improving the level of trust by offering basic income, which can be regarded as one of the most basic social security systems. The questions regarding trust consisted of four sub-variables: “trust in others,” “trust in laws and institutions,” “trust in

68 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion politicians,” and “trust in the media.” [Table 2-14] below shows the overall level of trust that young adults in the experimental and comparison groups had in the social systems before youth basic income was paid. The youths in the experimental group showed a higher level of trust in all social systems, including others (3.32), laws and institutions (3.05), politicians (1.96) and the media (2.18), than their counterparts in the comparison group (3.22, 2.98, 1.81, and 2.13, respectively). However, the difference between the two groups with respect to “trust in the media” was not significant. Therefore, the only item where homogeneity was confirmed between the two groups in the ex-ante survey was “trust in the media.” The individual level of trust varied depending on the type of social system. For instance, Korean youths tended to show a higher level of trust in others and in laws and institutions, while the level of trust in the media and in politicians was significantly lower.

[Table 2-14] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Trust in others 3.32 0.86 3.22 0.85 3.34 .000** Trust in laws and institutions 3.05 0.94 2.98 0.93 2.08 .037* Trust in politicians 1.96 0.83 1.81 0.80 5.22 .000*** Trust in the media 2.18 0.84 2.13 0.81 1.66 .097

*p<.05, **

So how did the difference in trust levels between the groups change after the youth basic income payment? From [Table 2-15], we can see that the trust level of young people was higher for all items in the experimental group (3.33, 3.07, 1.99, and 2.17) than the comparison group (3.17, 2.93, 1.85, and 2.09). At the same time, the difference in the level of trust in the media became statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that YBI increased the level of trust in the media among youth in Gyeonggi Province. However, the level of trust in others, laws and institutions, and politicians, which also showed significant differences in the ex-ante survey, can be interpreted differently based on the ex-ante and ex- post survey results of the experimental and comparison groups.

69 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-15] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Trust in others 3.33 0.86 3.17 0.83 4.61 .000*** Trust in laws and institutions 3.07 0.94 2.93 0.90 4.17 .000*** Trust in politicians 1.99 0.86 1.85 0.77 5.10 .000*** Trust in the media 2.17 0.87 2.09 0.79 3.05 .002**

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-16] below shows the results of analysis of the ex-ante and ex-post surveys of the experimental group. The level of trust in others (3.32), laws and institutions (3.05), and politicians (1.96) increased to some extent after the payment of YBI (3.33, 3.07, 1.99). The changes were statistically significant. Although the level of trust in the media had decreased somewhat (2.18 → 2.17) after receiving youth basic income, this was not a statistically significant change. Thus, the positive effect of youth basic income may be limited to trust in others, laws and institutions, and politicians.

[Table 2-16] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Trust in others 3.32 0.86 3.33 0.863 4.47 .000*** Trust in laws and institutions 3.05 0.94 3.07 0.94 -4.07 .000*** Trust in politicians 1.96 0.83 1.99 0.86 -8.49 .000*** Trust in the media 2.18 0.84 2.17 0.87 0.74 .459

*p<.05, **

Lastly, [Table 2-17] shows the ex-ante and ex-post survey results of the comparison group, in which the level of trust in others decreased slightly (3.22 → 3.17), but there was no significant change for other social systems.

70 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-17] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Trust in others 3.22 0.85 3.17 0.83 2.07 .039* Trust in laws and institutions 2.98 0.93 2.93 0.90 1.56 .118 Trust in politicians 1.81 0.80 1.85 0.77 -1.46 .144 Trust in the media 2.13 0.81 2.09 0.79 1.53 .126

*p<.05, **

In sum, it can be understood that YBI played a role in improving the level of trust in society among youth in Gyeonggi Provinces. This tendency stands out when it comes to the level of trust in laws and institutions and in politicians, while the difference in the level of trust in others is significant between both groups and time points. When looking at the ex-ante and ex-post survey results on trust by city and county in Gyeonggi Province, it was found that the level of “trust in others” was the highest in Gwacheon-si (3.46), followed by Yangpyeong-gun (3.42), Yeoncheon-gun (3.41), Gapyeong- gun (3.40), Dongducheon-si (3.38), and Gunpo-si (3.37). After the YBI payment, the results were as follows: Yeoncheon-gun (3.41), Gapyeong-gun (3.40), Uiwang-si and Gwacheon-si (3.38), Osan-si (3.37), and Gimpo-si (3.35). (See [Figure 2-15]).

[Figure 2-15] “Trust in others” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points]) 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.05 3.10 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

71 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

In the case of “trust in laws and institutions” in the ex-ante survey, the level of trust was as follows: Gwacheon-si (3.20), Yeoncheon-gun (3.19), Yeoju-si (3.15), and Uiwang- si, Gapyeong-gun, and Pocheon-si (3.12 each). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.22) showed the highest level of trust, followed by Gwacheon-si (3.20), Pocheon-si (3.18), Uiwang-si and Yeoju-si (3.16), and Icheon-si and Dongducheon-si (3.11) (see [Figure 2-16]).

[Figure 2-16] “Trust in laws and institutions” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.25 3.20 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

As for “trust in politicians,” Yeoju-si (2.09) had the highest level of trust, followed by Icheon-si and Gapyeong-gun (2.04), Pocheon-si and Yeoncheon-gun (2.03), and Dongducheon-si (2.02) in the preliminary survey. After the youth basic income payment, the level of trust was the highest in Dongducheon-si (2.14), followed by Yeoju-si and Yeoncheon- gun (2.11), Icheon-si (2.08), and Anseong-si and Yangju-si (2.05) (See [Figure 2-17]).

72 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-17] “Trust in politicians” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Lastly, as shown in [Figure 2-18], the level of “trust in the media” was the highest in Yeoju- si (2.30), followed by Pocheon-si (2.27), Hanam-si (2.25), Yangju-si and Gapyeong-gun (2.24), and Guri-si and Yeoncheon-gun (2.23) in the ex-ante survey. The ex-post survey results were as follows: Yeoncheon-gun (2.28), Yeoju-si (2.27), Dongducheon-si (2.26), Uiwang-si (2.25), and Gimpo-si and Pocheon-si (2.24).

[Figure 2-18] “Trust in the media” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.35 2.30 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.95 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

73 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Gender Perception

The following are the results of the survey on the perception of gender equality in society and interest in gender discrimination issues. Both items were adopted for the purpose of verifying the positive effects of basic income on gender justice and gender equality. First, the ex-ante survey results confirmed homogeneity between the experimental group receiving youth basic income and the comparison group. The gender equality perception of young adults in Gyeonggi Province (2.49) was higher than that of the comparison group (2.43), but this was not a statistically significant difference. On the contrary, the degree of interest in gender discrimination problems was higher in the comparison group (3.48) than in the experimental group (3.47), but this was also not a statistically significant difference (see [Table 2-18]).

[Table 2-18] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in a gender-equal 2.49 1.02 2.43 1.05 1.70 .089 society. I am interested in gender 3.47 0.96 3.48 0.95 -0.36 .716 discrimination issues.

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-19] below shows the ex-post survey results for the experimental group and the comparison group. Unlike the results of the ex-ante survey, the average score of the experimental group (2.54) was higher than that of the comparison group (2.43) with respect to the “perception that Korean society is a gender-equal society,” with the difference being statistically significant. The “degree of interest in gender discrimination issues” was also higher in the experimental group (3.47) than in the comparison group (3.45), although the difference was not statistically significant.

74 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-19] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in a gender-equal 2.54 1.03 2.43 1.00 3.05 .002** society. I am interested in gender 3.47 0.94 3.45 0.96 0.80 .421 discrimination issues.

*p<.05, **

More meaningful results were obtained through the analysis of the ex-ante and ex- post survey results of the experimental group (see [Table 2-20]). In terms of gender equality, the score increased in the ex-post survey (2.54) from the ex-ante survey (2.49), with the difference being statistically significant. However, the level of interest in gender discrimination remained unchanged, making it difficult to infer a positive effect of youth basic income.

[Table 2-20] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd We live in a gender-equal 2.49 1.02 2.54 1.03 -9.92 .000*** society. I am interested in gender 3.47 0.96 3.47 0.94 -0.16 .871 discrimination issues.

*p<.05, **

Meanwhile, the ex-ante and ex-post survey results of the comparison group showed that the level of gender equality perception did not change significantly. The level of interest in gender discrimination had declined (3.48 → 3.45), but it was not statistically significant (see [Table 2-21]).

75 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-21] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in a gender-equal 2.43 1.05 2.43 1.00 -0.07 .941 society. I am interested in gender 3.48 0.95 3.45 0.96 1.34 .182 discrimination issues.

*p<.05, **

In summary, Gyeonggi YBI policy likely had some positive effects related to gender equality, but there were some limitations in terms of increasing interest in gender discrimination issues. According to the results of the ex-ante survey on gender perception by city and county in Gyeonggi Province, the perception that “we live in a gender-equal society” was the highest in Gapyeong-gun (2.65), followed by Yeoju-si and Gwacheon-si (2.61), Yangpyeong-gun and Uiwang-si (2.58), and Osan-si (2.57). In the ex-post survey, which came after the youth basic income payment, this perception was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun and Yeoju-si (2.66), followed by Uiwang-si, Dongducheon-si, and Hanam-si (2.65 each) (See [Figure 2 -19]). Based on the rankings, this item, unlike other items, showed changes in ranks among the areas between the ex-ante and ex-post survey.

[Figure 2-19] “We live in a gender-equal society” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.70 2.65 2.60 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.25 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

76 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

As for “interest in gender discrimination issues,” there were changes in the ranking among the cities and counties in the ex-ante and ex-post survey. In the ex-ante survey, the scores were as follows: Anyang-si (3.55), Seongnam-si (3.53), Goyang-si and Suwon-si (3.52), and Hanam-si and Guri-si (3.51). In the ex-post survey, the interest was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun (3.70), followed by Anyang-si (3.55), Uiwang-si (3.54), Seongnam-si (3.53), and Gwangmyeong-si, Yongin-si, Goyang-si, and Suwon-si (3.51 each) (see [Figure 2-20]). Future studies can look into what kind of policy efforts or social issues related to gender problems existed by city and county.

[Figure 2-20] “Interest in gender discrimination issues” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.80 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.00 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

3) Self-determination

It is generally known that basic income increases the self-determination of individuals that can expand effective freedom. This questionnaire item asked youths how the perception about their self-determination changed after the introduction of YBI. [Table 2-22] and [Table 2-23] below show no difference between the experimental group and the comparison group in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys. In the ex-ante survey, the level of perception of self-determination in the experimental group (4.22) was slightly higher than that in the comparison group (4.20), while in the ex-post survey, it was the opposite at 4.24 for the comparison group and 4.23 for the experimental group. However, the differences

77 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

between the groups at the two time points were not statistically significant. Although homogeneity between the groups was confirmed in the ex-ante survey, the policy effects were found to be minimal in the ex-post survey.

[Table 2-22] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of self-determination 4.22 0.89 4.20 0.86 0.75 .453 over personal problems

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-23] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of self-determination 4.23 0.88 4.24 0.88 -0.39 .694 over personal problems

*p<.05, **

However, the perception level of youth in the experimental group who received youth basic income rose slightly (4.23) compared to the ex-ante survey (4.22), and statistical significance was also attained (see [Table 2-24]). In other words, it can be interpreted that the experience of receiving youth basic income increased the perceived decision-making power of young people. It seems that an in-depth analysis on self-determination is needed in the future. The level of self-determination perceived by the comparison group youths also increased (4.20 → 4.24), but it was not a statistically significant result (see [Table 2-25]). In sum, the YBI payment can be said to be changing the perception of self-determination of youth in Gyeonggi Province positively and significantly.

[Table 2-24] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Degree of self-determination 4.22 0.89 4.23 0.88 -2.14 .032* over personal problems

*p<.05, **

78 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-25] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of self-determination 4.20 0.86 4.24 0.88 -1.62 .105 over personal problems

*p<.05, **

The results by city and county in Gyeonggi Province with respect to the self-determination question (“Degree of self-determination over personal problems”) showed that in the ex- ante survey, the perception level was the highest in Yeoncheon-gun (4.31), followed by Uiwang-si (4.29), Gwangmyeong- si, Gunposi, and Anyang-si (4.26 each), and Gwacheonsi and Seongnam-si (4.25). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (4.39) ranked first, followed by Uiwang-si (4.31), Hanam-si (4.29), Yeoncheon-gun (4.28), and Paju-si and Anyang-si (4.27) (See [Figure 2-21]).

[Figure 2-21] “Degree of self-determination over personal problems” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

4.50 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.90 3.80 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

79 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-Making Process

Next, let us examine how the degree of influence on others increased in the decision- making process, going beyond self-determination over personal problems. [Table 2-26] and [Table 2-27] below show no statistically significant difference in averages between the two groups in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys. In both the ex-ante survey and the ex-post survey, the experimental group showed a higher level of influence on others (3.55, 3.56) than did the comparison group (3.49, 3.52), but the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the result reflected the trend seen in the self-determination item discussed previously.

[Table 2-26] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-making 3.55 0.85 3.49 0.80 1.93 .054 Process

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-27] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-making 3.56 0.85 3.52 0.81 1.73 .084 Process

*p<.05, **

However, in the experimental group, the level of perception increased significantly, from the ex-ante survey (3.55) to the ex-post survey (3.56) (See [Table 2-28]). It also increased in the comparison group, from the ex-ante survey (3.49) to the ex-post survey (3.52), but the change was not statistically significant (See [Table 2-29]). In short, those who received YBI showed a higher level of self-determination and greater degree of influence on others in the decision-making process, compared with those who did not.15)

15) Although the level of change is relatively higher in the comparison group than in the experimental group, the statistical significance reveals an opposite result. This is probably due to the difference in the size of the two groups, and therefore requires a more careful approach to the analysis of results.

80 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-28] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-making 3.55 0.85 3.56 0.85 -3.40 .001** Process

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-29] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-making 3.49 0.80 3.52 0.81 -0.79 .432 Process

*p<.05, **

With respect to the “degree of influence on others in the decision-making process,” the results by city and county of Gyeonggi Province in the ex-ante survey were as follows: Icheon- si (3.59), Uiwang-si, Anyang-si, Siheung-si, and Gwangmyeong-si (3.58 each), and Seongnam- si, Hwaseong-si, and Namyangju-si (3.57 each). In the ex-post survey, after YBI payment, the results were as follows: Dongducheon-si (3.66), Icheon-si (3.64), Osan-si (3.61), and Gapyeong- gun, Guri-si, and Gimpo-si (3.60 each) (See [Figure 2-22]).

[Figure 2-22] “Degree of influence on others in the decision-making process” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points]) 3.70 3.65 3.60 3.55 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

81 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5) Perception about overall well-being

Let us look at the general perception about well-being. The following questions were asked in the area: ① Are we living in an equal society? ② Is the nation (society) ultimately responsible for social problems? ③ Attitudes toward universal welfare ④ Perception about free education ⑤ Perception about free healthcare, and ⑥ Attitudes toward welfare expansion with a tax increase. The questions can be grouped into three areas: evaluation of egalitarianism in our society (①), attitudes toward universal welfare and perception about the implementation methods (②, ③, ④, ⑤), and attitudes toward raising taxes to expand welfare (⑥). These three areas were examined with the survey results. First, with respect to the perception about the proposition “we are living in an equal society,” between-group homogeneity was confirmed as no significant difference between the experimental group and comparison group was observed in the ex-ante survey (See [Table 2-30]). However, as can be seen in [Table 2-31], the ex-post survey showed an increase in the score for the experimental group but a decrease for the comparison group, with the difference between the two groups being significant. In addition, the perception of the experimental group about equality in society changed statistically significantly, from the ex-ante to the ex- post survey (2.51→2.54) (See [Table 2-32]). On the contrary, the comparison group showed no significant differences in the ex-ante and ex-post survey results (See [Table 2-33]). In sum, the level of perception about equality greatly improved among youth in Gyeonggi Province, compared with youth in other areas, highlighting a positive effect of the YBI policy. Next, let us examine the results for the items on the attitudes toward universal welfare and the perception about their implementation (②-⑤). First, the level of perception of the experimental group was higher than that of the comparison group both in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys, with the differences being statistically significant (See [Table 2-30] and [Table 2-31]). It indicates that the youth in Gyeonggi Province, regardless of the experience of receiving YBI, are more supportive of propositions, such as “the nation is ultimately responsible for social problems,” “welfare benefits need to be paid universally to the entire population,” “education needs to be free until university,” and “healthcare needs to be free.” This may imply that they have a high level of understanding of welfare as a right and its universality. Let us compare the results between the experimental group and comparison group in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys. [Table 2-32] below displays the results of the ex-ante and ex-post surveys for the experimental group who applied for the YBI grant. The ex-post survey scored slightly lower points for all items, except the one on free education, compared with the

82 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion ex-ante survey.16) This trend is similar for the comparison group, but a statistically significant difference was observed only for the item on universal welfare benefits (3.79→3.68) (See [Table 2-33]). In conclusion, regarding the attitude toward universal welfare and the level of perception, both groups reported lower scores in the ex-post survey than in the ex-ante survey. Thus, a clear positive effect of the policy was not implied. This means that the experience of receiving YBI has not directly influenced the attitude toward the expansion of universal welfare. This point seems to require further analysis. Still, it is very encouraging that the youth in Gyeonggi Province show more support and preference to universal welfare than those in other areas. Finally, we will examine the “attitudes toward welfare expansion with a tax increase.” In the ex-ante survey, between-group homogeneity was confirmed with no significant difference in the scores of the experimental and comparison groups (See [Table 2-30]). However, in the ex- post survey after the payment of YBI, the difference between the groups became significant. The experimental group showed a higher level of support to “the attitude toward a tax increase” (3.20) than the comparison group (3.12) (See [Table 2-31]). It indicates the positive effect of youth basic income. Similar results were observed in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys for the experimental group. [Table 2-32] shows a positive and statistically significant change in the attitude toward a tax increase before and after the payment of YBI, from 3.15 to 3.20. The comparison group showed a similar trend (3.09→3.12), but not at a statistically significant level. In sum, it can be said that the experience of receiving YBI influenced the perception and attitudes of youths toward raising taxes for the expansion of welfare benefits.

16) However, they were still higher than for the comparison group by over three points on average.

83 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-30] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in an equal society 2.51 0.95 2.51 0.96 0.04 .966

The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for 3.43 0.89 3.25 0.96 5.68 .000*** social problems Welfare grants need to be paid 3.91 0.91 3.79 0.92 3.90 .000*** to the entire population Education should be free 2.89 1.22 2.74 1.15 3.62 .000*** until university

Healthcare should be free 3.47 1.09 3.26 1.09 5.79 .000***

I am willing to pay more tax to 3.15 1.08 3.07 1.02 1.70 .090 expand welfare.

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-31] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in an equal society 2.54 0.95 2.48 0.93 2.05 .040*

The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for 3.42 0.88 3.30 0.89 4.00 .000*** social problems Welfare grants need to be paid 3.82 0.92 3.68 0.93 4.46 .000*** to the entire population Education should be free 2.88 1.22 2.70 1.16 4.47 .000*** until university

Healthcare should be free 3.43 1.10 3.23 1.10 5.62 .000***

I am willing to pay more tax to 3.20 1.07 3.12 0.99 2.44 .015* expand welfare.

*p<.05, **

84 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-32] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd We live in an equal society 2.51 0.95 2.54 0.95 -6.75 .000***

The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for 3.43 0.89 3.42 0.88 2.19 .028* social problems Welfare grants need to be paid 3.91 0.91 3.82 0.92 18.33 .000*** to the entire population Education should be free 2.89 1.22 2.88 1.22 0.32 .747 until university

Healthcare should be free 3.47 1.09 3.43 1.10 6.03 .000***

I am willing to pay more tax to 3.15 1.08 3.20 1.07 -9.83 .000*** expand welfare.

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-33] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd We live in an equal society 2.51 0.96 2.48 0.93 1.03 .304

The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for 3.25 0.96 3.30 0.89 -1.64 .101 social problems Welfare grants need to be paid 3.79 0.92 3.68 0.93 3.60 .000*** to the entire population Education should be free 2.74 1.15 2.70 1.16 1.24 .214 until university

Healthcare should be free 3.26 1.09 3.23 1.10 0.88 .380

I am willing to pay more tax to 3.09 1.02 3.12 0.99 -1.00 .316 expand welfare.

*p<.05, **

85 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

When we look at the survey results on the perception about overall welfare by city and county in Gyeonggi Province, the community that responded most positively to the item “We are living in an equal society” in the ex-ante survey was Gapyeong-gun (2.76), followed by Gwacheon-si (2.61), Osan-si and Icheon-si (2.59), Uiwang-si (2.57), and Yeoju-si, Pocheon-si, and Dongducheon-si (2.56 each), while in the ex-post survey it was Yeoju-si (2.68), followed by Dongducheon-si and Gwacheon-si (2.67), Yeoncheon-gun and Gapyeong-gun (2.63), and Anseong-si (2.62) (See [Figure 2-23]).

[Figure 2-23] “Are we living in an equal society?” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.80 2.75 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.30 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong

Ex-ante Ex-post

Second, with respect to the item “The nation/society is ultimately responsible for social problems,” the results of the ex-ante survey were as follows: Gwangmyeong-si (3.50) scored the highest, followed by Gwangju-si and Gwacheon-si (3.47), and Osan-si, Dongducheon- si, and Paju-si (3.46 each). In the ex-post survey, Yeoncheon-gun (3.50) scored the highest, followed closely by Namyangju-si (3.47), Gwangmeyong-si (3.46), Pyeongtaek-si (3.45), and Uijeongbu-si, Guri-si, Siheung-si, and Anyang-si (3.44 each) (See [Figure 2-24]).

86 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-24] “Is the nation/society ultimately responsible for social problems?” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.55 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Third, regarding the “expansion of universal welfare to the entire population,” the consent level was the highest in Gapyeong-gun (4.12) in the ex-ante survey, followed by Yeoncheon- gun (4.00), Dongducheon-si, Icheon-si, and Uijeongbu (3.98 each), and Pyeongtaek-si, Anseong-si, Gwangju-si, and Gunpo-si (3.97 each). In the ex-post survey, Osan-si (3.90) ranked at the top, followed closely by Siheung-si and Gapyeong-gun (3.89), Uijeongbu-si (3.88), and Namyangju-si, Pyeongtaek-si, and Pocheon-si (3.87 each) (See [Figure 2-25]).

[Figure 2-25] “Support for Universal Welfare” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

87 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Fourth, as shown in [Figure 2-26], in the ex-ante survey, support for “free education” was the highest in Gapyeong-gun (3.08), followed by Osan-si (3.05), Pocheon-si and Anseong-si (3.00), and Uijeongbu-si and Gwangju-si (2.94), while in the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.16) again showed the highest level of support, followed by Icheon-si (3.07), Pocheon-si (3.03), Osan-si (3.00), Gwangju-si (2.99), and Siheung-si (2.98).

[Figure 2-26] “Support for Free Education” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Fifth, with respect to “support for free healthcare,” Gapyeong-gun (3.72) scored the highest in the ex-ante survey, followed by Osan-si and Yeoncheon-gun (3.59), Yangpyeong- gun (3.56), and Yeoju-si, Yangju-si, Anseong-si, and Paju-si (3.54 each). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.61) again demonstrated the highest support, followed by Icheon-si (3.58), Osan-si (3.52), Yangju-si and Yeoju-si (3.51), and Siheung-si and Pocheon-si (3.50) (See [Figure 2-27]).

88 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-27] “Support for Free Healthcare” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Sixth, regarding the attitudes toward “welfare expansion with a tax increase,” Gapyeong-gun (3.39) showed the highest support in the ex-ante survey, followed by Pocheon-si (3.23), Yangju- si, Osan-si, and Yangpyeong-gun (3.22 each), and Uijeongbu-si and Paju-si (3.21), while in the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.42) maintained its lead and was followed by Uijeongbu-si (3.29), Paju-si and Pocheon-si (3.28), Osan-si (3.26), and Gwacheon-si and Yeoju-si (3.24) (See [Figure 2-28]).

