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A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1813–1994 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD Founding Editor Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Managing Senior Editor Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Associate Editors David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Jay C. Butler, Anchorage, Alaska David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Kenneth C. Castro, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Stephanie James, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Vincent Deubel, Shanghai, China Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Ed Eitzen, Washington, D.C., USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Duane J. Gubler, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Richard L. Guerrant, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland J. Glenn Morris, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Sakae Inouye, Tokyo, Japan Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Patricia M. Quinlisk, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Didier Raoult, Marseilles, France Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA John S. MacKenzie, Perth, Australia J. Todd Weber, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Henrik C. Wegener, Copenhagen, Denmark Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Copy Editors Fred A. Murphy, Davis, California, USA Angie Frey, Thomas Gryczan, Ronnie Henry, Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Anne Mather, Carol Snarey P. Keith Murray, Ames, Iowa, USA Production Stephen Ostroff, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Rosanna W. Peeling, Geneva, Switzerland Reginald Tucker, Ann Jordan, Maureen Marshall David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA Editorial Assistant Gianfranco Pezzino, Topeka, Kansas, USA Carolyn Collins Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Jocelyn A. Rankin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA www.cdc.gov/eid Mario Raviglione, Geneva, Switzerland Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the Nancy Rosenstein, Atlanta, Georgia, USA National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-371-5329, Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA fax 404-371-5449, email [email protected]. Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Patricia Simone, Atlanta, Georgia, USA The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA are affiliated. P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Jan Svoboda, Prague, Czech Republic All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in Bala Swaminathan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa permission; proper citation, however, is required. Phillip Tarr, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Use of trade names is for identification only and does not Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Department of Health and Human Services. John Ward, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Warnock, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 11, No. 12, December 2005 A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol. 11, No. 12, December 2005 On the Cover Research Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625). The Entry of the Animals Host Range and Emerging into Noah's Ark (1613) and Reemerging Pathogens . .1842 Oil on panel (54.6 cm x 83.8 cm). M.E.J. Woolhouse et al. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Human pathogens are associated with a broad California, USA (92.P8.82). range of nonhuman hosts. Courtesy of the J. Paul Getty Museum Person-to-Person Transmission About the Cover p. 1991 of Andes Hantavirus . .1848 V.A. Martinez et al. Two lineages are implicated in person-to-person Introduction transmission. Role of Multisectoral European Bat Lyssaviruses, Partnerships . .1813 the Netherlands . .1854 N. Marano et al. W.H.M van der Poel et al. Genotype 5 lyssaviruses are endemic in the Netherlands and can cause fatal infections in Perspectives humans. Framework for Classifying SARS-CoV Infection in a Disease Threats . .1815 Restaurant from Palm Civet . .1860 A. Fenton and A.B. Pedersen M. Wang et al. Ecologic and evolutionary features of multihost Contact with food animals was associated with pathogens determine the likelihood of emerging SARS-CoV infection in the People’s Republic of infectious diseases. China. Bushmeat Hunting, Echinococcosis in Deforestation, and Zoonoses . .1822 p. 1829 Tibetan Populations . .1866 N.D. Wolfe et al. L. Tiaoying et al. Integrating virology, ecology, and other disciplines This area has the highest prevalences of both forms enhances prediction of new emerging zoonoses. of this disease in the world. Human Granulocytic Porcine and Human Noroviruses . .1874 Anaplasmosis . .1828 Q.-H. Wang et al. J.S. Dumler et al. Pigs may be reservoirs for human noroviruses, and The unique niche of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, porcine/human genogroup II recombinants could the neutrophil, has implications for pathogenetic emerge. mechanisms. p. 1926 Viral Load Distribution Synopsis in SARS Outbreak . .1882 C.M. Chu et al. Francisella tularensis Airborne transmission may have resulted in an in the United States . .1835 outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong. J. Farlow et al. Subpopulations A.I and A.II. of Francisella tularensis Foot-and-Mouth Disease subsp. tularensis are associated with unique biotic Virus Serotype O . .1887 and abiotic factors that maintain disease foci. N.J. Knowles et al. The PanAsia strain is spreading explosively in Asia and extending to parts of Africa and Europe. Bartonella henselae in Porpoise Blood . .1894 R.G. Maggie et al. Bacterial DNA in porpoises suggests an emerging A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol. 11, No. 12, December 2005 infectious disease in marine mammals. 1958 Hepatitis E Virus Transmission Salmonella Typhimurium, from Wild Boar Meat Minnesota, 1997–2003 . .1899 T.-C. Li et al. S.D. Wedel et al. Food animals are likely the primary reservoir of 1961 Human Rickettsia felis resistant S. Typhimurium. Infection, Canary Islands J.-L. Pérez-Arellano et al. Postepizootic Persistence of Venezuelan p. 1931 1965 MRSA in Pig Farming Equine Encephalitis Virus . .1907 A. Voss et al. J.-C. Navarro et al. Etiologic subtype IC virus persists, 5 years after the 1967 Salmonella and Campylobacter apparent end of the major 1995 epidemic. spp. in Seals R.A. Stoddard et al. Intergenogroup Recombination 1970 Dogs and Rabies Transmission in Sapoviruses . .1916 in China G.S. Hansman X. Tang et al. Recombination event occurred between 2 different human sapovirus genogroups. Letters Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis, New York . .1921 1973 Echinococcus multilocularis in J.D. Blanton et al. Estonia Bats are now the leading source of rabies post- exposure prophylaxis. 