[Figure 2-28] “Attitudes toward welfare expansion with a tax increase” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

89 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

6) Perception about Basic Income

Next, let us examine the changes in perception about basic income for the following items: ① basic income as a share of the common wealth and a right as a member of the society, ② expansion of youth basic income nationwide, and ③ expansion of basic income to the entire population. First, we outline the results on the perception about basic income as a share of the common wealth and a civic right. [Table 2-34] and [Table 2-35] show that the average scores of the experimental group (3.42, 3.45) in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys were significantly higher than those of the comparison group (3.09, 3.24). It indicates that Gyeonggi Province youth were relatively better aware of the idea of basic income being a share of the common wealth, and the trend did not change after the receipt of YBI. Also, [Table 2-36] and ]Table 2-37] show that the level of perception increased significantly in the ex-post survey compared with the ex-ante survey in both groups. Regardless of the YBI payment, both groups became more aware of basic income as a share of the common wealth and a civic right. Although it is a welcoming change, very positive in itself, this result alone does not prove that youth basic income is behind this change in perception. Second, the respondents were asked what they think of the nationwide expansion of youth basic income. For this question as well, the experimental group scored higher points (3.57, 3.54) than the comparison group (3.12, 3.18) both in the ex-ante and the ex-post surveys (See [Table 2-34] and [Table 2-35]). However, as seen in [Table 2-36], the experimental group showed a significantly lower score in the ex-post survey (3.54) than in the ex-ante survey (3.57). This result indicates that the YBI experience negatively influenced their opinion on the “nationwide expansion of the YBI policy,” which is the opposite of the expected effect in this study and seems to require a further, more in-depth analysis.17) Meanwhile, the ex-post survey result (3.18) for the comparison group improved slightly from the ex-ante survey (3.12), but not to a statistically significant degree (See [Table 2-37]). Last was the question on the perception on “the expansion of basic income to the entire population.” The experimental group again scored higher (3.25, 3.26) than the comparison group (2.98, 3.03) both in the ex-ante and ex-post survey (See [Table 2-34] and [Table 2-35]). At the same time, the experimental group (3.25→3.26) and comparison group (2.98→3.03)

17) This result can be interpreted in various ways. Among other things, it may mean that they are not unhappy about the fact that YBI is paid to youth in Gyeonggi Province and this answer is based on the pride they feel about residing in the area.

90 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion both showed an increase from the ex-ante to the ex-post survey, but the change was not statistically significant (See [Table 2-36], [Table 2-37]). In conclusion, it can be said that Gyeonggi Province youth are more positive about the expansion of basic income to the entire population than those in other areas, but the difference does not seem to be attributed to the experience of receiving YBI. The result implies that the policy effect has not been expressed in a unilinear way.

[Table 2-34] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as 3.42 0.83 3.09 0.90 11.94 .000*** a member of the society Youth basic income should be 3.57 1.00 3.12 1.09 12.11 .000*** expanded nationwide Basic income should be expanded to the entire 3.25 1.10 2.98 1.08 7.52 .000*** population

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-35] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as 3.45 0.90 3.24 0.89 7.09 .000*** a member of the society Youth basic income should be 3.54 1.07 3.18 1.07 9.87 .000*** expanded nationwide Basic income should be expanded to the entire 3.26 1.16 3.03 1.03 6.39 .000*** population

*p<.05, **

91 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-36] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as 3.42 0.83 3.45 0.90 -6.09 .000*** a member of the society Youth basic income should be 3.57 1.00 3.54 1.07 5.64 .000*** expanded nationwide Basic income should be expanded to the entire 3.25 1.10 3.26 1.16 -0.27 .79 population

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-37] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as 3.09 0.90 3.24 0.89 -4.59 .000*** a member of the society Youth basic income should be 3.12 1.09 3.18 1.07 -1.60 .111 expanded nationwide Basic income should be expanded to the entire 2.98 1.08 3.03 1.03 -1.48 .140 population

*p<.05, **

According to the survey results on basic income by city and county in Gyeonggi Province, the perception that “basic income is a share of the common wealth and a civic right” was at its highest level in Pocheon-si (3.52), followed by Paju-si (3.50), Icheon-si (3.49), Uijeongbu- si (3.48), and Gunpo-si and Guri-si (3.47) in the ex-ante survey, while in the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.61) scored the highest, followed by Paju-si (3.52), Yangpyeong-gun (3.51), Siheung-si and Osan-si (3.50), and Anseong-si, Uijeongbu-si, Icheon-si, and Gwangju-si (3.49 each) (See [Figure 2-29]).

92 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Figure 2-29] “Perception about basic income as a share of the common wealth and a civic right” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points]) 3.65 3.60 3.55 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Second, for “the nationwide expansion of youth basic income,” Gapyeong-gun (3.75) showed the highest rate of support in the ex-ante survey, followed by Pocheon-si (3.73), Anseong-si (3.72), Icheon-si and Paju-si (3.71), and Uijeongbu-si (3.69). while in the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (3.80) retained the top spot and was followed by Siheung-si (3.67), Paju-si (3.63), Gwangju-si and Yangju-si (3.62), and Osan-si (3.61) (See [Figure 2-30]).

[Figure 2-30] “Nationwide Expansion of Youth Basic Income” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

93 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

For the last item, i.e. the “expansion of basic income to the entire population,” Icheon-si (3.51) showed the highest rate of support, followed by Pocheon-si (3.48), Yangpyeong-gun (3.44), Uijeongbu-si (3.39), Yeoju-si (3.38), and Anseong-si (3.36) in the ex-ante survey. In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun ranked first (3.53), followed by Osan-si and Icheon-si (3.41), Siheung-si (3.40), and Uijeongbu-si, Paju-si, and Pocheon-si (3.38 each) (See [Figure 2-31]).

[Figure 2-31] Opinion on the “Expansion of basic income to the entire population” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

2-4. Economic Activities

This section examines the changes in labor incentives among the employed and unemployed young people living in Gyeonggi Province and other areas during the period of YBI payment to see if the payment of basic income reduced the incentive to work among youths.18) This was analyzed based on the “weekly working hours” for the employed, and on the “hours of job search per week” and “job training hours per week” for the unemployed.

18) The distinction between the employed and the unemployed was made based on “whether they work for at least an hour to make money for the last week.” The employed includes unpaid family members (working more than 18 hours a week in a farm or business run by a member of the same household), and those in leave of absence due to temporary illness, accident, annual break, or labor disputes.

94 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

The proportion of the employed and the unemployed in the experimental and comparison groups is shown in [Table 2-38]. Overall, out of the 65,374 youths in Gyeonggi Province, the number of employed people was 45,180, or 69.1%, and the number of unemployed youths was 20,194, or 30.9%. For youths in other areas, the rate of the employed and unemployed was 66.5% (1,197 persons) and 33.5% (603 persons), respectively, out of the 1,800 young people. The proportion of the employed and unemployed was similar between the experimental group and comparison group. At the same time, the two groups showed an increase in the number of employed people and a decrease in the number of unemployed people in the ex-post survey compared with the ex-ante survey.

[Table 2-38] Proportion of the Employed/Unemployed

(Unit: persons, %) Employed Unemployed Division n Total Ex-ante Ex-post Total Ex-ante Ex-post Youth in Gyeonggi 65,374 45,180 22,139 23,041 20,194 10,548 9,646 Province (100) (69.1) (49.0) (51.0) (30.9) (52.2) (47.8) Youths in other 1,800 1,197 580 617 603 320 283 regions than (100) (66.5) (48.5) (51.5) (33.5) (53.1) (46.9) Gyeonggi Province

1) The Employed

The experimental group and the comparison group were compared based on the “weekly working hours” among the employed. The results of the ex-ante survey confirmed between-group homogeneity. [Table 2-39] shows the ex-ante survey analysis results for the experimental group and comparison group. The average weekly working hours were 35.19 hours for the experimental group and 34.27 hours for the comparison group, showing no statistically significant differences. The level of weekly working hours was similar between the two groups before the introduction of YBI.

95 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-39] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=22,040) (n=580) t p m sd m sd Weekly working hours 35.19 18.01 34.27 16.18 1.34 .180

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-40] compares the weekly working hours between the experimental group and comparison group after the payment of YBI. The average weekly working hours of the experimental group were 36.12 hours, higher than the average of the comparison group (32.79) in what was a statistically significant difference. This indicates that YBI did not weaken the motivation to work among youths, but encouraged them to participate in the labor market more actively.

[Table 2-40] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=23,005) (n=617) t p m sd m sd Weekly working hours 36.12 17.34 32.79 16.93 4.70 .000***

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-41] shows the change in weekly working hours of the experimental group after receiving YBI. As can be seen from [Table 2-38], the number of employed young people has been increasing since the introduction of the policy, while the number of unemployed has been decreasing.19) We analyzed the ex-ante and ex-post survey results for 18,840 youths who remained employed before and after receiving YBI payments. The results showed that the average working hours per week increased significantly from before YBI (36.04 hours) to after

19) The changes in employment among youths in Gyeonggi Province can be summarized as follows: of the 32,687 surveyed in Gyeonggi Province, 18,934 (57.9%) were employed before and after the system was implemented, 3,205 (9.8%) transitioned from "employed" to "unemployed," 4,107 (12.6%) from "unemployed" to "employed," and 6,441 (19.7%) continued to be unemployed.

96 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

(37.32 hours). On the other hand, the comparison group showed no significant difference in average weekly working hours between the ex-ante and ex-post survey (See [Table 2-42]). In short, employed Gyeonggi Province youth worked longer hours per week after the YBI payment than before, confirming that YBI does not weaken the recipients’ motivation to work. This is a positive result that can be used to refute the arguments of basic income critics.

[Table 2-41] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=18,840) (n=18,840) t p m sd m sd Weekly working hours 36.04 17.57 37.32 16.89 -10.69 .000***

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-42] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=496) (n=496) t p m sd m sd Weekly working hours 35.48 15.49 34.43 16.53 1.47 .143

*p<.05, **

When we take a look at the ex-ante and ex-post survey results on the “average weekly working hours” by city and county in Gyeonggi Province, we can see that youths in Pocheon- si worked the longest hours at 36.96 hours per week, followed by those in Hanam-si (36.62 hours), Yeoncheon-gun (36.59 hours), Dongducheon-si (36.55 hours), Osan-si (36.41 hours), and Siheung-si and Pyeongtaek-si (36.28 hours each). In the ex-post survey, the results were as follows: Yeoncheon-gun (40.02 hours), Paju-si (37.35 hours), Yeoju-si (37.20 hours), Ansan- si (36.99 hours), Pyeongtaek-si (36.97 hours), and Bucheon-si (36.86 hours) (See [Figure 2-32]).

97 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-32] “Average weekly working hours” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

2) The Unemployed

The effects of the YBI policy on the motivation to work in the unemployed young people in the experimental group were similar to the effects among the employed. The payment of YBI did not weaken their motivation to work as contended by some opponents. The findings with respect to “hours of job search per week” and “job training hours per week” of the unemployed are as follows: First, the dependent variables of the experimental and the comparison group were compared and it was found that the “hours of job search per week” and “hours of job training per week” were both higher in the experimental group at a significant level in t-testing. It means that before the implementation of the YBI policy, Gyeonggi Province youth spent more time on job hunting or job training every week than those in other regions (See [Table 2-43]).

[Table 2-43] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=10,548) (n=320) t p m sd m sd Hours of Job Search Per Week 2.37 8.64 1.13 5.09 4.16 .000*** Job Training Hours Per Week 1.81 8.20 0.88 5.57 2.89 .004**

*p<.05, **

98 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

According to the ex-post survey results for the two groups, after the implementation of the policy, the experimental group showed longer hours of job search per week than the comparison group, with the difference reaching significance (See [Table 2-44]). However, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the average job training hours per week, highlighting the effect of YBI on job search efforts only.

[Table 2-44] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other (n=283) Variables t p n m sd m sd Hours of Job Search Per Week 9,631 3.75 10.51 2.13 7.93 3.33 .001** Job Training Hours Per Week 9,633 1.86 7.86 1.86 8.05 .009 .993

*p<.05, **

More meaningful results were found in respect of the unemployed recipients of YBI (6,430 persons) before and after the payment (See [Table 2-45]). Overall, the hours of job search and job training for the unemployed increased after the introduction of YBI. The hours of job search increased from 1.83 hours to 3.54 hours per week on average, while the hours of job training rose from 1.59 hours to 2.01 hours, with the changes being statistically significant.

[Table 2-45] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=6,430) (n=6,430) t p m sd m sd Hours of Job Search Per Week 1.83 7.67 3.54 10.42 -13.12 .000*** Job Training Hours Per Week 1.59 7.89 2.01 8.45 -3.48 .001**

*p<.05, **

On the contrary, the hours of job search or job training among the unemployed youths in other regions showed no big difference between the ex-ante and ex-post survey (See [Table 2-46]). In conclusion, it can be said that the unemployed youth in Gyeonggi Province increased their average hours of job search and job training per week after receiving the YBI payment. This implies a positive effect of basic income on the motivation to work among the unemployed as well as employed youth in Gyeonggi Province.

99 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Table 2-46] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=199) (n=199) t p m sd m sd Hours of Job Search Per Week 0.90 4.58 1.49 6.89 -1.02 .307 Job Training Hours Per Week 0.80 4.89 1.56 7.46 -1.41 .159

*p<.05, **

The results regarding the “average hours of job search per week” by city and county in Gyeonggi Province showed that the time spent on job hunting was the longest in Yeoju-si (3.93 hours) in the ex-ante survey, followed by Yeoncheon-gun (3.92 hours), Uiwang-si (3.48 hours), Gwangmyeong-si (3.43 hours), Uijeongbu-si (3.40 hours), and Yongin-si (2.91 hours). The ex- post survey showed different results. The youth in Anseong-si spent the longest hours on job search at 6.28 hours, followed by those in Uiwang-si (6.01 hours), Gunpo-si (5.04 hours), Gwacheon-si (4.75 hours), Uijeongbu-si (4.60 hours), and Yangju-si (4.40 hours) (See [Figure 2-33]).

[Figure 2-33] “Average hours of job search per week” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

100 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Next, with respect to the “average hours of job training per week” among the unemployed, the ex-ante survey showed that the time spent was the longest in Yeoncheon-gun (3.46 hours), followed by Uiwang-si (2.92 hours), Uijeongbu-si (2.86 hours), Gwangmyeong-si (2.46 hours), Gunpo-si (2.27 hours), and Yeoju-si (2.15 hours). In the ex-post survey, Yeoncheon-gun retained the top spot (4.26 hours) and was followed by Hanam-si (2.83 hours), Gimpo-si (2.72 hours), Anseong- si (2.50 hours), and Gwangmyeong-si and Pyeongtaek-si (2.43 hours each) (See [Figure 2-34]).

[Figure 2-34] “Job training hours per week” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

3) Self-perceived economic status

Let us examine how the “perception about the current economic status” changed after the introduction of YBI. Overall, both groups said they feel “insecure” about their economic situation in the ex-ante and ex-post surveys. It shows that the problems of the young generation of our society are shared across regions. First, the results were compared between the youth in Gyeonggi Province and those in other regions and it was found that the experimental group (2.44) had a greater negative perception about their current economic status than the comparison group (2.55), with the difference

101 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

being statistically significant.20) TThus, between-group homogeneity was not confirmed in the ex-ante survey (See [Table 2-47]). However, the ex-post survey showed no remarkable difference between the groups because the score increased in the experimental group while decreasing slightly in the comparison group (See [Table 2-48]).

[Table 2-47] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-perception about the 2.44 1.00 2.55 0.99 -3.28 .001** current economic status

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-48] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

(Unit: persons, hours)

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-perception about the 2.50 1.01 2.54 0.99 -1.18 .239 current economic status

*p<.05, **

20) This item has been scored in reverse order for the sake of convenience in interpretation. The higher the score, the more “secure” the respondents feel about their economic status.

102 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-49] shows the change in perception about the economic status among the youths receiving YBI. They felt more secure about their economic status after the implementation of the policy (2.50) than before (2.44), which was a significant difference, highlighting a positive effect of YBI. In contrast, there was no change of perception in the ex-ante and ex-post survey results for the comparison group (2.55, 2.54) (See [Table 2-50]). In short, although both the experimental group and comparison group were “insecure” about their economic status, the youths who received YBI felt better about their economic situation after the implementation of the policy.

[Table 2-49] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd Self-perception about the 2.44 1.00 2.50 1.01 -11.14 .000*** current economic status

*p<.05, **

[Table 2-50] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd Self-perception about the 2.55 0.99 2.54 0.99 0.53 .593 current economic status

*p<.05, **

The survey results regarding “self-perceived current economic status” by city and county in Gyeonggi Province are as follows: in the ex-ante survey, Gwacheon-si scored the highest points (2.61), followed by Seongnam-si (2.56), Uiwang-si and Gapyeong-gun (2.54), Hwaseong-si (2.52), and Anyang-si and Yongin-si (2.51); in the ex-post survey, Gapyeong- gun (3.53) ranked first, followed by Osan-si and Icheon-si (3.41), Siheung-si (3.40), and Uijeongbu-si, Paju-si, and Pocheon-si (3.38 each) (See [Figure 2-35]).

103 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-35] “Self-perceived economic status” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

2-5. Dream-capital

Let us now examine the effect of YBI on the dream-capital of the young generation. The scale of the questionnaire was organized between point 1 (“Strongly agree,”) and point 7 (“Strongly disagree,”), and the items were reverse coded. In the ex-ante survey, which was conducted to ensure between-group homogeneity, no significant difference was observed only for two items concerning “imagination” and one item on “resilience” (See [Table 2-51]). The youth in Gyeonggi Province and other regions showed significant homogeneity for some questions regarding dream-capital (“I enjoy imagining my future,” “I often imagine myself being successful in the future,” and “I tend to recover quickly from stress”), but they were statistically different groups in terms of most items, necessitating a careful approach in the interpretation of the results.

104 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-51] Ex-Ante Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd I enjoy imagining my future 4.28 1.65 4.24 1.54 0.78 .437 I often imagine myself being 4.75 1.67 4.64 1.58 1.96 .051 successful in the future I do not dream of the future 3.00 1.58 3.13 1.50 -2.49 .013* I really want to achieve my dream 5.50 1.37 5.20 1.41 6.52 .000*** I feel hopeful about the future 4.61 1.58 4.44 1.49 3.54 .000*** I do not lose hope even in 4.52 1.48 4.26 1.40 5.40 .000*** times of trouble I feel hopeless about the future 3.38 1.64 3.56 1.56 -3.31 .001** I feel nervous about the future 4.01 1.72 4.13 1.59 -2.23 .026* I am confident I can achieve 4.56 1.47 4.34 1.36 4.69 .000*** my dreams My future will be better than 5.08 1.44 4.86 1.40 4.52 .000*** the present I can overcome whatever obstacles 4.64 1.44 4.40 1.31 5.37 .000*** I may face I tend to recover quickly from 4.15 1.65 4.06 1.54 1.67 .096 stress I have coped with past failures well 4.59 1.46 4.42 1.33 3.91 .000*** I have someone to rely on when I 5.13 1.57 4.79 1.52 6.35 .000*** am in trouble I can’t easily recover from a 3.40 1.57 3.61 1.45 -4.43 .000*** frustrating experience.

*p<.05, **

In the ex-ante survey, youth in Gyeonggi Province scored higher than their counterparts from other regions in all items regarding dream-capital. Twelve out of the 15 questions showed significant differences between youth in Gyeonggi Province and those in other regions. Further analysis is needed to determine why Gyeonggi youth fared better in all items. A comparison of the ex-ante and ex-post survey results showed statistically significant changes in the three items that were previously found to be homogenous between the youth in Gyeonggi Province and those in other regions (See [Table 2-52]). For all three items, namely

105 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

“I enjoy imagining my future,” “I often imagine myself being successful in the future,” and “I tend to recover quickly from stress,” the experimental group showed a higher level of dream- capital than the comparison group with statistically significant differences. Before the payment of YBI, the experimental group and comparison group showed no differences in these three items, but after receiving the YBI payment, youth in Gyeonggi Province changed positively; they enjoyed imagining their future more often, imagined themselves being successful in the future more frequently, and recovered better from stress, compared to youth in other regions.

[Table 2-52] Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental/Comparison Group

Gyeonggi Province Other Variables (n=32,687) (n=900) t p m sd m sd I enjoy imagining my future 4.51 1.59 4.18 1.54 6.34 .000*** I often imagine myself being 4.83 1.61 4.56 1.55 5.04 .000*** successful in the future I do not dream of the future 3.01 1.54 3.24 1.47 -4.28 .000*** I really want to achieve my dream 5.47 1.36 5.16 1.41 6.72 .000*** I feel hopeful about the future 4.72 1.55 4.37 1.45 7.19 .000*** I do not lose hope even in 4.60 1.46 4.22 1.35 8.45 .000*** times of trouble I feel hopeless about the future 3.34 1.61 3.53 1.48 -3.87 .000*** I feel nervous about the future 3.91 1.69 4.09 1.55 -3.54 .000*** I am confident I can achieve 4.62 1.45 4.23 1.37 8.44 .000*** my dreams My future will be better than 5.09 1.43 4.77 1.40 6.60 .000*** the present I can overcome whatever obstacles 4.69 1.43 4.29 1.34 8.91 .000*** I may face I tend to recover quickly from 4.21 1.62 3.94 1.50 5.46 .000*** stress I have coped with past failures well 4.65 1.44 4.37 1.34 6.09 .000*** I have someone to rely on when I 5.12 1.55 4.77 1.54 6.81 .000*** am in trouble I can’t easily recover from a 3.40 1.56 3.61 1.43 -4.32 .000*** frustrating experience.

*p<.05, **

106 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

The positive effects of YBI on dream-capital were evident in the changes between the ex- ante and the ex-post survey analysis results (See [Table 2-53]), which showed statistically significant differences for these questions before and after the implementation of the YBI policy. On the other hand, the comparison group showed no statistically significant differences for these questions between the ex-ante and the ex-post survey (See [Table 2-54]). The findings seem to illustrate the positive effects of YBI on the dream-capital of youth in Gyeonggi Province.

[Table 2-53] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Experimental Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=32,687) (n=32,687) t p m sd m sd I enjoy imagining my future 4.28 1.65 4.51 1.59 -28.06 .000*** I often imagine myself being 4.75 1.67 4.83 1.61 -9.98 .000*** successful in the future I do not dream of the future 3.00 1.58 3.01 1.54 -1.79 .073 I really want to achieve my dream 5.50 1.37 5.47 1.36 5.12 .000*** I feel hopeful about the future 4.61 1.58 4.72 1.55 -13.59 .000*** I do not lose hope even in 4.52 1.48 4.60 1.46 -10.90 .000*** times of trouble I feel hopeless about the future 3.38 1.64 3.34 1.61 5.16 .000*** I feel nervous about the future 4.01 1.72 3.91 1.69 11.11 .000*** I am confident I can achieve 4.56 1.47 4.62 1.45 -8.58 .000*** my dreams My future will be better than 5.08 1.44 5.09 1.43 -1.15 .252 the present I can overcome whatever obstacles 4.64 1.44 4.69 1.43 -6.81 .000*** I may face I tend to recover quickly from 4.15 1.65 4.21 1.62 -8.06 .000*** stress I have coped with past failures well 4.59 1.46 4.65 1.44 -7.14 .000*** I have someone to rely on when I 5.13 1.57 5.12 1.55 1.21 .228 am in trouble I can’t easily recover from a 3.40 1.57 3.40 1.56 -0.36 .717 frustrating experience.

*p<.05, **

107 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

The change in “hope,” a sub-category of dream-capital, is especially noteworthy. The category of “hope” was measured via five questions, from Question 4 (“I really want to achieve my dream”) to Question 8 (“I feel nervous about the future”), and the analysis showed that the experimental group and comparison group were not homogeneous in the ex-ante survey (See [Table 2-51]). The level of hope was higher among youth in Gyeonggi Province than their counterparts in other regions, with the differences being statistically significant (See [Table 2-51]). The ex-post survey also revealed the differences between the groups (See [Table 2-52]). It would not be unreasonable to say that the differences between the groups were related to the payment of YBI. For all questions in the “hope” category, youth in Gyeonggi Province scored higher in the ex-post survey than in the ex- ante survey, with the differences being statistically significant (See [Table 2-53]). Meanwhile, the comparison group showed an increase in scores in the ex-post survey from the ex- ante survey, but the differences were not statistically significant for any question (See [Table 2-54]). In short, it seems safe to say that the payment of YBI improved the level of hope among youth in Gyeonggi Province.

108 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Table 2-54] Ex-Ante/Ex-Post Survey Analysis Results for the Comparison Group

Ex-Ante Ex-Post Variables (n=900) (n=900) t p m sd m sd I enjoy imagining my future 4.24 1.54 4.18 1.54 1.36 .175 I often imagine myself being 4.64 1.58 4.56 1.55 1.76 .079 successful in the future I do not dream of the future 3.13 1.50 3.24 1.47 -2.01 .045* I really want to achieve my dream 5.20 1.41 5.16 1.41 0.96 .338 I feel hopeful about the future 4.44 1.49 4.37 1.45 1.45 .148 I do not lose hope even in 4.26 1.40 4.22 1.35 0.99 .323 times of trouble I feel hopeless about the future 3.56 1.56 3.53 1.48 0.51 .611 I feel nervous about the future 4.13 1.59 4.09 1.55 0.74 .461 I am confident I can achieve 4.34 1.36 4.23 1.37 2.67 .008** my dreams My future will be better than 4.86 1.40 4.77 1.40 1.99 .047* the present I can overcome whatever obstacles 4.40 1.31 4.29 1.34 2.67 .008** I may face I tend to recover quickly from 4.06 1.54 3.94 1.50 2.63 .009** stress I have coped with past failures well 4.42 1.33 4.37 1.34 0.99 .320 I have someone to rely on when I 4.79 1.52 4.77 1.54 0.58 .560 am in trouble I can’t easily recover from a 3.61 1.45 3.61 1.43 0.11 .910 frustrating experience.

*p<.05, **

Lastly, we will examine the results of analysis of the ex-ante and ex-post survey with respect to the 15 questions regarding dream-capital by city and county in Gyeonggi Province. First, the results for “I enjoy imagining my future” were as follows in the ex-ante survey: Gwacheon-si and Gapyeong-gun (4.51), Uiwang-si (4.42), Gimpo-si (4.40), and Yeoju-si and Seongnam-si (4.39). The results were as follows in the ex-post survey: Gapyeong-gun (4.82), Yeoncheon-gun (4.75), Gwacheon-si (4.72), Gimpo-si (4.63), and Uiwang-si and Osan-si (4.60) (See [Figure 2-36]).

109 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-36] “I enjoy imagining my future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

For “I often imagine myself being successful in the future,” Gapyeong-gun (5.05) responded the most positively in the ex-ante survey, followed by Gwacheon-si (4.98), Seongnam-si (4.87), Anyang-si (4.85), Uiwang-si (4.84), and Gimpo-si (4.83). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (5.26) again showed the highest level of hope, followed by Gwacheon- si (5.02), Uiwang-si (4.97), Gimpo-si (4.94), Dongducheon-si (4.91), and Yongin-si (4.90) (See [Figure 2-37]).

[Figure 2-37] “I often imagine myself being successful in the future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

110 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

For “I do not dream of the future,” more youths in Pocheon-si than other areas agreed with the statement (3.25) in the ex-ante survey, followed by those in Yangju-si (3.18), Guri-si (3.11), Icheon-si (3.08), Gwangmyeong-si (3.07), and Yangpyeong-gun (3.06). In the ex-post survey, Pocheon-si (3.24) retained its spot and was followed by Yangpyeong-gun and Yangju- si (3.13), Icheon-si (3.12), Anseong-si (3.08), and Goyang-si (3.05) (See [Figure 2-38]).

[Figure 2-38] “I do not dream of the future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Regarding the statement “I really want to achieve my dream,” the ex-ante survey results were as follows: Gapyeong-gun (5.88), Uiwang-si and Gwacheon-si (5.63), Anyang-si (5.61), Osan-si (5.59), and Dongducheon-si (5.56). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (5.83) was followed by Uiwang-si (5.59), Gwacheon-si (5.57), Kimpo-si (5.54), Anyang-si (5.053), and Namyangju-si (5.52) (See [Figure 2-39]).

111 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-39] “I really want to achieve my dream” - Results by City and County of Gyeonggi Province

(Unit: average [points])

6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

With respect to the statement “I feel hopeful about the future,” more youths in Gwacheon- si (4.95) answered “yes” than those in other regions in the ex-ante survey, followed by those in Gapyeong-gun (4.92), Yeoncheon-gun (4.81), Yeoju-si (4.79), Osan-si (4.74), and Gimpo- si (4.73). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (5.07) took the top spot and was followed by Yeoncheon-gun (4.97), Gwacheon-si (4.92), Yeoju-si (4.84), Osan-si (4.83), and Uiwang-si (4.81) (See [Figure 2-40]).

[Figure 2-40] “I feel hopeful about the future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

112 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

With respect to the item “I do not lose hope even in times of trouble,” Gwacheon-si was the most positive (4.80) in the ex-ante survey, followed by Uiwang-si (4.67), Gapyeong- gun (4.65), Dongducheon-si and Yeoju-si (4.61)), and Anyang-si (4.60). In the ex-post survey, Gwacheon-si (4.86) remained the most positive, followed by Gapyeong-gun (4.83), Yeoncheon-gun (4.78), Uiwang-si (4.73), Yongin-si (4.68), and Gunpo-si (4.66) (See [Figure 2-41]).

[Figure 2-41] “I do not lose hope even in times of trouble” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

Regarding the item “I feel hopeless about the future,” the results were as follows in the ex-ante survey: Pocheon-si (3.50), Guri-si and Ansan-si (3.48), Bucheon-si and Paju-si (3.44), and Uijeongbu-si (3.43). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Pocheon-si (3.53), Anseong-si and Yangju-si (3.43), Ansan-si and Yeoju-si (3.40), and Bucheon-si (3.44) (See [Figure 2-42]).

113 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-42] “I feel hopeless about the future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

As for the item, “I feel nervous about the future,” more youths in Bucheon-si and Goyang- si (4.10) answered “yes” than those in other regions in the ex-ante survey, followed by youths in Namyangju-si (4.09), Guri-si (4.08), Pocheon-si (4.07), and Yangju-si and Ansan-si (4.06). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Yangju-si (4.01), Gimpo-si (3.99), Uiwang- si, Goyang-si, and Guri-si (3.97 each), and Pocheon-si (3.96) (See [Figure 2-43]).

[Figure 2-43] “I feel nervous about the future” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

114 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

For the item “I am confident I can achieve my dreams,” Gwacheon-si (4.84) was the most positive in the ex-ante survey, followed by Gapyeong-gun (4.72), Uiwang-si and Yeoncheon- gun (4.67), Osan-si (4.65), and Anyang-si (4.63). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Gapyeong -gun (4.93), Gwacheon-si (4.83), Yeoncheon-gun (4.76), Osan-si (4.75), and Anyang-si and Yangpyeong-gun (4.70) (See [Figure 2-44]).

[Figure 2-44] “I am confident I can achieve my dreams” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

Ex-ante Ex-post

For the item “My future will be better than the present,” youth in Gapyeong-gun said “yes” most frequently (5.38) in the ex-ante survey followed by those in Yeoncheon-gun and Gwacheon-si (5.23), Gimpo-si (5.19), Dongducheon-si (5.18), and Anyang-si (5.15). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Gapyeong-gun (5.38), Gwacheon-si (5.29), Yeoncheon- gun (5.20), Yeoju-si (5.19), Osan-si (5.17), and Uiwang-si (5.16) (See [Figure 2-45]).

115 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-45] “My future will be better than the present” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

For the item “I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face,” Gwacheon-si (4.96) showed the most positive attitude in the ex-ante survey, followed by Yeoncheon-gun (4.83), Dongducheon-si (4.78), Uiwang-si (4.76), Gapyeong-gun (4.74), and Gimpo-si (4.71). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Gapyeong-gun (5.11), Gwacheon-si (4.92), Osan-si (4.86), Uiwang-si (4.81), Yeoju-si (4.80), and Yeoncheon-gun (4.78) (See [Figure 2-46]).

[Figure 2-46] “I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face.” Result by City and County in Gyeonggi Province

(Unit: average [points])

116 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

For the item, “I tend to recover quickly from stress” youths in Uiwang-si (4.29) answered “yes” the most frequently, followed by those in Yeoncheon-gun, Gwacheon-si, and Dongducheon-si (4.28 each), and Yeoju-si, Gimpo-si, Hanam-si, and Yongin-si (4.21 each). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Gapyeong-gun (4.69), Gwacheon-si, Uiwang-si, and Gimpo-si (4.34 each), Yongin-si (4.28), and Anyang-si (4.26) (See [Figure 2-47]).

[Figure 2-47] “I tend to recover quickly from stress” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong Ex-ante Ex-post

With respect to the item “I have coped with past failures well,” the ex-ante survey results were as follows: Gwacheon-si (4.88), Seongnam-si (4.68), Gimpo-si and Yongin-si (4.67), Anyang-si (4.66), and Gwangmyeong-si (4.64). Meanwhile, the results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Gapyeong-gun (4.90), Gwacheon-si (4.85), Uiwang-si (4.76), Seongnam-si (4.74), and Yeoju-si and Gimpo-si (4.73) (See [Figure 2-48]).

117 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Figure 2-48] “I have coped with past failures well” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

Ex-ante Ex-post

For the item “I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble,”, Gapyeong-gun (5.51) answered positively the most often in the ex-ante survey, followed by Gwacheon-si (5.30), Yeoncheon-gun (5.29), Uiwang-si (5.27), Icheon-si (5.24), and Yangpyeong-gun (5.22). In the ex-post survey, Gapyeong-gun (5.53) led again and was followed by Osan-si (5.27), Yeoncheon-gun (5.26), Yeoju-si (5.25), Uiwang-si (5.24), and Gimpo-si (5.21) (See [Figure 2-49]).

[Figure 2-49] “I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong

Ex-ante Ex-post

118 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Lastly, as can be seen in [Figure 2-50], the ex-ante survey results for the item “I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience” were as follows: Pocheon-si (3.62), Yangpyeong-gun (3.50), Yangju-si (3.49), Guri-si and Paju-si (3.48), and Ansan-si (3.47). The results of the ex-post survey were as follows: Pocheon-si (3.59), Hanam-si (3.53), Anseong- si (3.48), Yangpyeong-gun and Bucheon-si (3.46), and Yangju-si (3.45).

[Figure 2-50] “I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience” - Results by City and County

(Unit: average [points])

3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 Guri Paju Total Osan Yeoju Ansan Gunpo Yangju Gimop Yongin Suwon Hanam Goyang Anyang Uiwang Incheon Siheung Gwangju Pocheon Anseong Bucheon Gapyeong Uijeongbu Gwacheon Hwaseong Yeoncheon Seongnam Namyangju Pyeongtaek Yangpyeong Dongducheon Gwangmyeong

Ex-ante Ex-post

119 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Sub-conclusion

This study used the “pre-test-post-test control group design” to quantitatively verify the effects of the Gyeonggi Youth Basic Income (YBI) policy. Of the youths residing in Gyeonggi Province, the experiment group comprised 32,687 respondents who participated in both the ex-ante and ex-post surveys, while the comparison group included 900 respondents who reside in regions other than Gyeonggi Province. The key indicators were extracted from theoretical discussions on basic income and from the items used in basic income experiments in many countries. The categories of the analysis were divided into happiness, health and diet, perception and attitude, economic activities, and dream-capital. The difference between time points and the groups was analyzed using “paired sample t-test” and “independent sample t-test.” According to the results of the analysis, the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI are positive overall. The findings of the detailed analysis can be summarized as follows: First, YBI has greatly increased the recipients’ overall life satisfaction, perception about the value of their work, and the level of happiness. Other positive effects include improving the relative physical health status of the beneficiaries, while reducing depression and anxiety, thereby lowering the overall stress level. The positive effects on health, revealed in the Finnish Basic Income Pilot and the Canadian Mincome experiment, were also confirmed in the Gyeonggi YBI program. The positive effects of YBI were evident in the dietary habits of recipients and their effort to eat healthy. Overall, the dietary habits of the recipients have improved and they make more efforts to eat healthy, including having more fruits. Second, YBI has changed the recipients’ perception and attitudes more positively. The level of trust in various dimensions has changed positively. The level of trust in “others,” “laws and institutions,” and “politicians” was significantly higher in the ex-post survey, compared to the ex-ante survey, in the experimental group. However, the level of trust in “the media” showed slightly different results. The gender perception aspects included in the questionnaire were divided into the “overall level of gender equality perception” and “interest in gender discrimination issues.” In the former case, the positive effects of YBI were confirmed, but in the latter case, the differences between the preliminary and follow- up surveys and between the groups were not significant. It was found that YBI contributed to an improvement in the general perception about gender equality, but not to the interest

120 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion in gender discrimination issues. It was found that YBI also contributed to the expansion of effective freedom by slightly improving “self-determination” and “influence on others” among youth in Gyeonggi Province. The difference in self-determination was not evident between the experimental group and the comparison group, but the experimental group showed a positive (+) change from the ex-ante survey to the ex-post survey. In the decision- making process, the “influence on others” variable showed the same trend, confirming the positive effect. Third, YBI was found to have a positive effect on the overall welfare perception of the recipients and their attitude toward basic income. Youth basic income exerted a positive influence on improving the level of perception about an egalitarian society. However, the experience of receiving YBI was not directly linked to the attitude toward expanding universal welfare. Compared to the comparison group, the experimental group sympathized greatly with the need for universal welfare payments, but the ex-post survey score was lower than that of the ex-ante survey. This seems to require a further in-depth analysis. However, the level of positive attitudes toward tax increases was much higher after the implementation of the YBI system. The perceptions and attitudes toward basic income among youths also changed positively. Particularly, with regard to the general understanding of basic income, the experimental group showed a higher level of understanding than the comparison group, and the level of perception increased even further after receiving YBI. However, there were somewhat contradictory views regarding the expansion of basic income. The negative effect of the policy was evident from their stance on the nationwide expansion of basic income, as the respondents were somewhat reserved about expanding basic income to the entire population. Fourth, YBI has influenced the recipients’ motivation to work positively. The weekly working hours of the beneficiaries increased greatly compared to youth in other regions and after the implementation of the YBI policy than before. This is a positive result as it showed that YBI did not weaken the motivation to work among youths in Gyeonggi Province. However, it can also be interpreted as the benefits not being enough to reduce working hours. For the unemployed youth in Gyeonggi Province, the weekly hours of both job search and job training increased after YBI payment. This result indicates that the payment of YBI did not weaken the motivation to work among unemployed youth as with the case of employed youth in Gyeonggi Province. The perception about their economic status is worse among youth in Gyeonggi Province than those in other regions, but the level of perception changed positively after receiving the YBI payment. This positive change was not observed

121 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

among the respondents of other regions. Lastly, the analysis of the items regarding dream-capital showed that the dream- capital level of youth in Gyeonggi Province was high in general. Before receiving the YBI payment, there were no differences between the experimental group and the comparison group with respect to “enjoying imagining their future,” “the frequency of imagining a successful future,” or “quick recovery from stress,” but the payment of YBI changed that in a statistically significant way; the youth in Gyeonggi Province enjoyed imagining the future more frequently, imagined a successful future more often, and recovered more quickly from stress, compared to youth in other regions. These changes were also found in observations before and after the payment of YBI. It can therefore be concluded that YBI has had a positive effect on the dream-capital of youth in Gyeonggi Province. In particular, these changes were highlighted in the category of “hope,” a sub-category of dream-capital measurement. The Gyeonggi Province YBI is a category of basic income paid at the local government level to a very limited age group. It is meaningful in itself as the program is being pursued as an actual policy, rather than as an experiment, to meet the needs of local residents, backed by the strong will of reformed politicians. The program as a system, targeting a specific working-age group and paying them unconditional benefits, imply going well beyond national and temporal meaning in conceptual terms. Nevertheless, recently in our society some local governments have been making efforts to experiment with or implement (seemingly-to- be) basic income for various age and occupational groups. So there exists a high probability that there will be winners and losers in the process of preferential allocation by population group due to indiscriminate introduction of the policy for political reasons, and there are criticisms and concerns about the possibility that basic income can turn out to be a formal allowance. Therefore, it seems necessary to move beyond the framework of establishing social allowance as a permanent alternative by positioning it as a stepping-stone for the implementation of full basic income. If categorical basic income is given an emancipatory value, going beyond social policy goals such as poverty alleviation, it may serve as a small but incremental basis for achieving full basic income. In this chapter, we performed a scientific investigation and evaluation with the experimental design to analyze the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI. Despite the practical difficulties, the ex-ante survey was conducted before basic income was paid, and a comparison group was organized for more accurate verification. At the same time, to determine the policy effects at various levels, a number of indicators were incorporated from theoretical discussions and various experiments. However, there are limitations to this

122 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion study that need to be acknowledged. There are differences in the size and composition of the experimental group and comparison group. Moreover, the experimental group members had received the YBI payment only twice. It is necessary to closely observe the changes in the lives, perceptions, and attitudes of young people after the payment of basic income for all four quarters, and panel data should be constructed to make comparisons with those who enter the recipient group every year. It is hoped that Gyeonggi YBI will be executed steadily and that the construction and analysis of longitudinal data for the verification of policy effects will continue so that scientific evidence and knowledge can be accumulated and used in the process of realizing universal basic income.

123 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 3 Qualitative Study

1. Design of the Qualitative Study 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Composition of the Questionnaire 2. Analysis of the Qualitative Study Results by Group 2.1. Employed with high school education or below 2.2. Employed with a college degree or above 2.3. Unemployed with high school education or below 2.4. Unemployed with a college degree or above 2.5. University Students 2.6. Former Recipients of Public Assistance 3. Comprehensive Results of the Qualitative Study 3.1. Experience of Receiving YB 3.2. Thoughts on YBI 3.3. Perception about the Lives of Youth 4. Sub-conclusion Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Chapter 3 Qualitative Study

1. Design of the Qualitative Study

1-1. Introduction21)

This study sought to shed light on the lives of young people called the “N-po generation” by focusing on the level of satisfaction of Gyeonggi Provincial youth with YBI, their outlook on the YBI policy, the inconveniences they faced, and the required improvements to the policy, which can help inform the establishment and implementation of YBI policies in the future. In qualitative studies, researchers should be cautious of moderator bias and also bias caused by a “big mouth” (a good speaker who dominates the discussions, controls the thoughts of other participants, or talks too much and prevents others from speaking freely). The moderators in this study tried their best not to state their own opinions or intervene in the discussion. Although there were a few “big mouths”, the moderators encouraged all participants to talk about all issues to avoid bias. The FGIs (Focus Group Interviews) included six groups: five groups were based on participants’ employment status and level of educational attainment, while the last group included those who had previously received public assistance. A total of 34 people—4 to 7 per group—participated in the interviews; 16 were female and 18 were male. The number of interviewees in a group was expected to be six, with a male-female ratio of 1:1, but there were some absentees. The first priority in organizing the groups was socio-economic homogeneity, but regional distribution was also considered.

21) As this has already been covered in Chapter 1 Introduction, only supplementary content will be presented in this section.

126 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

1-2. Composition of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire consisted of the following four parts: i) experience of receiving YBI, ii) thoughts on (youth) basic income, iii) youth’s understanding about their lives, and iv) others. Part i) dealt with how participants obtain information about the YBI, what they think of it, where they use it, what changed in their lives after receiving it, whether they have any complaints and suggestions for improvement, and evaluation. Part ii) sought to determine if they are for or against YBI, the perception of the people around them, their opinion on the universality/unconditionality of basic income, their opinion on the expansion of basic income to all age groups, the level of payment desired, where they want to use the YBI, and their opinion on the financing and payment method, among others. Part iii) discussed the identity of youth, community spirit, their opinion on public assistance, other youth policies they want in addition to the YBI, and their opinion on welfare and tax increase. Part iv) asked the respondents to complete the following sentence, “basic income is [ ].”

127 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. Analysis of the Qualitative Study Results by Group

2-1. [Group 1] Employed with high school education or below

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Male Gyeongui Gimpo Employed–Regular position 2 Female Dongbu Gwangju Employed–Regular position 3 Male Dongbu Gwangju Employed–Regular position 4 Female West Coast Bucheon Employed–Regular position

1) Experience of Receiving YBI

Participants obtained information on YBI through various channels, including G-bus, friends, Internet, and families. Overall, the respondents felt good about receiving YBI because the emergency fund and extra cash reduced their financial burden, with some saying their relationships with friends improved after receiving the YBI. According to the responses, YBI was spent mostly on buying meals, such as rice rolls and other food items at convenience stores, or having food delivered; other uses included buying glasses, fitness club memberships, or shoes as a gift for parents. Regarding changes in life after receiving YBI, they had more time for leisure and cultural activities. With respect to complaints or suggestions for improvement, the respondents mentioned the limitations on regions and the size of stores where local currency could be used. Overall, the experience of receiving YBI was positive.

2) Thoughts on YBI

The participants pointed out that the lack of jobs for youths and the non-existence of welfare programs for the youth were the basis for the YBI. The perception about YBI of people around was mostly positive, but there were some complaints that the policy would lead to higher taxes. Regarding the universality and unconditionality of basic income, many agreed that it should be provided as long as it can be supported by the budget. As for the expansion to all age groups, their opinions were mixed. Some said they support expanding the number

128 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion of beneficiaries and reducing the amount (e.g. KRW 500,000 annually for two years), while others think it is not desirable given the budgetary constraints. As for the payment method, the majority of the respondents agreed with the current method of quarterly payment, while some said they want to receive KRW 250,000 per month if paid monthly. Some said that they want to spend YBI on workout, travel, and hobbies in the future.

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

Most participants responded that life of youth in Korea was difficult and seemed to oscillate between “heaven and hell.” They also said that they felt like an in-between generation and faced pressure from harsh competition. To address this situation, they want the government to regulate the working hours to prevent ruthless competition and provide opportunities for the youth to have a diverse range of work experiences. Interestingly, all four participants opposed the expansion of welfare through a tax increase.

4) Other: “Basic income is [ ].

● Basic income is “a glimmer of light.”

● Basic income is “an allowance.”

● Basic income is “a surprise gift.”

● Basic income is “a second parent (giving allowances).

2-2. [Group 2] Employed with a college degree or above

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Female Gyeongbu Seongnam Employed–working 30 hours or longer 2 Female Gyeongui Gimpo Employed–working 30 hours or longer 3 Female West Coast Bucheon Employed–working 30 hours or longer 4 Female West Coast Hwaseong Employed–working 30 hours or longer 5 Male Dongbu Namyangju Employed–working 30 hours or longer 6 Male Gyeongbu Suwon Employed–working 30 hours or longer 7 Male Gyeongbu Suwon Employed–working 30 hours or longer

129 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

1) Experience of Receiving YBI

Participants obtained information on YBI mostly from friends among other channels that included G-bus, the Internet, and mail. All the respondents felt happy about receiving YBI, which is extra cash. They said they spend most of the benefits on food (including dining out with family); other uses included convenience store purchases (cigarettes), refreshments at cafés, pet items, cosmetic products, and fitness club memberships. Their consumption increased after receiving YBI and relationships improved as they could buy dinner for their friends and colleagues. However, they pointed out that many stores including large bookstores did not accept local currency, and there were few stores where mobile payment services are available. Some mentioned the difficulty of use because their home and workplaces are located in the different cities or counties. It is noteworthy that the overall evaluation about YBI was negative in this group. The respondents seemed to prefer targeted benefits over universal basic income. The following reasons were mentioned: it would be better to give money to those in the lower-income bracket than to all; it is not reasonable to give money to those who are already making money; the criteria for receipt of benefits need to be established; and dependent family members need to be considered. In addition, some said they would oppose universal basic income if it increases the tax burden. Some expressed doubts about the efficacy of local currency as a tool to promote local commercial areas because young people do not go to traditional markets often, although they acknowledged that there are some positive aspects of local currency.

2) Thoughts on YBI

Overall, the participants of were negative about basic income. Some said it is a waste of budgetary resources and preferred “no basic income and no tax.” Some said that it would be better to give money to college students than working youths and that they cannot understand why it should be given to all 24-year-olds. The perception about YBI among the people around them was also negative, according to the respondents; those in their thirties and forties complained that they had to pay tax to fund a program from which they would not benefit. As a result, they were against the expansion of basic income to all age groups and preferred targeting the most vulnerable or those desperately in need of assistance. The respondents were divided on the payment method and amount of YBI. Although many

130 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion of them preferred the quarterly payment of KRW 250,000, some preferred a lump sum payment of KRW 1 million, KRW 500,000 half-yearly, KRW 100,000 monthly, or KRW 150,000 to 200,000 monthly. Some proposed that there should be a difference between payments for the employed and the unemployed.

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

All respondents agreed that life of young people was difficult, citing the rise in the dependent population (due to the aging society) and the realistic conditions make them hard to give a new challenges. Some even made self-deprecating jokes, describing job seekers as “firewood not used for burning” and the employed as “firewood for burning.” Additionally, they said the government should provide transportation expenses, monthly rent, and support for rental deposit money for workers in small- and medium-sized firms. Interestingly, they also demanded support for their parents’ generation after retirement or investment in local medical resources.

4) Other

In describing YBI briefly, they used many negative expressions such as “it does not make any difference,” “white elephant,” “raw meat,” “awkward,” “waste of money,” and “there is a long way to go”.

2-3. [Group 3] Unemployed with high school education or below

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Female West Coast Gwangmyeong Economically inactive 2 Female Gyeongbu Seongnam Economically inactive 3 Male Dongbu Gwangju Economically inactive 4 Male West Coast Ansan Economically inactive 5 Male Gyeongui Goyang Economically inactive

131 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

1) Experience of receiving YBI

Each of the five participants of obtained information on YBI through different channels, including G-bus, the Internet, mail, and family. All the respondents were positive about YBI. They said that they could buy dinner for their friends or family members and that they were proud to be a Gyeonggi Province resident. Some even expressed gratitude to policy makers for trying to help them and trying to reduce their loneliness. They spent the money to reserve study room or buy medicine at drugstores or gave the money to their parents. A few attempted exceptionally to exchange the local currency with cash at a discounted price. As inconveniences, they cited the restrictions on use within the city and county and the hassle of making quarterly filings, even while acknowledging that regional restrictions would revitalize the local economy and quarterly applications would confirm the residential status of recipients. In addition, they complained that stores refused to accept local currency in the early stages, and that it was impossible to make purchases at large-scale supermarkets or online malls or use the money for cultural or leisure activities (buying sports tickets or books at large bookstores). Thus, the use of YBI was limited to food and cosmetics, they pointed out.

2) Thoughts on YBI

There were mixed opinions on YBI. Some were for YBI because it guaranteed the basic rights of young people with no conditions attached, while others were against it over concerns that it would increase the tax burden or redirect money from the budget to basic income. The reaction from those around them, that is, peers of similar age, was consistently positive. With regard to universality, they were in favor of the expansion of basic income to all 24-year-olds in the country in an unconditional manner. However, there were many objections to extending the basic income to all age groups due to concerns about the tax burden and inflation. As for the desired payment method, opinions were split between the current quarterly payment and a monthly payment. Various suggestions were made regarding the desired amount, including proposals for monthly payments of KRW 90,000- 100,000, KRW 100,000, KRW 200,000- 300,000, and KRW 500,000.

132 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

The participants highlighted some serious issues, noting that due to the continuing recession and high unemployment, young people were under very difficult conditions, with some of them even committing suicide. Therefore, they requested the government to ease the wage gap between large-sized and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), strengthen vocational education, improve the conditions for SMEs to create more decent jobs, improve the social system where going to college is the norm, create a clean society, and reduce the size of colleges. Depending on their interests, participants also requested support for the webtoon industry or expansion of the welfare policies related to hospitals.22)

2-4. [Group 4] Unemployed with a college degree or above

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Female Gyeongui Goyang Preparing for employment 2 Female West Coast Siheung Freelancer looking for work 3 Female Gyeongbu Yongin Preparing for employment 4 Male West Coast Bucheon Quit working 5 Male Gyeongbu Suwon Unemployed after quitting work 6 Male Dongbu Namyangju Preparing for employment

1) Experience of receiving YBI

Many respondents said they got information about YBI through family. Other respondents said they came to know about it through SMS(Short message service) and notices from city and county organizations. They thought that the promotion of the YBI project among the recipients has been pretty successful. As for the perception toward YBI, most of them said “I feel happy about it.” Other answers included “Gyeonggi Province seems a good place to reside” and “It felt amazing to receive

22) This group did not have a discussion on 4) Other: “Basic income is [ ].”

133 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

money from the government for the first time.” Most of them spend the money to eat out or go to cafés. Others spend it to buy books or food, to drink, or to consume at convenience stores, while some interesting choices included nail art services, beauty parlor services, and motel stays. Regarding the changes in life after receiving YBI, they said, “I meet my friends more often and feel more relaxed and open-minded.” Some said, “I am able to buy small things without hesitation unlike the past,” while some others showed some regret: “I sometimes spend the money when I don’t need to.” As for inconveniences and things to be improved, the majority said that there are some hassles, but they are acceptable. Some complained that it is not easy to identify the stores where YBI can be used. In addition, some were not happy about the fact that they should apply for benefits every quarter. However, they think these inconveniences are worth the returns.

2) Thoughts on YBI

Most of the respondents welcomed the policy because they were beneficiaries. Moreover, they supported the payment of basic income in local currency to boost the local economy. It is noteworthy that all participants supported the use of local currency, with the rate of agreement higher than that on the basic income itself. Another reason for preferring local currency was its premium (+ 6-10%). Reactions from people around them were mixed. Some parents were not happy about it (“Why do they use taxpayers’ money for such things?”) but others were more positive (“You’d be happy to get free money”). Some said that there were a lot of negative views on basic income, while others said their friends assented it and those in other regions envied it. Overall, it seemed there was no strong opposition to YBI. To the question “why do you think it is given to 24-year-olds,” some questioned, “Isn’t it because they make no money as they are preparing to get a job?” Another response was “because 20-year-olds are too young to control their behavior (the money is given to 24-year-olds).” As for the payment level and method, the majority was in favor of the current quarterly payment of KRW 250,000. One respondent preferred a lump sum or monthly payment. The responses were mixed regarding basic income itself (and its universality and unconditionality), not just YBI, with negative answers widely prevalent. Probably due to

134 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion the nature of the group, many called for “targeting those looking for a job.” They said “unemployed youths who are preparing to enter a job are in the blind spot of welfare,” or “My parents' income is not mine and it'd be wrong not to receive benefits because my parents are earning.” The general impression was to restrict eligibility to youths looking for a job and to increase the benefit amount. There were many negative opinions about the expansion of basic income to all age groups, but there were also some positive opinions, which, in particular, expressed support for including housewives, children and the elderly. With respect to children’s allowances, the respondents were not in agreement, with a male member contending that it should be increased since the fertility rate is low, while a female participant argued that raising these allowances will not increase the fertility rate. The woman was backed by other male respondents.

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

The participants’ biggest concern was about employment. They cited the example of YOLO,23) a popular jargon among youths. The idea may sound cool but it actually seems to stem at least partly from desperation, as young people are not confident that they would be able to buy a house or get a decent job, which is why they focus on momentary satisfaction. Some said that fortunately things will get a little better with YBI. They expressed mixed reactions to raising taxes to expand welfare benefits. Some agreed with tax increases for the sake of the next generations, while others agreed with the expansion of welfare policies but called for reducing budgetary wastage, instead of raising taxes, to finance the expansion. Also, there were respondents who said they would agree with the tax increases only if it is not used to expand universal welfare but be used efficiently.

23) YOLO is the acronym of the phrase "you only live once." It is a call to live life to its fullest extent. It focuses on the happiness of the moment, sometimes meaning a lifestyle of consumption instead of saving for the future or sacrificing for others. The Yolo generation spends money on hobbies or self-development that can improve the quality of life right now, rather than on buying a house or preparing for retirement. Their consumption is distinguished from impulse buying as it a part of the process of realizing their ideals beyond simply fulfilling worldly desires [Naver Encyclopedia].

135 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Other: “Basic income is [ ].”

● “Thank you”; I feel more relaxed although there have been no dramatic changes in my life.

● “Bonus”; It is not my paycheck but gives me extra cash.

● “Welcome rain,” although it is not a shower that completely quenches my thirst.

● “Confucius and BaekJongwon,” where “Confucius” symbolizes buying books, while “BaekJongwon,” referring to a celebrity chef in Korea, means buying food recipes.

● “Privilege,” which I have to give back to society in the future.

● “Vitamin,” which influenced my life positively. I used to stay at home earlier, but now I go out and hang out with friends.

● “Although I received the money, I do not understand what the policy is about.”

2-5. [Group 5] University Students

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Female Gyeongbu Anyang Graduated* 2 Female Gyeongui Goyang Leave of absence 3 Male Gyeongbu Yongin Second semester of senior year 4 Male West Coast Hwaseong Leave of absence 5 Male Dongbu Namyangju Junior year 6 Male Gyeongui Gimpo First semester of senior year

Note: * She was in the second semester of her senior year in the university at the time of contact, but a graduate when participating in the FGI discussions.

1) Experience of Receiving YBI

The various channels through which the participants obtained information regarding YBI included G bus, library bulletin boards, Internet advertisements, neighborhood placards, and friends. Most of them felt sorry for those who did not receive YBI. The money was spent to dine out (restaurants) and at cafés, convenience stores, and taverns. It was also spent to buy food, beverages and books, and spent on study room and beauty salon services. Some said they gave the money to their parents.

136 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

When asked about the changes in life after receiving the YBI, most of them said that it was good to have some extra cash: “I was able to afford a little luxury,” “I have some extra money,” “I feel less anxious because my account balance is more healthy,” and “I hang out with my friends more often now.” One respondent said, “I am living with only the basic income without relying on money from my parents.” As for the inconveniences and things to be improved, this group, like the other groups, mentioned the restrictions on where to use the YBI. The students from the regions where YBI is used in QR codes asked for the use of plastic cards, with some even seeking paper- type local currency because they did not want to have check cards issued. They understand the limits on the places of use but suggested expanding the regions to cover the whole province. They pointed out that the inconvenience is felt more in rural areas than urban areas. However, they agreed that overall the inconveniences are understandable. As for the expansion of the YBI program, they thought it would not be easy due to budget problems. They said the experience of receiving money from the government was unfamiliar but satisfying. Like other groups, they showed a preference for local currency. Most of the comments were in favor of local currency because they felt it was not good for money to be concentrated in Seoul. Some argued that if the payment is made in cash, the tool of revitalizing the local economy, along with the justification for basic income, gets lost. However, others said that local currency is preferable if the promotion of local economies is the main goal, but cash is better if youth welfare is the first priority.

2) Thoughts on YBI

Many participants said that YBI is being given as part of youth welfare policies because of the harsh labor market situations. Some claimed that it is meant to attract young voters or boost consumption (effective demand creation effect). Despite the concerns they may have about the program, they said they agree with the general direction of the policy. When asked what people around them thought of the policy, they said that in general “no one is greatly opposed to YBI.” Many were actually envious. They said, “although it seemed a bit weird at first to get money from the State, it felt good.” Some even said that “if they stop giving money (stop the YBI project), all hell will break loose.” There were heated debates over the universality and unconditionality of basic income, and whether the system should be expanded to all age groups. The views were slightly more

137 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

negative than positive. Negative comments included the following: “Is it okay to give away all the tax? I’m not sure it is all right to spend tax like this”; “Why don’t you give the money to pregnant women instead of youths”; “Give the money to the elderly or children. They are the vulnerable groups, not youths”; and “If the money should go to youths, give it to those looking for a job.” On the other hand, proponents of the basic income made the following arguments: “It is a good welfare policy. I’m for it”; “I agree with expanding the payment to the entire population only if the amount is reduced to a level that is enough to help the low-income class but is meaningless to the high-income class”; “The intention of revitalizing the regional commercial areas is good”; “I think it is better than a job search support fund, which requires the submission of management plans”; and “I agree with it because universal welfare is rewarding to the rich as well as the poor.” Regardless of whether they were for or against the policy, the participants agreed that “it is unfair to those who are not eligible just because they were born a year earlier” and “it places an excessive tax burden on Gyeonggi Province”. Regarding expansion to all age groups, the respondents preferred selective support targeting the most vulnerable group and opposed an expansion based on a tax increase. They believed it was the most effective way to spend a limited budget. As for the desired level of payment, many considered the current level appropriate. Some argued that the amount should be lowered to expand and continue the program. Interestingly, there was a suggestion to retain the local currency payment for the existing level of benefits, but to make the payment in cash if the amount is increased, because the use of local currency is limited while cash can be used more freely. As for the payment method, the majority of the respondents again preferred the current quarterly payment.

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

This group also pointed out job insecurity as the major concern in real life: “I’m an adult but have no money, and it’s embarrassing to ask for money from parents”; “I feel great pressure due to an uncertain future”; “I find some comfort in hanging out with friends and forgetting about everything for some time. It feels better to talk with friends than being alone”; “Even engineering majors go to graduate school because they can’t find a job. Still, it’s better for those with an engineering degree. Things are bleak for those who are liberal arts majors”; “I heard about the government support scheme for starting a business, but

138 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion it shows how hard it is to find a decent job”; “I relied on my parents for 100 percent of the college tuition. I feel the pressure to meet their expectations and show results”; “I can’t work for SMEs even if I want to. It will disappoint my parents”; “I thought the year before last that I’d prepare for one more year and get a better job, and thought the same thing again last year”; “I think your self-esteem hits rock bottom while preparing for employment”; and “For women, it gets worse as you grow older and makes you feel even more nervous.” When asked about what other policies they want, they expressed both hope and skepticism. Government-level employment support was not desirable. However, they agreed with the expansion of vocational training and support. Although they were positive about the internship system, they hoped that it would lead to a regular job that ensures a basic level of income without exploiting vulnerable job seekers. They also said that as the Korean economy revolves around large companies, the government should come up with measures to promote small- and medium-sized enterprises, which they believe will improve their chances of finding a decent job. It is good to receive basic income, but it would be better to earn from a job, they pointed out. Regarding welfare and tax increase, this group had a similar reaction to the expansion of basic income. Many disagreed with the YBI expansion even though they supported an increase in children’s allowances and basic pension. As for raising taxes for welfare, they said they would support a hike if they can benefit from the welfare program, which they were highly doubtful of given their lack of trust in existing welfare policies. It shows that skepticism about a tax increase leading to welfare expansion is rampant even among young people.

4) Other: “Basic income is [ ].”

● It is “a litmus test.” YBI is a test step in the right direction.

● It is “a national allowance,” which is given by the State, not parents. It means the freedom not to ask for money from parents.

● It is “white elephant.” It is good to receive money, but do you really need to give it to young people?

● “I am not aware of the process or outcome, but I like receiving them.”

● “It is not fair.” It is good to receive free money, but does it need to continue?

● It is a “beginning.” It is the first step in the national welfare policy, which is distinct from past welfare policies.

139 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2-6. [Group 6] Former Recipients of Public Assistance

Gender Districts Residence Current Status 1 Female West Coast Bucheon University graduate 2 Female Gyeongbu Seongnam University graduate 3 Female Gyeongui Goyang University graduate 4 Male West Coast Gwangmyeong University student 5 Male Dongbu Hanam University student 6 Male Gyeongbu Seongnam University student

1) Experience of Receiving YBI

This group showed the most favorable attitude toward the YBI policy. They gained information on YBI through multiple channels, including the Internet, mailed notices, SNS, and TV news. Like the other groups, many of them obtained information from friends. All the participants were positive about the YBI policy. They said “it was amazing,” “it is very good to receive the benefits,” “it has reduced the burden of living costs,” “I now have more leisure time,” and “I’m more satisfied with life now.” The usage of YBI was not different from that in the other groups. They spent the money on food, shopping, gifts for parents, study room facilities, meals, markets, private institutes, beauty parlor services, and fitness clubs. As for the changes in life after receiving YBI, they said “I meet my friends in the neighborhood, not near Hongdae24) area,” “it is good because it has reduced the costs of living,” and “I now have more time to study.” Regarding the inconveniences and things to improve, like the other groups, they mentioned the restrictions on the places and regions where YBI can be used. Some pointed out that the information on stores where YBI could be used was insufficient and inaccurate. They also agreed that it would be better to have them display a sticker. Overall, however, they were positive about the program because the card-type currency was easy to use and not many application documents were required. However, one respondent said it was embarrassing when stores refused local currency (card). All of the respondents agreed that the YBI system was “very positive. There is nothing

24) Hongdae means Hongik University.

140 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion negative about it.” They also favored local currency, saying “it is good as it gives incentives.”

2) Thoughts on YBI

On why YBI should be given, their responses echoed those of other groups. They said “it is for alleviating the burden while preparing for employment,” “we have had no benefits at all as an in-between generation, so it tries to give us some benefits,” “it is for creating effective demand,” and “it is an investment in the young generation, who will contribute to the development of the nation.” Regarding the perception that people around them had regarding YBI, the responses were mixed. Some comments were negative: “My parents did not like it and questioned why it was being given for free,” and “you are receiving money paid for by us (my parent’s generation). I don’t understand why they spend tax on such things.” Others were more positive, saying “they resent not receiving the money” and “people’s reactions were more positive than negative.” Some said, “they might speak ill of it behind my back but were positive in my presence.” Their evaluation about the universality and unconditionality of YBI was positive: “I think no one will complain as it is given to the rich and the poor alike,” “I think it is right to give it to all because there is no clear division of the income bracket,” and “it would have been embarrassing to use the card if it had been for the low-income class only, but now I don’t need to feel awkward about using it.” However, negative attitudes were more prevalent regarding the idea of basic income itself and its expansion to all age groups. They agreed with the current YBI system, but regarding the provision of basic income for the entire population, they said “it would be a waste of tax as the elderly already receive basic pension,” “it will be a huge drain on the national coffers and cause inflation,” and “the task of covering the entire population seems challenging and we need to come up with different ways to provide benefits by generation.” As for the desired level of payment, many considered the current level to be appropriate. However, if it is paid monthly, it should be over KRW 100,000 per month, according to them. Regarding the payment method, monthly payment and lump sum payment were tied for the top spot. Those who preferred monthly payment thought it would help control the impulse to consume and enable recipients to plan their future consumption on a monthly basis. On the other hand, those preferring a lump sum payment said that it would allow them to use the large amount of money where needed.

141 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3) Perception about the Lives of Youth

This group also cited “employment” as the greatest source of anxiety in their lives: “It's an employment ice age”; “we are a more disadvantaged generation than the IMF generation”; “smart people from the previous generation make policies, but they are not attuned to the realities of our generation, which creates a sense of deprivation in us”; “the most troubling thing is that I have an uncertain future without a stable job”; “we belong to a lonely and difficult generation because we were born during the IMF”; “the generation right before us was the ‘Sam-po’ generation (that gave up three things), and our generation is the N-po generation (that has to give up everything)”; and “85% of people in this generation go to college, but their salary is not proportionate to their academic qualifications.” Overall, a sense of self-deprecation dominated the atmosphere of discussion. While discussing policies other than basic income that they expect from the government, they talked about virtually all the problems in society, including unethical enterprises, housing problems, discrimination in employment based on educational background, and minimum wages. With regard to unethical companies, the responses included “get rid of the ‘black companies’ that exploit their workers and do not pay well”; “interns have to put up with ‘passion pay’ in many companies and we want them punished”; and “I once reported a company I worked for to the Ministry of Labor (for not being paid wages) but it had closed a month earlier.” Regarding the housing issue, they spoke about the housing supply and discrimination: “It is difficult to find a house because of the concentration of the metropolitan area, which needs to be taken care of”; “expansion of public rental housing seems desirable, but there is discrimination against residents”; and “there is a psychological barrier among children along with a physical barrier.” Regarding employment, their responses included “Please find a way to get rid of discrimination between liberal arts majors and natural science majors in the job market”; “why don't you reduce the number of civil servants? Why do students from the most privileged universities like Seoul National University, Yeonsei University, and Korea University want to become public servants?”; “The civil service examination was believed to be free of bias but the final interview proved otherwise”; and “I was asked to leave the company when the minimum wage was raised this year.” There were many negative reactions to the sense of community and public assistance systems in our society. The responses included, “Our society does not have a sense of

142 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion community”; “If I have more free time, I will be able to meet more people”; “I want to reduce the working hours or expand the flexible working hour system”; and “the Japanese core time system seems a good thing.” This group was the most welcoming with respect to welfare and tax increase. Everyone said, “I've got it, so I'll pay for it.” They also advocated the YBI system. “I feel bad when I hear the elderly arguing against the YBI”; “I hate (the arguments for and against YBI) turning into something of a generational conflict”; and “the next generation will continue to receive money, so what is the problem?” Regarding the level of welfare in Korea, the response was like “I think it is lower than that of developed countries, but not the worst.” However, one participant said, “I envy France for their free college education.” Among the welfare systems in Korea, the health insurance system was selected as an exemplary one.

4) Other: “Basic income is [ ].”

● “A gift,” which was given when needed the most.

● “A glimmer of light,” which complements the 2% that is lacking in my life.

● “Investment in youth.” It is good to receive free money but is it necessary to give the money to young people?

● “Lubricant,” which makes my life run smoothly.

● “Allowances” from the nation.

143 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Comprehensive Results of the Qualitative Study

3-1. Experience of Receiving YBI

1) Information Channels

The FGI participants obtained information on YBI through various channels, including the Internet, G-bus, TV news, post, village banners, SNS platforms, public organizations (library, community center), bulletin boards, friends, and family. This indicates that the promotion of YBI has been successful.

2) Feelings about receipt of YBI

Overall, the participants said they felt happy about YBI regardless of the characteristics of the group they belonged to. They said they now have some extra money, can treat family or friends to a meal, feel grateful to the government (Gyeonggi Province) for doing something for them, and feel proud to be a resident of Gyeonggi Province. Many university students said they were indebted to those not receiving the benefits because it came from taxpayer.

3) Use of YBI

They spent the money on a host of things, including food and beverages, books, beauty parlor services, cosmetics, travel, private institutes, study rooms, pet items, gifts for parents, and fitness club memberships, with no remarkable differences observed between the groups. This could be explained partly by the fact that they have similar consumption patterns as they are of the same age but more importantly by the limitations placed upon the size of stores where the local currency can be used.

4) Changes in life after receiving YBI

There was no big difference between the groups. As the pressure on consumption eased, some admitted that they spent the money when they did not need to. Also, they were able

144 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion to enjoy more cultural activities and have better relationships with friends and family as they could afford to treat them to a meal sometimes. Some even said that they found more time to study while working less. These findings confirm that the YBI policy contributed to improving beneficiaries’ overall satisfaction with life.

5) Inconveniences: Areas for Improvement

In terms of inconveniences, the most frequently mentioned hassle was the limitations imposed on the size of the stores and regions where the local currency can be used. Futhermore, in the early stages of implementation, some store owners who did not know about the policy refused to accept local currency. A few respondents complained about the hassle of filing an application every quarter. However, many participants said these difficulties were understandable and unavoidable. These inconveniences are structural problems stemming from the basic principles and design of the system and cannot be technically improved. Therefore, active promotion is necessary to improve the recipients’ understanding of the purpose of the system.

6) Comprehensive Evaluation

As the majority of the respondents said they felt good about receiving YBI, the overall evaluation was positive. However, many participants of Group 2 (those employed with a college degree or above) had negative reactions, mostly because they preferred selective welfare benefits and felt that universal basic income will increase the tax burden. Based on the results, it seems that people who are opposed to basic income are those who do not accurately understand the merits of basic income relative to the demerits of selective welfare (welfare traps, social stigma effect, administrative costs, etc.) and thus stand by the idea of selective welfare, which is prevalent in Korean society. Meanwhile, people who support basic income do not seem to fully understand its characteristics, highlighting the importance of raising awareness about the concept in society.

145 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3-2. Thoughts on YBI

1) Arguments for or against basic income and the justification

Although many agreed with basic income itself, they were not as positive about the idea as they were about receiving it themselves. Favorable opinions were based on the view that YBI is a welfare policy for young people preparing for employment and an economic policy to revitalize local economies through the use of local currency; only one respondent in Group 3 (unemployed with high school education or below) understood basic income as a “right.” Arguments against basic income were the most common in Group 2 (employed with a college degree or above) and Group 3 (unemployed with high school education or below). They justified their opposition, contending that it was reasonable to pay benefits to the low- income class but not to all (including the employed) and that they were against paying (more) taxes for the implementation of basic income.

2) Perceptions of people around them

The perceptions about basic income among people around the respondents were mixed. While young people and some parents were positive about the system, the public in general tended to complain that YBI is financed by the tax they pay.

3) Universality and Unconditionality

There was not much discussion on the universality and unconditionality of YBI. However, as basic income has both pros and cons, the views on universality, or the payment of the benefits to the entire population, were mixed. Groups 1 (employed with high school education or below) and 6 (former recipients of public assistance) mostly preferred universal basic income, while Groups 2 (employed with a college degree or above) and 4 (unemployed with a college degree or above) were more favorable toward selective payment. The views within Group 5 (university students) were mixed. (There were no responses from Group 3 [unemployed with high school education or below].) Most groups did not respond regarding unconditionality, but some respondents in Group 3 agreed with the unconditional payment.

146 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

4) Expansion to all age groups

The respondents were overwhelmingly opposed to the expansion of basic income to all age groups. The main reason was the lack of budget. Some agreed with a partial expansion targeting some groups, such as housewives, without increasing the tax burden.

5) Desired payment method and amount

Regarding the desired payment method and amount, the majority of the respondents said the current level of KRW 250,000 per quarter is appropriate. Some said that KRW 100,000 per month is desirable if the payment is made monthly. There was a minority opinion that wanted KRW 1 million in a lump sum payment.

3-3. Perception about the Lives of Youth

1) Identity of Youth

Regarding the current state of youth, the responses were similar in all the groups, indicating that youths were facing challenging times. The biggest reason was the employment problem and an insecure future. As they belong to the N-po generation (who have given up numerous things), some showed a tendency to enjoy the moment without placing much hope in the future.

2) Requests for the government

Various requests were made to the government by participants in each group. Their demands included practical employment support, including vocational training or the improvement of the internship system, support for starting a business, improvement of the conditions for SMEs, travel expense support, and housing support.

3) Sense of Community and Public Assistance

Group 6 (former recipients of public assistance) gave a simple answer, which was that our society has no sense of community.

147 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Opinion on the Existing Welfare System and Tax Increase

Some said that the existing welfare system leaves much to be desired compared with systems in developed countries. Group 6, as former recipients of public assistance, agreed with the proposition to raise taxes to expand welfare benefits, while all the other groups disagreed. Some of those supporting a tax increase attached certain conditions, such as the transparent use of tax and selective expansion of benefits, to the most vulnerable classes.

4. Sub-conclusion

Based on the FGI results on YBI, it seems safe to say that no major improvements need to be made to the current YBI system in Gyeonggi Province. The recipients seem to have easily obtained necessary information thanks to the policy promotion. The overall level of satisfaction is high, and positive changes in the lives of recipients were observed after the YBI payment. Also, most of the recipients were satisfied with the quarterly payment and the amount of payment. Thus, the frequency and amount of payment do not seem to require any changes. The limitations on the regions and the size of stores where YBI can be spent are based on the policy objectives, and thus cannot be changed as long as the policy goals remain the same. As for the hassle of filing an application every quarter, this has improved since the application in 4Q; of the 3Q applicants, those who agreed to the automatic application for 4Q did not have to file a separate application. This system will be applied in the future, making a quarterly filing unnecessary for applicants who agree to the automatic application when filing for the benefits the first time. Meanwhile, according to the opinion of participants in the FGIs, it seems premature to expand basic income to all age groups even within Gyeonggi Province. Given that the universal payment of basic income for 24-year-olds is at the experimental stage, achieving social consensus on its expansion to the entire population seems far-fetched at present, not to mention that there are no concrete measures to fund the program. A province-wide or

148 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion nationwide expansion of basic income seems to be a policy goal that has to be pursued as a long-term task. Finally, we would like to point out that the majority of the participants do not fully understand the meaning of basic income or tend to prefer the idea of selective welfare that is prevalent in our society, which underscores the need to raise awareness of universal welfare, including basic income, among the public. Although selective welfare is not completely useless, the promotion of universal welfare among the recipients of basic income seems to be important for enhancing the welfare of the nation as a whole considering the paradox of redistribution,25) which argues that universal welfare is more advantageous than selective welfare when it comes to expanding welfare benefits.

25) The paradox was put forward by Korpi and Palme of Sweden, who investigated welfare systems in European countries. They argue that the more countries target welfare resources exclusively at the poor, the less redistribution is actually achieved and the less income inequality is reduced, while nations with a universal welfare system end up expanding welfare.

149 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 4 Comprehensive Analysis and Conclusion

1. Comprehensive Analysis 1.1. Comprehensive Analysis of the Quantitative Study 1.2. Comprehensive Analysis of the Qualitative Study 1.3. Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of the Quantitative and Qualitative Study 2. Summary and Conclusion Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Chapter 4 Comprehensive Analysis and Conclusion

1. Comprehensive Analysis

1-1. Comprehensive Analysis of the Quantitative Study

1) Introduction

In this study, we used the “pre-test-post-test control group” design to verify the effects of the Gyeonggi Province YBI policy quantitatively. The experimental group consisted of 32,687 youths residing in Gyeonggi Province who responded to the ex-ante and ex-post survey (1Q･3Q), while the comparison group included 900 subjects, who were randomly selected from youths residing in areas other than Gyeonggi Province. We conducted ex-ante and ex- post surveys for each group and analyzed the results. The key indicators were extracted from the theoretical discussions on the effects of basic income and from the items used in basic income experiments in many countries. The categories for analysis were divided into happiness, health and diet, perception and attitude, economic activities, and dream-capital. The differences in the individual variables between the experimental group and comparison group and between the two time points were analyzed using “paired sample t-test” and “independent sample t-test.”

2) Main Results of the Analysis

The analysis of the survey results showed that overall, the policy effects of Gyeonggi YBI have been positive. The detailed results of the analysis can be summarized as follows:

152 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

① There were substantial improvements in the overall satisfaction with life, perception of work values, and level of happiness among youths in Gyeonggi Province. i) Positive effects included an improvement in the relative physical state of health of the beneficiaries, and a reduction in depression and anxiety, driving down overall stress levels. ii) The overall dietary habits of the recipients have improved, and they make more efforts to eat healthy, including having more fruits. ② There was a positive impact on the perception and attitude of youths in Gyeonggi Province. i) The level of trust in various dimensions has changed positively. ii) The level of trust in “others,” “laws and institutions,” and “politicians” improved significantly in the experimental group. iii) YBI also contributed to the expansion of effective freedom by slightly improving “self- determination” and “influence on others.” ③ There was a positive impact on the beneficiaries’ general perception about welfare and basic income. i) Youth basic income was exerting a positive influence on improving the perception about an equal society. ii) The level of positive attitudes toward a tax increase was much higher after the implementation of the YBI system. ④ Youth perception and attitude toward basic income also changed positively. ⑤ The subjects were positive about the nationwide expansion of basic income for youths, but were reserved about the expansion of basic income to the general population. ⑥ There was a positive impact on the recipients’ motivation to work. i) The weekly working hours of the beneficiaries greatly increased compared to the working hours of youth in other regions and also after the implementation of the YBI policy than before. ⑦ The overall level of dream-capital was high among youths in Gyeonggi Province. i) Youths in Gyeonggi Province enjoy imagining the future more frequently, imagine a successful future more often, and recover more quickly from stress compared to youths in other regions, with the differences being statistically significant.

153 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

1-2. Comprehensive Analysis of the Qualitative Study

1) Introduction

In this study, we investigated the level of satisfaction of Gyeonggi Province youth with the YBI, their outlook on the policy, the inconveniences they faced, and their suggestions for improvement. We conducted a qualitative study through FGIs involving six groups that were organized based on whether they are employed, their level of educational attainment, whether they are students or graduates, and whether they have received public assistance. A total of 34 subjects—four to seven per group—participated in the discussions. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: i) Experience of Receiving YBI, ii) Thoughts on YBI, iii) Perception about the Lives of Youth, and iv) Other.

2) Main Results of the Analysis

① YBI recipients believe that there is little scope for improvement in the current Gyeonggi Province YBI policy. The detailed responses can be summarized as follows: i) It seems that the policy was well promoted through various channels and the subjects were able to obtain information easily. ii) The level of satisfaction with YBI was high. iii) After the implementation of YBI, the lives of the recipients changed positively. iv) Overall, the respondents were satisfied with the current quarterly payment and the amount, indicating that there is no need for change. ② There were complaints about the limitations on the regions and size of stores (where local currency could be used), but these restrictions are in line with the original policy goals and cannot be improved unless the policy objective is revised. ③ In particular, the hassle of filing an application every quarter was raised; this has improved since the 4Q application. Of the 3Q applicants, those who agreed to an automatic filing for 4Q did not have to file a separate application. ④ Participants considered it premature to expand the basic income program to the general population, even within just Gyeonggi Province. ⑤ The majority of the participants did not seem to fully understand the meaning of basic income or were still inclined to prefer selective welfare, which is currently the prevalent

154 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

method in Korean society. These results point to the need to raise awareness about basic income policies among the public.

1-3. Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of the Quantitative and Qualitative Study

The results showed that the Gyeonggi Province YBI has influenced youth recipients positively in various ways. The subjects also reacted favorably to the local currency. In the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey for the experimental group, many indicators showed improvement. Furthermore, they showed more positive results in various respects than the comparison group. Although there were some areas that scored worse in the ex-post survey than the ex-ante survey or did not show more positive effects than the comparison group, the vast majority of these differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, although this study had a limitation in that it only compared the survey results before (1Q) and after (3Q) the implementation of YBI to determine its effects on beneficiaries, the results were significantly positive. Even though there are some inconveniences to be addressed, they are not critical issues and can be improved gradually.

155 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. Summary and Conclusion

Gyeonggi Province has been implementing the Youth Basic Income (“YBI”) policy since April 1, 2019. Under this policy, every 24-year-old person who has lived in Gyeonggi Province with resident registration for at least three consecutive years or ten years in total is paid KRW 250,000 every quarter, or up to KRW 1 million a year, in local currency. According to Article 10 (Evaluation) of The Ordinance on Youth Basic Income in Gyeonggi Province: “The Governor should evaluate policy effects, such as the satisfaction level of the beneficiaries every year, and incorporate them in next year’s project.” Pursuant to this article, Gyeonggi Province needs to conduct an evaluation and research into the YBI project. In this context, this study examined the effects of the YBI project on the beneficiaries through surveys conducted before and after April 1, 2019, when the project was launched. Around 175,000 youths (aged 24) are eligible for the Gyeonggi Province YBI. Out of the qualified recipients, 124,335 (about 71%) filed for the benefits in 1Q (including those who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q). These applicants were the subjects of this study. To effectively analyze the policy effects of the Gyeonggi Province YBI, we needed to compare the survey results with a comparison group, which was set as youths aged 24 residing across South Korea, excluding Gyeonggi Province. The survey consisted of both quantitative and qualitative studies. For the quantitative study, structured questionnaires were distributed to the subjects. The same questions were included in the ex-ante and ex-post survey, barring adjustments to account for the time difference, so that a panel data set could be created. Simultaneously, the same quantitative study was designed to be conducted among the comparison group, consisting of 24-year-olds residing in regions other than Gyeonggi Province. The experimental group comprised 63,300 youths (aged 24) who applied for the YBI and participated in the ex-ante survey. They included 57,540 youths who applied in 1Q and 5,760 youths who filed for the 1Q payment in 2Q. Of the participants in the ex-ante survey, a total of 32,687 youths also responded to the ex-post survey. Therefore, it was possible to establish panel data based on the responses of the 32,687 respondents. As for the comparison group, the ex-ante survey obtained 1,300 responses, of which 900 respondents participated in the ex-post survey. Thus, the panel data of the comparison group consisted of 900 responses. However, the qualitative study was conducted only for the experimental group24-year-olds

156 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion residing in Gyeonggi Province—because it was deemed unnecessary for the comparison group, who had been unaffected by the program. For the qualitative study, the subjects were divided into six groups of about five participants each and asked to participate in discussions. The study used a “semi-structured” focus group interview (FGI) method, where the interviewer is allowed some discretion, albeit with a pre-determined set of questions. The interviewees were selected by a specialized research agency; among the people who were randomly selected based on several criteria, those who agreed to participate were finally chosen for the FGIs. The selection criteria examined whether they are employed, students, or graduates; what their level of formal education is; and whether they have prior experience of receiving public assistance. In addition, for balanced regional representation, the subjects were selected evenly from five districts in Gyeonggi Province: the Gyeongbu, Gyeongwon, Gyeongui, Dongbu, and West Coast districts. Finally, the six FGI groups were composed as follows: ① those employed with high school education or below (4 persons), ② those employed with a college degree or above (7 persons), ③ those unemployed with high school education or below (5 persons), ④ those unemployed with a college degree or above (6 persons), ⑤ university students (including those in leave of absence) (6 persons), and ⑥ former recipients of public assistance (6 persons). First, the results of the quantitative study showed that the Gyeonggi Province YBI has influenced youth recipients positively in various ways. The subjects also reacted favorably to the local currency. Although there were some areas that scored worse in the ex-post survey than the ex-ante survey or did not show more positive effects than the comparison group, the vast majority of these differences were not statistically significant. Some of the positive findings can be summarized as follows:

157 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

⑥ There was a positive impact on the recipients’ motivation to work. ⑦ The overall level of dream-capital was high among youths in Gyeonggi Province.

Second, the FGI results of the qualitative study can be summarized as follows:

① YBI recipients believe that there is little scope for improvement in the current Gyeonggi Province YBI policy. ② There were complaints about the limitations on regions and the size of stores (where local currency could be used), but these restrictions are in line with the original policy goals. ③ In particular, the hassle of filing an application every quarter was raised; this has improved since the 4Q application. ④ Participants considered it premature to expand the basic income program to the general population, even within just Gyeonggi Province. ⑤ The majority of the participants do not seem to fully understand the meaning of basic income or are still inclined to prefer selective welfare, which is currently the prevalent method in Korean society. These results point to the need to raise awareness about basic income policies among the public. In conclusion, it can be said that the Gyeonggi Province YBI has influenced youth recipients positively in various ways. The subjects also reacted favorably to the local currency. This is encouraging as the experimental group showed improvement in various metrics in the ex-post survey, compared with the ex-ante survey. In addition, the results were also more positive than those of the comparison group in various aspects. Although there is room for improvement, they can be improved gradually as they are not inherent flaws in the policy.

158 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

159 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 5 References Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

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169 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province CHAPTER 6 Appendix Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Appendix

Satisfaction Survey on Youth Basic Income in Gyeonggi Province

Greetings!

The “Satisfaction Survey on Youth Basic Income in Gyeonggi Province” is being conducted as part of the policy research tasks of Gyeonggi Province and the Gyeonggi Research Institute. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions and attitudes of 24-year-olds eligible for YBI to verify the effects of the policy and identify areas of improvement. Your response will be used as baseline material for effective policy implementation. Therefore, we would appreciate your sincere response. The detailed results of the survey shall never be used for any purpose other than statistical purposes pursuant to Article 33 (Protection of Confidentiality) of the Statistics Act. Thank you very much.

2019. 04.

Organized by Conducted by

Micromill Embrain Co., Ltd. Contact Assistant general manager Kang, Ji-hwan Tel. 02-3429-1758 Researcher Kim, So-hee Tel. 02-3406-3841

172 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Survey Participation and Personal Information Agreement

Collected Information General Information about Respondent (Name, Gender, Contact, Educational Background, Date of Birth, Income, etc.)

Purpose (1) Determining policy preferences and priority factors among youth basic income recipients to evaluate the Gyeonggi Youth Basic Income policy (2) Building a database of the respondents for verification after completing the survey and conducting ex-post survey

Period of Retention and Use Personal Information will be retained from the date of agreement on collection and use until the accomplishment of the aforementioned purpose. However, even if the purpose of collection and use has been achieved, the personal information may still be retained if there is a need for preserving it in line with other laws and regulations.

I agree to participate in the survey and consent to the use of my personal information as above.

Agree I do not agree → (End of survey)

173 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Basic

[SQ1] What is your gender?

1) Male 2) Female

[SQ2] Enter your date of birth.

Year Month Date

[SQ3] What is your address?

City/County

The questions that follow are about your “happiness.” Please specify to what extent you agree with the following statements on a scale of 0 to 10.

[Q1] How satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?

← 전혀 만족하고 있지 않다 완전히 만족한다 →

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[Q2] Overall, how valuable, according to you, is the work that you have been doing recently?

← Not at all valuable Absolutely valuable →

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

174 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Q3] How happy were you yesterday?

← Not for a moment Happy all day →

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[Q4] How depressed were you yesterday?

← Not for a moment Depressed all day →

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[Q5] How worried were you yesterday?

← Not for a moment Worried all day →

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

175 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Next come questions on “health and diet.” Please specify to what extent you agree with the following statements.

[Q6] How worried were you yesterday?

Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q7] How would you describe your state of health compared to your peers?

Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q8] Have you felt any unbearable emotions in the past month?

Always Almost always Frequently Sometimes Never

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q9] Have you forgotten important things because you were too busy in the past month?

Always Almost always Frequently Sometimes Never

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q10] How often do you work out for more than 30 minutes and until you are short of breath?

1-2 times 3-4 times 5-6 times Seldom Every day a week a week a week ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

※ Sports activities like swimming, running, climbing, jump-roping, badminton, and table tennis included.

176 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Q11] How would you describe your dietary status in the past year?

Did not have enough Did not have enough Had enough food Had a variety of money to buy food money to buy food to eat but no variety food as much as frequently sometimes in food I wanted

① ② ③ ④

※ Diet for health is excluded.

[Q12] How much effort do you make to eat healthy these days?

None Not much Moderate Much Very much

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

※ Healthy eating refers to a diet that includes a variety of foods, such as grains, meat, seafood, legumes, vegetables, fruits, milk, and dairy products, on a regular basis.

[Q13] How often do you have fruits?

Once per two 1-3 times per 4-6 times per Twice a day or Once a day weeks or less week week more

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

※ Please refer to the following measurement for the amount corresponding to one serving: 1/2 apple, 1 tangerine (medium), 1/2 melon, 1/3 grape, 1 slice of watermelon (10cm long fan shape, 1/2 cup fresh fruit juice)

[Q14] Do you have a disability or a chronic disease?

Div. Yes No

Disability ① ②

Chronic disease ① ②

177 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

The following questions are about your “perceptions and attitudes.”

[Q15] What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what extent you agree with each of the statements.

Strongly Strongly Division Agree NAND Disagree agree disagree

I trust in others ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

I trust in laws and ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ institutions

I trust in politicians ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

I trust in the media ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q16] What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what extent you agree with each of the statements.

Strongly Strongly Division Agree NAND Disagree agree disagree

We live in a gender-equal ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ society.

I am interested in gender ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ discrimination issues.

[Q17] To what extent do you have self-determination over personal matters?

Not at all Almost none To a degree A little Sufficient

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

178 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Q18] How much influence do you have over others in the decision-making process?

Not at all Almost none To a degree A little Sufficient

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q19] What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what extent you agree with each of the statements.

Strongly Strongly Division Agree NAND Disagree agree disagree

We live in an equal society. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ social problems.

Welfare grants need to be paid to the entire ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ population.

Education should be free ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ until university.

Healthcare should be free. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

I am willing to pay more tax ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ to expand welfare.

[Q20] When did you hear about basic income first?

Year

179 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Q21] What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what extent you agree with each of the statements.

Strongly Strongly Division Agree NAND Disagree agree disagree

Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ right as a member of the society

Youth basic income should ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ be expanded nationwide

Basic income should be expanded to the entire ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ population

[Q22] If the following welfare system is implemented, what do you think should be the appropriate amount?

Youth Basic National Basic Income Income 10,000 won/ month 10,000 won/ month

[Q23] What do you think of your political disposition?

Somewhat Somewhat Progressive Moderate Conservative progressive conservative

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

180 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Next come questions about your “use of time.”

[Q24] Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours that you usually spend on the following activities in a day during weekdays.

Div. Average hours per day

Sleep hrs. min.

Activities for earning money Paid work (including commuting time), job hrs. min. search

House management (laundry, Housework cleaning, cooking, shopping etc.) hrs. min.

Activities to take care of family Caring for family members, whether or not you live or household with them, or household members hrs. min. members with whom you live.

Study or self-development, learning in/outside school, Self-development/ certificate/employment study hrs. min. preparation (including commuting hours)

Sports and leisure, personal Workout (health) healthcare (medical services, self- hrs. min. treatment)

Social activities, religious/cultural/ travel/ritual activities hrs. min. Social activities and hobbies Media (TV, game, SNS) hrs. min.

Relaxation hrs. min.

Civic activities, political Civic activities engagement, volunteering, caring and volunteering hrs. min. for others

181 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Q25] How much time do you spend with your family or others while doing the following activities? Specify the average hours you spend with them in a day during weekdays. If you do not spend time with them at all, enter “0.”

Time spent with family Div. or others Sports, leisure, personal Workout (health) healthcare hrs. min. Activities to take care of family Caring for family members, whether or not you live or household with them, or household members hrs. min. members with whom you live Social and leisure Social activities, religious/cultural/ activities travel/ritual activities, relaxation hrs. min. Civic activities, political Civic activities and engagement, volunteering, caring volunteering hrs. min. for others

※ Please fill in the “time spent together” if you spent time with your family or others. Here, “family” and “others” exclude those whom you care for, and “time spent together” means that you share physical space with them. For example, if you talked to a friend over the phone for 60 minutes, that time is excluded because you did not share physical space.- Social and leisure activities: Time spent with family or others(0 min.)

[Q26] Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activities?

Always not Sometimes Always Enough Div. enough not enough plenty of time time time time Sleep ① ② ③ ④ Eat ① ② ③ ④ Housework (laundry, ① ② ③ ④ cleaning, etc.) Time to spend with family ① ② ③ ④ Self-development/learning/ ① ② ③ ④ workout Social and leisure activities ① ② ③ ④ Civic activities and ① ② ③ ④ volunteering

182 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

The following questions are about your “economic activities”

[Q27] Did you work for one hour or more in the past week to earn money?

① Yes ② No → Move to [Q28] → Move to [Q29, Q30]

※ Mark “①Yes” in the following cases: - Working for more than one hour in the past week to earn money. - Working for 18 hours or more a week at a farm or business run by a member of the same household (unpaid family workers) - Employed or self-employed but temporarily not working due to illness, accident, annual leave, labor disputes, etc.

[Q28] (Answer only if you are currently employed) Regarding your economic participation status, answer the following questions.

Div. Description

Job status ① Wage workers ② Non-wage workers

① Regular employees ③ Employer ② Irregular employees ④ Self-employed without Employment (temporary, dispatched, employees type subcontract, part-time) ⑤ Unpaid family workers ⑥ Others (special employment: home-study teacher, life insurance planner, etc.)

Weekly working hours hrs./wk

* Move to[Q31]

183 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Q29] (Answer only if you are currently unemployed) How would you describe your economic status these days? How many hours per week do you spend on average on job search and vocational training?

Div. Description

Participation in ② Non-economic activities ① Unemployed economic activities (students, housewives, etc.)

Hours of job search per hrs./wk week (Enter “0” if you did not have job training)

Hours of job training per hrs./wk week (Enter “0” if you did not have job training)

※ A person is “unemployed” if they did not work for money in the past week, did not actively look for employment in the past four weeks, or can readily work as soon as a job is available.

[Q30] How long have you been unemployed or remained unenrolled in a school or vocational training institution?

Div. Period of unemployment or unenrollment

① None (0 day)

② Less than a month Days (e.g., 15 days)

③ More than a month Months(e.g., 3 months)

④ More than a year Year months

184 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

[Q31] Have you received the following social welfare benefits or services?

Experience Div. Description Yes No

Employment insurance (unemployment benefits, vocational training, etc.) Social Workers 'compensation insurance (benefits ① ② insurance for medical care, nursing, shutdown, disability benefits, bereavement, etc.)

Basic Livelihood Security Scheme Public (allowances for livelihood, medical care, ① ② assistance education, and housing)

Employment and career counseling, Social services education and training support, experience (central ① ② and internship support, public jobs, start- government) ups, etc.

Social Youth job search fund, Gyeonggi job cafe Services support project, Gyeonggi youth and ① ② (Gyeonggi college student internship support project, Province) etc.

National Scholarship and Student Loan ① ②

[Q32] How much is your average labor income (including part-time job) and allowances per month? If you don’t have any, enter “0.”

Labor income Allowances 10,000 won/ month 10,000 won/ month

185 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Q33] How much is your average monthly expense on each item? If you don’t have any, enter “0.”

Food Housing 10,000 won/ month 10,000 won/ month

Self- development/ Leisure education 10,000 won/ month 10,000 won/ month

[Q34] Where did you spend the youth basic income?

① Food ② Housing ③ Self-development/ Education ④ Travel ⑤ Social and leisure activities ⑥ Family allowances and gifts ⑦ Others ( )

[Q35] How much are your savings and loan obligations? If you don’t have any, enter “0.”

Savings Loan 10,000 won/ month 10,000 won/ month

[Q36] How would you describe your current economic status?

Very stable Stable Moderate Unstable Very unstable

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

[Q37] How would you describe your parents’ economic status?

High Middle Low

① ② ③

186 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

The questions that follow are about “youth basic income”

[Q1] What do you think of the eligibility criterion for youth basic income (24 years of age)?

① Highly appropriate ② Appropriate ③ Average ④ Inappropriate ⑤ Highly inappropriate

[Q2] What do you think of the level of youth basic income payment (KRW 250,000 per quarter)?

① Highly appropriate ② Appropriate ③ Average ④ Inappropriate ⑤ Highly inappropriate

[Q3] What do you think of the payment of youth basic income in local currency?

① Highly appropriate ② Appropriate ③ Average ④ Inappropriate ⑤ Highly inappropriate

[Q4] How inconvenient was it for you to use Gyeonggi Province local currency?

① Very inconvenient ② Inconvenient ③ Average ④ Convenient ⑤ Very convenient

187 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

[Q5] Which payment cycle do you prefer for youth basic income?

① Monthly ② Bimonthly (every two months) ③ Quarterly (every three months) ④ Half-yearly(every six months)

[Q6] How satisfied are you with the youth basic income application process?

① Very satisfied ② Satisfied ③ Average ④ Unsatisfied ⑤ Very unsatisfied

[Q7] Overall, how satisfied are you with youth basic income?

① Very satisfied ② Satisfied ③ Average ④ Unsatisfied ⑤ Very unsatisfied

188 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

The following questions are about your “dream-capital”

[Q38] What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what extent you agree with each of the statements.

Div. ← Strongly agree Strongly disagree →

I enjoy imagining my future ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I often imagine myself being ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ successful in the future

I do not dream of the future ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I really want to achieve my dream ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I feel hopeful about the future ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I do not lose hope even in times of ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ trouble

I feel hopeless about the future ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I feel nervous about the future ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

I am confident I can achieve my ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ dreams

My future will be better than the ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ present

I can overcome whatever ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ obstacles I may face

I tend to recover quickly from ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ stress

I have coped with past failures ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ well

I have someone to rely on when I ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ am in trouble

I can’t easily recover from a ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ frustrating experience

189 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Respondent Characteristics

[DQ1] What is the highest educational level that you have attained?

① Middle school or lower ② High school ③ College Student (including a leave of absence) ④ College or higher

[DQ2] What is your marital status?

① Single ② Married

[DQ3] What is your household type?

① Single-person household ② Couple(without children) ③ Living with children ④ Living with parent ⑤ Other( )

[DQ4] What is your (your family’s) housing tenure type?

① Owner-occupation ② Jeonse (key money deposit) ③ Monthly rental with deposit ④ Monthly rental without deposit ⑤ Other( )

[DQ5] (Programmed to show the question from April 20: Seen in the text version) Have you received local currency (as of the time of the survey)?

① I filed an application (but have not received local currency yet). ② I have received local currency but not used it yet. ③ I have received local currency and used it.

190 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Appendix II

Analysis Results (descriptive statistics)

I. Level of Happiness

1. Overall satisfaction with life

The level of overall satisfaction with life was higher in the “experimental group” at 64.08 than the “comparison group” (58.73) (in the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the level of life satisfaction of the “experimental group” improved, while that of the “comparison group” reduced. - Experimental group: 58.78 → 64.08 (+5.30 points) - Comparison group: 59.52 → 58.73 (-0.79 points)

[Figure 1] Level of Overall Life Satisfaction

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

58.78 64.08 59.52 58.73 Average Average score +5.30 score -0.82 out of out of 100 100

Satisfied 58.7 66.6 Satisfied 63.6 62.8

Average Average 18.0 16.1 14.6 15.3

Unsatisfied 23.3 17.3 Unsatisfied 21.9 21.9 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?

191 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. Overall value of the work

The perception about the overall value of their work was higher in the “experimental group” at 64.70 than in the “comparison group” (59.27) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” as well as the “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 61.59 → 64.70 (+3.11) - Comparison group: 59.10 → 59.27 (+0.17)

[Figure 2] Perception of the Overall Value of the Work

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

64.70 59.10 59.27 Average 61.59 Average score score +3.11 +0.17 out of out of 100 100

Valuable Valuable 61.8 66.5 60.3 60.3

Average Average

Not valuable Not valuable 17.7 16.5 16.0 18.1

20.5 17.0 23.7 21.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Overall, how valuable, according to you, is the work that you have been Q doing recently?

192 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3. Level of happiness

The level of happiness was higher in the “experimental group” at 63.54 than in the “comparison group” (59.00) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” as well as the “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 59.61 → 63.54 (+3.93) - Comparison group: 57.26 → 59.00 (+1.74)

[Figure 3] Level of Happiness

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

63.54 57.26 59.00 Average 59.61 Average score score +3.93 +1.74 out of out of 100 100

Happy Happy 58.1 64.7 56.9 58.8

Average Average

Not Happy Not Happy 18.0 16.6 18.3 20.0

23.8 18.7 24.8 21.2

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How happy were you yesterday?

193 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4. Level of depression

The level of depression was lower in the “experimental group” at 40.71 compared to the “comparison group” (45.02) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the level of depression decreased in the “experimental group” but rose in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 42.38 → 40.71 (-1.67) - Comparison group: 44.72 → 45.02 (+0.30)

[Figure 4] Level of Depression

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

42.38 40.71 44.72 45.02 Average Average score score -1.67 +0.30 out of out of 100 100 29.0 26.5 30.7 Depressed Depressed 31.7

18.6 18.7 Average Average 21.3 19.7

Not 52.3 54.8 Not Depressed Depressed 48.0 48.7

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How depressed were you yesterday?

194 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5. Level of worries

The level of worries was lower in the “experimental group” at 52.17 compared to the “comparison group” (55.18) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 54.83 → 52.17 (-2.66) - Comparison group: 55.34 → 55.18 (-0.16)

[Figure 5] Level of Worries

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 54.83 52.17 Average 55.34 55.18 score score out of out of 100 100

Worried Worried 51.8 47.0 52.7 52.9

Average Average 19.0 17.4 17.1 17.2 Not Worried Not Worried

30.8 34.0 30.2 29.9

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How worried were you yesterday?

195 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Ⅱ. Health and Diet

1. Self-evaluated health status

The self-evaluated health status was higher in the “experimental group” at 53.51 than in the “comparison group” (49.72) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed improvement, while the “comparison group” saw a decline in self-evaluated health status. - Experimental group: 52.82 → 53.51(+0.69) - Comparison group: 51.14 → 49.72(-1.42)

[Figure 6] Self-evaluated health status

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 52.82 53.51 Average 51.14 49.72 score score out of out of 100 100

32.1 33.1 28.1 Good Good 25.7

Average Average 43.0 43.2 46.3 46.2

Poor Poor

24.9 23.7 25.6 28.1

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How would you describe your state of health these days?

196 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2. Self-evaluated health status compared to peers

Self-evaluated health status compared to peers was higher in the “experimental group” at 52.15 than in the “comparison group” (48.61) (based on the ex-post survey). According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the health status compared to peers improved in the “experimental group” but decreased in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 51.64 → 552.15(+0.51) - Comparison group: 49.39 → 548.61(-0.78)

[Figure 7] Self-evaluated health status compared to peers

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 51.64 52.15 Average 49.39 48.61 score score out of out of 100 100 31.4 32.4 27.6 25.0 Good Good

Average Average 39.7 43.1 40.3 39.9

Poor Poor

28.3 27.7 32.8 31.9

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How would you describe your state of health compared to your peers?

197 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Frequency of mental difficulties in the past month

The highest proportion of respondents in both the experimental group and comparison group said they “sometimes” experienced mental difficulties in the past month at 47.2% and 47.7%, respectively (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 8] Frequency of mental difficulties in the past month

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

46.6 47.2 48.1 47.7

22.0 21.5 21.3 22.5 23.2 24.0 20.4 19.0

7.1 6.3 6.2 7.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.3

Always Almost Frequently Somtimes Naver Always Almost Frequently Somtimes Naver always always

Q Have you felt any unbearable emotions in the past month?

198 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

4. Frequency of forgetting important things because of excess work

The highest proportion of respondents in both the experimental group and comparison group said they “sometimes” forgot important things in the past month, at 48.4% and 49.2%, respectively (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 9] Frequency of forgetting important things because there were too many things to do in the past month

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

48.4 48.4 50.6 49.2

25.1 25.3 24.4 25.3 20.5 20.6 19.9 20.0

4.5 4.4 4.4 4.6 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.9

Always Almost Frequently Somtimes Naver Always Almost Frequently Somtimes Naver always always

Have you forgotten to do important things in the past month because Q you were too busy?

199 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5. Frequency of strenuous exercise for 30 minutes or longer

The highest proportion of respondents in both the experimental group and comparison group said they “seldom” worked out for 30 minutes or longer and until they were short of breath, at 44.6% and 51.6%, respectively (based on the ex- post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of those in the experimental group who said they “seldom” exercised reduced significantly (50.9% → 44.6%).

[Figure 10] Frequency of working out 30 minutes or longer

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

50.9 51.6 51.6 44.6

31.3 28.1 28.3 26.9

14.8 17.6 15.6 13.4 4.4 4.5 5.1 4.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3

Seldom 1-2 times 3-4 times 5-6 times Every day Seldom 1-2 times 3-4 times 5-6 times Every day a week a week a week a week a week a week

How often do you work out for more than 30 minutes and until you are Q short of breath?

200 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

6. Dietary status for the past year

The majority of the respondents in both the experimental group and comparison group said they “had enough food to eat but no variety in food,” at 50.3% and 53.4%, respectively (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 11] Dietary status for the past year

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

53.4 50.2 50.3 48.9

41.1 37.6 38.8 38.2

10.6 9.6 8.9 6.8 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.6

Did not have Did not have Had enough Had a variety Did not have Did not have Had enough Had a variety enough enough food to eat of food enough enough food to eat of food money to money to but no variety as much as money to money to but no variety as much as buy food buy food in food I wanted buy food buy food in food I wanted frequently sometimes frequently sometimes

Q How would you describe your dietary status for the past year?

201 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

7. Degree of effort to eat healthy

The degree of effort to eat healthy was higher in the “experimental group” at 55.13 than in the “comparison group” (52.36) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the degree of effort to eat healthy increased in the “experimental group” but decreased in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 52.91 → 55.13 (+2.22) - Comparison group: 53.06 → 52.36 (-0.70)

[Figure 12] Degree of effort to eat healthy

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 52.91 55.13 Average 53.06 52.36 score score out of out of 100 100

Considerable 38.9 42.1 Considerable 38.9 39.1 effort effort

Moderate Moderate 33.5 34.5 34.6 32.6 Not effort Not effort

27.6 23.5 26.6 28.3

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How much effort do you make to eat healthy these days?

202 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

8. Frequency of having fruits

As for the frequency of having fruits, the highest proportion answered “1-3 times a week” in both the experimental group and comparison group, at 46.8% and 45.1%, respectively (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 13] Frequency of having fruits

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

46.1 46.8 44.7 45.1

29.8 31.1 28.5 27.7

16.1 11.3 12.3 12.8 10.4 10.2 8.9 9.8

2.5 2.3 2.7 1.2

Once per 1-3 times 4-6 times Once Twice a Once per 1-3 times 4-6 times Once Twice a two weeks per week per week a day day or two weeks per week per week a day day or or less more or less more

Q How often do you have fruits?

203 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

9. Do you have a disability or chronic disease?

1) Do you have a disability?

To the question on whether they have a disability, 3.0% of the respondents in the experimental group and 2.7% of those in the comparison group said “Yes” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 14] Do you have a disability?Do you have a disability?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Ex-ante survey Ex-ante survey

Yes Yes 2.8% 2.1%

No No 97.2% 97.9%

Ex-post survey Ex-post survey

Yes Yes 3.0% 2.7%

No No 97.0% 97.3%

Q Do you have a disability or chronic disease?

204 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2) Do you have a chronic disease?

To the question on whether they have a chronic disease, 18.8% of the respondents in the experimental group and 21.3% of those in the comparison group said “Yes” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 15] Do you have a chronic disease?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Ex-ante survey Ex-ante survey

Yes Yes 17.7% 18.4% No No 82.3% 81.6%

Ex-post survey Ex-post survey

Yes Yes No 18.8% No 21.3% 81.2% 78.7%

Q Do you have a disability or chronic disease?

205 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Ⅲ. Perceptions and Attitudes

1-1. I trust in others

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, it was found that the score for “I trust in others” was higher in the “experimental group” at 57.47 compared to the “comparison group” (54.22) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 57.97 → 57.47(-0.50) - Comparison group: 55.56 → 54.22(-1.34)

[Figure 16] I trust in others

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 57.97 57.47 Average 55.56 54.22 score score out of out of 100 100

45.8 44.7 39.9 Yes Yes 38.1

Average Average 40.3 41.1 37.5 38.0

No No

16.8 17.3 19.8 20.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I trust in others.”

206 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

1-2. I trust in laws/institutions.

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “I trust in laws and institutions” was higher in the “experimental group” at 51.66 than in the “comparison group” (48.36) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the degree of trust in laws/institutions increased in the “experimental group” but decreased in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 51.15 → 51.66 (+0.51) - Comparison group: 49.50 → 48.36 (-1.14)

[Figure 17] I trust in laws/institutions

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 51.15 51.66 Average 49.50 48.36 score score out of out of 100 100 33.3 34.2 31.6 27.8 Yes Yes

Average Average 41.1 39.2 39.3 37.4

No No

27.5 26.5 31.0 31.1

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to Q what extent you agree with each of the statements: “I trust in laws and institutions.”

207 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

1-3. I trust in politicians

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “I trust in politicians” was higher in the “experimental group” at 24.82 than in the “comparison group” (21.14) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed improvement. - Experimental group: 23.88 → 24.82 (+0.94) - Comparison group: 20.22 → 21.14 (+0.92)

[Figure 18] I trust in politicians

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 23.88 24.82 Average 20.22 21.14 score score out of 2.7 3.5 out of 2.2 1.6 100 100 17.6 22.8 23.6 15.2 Yes Yes

Average Average

74.5 72.8 82.6 80.9 No No

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I trust in politicians.”

208 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

1-4. I trust in the media

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “I trust in the media” was higher in the “experimental group” at 29.35 than in the “comparison group” (27.31) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 29.44 → 29.35 (-0.09) - Comparison group: 28.31 → 27.31 (-1.00)

[Figure 19] I trust in the media

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 29.44 29.35 Average 28.31 27.31 score score out of 4.1 5.0 out of 3.6 2.6 100 100 27.7 28.0 Yes 31.7 30.8 Yes

Average Average

64.2 64.2 68.8 69.4 No No

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I trust in the media.”

209 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2-1. We live in a gender-equal society

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “We live in a gender-equal society” was higher in the “experimental group” at 38.45 than in the “comparison group” (35.81) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 37.22 → 38.45 (+1.23) - Comparison group: 35.75 → 35.81 (+0.06)

[Figure 20] We live in a gender-equal society

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 37.22 38.45 Average 35.75 35.81 score score out of out of 100 100 16.1 17.2 15.2 13.9 Yes Yes 31.4 32.5 30.2 31.2

Average Average

No 52.6 50.3 No 54.6 54.9

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “We live in a gender-equal society.”

210 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2-2. I am interested in gender discrimination issues

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “I am interested in gender discrimination issues” was higher in the “experimental group” at 61.81 than in the “comparison group” (61.17) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the degree of interest in gender discrimination increased in the “experimental group” but decreased in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 61.79 → 61.81 (+0.02) - Comparison group: 62.08 → 61.17 (-0.91)

[Figure 21] I am interested in gender discrimination issues

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 61.79 61.81 Average 62.08 61.17 score score out of out of 100 100

Yes 48.5 48.6 Yes 48.7 47.8

Average Average

38.7 39.1 37.8 37.4 No No

12.8 12.3 13.6 14.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I am interested in gender discrimination issues.”

211 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Degree of self-determination over personal problems

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Degree of self-determination over personal problems” was lower in the “experimental group” at 80.76 than in the “comparison group” (81.06) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed improvement. -Experimental group: 80.50 → 80.76 (+0.26) -Comparison group: 79.94 → 81.06 (+1.12)

[Figure 22] Degree of self-determination over personal problems

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 80.50 80.76 Average 79.94 81.06 score score out of out of 100 100

Greatly Greatly

75.9 76.4 76.0 76.7 To a degree To a degree

None None 21.3 20.8 21.6 21.0 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.3 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

To what extent do you have self-determination over your personal Q matters?

212 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

4. Degree of influence on others in the decision-making process

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for the “Degree of Influence on Others in the Decision-making Process” was higher in the “experimental group” at 64.08 than in the “comparison group” (62.89) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, b o t h t h e “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed improvement. -Experimental group: 63.64 → 64.08 (+0.44) -Comparison group: 62.33 → 62.89 (+0.56)

[Figure 23] Degree of influence on others in the decision-making process

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 63.64 64.08 Average 62.33 62.89 score score out of out of 100 100

Greatly Greatly 49.4 50.2 52.4 53.6

To a degree To a degree

None 38.1 37.4 None 41.3 41.8

9.5 9.2 9.2 8.0 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

How much influence do you have on others in the decision-making Q process?

213 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5-1. We live in an equal society

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “We live in an equal society” was higher in the “experimental group” at 38.61 than in the “comparison group” (36.97) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed improvement, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 37.78 → 38.61 (+0.83) - Comparison group: 37.75 → 36.97 (-0.78)

[Figure 24] We live in an equal society

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 37.78 38.61 Average 37.75 36.97 score score out of out of 100 100 15.0 15.7 15.3 13.7 Agree Agree 32.6 33.7 32.3 32.6

NAND NAND

Disagree 52.4 50.5 Disagree 52.3 53.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to Q what extent you agree with each of the statements: “We live in an equal society.”

214 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5-2. The nation is ultimately responsible for social problems

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “The nation is ultimately responsible for social problems” was higher in the “experimental group” at 60.45 than in the “comparison group” (57.47) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed a decrease, while the “comparison group” showed an increase. - Experimental group: 60.74 → 60.45 (-0.29) - Comparison group: 56.14 → 57.47 (+1.33)

[Figure 25] The nation is ultimately responsible for social problems

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 60.74 60.45 Average 56.14 57.47 score score out of out of 100 100

42.6 42.0 Agree 49.3 48.5 Agree

NAND NAND

35.2 41.0 Disagree 36.2 37.2 Disagree

14.6 14.3 22.2 17.0

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “The nation (society) is ultimately responsible for social problems.”

215 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5-3. Welfare grants need to be paid to the entire population

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Welfare grants need to be paid to the entire population” was higher in the “experimental group” at 70.40 than in the “comparison group” (66.92) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, b o t h t h e “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 72.84 → 70.40 (-2.44) - Comparison group: 69.81 → 66.92 (-2.89)

[Figure 26] Welfare grants need to be paid to the entire population

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 72.84 70.40 Average 69.81 66.92 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree Agree 74.3 70.4 69.8 62.7

NAND NAND

Disagree Disagree 17.9 20.6 21.1 27.2

7.8 9.0 9.1 10.1 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “Welfare grants need to be paid to the entire population.”

216 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5-4. Education should be free until university

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Education should be free until university” was higher in the “experimental group” at 47.10 than in the “comparison group” (42.50) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, b o t h t h e “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 47.14 → 47.10 (-0.04) - Comparison group: 43.61 → 42.50 (-1.11)

[Figure 27] Education should be free until university

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 47.14 47.10 Average 43.61 42.50 score score out of out of 100 100 24.4 24.0 31.0 30.9 Agree Agree

32.1 30.7 NAND 27.3 28.0 NAND

Disagree Disagree 43.4 45.3 41.6 41.1

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “Education should be free until university.”

217 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5-5. Healthcare should be free

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Healthcare should be free” was higher in the “experimental group” at 60.84 than in the “comparison group” (55.64) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. -Experimental group: 61.71 → 60.84 (-0.87) -Comparison group: 56.39 → 55.64 (-0.75)

[Figure 28] Healthcare should be free

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 61.71 60.84 Average 56.39 55.64 score score out of out of 100 100

40.3 39.2 Agree 50.5 49.1 Agree

NAND NAND 36.4 36.4 30.7 31.2 Disagree Disagree

18.9 19.6 23.2 24.3

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “Healthcare should be free.”

218 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5-6. I am willing to pay more tax to expand welfare

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “I am willing to pay more tax to expand welfare” was higher in the “experimental group” at 55.00 than in the “comparison group” (52.94) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 53.63 → 55.00 (+1.37) - Comparison group: 52.17 → 52.94 (+0.77)

[Figure 29] I am willing to pay more tax to expand welfare

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 53.63 55.00 Average 52.17 52.94 score score out of out of 100 100

35.0 36.2 Agree 38.4 40.6 Agree

NAND NAND 39.9 39.9 36.8 36.7 Disagree Disagree

24.8 22.7 25.1 23.9

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I am willing to pay more tax to expand welfare.”

219 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

6. When did you first hear about basic income?

Most of the respondents (40.2%) first learned about basic income in 2019.

[Figure 30] When did you first hear about basic income?

Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey

40.2

18.8 17.0 12.2 10.1

1.7

Before 2010-14 2015-16 2017 2018 2019 2010

When did you hear about basic income first? Q * Question for the Gyeonggi Province YBI experimental group only.

220 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7-1. Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as a member of the society

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as a member of the society” was higher in the “experimental group” at 61.36 than in the “comparison group” (56.00) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 60.58 → 61.36 (+0.78) - Comparison group: 52.17 → 56.00 (+3.83)

[Figure 31] Basic income is a share of the common wealth and a right as a member of the society Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

56.00 Average 60.58 61.36 Average 52.17 score score out of out of 100 100 32.9 Agree 46.5 Agree 40.8 49.9

NAND NAND 44.7 41.2

Disagree 43.5 38.6 Disagree

22.4 18.0 10.1 11.5 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? “Basic income is a Q share of the common wealth and a right as a member of the society.”

221 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

7-2. Youth basic income should be expanded nationwide

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Youth basic income should be expanded nationwide” was higher in the “experimental group” at 63.43 than in the “comparison group” (54.47) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed a decrease, while the “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 64.20 → 63.43 (-0.77) - Comparison group: 53.06 → 54.47 (+1.41)

[Figure 32] Youth basic income should be expanded nationwide

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 64.20 63.43 Average 53.06 54.47 score score out of out of 100 100

40.2 39.7 Agree 56.7 56.0 Agree

NAND NAND 33.9 35.6 30.5 28.5 Disagree Disagree

25.9 24.8 12.8 15.5

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to Q what extent you agree with each of the statements: “Youth basic income should be expanded nationwide.”

222 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7-3. Basic income should be expanded to the entire population

In the evaluation of the perception and attitude of the respondents, the score for “Basic income should be expanded to the entire population” was higher in the “experimental group” at 56.41 than in the “comparison group” (50.81) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed improvement. - Experimental group: 56.37 → 56.41 (+0.04) - Comparison group: 49.53 → 50.81 (+1.28)

[Figure 33] Basic income should be expanded to the entire population

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 56.37 56.41 Average 49.53 50.81 score score out of out of 100 100 33.1 33.4 Agree 43.0 44.1 Agree

NAND NAND 36.7 38.0 33.6 31.2 Disagree Disagree

23.4 24.7 30.2 28.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “Basic income should be expanded to the entire population.”

223 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

8-1. Appropriate amount of YBI (Unit: KRW 10,000/month)

As for the appropriate amount of YBI payment, the “experimental group” said they preferred KRW 520,000 on average, while the “comparison group” preferred KRW 940,000 on average (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the average amount decreased in the “experimental group,” while it increased in the “comparison group.”

[Figure 34] Appropriate amount of YBI (Unit: KRW 10,000/mth.)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average amount] [Average amount] 37.1 - EX-ante survey : 65 - EX-ante survey : 82 - EX-post survey : 52 - EX-post survey : 94 29.7 29.1 26.4 25.1 23.3 19.9 21.1 19.4 18.4 19.3 17.0 16.2 16.9 15.0 24.6 13.8 10.6 9.7 6.8

0.3 0.1

30 or 30-50 50-100 100-200 200 or No 30 or 30-50 50-100 100-200 200 or less more response less more

If the following welfare system is implemented, what do you think Q should be the appropriate amount? “Youth basic income”

224 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

8-2. Appropriate amount of National Basic Income (Unit: KRW 10,000 /month)

As for the appropriate amount of national basic income payment, the “experimental group” said they preferred KRW 620,000 on average, while the “comparison group” preferred KRW 1,170,000 on average (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the average amount decreased in the “experimental group,” while it increased in the “comparison group.”

[Figure 35] Appropriate amount of National Basic Income (Unit: KRW 10,000 /month)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey 44.0 [Average amount] [Average amount] 37.4 - EX-ante survey : 65 - EX-ante survey : 101 - EX-post survey : 52 - EX-post survey : 117 27.0 24.2 24.1 22.3 21.4 22.3 18.3 19.7 17.9 14.9 14.1 14.9 14.0 14.1 14.7 11.2 10.8 11.9

0.4 0.2

30 or 30-50 50-100 100-200 200 or No 30 or 30-50 50-100 100-200 200 or less more response less more

If the following welfare system is implemented, what do you think Q should be the appropriate amount? “National basic income”

225 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

9. Political Disposition

In terms of political disposition, the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed similar results.

[Figure 36] Political Disposition

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

13.2 13.3 14.2 14.0 Conservative Conservative

54.7 56.0 52.6 56.6 Moderate Moderate

Progressive Progressive 32.0 30.7 33.2 29.4

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q What do you think of your political disposition?

226 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Ⅳ. Use of Time

1. Daily average use of time

1) Hours of Sleep

Regarding how they used their time, the “experimental group” on average spent 402 minutes on sleep every day, while the “comparison group” spent 416 minutes on sleep (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 37] Daily average use of time - Hours of sleep

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 406 mins -Ex-ante survey: 419 mins -Ex-post survey: 402 mins -Ex-post survey: 416 mins

32.7 30.4 29.9 29.7 29.8 29.6 29.7 31.3 31.2 26.1 24.1 23.3 14.6 15.1 11.4 10.9

0.3 0.1 Less than 6~7 hrs 7~8 hrs More than No Less than 6~7 hrs 7~8 hrs More than 6 hrs 8 hrs response 6 hrs 8 hrs

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Sleep).

227 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Paid work

The “experimental group” spent 407 minutes and the “comparison group” 338 minutes on average on paid work every day (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 38] Daily average use of time - Paid work

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 400 mins -Ex-ante survey: 292 mins -Ex-post survey: 407 mins -Ex-post survey: 338 mins 33.7 32.3 31.6 30.1 24.9 26.3 22.1 20.7 21.7 17.8 17.5 16.4 17.4 18.1 16.0 14.9 13.3 13.4

5.4 5.4 0.6 0.3 0 min. Less 5~9 hrs 9~12 hrs More No 0 min. Less 5~9 hrs 9~12 hrs More than than response than than 5 hrs 12 hrs 5 hrs 12 hrs

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Paid work).

228 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Housework

On average, the “experimental group” spent 68 minutes and the “comparison group” 61 minutes on housework every day (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 39] Daily average use of time - Housework

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 69 mins -Ex-ante survey: 61 mins -Ex-post survey: 68 -Ex-post survey: 61 mins

43.8 42.0 41.1 41.0

28.1 27.0 24.3 23.9 23.5 22.0 20.0 19.8 12.2 9.7 10.2 10.8 0.5 0.1 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of 1 hrs more response 1 hrs more

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Housework).

229 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Caring for family or household members

The “experimental group” spent 54 minutes and the “comparison group” 31 minutes on average every day to care for family or household members (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 40] Daily average use of time - Caring for family or household members

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] 57.3 58.2 -Ex-ante survey: 53 mins -Ex-ante survey: 31 mins -Ex-post survey: 54 mins -Ex-post survey: 31 mins 40.9 43.1

25.0 25.5 16.5 16.8 15.7 17.2 17.8 15.7 14.2 14.9 11.2 9.1

0.8 0.1 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of 1 hrs more response 1 hrs more

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend Q daily on the following activities during weekdays (Caring for family or household members)

230 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5) Self-development/study

The “experimental group” spent 149 minutes and the “comparison group” 178 minutes on average every day on self-development/study (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 41] Daily average use of time - Self-development/study

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 164 mins -Ex-ante survey: 177 mins -Ex-post survey: 149 mins -Ex-post survey: 178 mins 32.3 32.3 30.6 30.3 27.0 26.4 26.9 23.5 24.3 21.6 22.1 21.6 20.7 20.3 19.7 19.7

0.5 0.1 0 min. Less than 2~4 hrs 4 hrs of No 0 min. Less than 2~4 hrs 4 hrs of 2 hrs more response 2 hrs more

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Self-development/study)

231 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

6) Hours of Workout (health)

The “experimental group” spent an average of 45 minutes every day on working out, while the “comparison group” spent 39 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 42] Daily average use of time - Hours of Workout (health)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 43 mins -Ex-ante survey: 38 mins -Ex-post survey: 45 mins -Ex-post survey: 39 mins 38.4 34.8 36.2 32.4 31.1 32.3 30.6 28.8 23.4 22.3 20.5 21.9

12.4 13.4 9.8 10.9

0.7 0.2 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs 2 hrs of 1 hrs more response 1 hrs more

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (workout)

232 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7) Social activities (social/religious/cultural/travel/ritualistic activities)

For social activities (social/religious/cultural/travel/ritualistic activities), the “experimental group” spent an average of 47 minutes every day, while the “comparison group” spent 39 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 43] Daily average use of time - Social activities (social/religious/ cultural/travel/ritualistic activities)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey 58.7 58.7 EX-ante survey EX-post survey 51.6 52.2 [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 49 mins -Ex-ante survey: 39 mins -Ex-post survey: 47 mins -Ex-post survey: 39 mins

29.4 30.4 26.4 27.0

18.4 17.4 14.9 14.3

0.5 0.0 0 min. Less than 2 hrs of No 0 min. Less than 2 hrs of 2 hrs more response 2 hrs more

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Social and leisure activities– social activities).

233 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

8) Leisure activities using media

For leisure activities using media, the “experimental group” spent an average of 120 minutes every day, while the “comparison group” spent 141 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 44] Daily average use of time - Leisure activities using media

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 121 mins -Ex-ante survey: 135 mins -Ex-post survey: 120 mins -Ex-post survey: 141 mins 35.9 35.1 29.2 30.1 27.0 28.2 28.3 25.2 19.2 16.6 16.1 17.8 17.1 16.6 12.3 12.0 7.8 8.5 8.1 8.3

0.4 0.1 0 min. Less 2~3 hrs 3~4 hrs More No 0 min. Less 2~3 hrs 3~4hrs More t han than response t han than 2 hrs 4 hrs 2 hrs 4 hrs

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Social and leisure activities – Leisure activities using media)

234 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

9) Relaxation

The “experimental group” spent 120 minutes on average every day on relaxation, while the “comparison group” spent 138 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 45] Daily average use of time - Relaxation

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 118 mins -Ex-ante survey: 128 mins -Ex-post survey: 120 mins -Ex-post survey: 138 mins

32.0 32.5 30.3 27.3 28.0 26.427.1 27.4

16.9 17.4 14.5 14.2 15.2 11.9 12.1 13.7 6.9 7.3 6.5 7.2 7.9 5.9 5.8 4.9 0.8 0.0 0 min. Less 2~3 hrs 3~4 hrs More No 0 min. Less 2~3 hrs 3~4 hrs More than than response than than 2 hrs 4 hrs 2 hrs 4 hrs

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend daily Q on the following activities during weekdays (Social and leisure activities- Relaxation)

235 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

10) Civic activities and volunteering

For civic activities and volunteering, the “experimental group” spent an average of 11 minutes every day, while the “comparison group” spent 8 minutes on average (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 46] Daily average use of time - Civic activities and volunteering

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] 87.7 88.3 84.3 -Ex-ante survey: 12 mins -Ex-ante survey: 9 mins 82.5 -Ex-post survey: 11 mins -Ex-post survey: 8 mins

8.0 7.6 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.3 3.0 2.6 3.4 3.8 3.2 2.6 0.3 0.1 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than 1 hrs 2 hrs response 1 hrs 2 hrs

Regarding your daily routine, specify the hours you usually spend Q daily on the following activities during weekdays (Civic activities and volunteering)

236 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2. Time spent with family or others

1) Workout (health)

In the area of workout, the “experimental group” spent an average of 26 minutes with family or others every day, while the “comparison group” spent an average of 21 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 47] Time spent with family or others - Workout (health)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

[Average time] 67.3 67.1 [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 29 mins -Ex-ante survey: 20 mins 59.7 59.0 -Ex-post survey: 26 mins -Ex-post survey: 21 mins

20.7 22.3 16.4 14.4 11.5 11.7 10.4 9.6 9.5 7.1 6.6 6.0

0.6 0.0 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than 1 hrs 2 hrs response 1 hrs 2 hrs

How much time do you spend with your family or others while doing the Q following activities? Specify the average hours you spend with them in a day during weekdays. If you do not spend time with them at all, enter “0.” (Workout)

237 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Caring for family or household members

The “experimental group” spent an average of 38 minutes with family members or others every day while caring for family or household members, while the “comparison group” spent an average of 23 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 48] Time spent with family or others - Caring for family or household members

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] 67.7 -Ex-ante survey: 50 mins 66.3 -Ex-ante survey: 20 mins -Ex-post survey: 38 mins -Ex-post survey: 23 mins 55.2 48.9

21.2 20.7 17.1 13.8 14.8 14.2 12.0 12.1 13.0 10.3 5.4 6.4

0.8 0.0 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than 1 hrs 2 hrs response 1 hrs 2 hrs

How much time do you spend with your family or others while doing the following activities? Specify the average hours you spend with them in a Q day during weekdays. If you do not spend time with them at all, enter “0.” (Caring for family or household members)

238 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Social and leisure activities

In the area of social and leisure activities, the “experimental group” spent an average of 72 minutes with family members or others every day, while the “comparison group” spent an average of 61 minutes (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 49] Time spent with family or others - Social and leisure activities

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 71 mins 47.8 -Ex-ante survey: 65 mins 44.7 -Ex-post survey: 72 mins -Ex-post survey: 61 mins 39.6 38.7

27.7 30.3 31.5 29.5 27.3 28.0 25.2 27.0

0.6 0.0 0 min. Less than More than No 0 min. Less than More than 2 hrs 2 hrs response 2 hrs 2 hrs

239 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Civic activities and volunteering

In the area of civic activities and volunteering, the “experimental group” spent an average of 6 minutes with family or others every day, while the “comparison group” spent an average of 5 minutes (based on the ex-post survey)

[Figure 50] Time spent with family or others - Civic activities and volunteering

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey 91.9 89.0 [Average time] 89.6 [Average time] 85.4 -Ex-ante survey: 10 mins -Ex-ante survey: 9 mins -Ex-post survey: 6 mins -Ex-post survey: 5 mins

7.4 4.3 5.7 5.0 4.2 3.9 2.8 3.0 2.7 1.3 2.4 1.1 0.3 0.0 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than No 0 min. Less than 1~2 hrs More than 1 hrs 2 hrs response 1 hrs 2 hrs

240 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3. Do you feel you have enough time for the following?

1) Time to sleep

In both the “experimental group” and comparison group,” the majority said they do not have enough time to sleep (75.7% and 75.0%, respectively) (based on the ex- post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of those who said they have “enough time” to sleep decreased remarkably in the comparison group (28.3% → 25.0%).

[Figure 51] Do you feel that you have enough time to sleep?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough

24.4 24.3 28.3 25.0

Not Worried Not Worried

75.6 75.7 71.7 75.0

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity Q (Sleep)?

241 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Time to eat

In both the “experimental group” and comparison group,” the majority said they have enough time to eat (56.2% and 66.6%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

The proportion of those who said they have “enough time” decreased remarkably in the comparison group from the ex-ante to the ex-post survey (71.3% → 66.6%).

[Figure 52] Do you feel you have enough time to eat?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough

57.2 56.2 71.3 66.6 Not enough Not enough

42.8 43.8 28.7 33.4

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity (Eat)?

242 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Housework (laundry, cleaning)

In both the “experimental group” and comparison group,” the majority, said they have “enough” time for housework (53.4% and 58.2%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of those who said they have “enough time” increased slightly in the experimental group (53.1% → 53.4%), but decreased significantly in the comparison group (63.7% → * 58.2%).

[Figure 53] Do you feel you have enough time for housework (laundry)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough

83.1 53.4 63.7 58.2 Not enough Not enough

46.9 46.6 36.3 41.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity Q (Housework [laundry, cleaning])?

243 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Time to spend with family

In both the “experimental group” and “comparison group,” the majority said they do not have enough time to spend with family (66.4% and 66.6%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of respondents with “enough time” increased slightly in the experimental group (32.1% → 33.6%), but decreased significantly in the comparison group (38.6% → * 33.4%).

[Figure 54] Do you feel you have enough time to spend with family?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough 32.1 33.6 38.6 33.4

Not enough Not Worried

67.9 66.4 61.4 66.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity (Time Q to spend with family)?

244 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5) Self-development/study/workout

For self-development/study/workout, the majority in both groups said they do not have enough time (63.5% and 59.9%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of respondents with “enough time” increased slightly in the experimental group (35.4% → 36.5%), but decreased significantly in the comparison group (44.7% → * 40.1%).

[Figure 55] Do you feel you have enough time for self-development/study/workout?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough

35.4 36.5 44.7 40.1

Not enough Not enough

64.6 63.5 55.3 59.9

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity (Self- Q development/study/workout)?

245 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

6) Social and leisure activities

The majority in both groups said they do not have enough time for social and leisure activities (62.5% and 58.3%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of respondents with “enough time” increased slightly in the experimental group (36.2% → 37.5%), but decreased slightly in the comparison group (44.8% → * 41.7%).

[Figure 56] Do you feel you have enough time for social and leisure activities

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough

36.2 37.6 44.8 41.7

Not enough Not enough

63.6 62.5 55.2 58.3

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity (Social Q and leisure activities)?

246 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7) Civic activities and volunteering

The majority in both groups said they do not have enough time for civic activities and volunteering (68.5% and 60.6%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the proportion of respondents with “enough time” increased slightly in the experimental group (29.6% → 31.5%), but decreased slightly in the comparison group (40.2% → * 39.4%).

[Figure 57] Do you feel you have enough time for civic activities and volunteering?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Enough Enough 29.6 31.5 40.2 39.4

Not enough Not enough

70.4 68.5 59.8 60.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Do you usually feel you have enough time for the following activity (Civic Q activities and volunteering)?

247 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Ⅴ. Economic Activities

1. Did you work for one hour or more in the past week to make money?

To the question, “Did you work for one hour or more in the past week to make money?” 70.5% of the respondents in the experimental group and 68.6% of those in the comparison group said “yes” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 58] Did you work for one hour or more in the past week to make money?

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Ex-ante survey Ex-ante survey

Yes Yes 32.3% 35.6% No No 67.7% 64.4%

Ex-post survey Ex-post survey

Yes Yes 29.5% 31.4%

No No 70.5% 68.6%

Q Did you work for one hour or more in the past week to make money?

248 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2. [For those who are employed] Status of participation in economic activities

1) Job status

In terms of the job status, 92.9% of those in the experimental group and 91.2% of respondents in the comparison group were “wage workers” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 59] Job status

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Ex-ante survey Ex-ante survey Non-wage Non-wage workers workers 6.2% 14.8%

Wage Wage workers workers 93.8% 85.2%

Ex-post survey Ex-post survey Non-wage Non-wage workers workers 7.1% 8.8%

Wage Wage workers workers 92.9% 91.2%

(Answer only if you are currently employed) Regarding your economic Q participation status, answer the following questions (Job status)

249 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Employment Type

In terms of the type of employment, 54.2% of the respondents in the experimental group and 47.3% of those in the comparison group were “regular employees” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 60] Employment Type

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey 52.1 54.2 47.2 47.3 45.7 41.8 39.4 36.5

4.5 5.0 5.5 3.3 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 2.1

Regular Irregular Employee Self. Unpaid Other Regular Irregular Employee Self. Unpaid Other employees employees employed family employees employees employed family without workers without workers employee employee

(Answer only if you are currently employed) Regarding your economic Q participation status, answer the following questions (Employment type)

250 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Weekly working hours

The average working hours per week were 36 hours for the employed in the “experimental group” and 32 hours for the employed in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 61] Weekly working hours

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] -Ex-ante survey: 35 hrs -Ex-ante survey: 34 hrs -Ex-post survey: 36 hrs -Ex-post survey: 32 hrs 50.7 50.6 47.5 50.3 37.0 38.3 39.7 33.7 15.1 15.5 11.4 9.7

0.4 0.2 Less than 40~52 hrs More than No Less than 40~52 hrs More than 40 hrs 52 hrs response 40 hrs 52 hrs

(Answer only if you are currently employed) Regarding your economic Q participation status, answer the following questions (Weekly working hours)

251 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. [For those who are unemployed] Status of participation in economic activities

1) Economic participation status

In terms of participation in economic activities, 34.7% of the respondents in the experimental group were “unemployed,” compared to 25.4% in the comparison group [Figure 62] Economic activities participation status

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Ex-ante survey Ex-ante survey

Unemployed Unemployed 34.0% 27.8% Economically non-active 66.0% Economically non-active 72.2%

Ex-post survey Ex-post survey

Unemployed Unemployed 34.7% 25.4%

Economically Economically non-active non-active 65.3% 74.6%

(Answer only if you are currently unemployed) How would you describe Q your economic status these days?How many hours per week do you spend on average on job search and vocational training?

252 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2) Hours of job search per week

The average hours of job search per week were 3 hours for the unemployed in the “experimental group” and 2 hours for the unemployed in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 63] Hours of job search per week

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] 93.1 96.3 93.3 88.6 -Ex-ante survey: 2 hrs -Ex-ante survey: 1 hrs -Ex-post survey: 3 hrs -Ex-post survey: 2 hrs

6.4 3.8 3.9 2.0 3.2 1.7 2.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 Less than 10~30 hrs 30~50 hrs More than No Less than 10~30 hrs 30~50 hrs More than 10 hrs 50 hrs response 10 hrs 50 hrs

(Answer only if you are currently unemployed) How would you describe your economic status these days? How many hours per week do you Q spend on average on job search and vocational training? (Hours of job search per week)

253 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3) Hours of job training per week

The average hours of job training per week were 2 hours for the unemployed in the “experimental group” and 1 hour for the unemployed in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 64] Hours of job training per week

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average time] [Average time] 95.1 94.6 98.1 94.7 -Ex-ante survey: 2 hrs -Ex-ante survey: 0.9 hrs -Ex-post survey: 2 hrs -Ex-post survey: 1 hrs

2.3 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.3 2.8 0.3 0.7 Less than 10~30 hrs 30~50 hrs More than No Less than 10~30 hrs 30~50 hrs More than 10 hrs 50 hrs response 10 hrs 50 hrs

254 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

4) Unemployed or remained unenrolled in school or vocational training institutions?

On how long they have been unemployed or remained unenrolled in a school or vocational training institution, 43.7% of the unemployed respondents in the experimental group and 44.5% in the comparison group answered “0” days (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 65] How long have you remained unemployed or unenrolled in school or vocational training institutions? Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

48.4 43.7 44.5 41.7

33.9 31.2 30.5 30.0

20.0 19.9 18.8 20.5

4.4 5.2 4.9 2.2

0 day Less than 1 month or 1 year or 0 day Less than 1 month or 1 year or 1 month more more 1 month more more

How long have you been unemployed or remained unenrolled in a school Q or vocational training institution?

255 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4. Experience of receiving social welfare benefits or services

Regarding the experience of receiving social welfare benefits or services, the majority of the respondents in both the experimental group and comparison group said they have received “National Scholarship and Student Loan” (56.7% and 63.6%, respectively, in the ex-post survey).

[Figure 66] Experience of receiving social welfare benefits or services

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

No Yes No Yes

15.5 16.8 16.2 15.7 26.7 27.8 24.0 36.4 40.7 40.0 32.2 34.7 46.7 48.7 56.8 56.7 61.7 63.6

84.5 83.2 76.0 63.6 83.8 84.3 53.3 51.3 73.3 72.2 59.3 60.0 67.8 65.3 43.2 43.3 38.3 36.4

Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post -ante -post Social Public Social Social National Social Public Social National insurance assistance service service Scholarship insurance assistance service Scholarship (central (Gyeonggi and Student (central and Student government) province) Loan government) Loan

Q Have you received the following social welfare benefits or services?

256 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5. Average monthly income

1) Labor income

The average monthly labor income was KRW 1.14 million for the “experimental group” and KRW 1.06 million for the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a slight increase in the average monthly labor income.

[Figure 67] Average monthly income - Labor income

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] 35.9 - EX-ante survey : 100 - EX-ante survey : 95 - EX-post survey : 114 - EX-post survey : 106 30.3 28.6 28.2 27.3 26.6 25.626.0 24.0 22.0 19.6 20.3 19.7 16.4 16.3 14.1

4.2 4.9 2.8 2.6 2.0 1.0 0.1 1.6

No labor Less 100-200 200-300 300 or No No labor Less 100-200 200-300 300 or No income than100 more response income than100 more response

How much is your average labor income (including part-time job) and Q allowances per month? If you don’t have any, enter “0.” (Labor income)

257 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Allowances

The average monthly allowances were KRW 120,000 for the “experimental group” and KRW 150,000 for the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a slight decrease in the average monthly allowances.

[Figure 68] Average monthly income - Allowances

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

60.262.5 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] 53.4 [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 13 49.4 - EX-ante survey : 17 - EX-post survey : 12 - EX-post survey : 15

11.711.4 12.6 9.3 8.4 9.2 9.6 9.7 8.7 8.3 10.2 6.8 6.1 7.0 6.4 7.1 7.3 6.3 2.3 4.7 4.2 3.1 2.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0

No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 or No No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 or No allowances than more response allowances than more response 10 10

How much is your average labor income (including part-time job) and Q allowances per month? If you don’t have any, enter “0.” (Allowances)

258 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

6. Average monthly expenditure

1) Food

Of the average monthly expenditure, the average expense on food was KRW 250,000 in the “experimental group” and KRW 210,000 in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a slight increase in the average food expense.

[Figure 69] Average Monthly Expenditure - Food

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 20 - EX-ante survey : 20 - EX-post survey : 21 - EX-post survey : 21

24.824.9 24.3 22.3 19.619.8 21.120.5 20.621.0 20.2 17.1 13.314.4 10.0 9.5 10.3 10.4 9.0 9.3 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 8.3 7.4 5.6 5.9 0.5 0.0

No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 or No No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 or No expense than more response expense than more response 10 10

What is your Average Monthly Expense for each item? If you don’t have Q any, enter “0.” (Food)

259 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2) Housing

Of the average monthly expenditure, the average expense on housing was KRW 110,000 in the “experimental group” and KRW 120,000 in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a slight increase in the average housing expense.

[Figure 70] Average Monthly Expenditure - Housing

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

64.4 64.7 61.7 EX-ante survey EX-post survey 61.4 EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 10 - EX-ante survey : 9 - EX-post survey : 11 - EX-post survey : 12

17.2 18.8 18.2 16.7 10.8 11.9 12.6 13.6 6.6 8.0 6.1 4.6 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.3

No Less 30-50 50-100 100 or No No Less 30-50 50-100 100 or expense than 30 more response expense than 30 more

What is your Average Monthly Expense for each item? If you don’t have Q any, enter “0.” Housing)

260 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3) Self-development and Education Expense

Of the average monthly expenditure, the average expense on self-development and education was KRW 110,000 in the “experimental group”, and KRW 90,000 in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey)

In the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “comparison group” showed a slight decrease in the average monthly self-development and education expense.

[Figure 71] Average Monthly Expenditure - Self-development and Education Expense

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

[Average Unit: 10,000 won] 39.7 [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 11 - EX-ante survey : 11 34.9 33.9 - EX-post survey : 11 - EX-post survey : 9 29.6 27.0 25.1 26.1 26.6 18.7 15.7 15.2 14.2 13.8 11.9 12.5 12.7 11.3 11.0 9.7 9.9

0.5 0.1

No Less 10-20 20-30 30 or No No Less 10-20 20-30 30 or expense than 10 more response expense than 10 more

What is your Average Monthly Expense for each item? If you don’t have Q any, enter “0.” (Self-development/Education)

261 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4) Leisure Expense

Of the average monthly expenditure, the average leisure expense was KRW 190,000 in the “experimental group”, and KRW 160,000 in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

In the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “comparison group” showed a slight increase in the average monthly leisure expense.

[Figure 72] Average Monthly Expenditure - Leisure Expense

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 19 - EX-ante survey : 15 - EX-post survey : 19 - EX-post survey : 16 30.9 26.3 26.3 27.6

18.9 20.6 19.0 18.5 17.7 17.1 14.1 13.6 14.1 13.7 14.5 13.2 12.7 13.4 11.6 12.9 12.4 10.1 9.8 10.4

0.5 0.0

No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40 or No Less 10-20 20-30 30-40 40 or expense than 10 more expense than 10 more

What is your Average Monthly Expense for each item? If you don’t have Q any, enter “0.” (Leisure Expense)

262 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7. Where would you use youth basic income (based on priority)

To the question “Where would you use youth basic income?” the majority of respondents in the experimental group chose “Food” at 68.3%, while the top priority in the comparison group was “Self-development/Education” at 36.9% (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 73] Where would you use youth basic income (based on priority)

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

68.3 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

36.9 34.7 35.0 30.4

22.3 24.9 13.7 14.2 11.2 10.3 10.8 13.4 11.3 11.2 7.8 6.7 7.1 6.1 9.3 3.9 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.3 2.1 0.4 1.2

Food Self Social Family Trand Housing Other Self Food Housing Trand Social Family Other development and allowances development and allowances /study leisure /gift /study leisure /gift activities activities

Where would you like to spend the youth basic income? Select two items Q you prefer most.

263 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

8. Amount of savings and loan obligations

1) Amount of savings

The average amount of personal savings of respondents was KRW 3.2 million in the “experimental group” and KRW 4.09 million in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both the “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed an increase in the amount of personal savings.

[Figure 74] Amount of personal savings and loan obligations - Savings

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 268 - EX-ante survey : 344 41.1 - EX-post survey : 320 - EX-post survey : 409 35.0 29.928.6 25.7 23.8 22.6 23.623.7 22.6 23.7 19.5

8.9 10.2 7.2 6.7 7.8 6.6 5.4 6.3 2.0 2.7 2.8 3.7 2.4 3.0 1.8 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4

No Less 100- 500- 1000- 2000- 3000 No No Less 100- 500- 1000- 2000- 3000 No saving than 500 1000 2000 3000 or response saving than 500 1000 2000 3000 or response 100 more 100 more

How much are your savings and loan obligations? If you don’t have any, Q enter “0” (Savings)

264 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2) Amount of loan

The average amount of loan obligations of respondents was KRW 3.56 million in the “experimental group” and KRW 3.71 million in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed an increase in the amount of their personal loan obligations.

[Figure 75] Amount of personal savings and loan obligations - loan

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: % 81.1 77.8 73.6 71.0 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey [Average Unit: 10,000 won] [Average Unit: 10,000 won] - EX-ante survey : 213 - EX-ante survey : 213 - EX-post survey : 371 - EX-post survey : 371

7.2 7.1 5.4 5.6 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.9 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.8 3.3 4.3 2.6 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.0 1.1 1.0 2.6 2.3 1.8

No Less 100- 500- 1000- 2000- 3000 No No Less 100- 500- 1000- 2000- 3000 No loan than 500 1000 2000 3000 or response loan than 500 1000 2000 3000 or response 100 more 100 more

How much are your personal savings and loan obligations? If you don’t Q have any, enter “0” (Loan)

265 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

9. Perception about the current economic status

The perception about the current economic status was lower in the “experimental group” at 37.47 than in the “comparison group” (38.47) (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the perception about the current economic status improved in the “experimental group,” while decreasing in the “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 36.09 → 37.47 (+1.38) - Comparison group: 38.86 → 38.47 (-0.39)

[Figure 76] Perception about the current economic status

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 36.09 37.47 Average 38.86 38.47 score score out of out of 100 100 14.6 16.1 16.0 15.7

Stable Stable 31.0 32.0 37.1 35.8 Average Average

Unstable 54.4 51.9 Unstable 46.9 48.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

Q How would you describe your current economic status?

266 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

10. Parents’ economic status

The majority in both the experimental and comparison groups described their parents’ economic status as “medium” (61.5% and 65.8%, respectively) (based on the ex-post survey).

[Figure 77] Parents’ economic status

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

67.1 65.8 60.7 61.5

33.7 33.0 26.2 28.6

5.6 5.4 6.7 5.7

High Medium Low High Medium Low

Q How would you describe your parents’ economic status?

267 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

Ⅵ. Perception about Youth Basic Income

1. Perception about Youth Basic Income

More respondents in the “experimental group” (44.4%) described the eligibility criterion for youth basic income (24 years of age) as “appropriate” compared to the “comparison group” (27.9%).

[Figure 78] Perception about Youth Basic Income

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Inappropriate Appropriate 22.6% Appropriate Inappropriate 30.7% 44.4% Average 27.9% Average score score out of 100 out of 100 56.67 48.67 Average 32.9% Average 41.4%

What do you think of the eligibility criterion for youth basic income (24 Q years of age)?

268 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

2. Perception about the level of youth basic income payment

Regarding the level of youth basic income payment (KRW 250,000 per quarter), more respondents in the “experimental group” (35.5%) than in the “comparison group” (22.9%) thought it was “appropriate.”

[Figure 79] Perception about the level of youth basic income payment

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Inappropriate Appropriate Appropriate Inappropriate 24.9% 35.3% 35.5% Average 22.9% Average score score out of 100 out of 100 52.79 45.33

Average Average 39.6% 41.8%

What do you think of the level of youth basic income payment (KRW Q 250,000 per quarter)?

269 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

3. Perception about local currency

Regarding the payment of youth basic income in local currency, more respondents in the “experimental group” (51.4%) than in the “comparison group” (32.2%) considered it “appropriate.”

[Figure 80] Perception about local currency

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Inappropriate Appropriate 19.5% Appropriate Inappropriate 35.7% 51.4% Average 32.2% Average score score out of 100 out of 100 60.65 47.19 Average 29.1% Average 32.1%

What do you think of the payment of youth basic income in local Q currency?

270 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

4. Degree of ease of use of local currency

Regarding the ease of use of local currency, the responses of the experimental group were as follows: “Convenient” (30.4%) (i.e., Very convenient: 7.5% + Convenient: 22.9%) and “Inconvenient” (35.1%)” (i.e., Inconvenient: 28.2% + Very inconvenient: 6.9%).

[Figure 81] Degree of ease of use of local currency

Experimental group Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Inconvenient convenient

Appropriate Inappropriate 34.5 30.4% 35.1% Average 28.2 score out of 100 22.9 51.04

Average 6.9 7.5 34.5%

Very Inconvenient Average convenient Very Inconvenient convenient

How convenient or inconvenient was it for you to use Gyeonggi Province Q local currency?

271 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

5. Preferred Payment Cycle of Youth Basic Income

Regarding the preferred payment cycle of youth basic income, the most preferred cycle was a “monthly payment” (42.1%), followed by “quarterly payment (every three months)” (31.8%), “bimonthly (every two months)” (18.7%), and “half-yearly (every six months)” (7.5%).

[Figure 82] Payment Cycle of Youth Basic Income Preferred

Experimental group Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

42.1

31.8

18.7

7.5

Monthly Bimonthly Quarterly Half-yearly

Q What is your preferred payment cycle for youth basic income?

272 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

6. Level of satisfaction with the Youth Basic Income application process

The average level of satisfaction with the youth basic income application process in the experimental group was 62.21 out of 100.

The proportion of respondents who were “satisfied” (Very satisfied: 11.9% + Satisfied: 40.7%) was 52.6%, which was much higher than the 12.9% who were “unsatisfied” (Unsatisfied: 10.2% + Very unsatisfied: 2.7%).

[Figure 83] Level of satisfaction with the Youth Basic Income application process

Experimental group Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Unsatisfied Satisfied

Unsatisfied 12.9% 40.7 Average 34.5 Satisfied score 52.6% out of 100 62.21 Average 34.5% 10.2 11.9 2.7

Very Unsatisfied Average Satisfied Very unsatisfied satisfied

Q How satisfied are you with the youth basic income application process?

273 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

7. Overall level of satisfaction with Youth Basic Income

The average level of overall satisfaction with Gyeonggi Province youth basic income was 68.42 out of 100 in the experimental group.

The proportion of respondents who were “satisfied” (Very satisfied: 17.7% + Satisfied: 47.2%) was 64.9%, which was much higher than those “unsatisfied” at 6.8% (Unsatisfied: 4.8% + Very unsatisfied: 2.0%).

[Figure 84]Overall satisfaction level about the Youth Basic Income

Experimental group Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Unsatisfied Satisfied Unsatisfied 6.8% 47.2 Average Satisfied score Average 28.3 64.9% out of 100 28.3% 68.42 17.7

4.8 2.0

Very Unsatisfied Average Satisfied Very unsatisfied satisfied

Q Overall, how satisfied are you with youth basic income?

274 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

Ⅶ. Perceptions about Dream-capital

1. I enjoy imagining my future

Among the dream-capital items, the score for “I enjoy imagining my future” was higher in the “experimental group” at 58.44 than in the “comparison group” (52.93) (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 54.71 → 58.44 (+3.73) - Comparison group: 54.04 → 52.93 (-1.11)

[Figure 85] Perceptions about dream-capital - I enjoy imagining my future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 54.71 58.44 Average 54.04 52.93 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree 46.1 51.4 Agree 44.9 42.9

NAND NAND 22.8 23.8 24.8 23.3 Disagree Disagree

31.2 25.3 31.3 32.3

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I enjoy imagining my future.”

275 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

2. I often imagine myself being successful in the future

Among the dream-capital items, the score for “I often imagine myself being successful in the future” was higher for the “experimental group” at 63.85 than the “comparison group” (59.28) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 62.47 → 63.85 (+1.38) - Comparison group: 60.72 → 59.28 (-1.44)

[Figure 86] Perceptions about dream-capital - I often imagine myself being successful in the future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 62.47 63.85 Average 60.72 59.28 score score out of out of 100 100

56.6 53.7 Agree 60.0 61.6 Agree

NAND NAND 20.7 22.7 17.8 18.4 Disagree Disagree

22.2 20.0 22.8 23.7

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I often imagine myself being successful in the future.”

276 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

3. I do not dream of the future

Among the items used to measure dream-capital, the score for “I do not dream of the future” was 33.55 in the “experimental group,” lower than that of the “comparison group” (37.26) (based on the ex-post survey).

The comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey showed an increase in the scores for both the “experimental group” and “comparison group.” - Experimental group: 33.28 → 33.55 (+0.27) - Comparison group: 35.50 → 37.26 (+1.76)

[Figure 87] Perceptions about dream-capital - I do not dream of the future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 33.28 33.55 Average 35.50 37.26 score score out of out of 100 100 16.5 15.8 16.7 16.9 Agree Agree 19.9 20.9 23.1 25.9

NAND NAND

63.6 63.3 Disagree Disagree 60.2 57.2

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I do not dream of the future.”

277 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

4. I really want to achieve my dream

Among the items used to measure dream-capital, the score for “I really want to achieve my dream” was 74.42 in the “experimental group,” higher than that of the “comparison group” (69.28) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, b o t h t h e “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 75.08 → 74.42 (-0.66) - Comparison group: 70.06 → 69.28 (-0.78)

[Figure 88] Perceptions about dream-capital - I really want to achieve my dream

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 75.08 74.42 Average 70.06 69.28 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree Agree

69.0 68.2 NAND 76.7 75.6 NAND

Disagree Disagree 20.6 20.0 16.4 17.7 10.4 11.8 7.0 6.7 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I really want to achieve my dream.”

278 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

5. I feel hopeful about the future

Among the items used to measure dream-capital, the score for “I feel hopeful about the future was 62.01 in “experimental group,” higher than that of the “comparison group” (56.13) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 60.23 → 62.01 (+1.78) - Comparison group: 57.26 → 56.13 (-1.13)

[Figure 89] Perceptions about dream-capital - I feel hopeful about the future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 60.23 62.01 Average 57.26 56.13 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree Agree 53.6 56.2 48.3 46.2

NAND NAND

23.9 23.7 26.7 28.2 Disagree Disagree

22.5 20.1 25.0 25.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements. “I feel hopeful about the future.”

279 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

6. I do not lose hope even in times of trouble

Among the items used to measure dream-capital, the score for “I do not lose hope even in times of trouble” was higher in the “experimental group” at 60.06 than in the “comparison group” (53.63) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 58.65 → 60.06 (+1.41) - Comparison group: 54.37 → 53.63 (-0.74)

[Figure 90] Perceptions about dream-capital - I do not lose hope even in times of trouble

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 58.65 60.06 Average 54.37 53.63 score score out of out of 100 100

42.0 40.8 Agree 50.4 52.3 Agree

NAND NAND 30.6 32.4 27.1 27.4 Disagree Disagree

22.5 20.3 27.4 26.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements. “I do not lose hope even in times of trouble.”

280 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

7. I feel hopeless about the future

Among the items used to measure dream-capital, the item “I feel hopeless about the future” got a score of 38.93 in the “experimental group” and 42.17 in the “comparison group” (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 39.69 → 38.93 (-0.76) - Comparison group: 42.61 → 42.17 (-0.44)

[Figure 91] Perceptions about dream-capital - I feel hopeless about the future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 39.69 38.93 Average 42.61 42.17 score score out of out of 100 100 24.6 23.1 28.9 23.2 Agree Agree 23.5 24.4 23.2 29.3 NAND NAND

Disagree Disagree 51.9 52.4 47.9 47.4

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I feel hopeless about the future.”

281 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

8. I feel nervous about the future

For the dream-capital measurement item “I feel nervous about the future,” the score of the “experimental group” was 48.45, lower than that of the “comparison group” (51.56) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, both groups showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 50.24 → 48.45 (-1.79) - Comparison group: 52.24 → 51.56 (-0.68)

[Figure 92] Perceptions about dream-capital - I feel nervous about the future

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 50.24 48.45 Average 52.24 51.56 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree 43.1 39.8 Agree 44.8 42.7

NAND NAND 20.4 22.2 21.2 24.1 Disagree Disagree 36.5 38.0 34.0 33.2

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I feel nervous about the future.”

282 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

9. I am confident I can achieve my dreams

For the dream-capital measurement item “I am confident I can achieve my dreams,” the score of the “experimental group” was 60.37, higher than that of the “comparison group” (53.85) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 59.33 → 60.37 (+1.04) - Comparison group: 55.72 → 53.85 (-1.87)

[Figure 93] Perceptions about dream-capital - I am confident I can achieve my dreams

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 59.33 60.37 Average 55.72 53.85 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree 49.5 51.1 Agree 43.2 39.2

NAND NAND

35.0 34.7 30.0 30.0 Disagree Disagree

26.1 20.6 19.0 21.8

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to Q what extent you agree with each of the statements: “I am confident I can achieve my dreams.”

283 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

10. My future will be better than the present

For the dream-capital measurement item “My future will be better than the present,” the score of the “experimental group” was 68.14, higher than that of the “comparison group” (62.81) (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 67.99 → 68.14 (+0.15) - Comparison group: 64.31 → 62.81 (-1.50)

[Figure 94] Perceptions about dream-capital - My future will be better than the present

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 67.99 68.14 Average 64.31 62.81 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree Agree 61.6 56.3 66.6 66.2 NAND NAND

28.3 Disagree Disagree 23.9 21.6 22.4

11.9 11.4 14.6 15.3 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “My future will be better than the present.”

284 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

11. I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face

For the dream-capital measurement item “I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face,” the score of the “experimental group” was 61.54, higher than that of the “comparison group” (54.81) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 60.71 → 61.54 (+0.83) - Comparison group: 56.72 → 54.81 (-1.91)

[Figure 95] Perceptions about dream-capital - I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 60.71 61.54 Average 56.72 54.81 score score out of out of 100 100

45.2 41.4 Agree 52.5 53.5 Agree

NAND NAND

34.3 33.4 29.1 29.4 Disagree Disagree

18.5 17.1 20.4 25.1

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I can overcome whatever obstacles I may face.”

285 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

12. I tend to recover quickly from stress

For the dream-capital measurement item “I tend to recover quickly from stress,” the score of the “experimental group” was 53.57, higher than that of the “comparison group” (48.94) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 52.45 → 53.57 (+1.12) - Comparison group: 51.00 → 48.94 (-2.06)

[Figure 96] Perceptions about dream-capital - I tend to recover quickly from stress

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 52.45 53.57 Average 51.00 48.94 score score out of out of 100 100

40.9 35.2 Agree 43.3 43.8 Agree

NAND NAND 23.9 29.3 21.7 23.5

Disagree Disagree 35.1 32.7 35.2 35.4

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I tend to recover quickly from stress.”

286 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

13. I have coped with past failures well

For the dream-capital measurement item “I have coped with past failures well,” the score of the “experimental group” was 60.80, higher than that of the “comparison group” (56.19) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 59.86 → 60.80 (+0.94) - Comparison group: 56.93 → 56.19 (-0.74)

[Figure 97] Perceptions about dream-capital - I have coped with past failures well

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 59.86 60.80 Average 56.93 56.19 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree 51.6 52.3 Agree 45.3 44.3

NAND NAND

32.9 34.4 Disagree 29.0 29.9 Disagree

21.8 21.2 19.4 17.7 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements. “I have coped with past failures well.”

287 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province

14. I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble

For the dream-capital measurement item “I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble,” the score of the “experimental group” was 68.70, higher than that of the “comparison group” (62.76) (based on the ex-post survey).

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, b o t h t h e “experimental group” and “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 68.86 → 68.70 (-0.16) - Comparison group: 63.24 → 62.76 (-0.48)

[Figure 98] Perceptions about dream-capital - I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 68.86 68.70 Average 63.24 62.76 score score out of out of 100 100

Agree Agree 59.3 58.6 68.5 67.7 NAND NAND

Disagree Disagree 23.4 24.7 17.5 19.0

14.1 13.3 17.2 16.8 EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I have someone to rely on when I am in trouble.”

288 Introduction Quantitative Qualitative Study Comprehensive References Appendix Study Analysis and Conclusion

15. I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience.

For the dream-capital measurement item “I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience,” the score of the “experimental group” was 39.98, lower than that of the “comparison group” (43.46) (based on the ex-post survey)

According to the comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post survey, the “experimental group” showed an increase, while the “comparison group” showed a decrease. - Experimental group: 39.93 → 39.98 (+0.05) - Comparison group: 43.56 → 43.46 (-0.10)

[Figure 99] Perceptions about dream-capital - I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience.

Experimental Group Comparison Group Base: Total respondents, Unit: % Base: Total respondents, Unit: %

Average 39.93 39.98 Average 43.56 43.46 score score out of out of 100 100 22.6 22.2 24.4 24.3 Agree Agree 25.8 27.3 30.9 30.1 NAND NAND

Disagree 51.6 50.7 Disagree 44.7 45.6

EX-ante survey EX-post survey EX-ante survey EX-post survey

What do you think of the statements given below? Please specify to what Q extent you agree with each of the statements: “I can’t easily recover from a frustrating experience.”

289 Representative Yoo, Young Seong Author (Head, Basic Income Research Group at GRI)

Co-Authors Jeong, Wonho (internal) (Visiting Senior Research Fellow at GRI) Rhie, Kwanhyung (Visiting Research Fellow at GRI) Yun, Sungjin (Visiting Research Fellow at GRI) Ma, Jooyoung (Researcher at GRI)

(external) Kim, Gyoseong (Professor at Chung-Ang University) Seo, Jeonghee (Professor at Gunsan National University) Lee, Jieun (Ph.D. Student at Chung-Ang University) Lee, Seokwon Advisor (Professor at Seoul National University)

Policy Study 2019-73 Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province: Comparison of the Ex-Ante and Ex-post Survey

Print Dec, 2019 Publication Dec, 2019 Publisher Lee, Hanjoo Publishing Co Gyeonggi Research Institute Address 1150 Gyungsu-Daero, Jangan-Gu,, Suwon City, Gyeonggi Province (16207) Phone 031) 250-3114 / Fax 031) 250-3111 Homepage www.gri.kr Enrollment No. 99-3-6호 ⓒ Gyeonggi Research Institute, 2019 I S B N 979-11-9058-616-0 93320

The content of this report is based on the opinion of the researchers. It may differ from the official opinion of the Gyeonggi Research Institute.

Analysis of the Effects of the Youth Basic Income Policy in Gyeonggi Province: Comparison of the Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Survey

Gyeonggi Research Institute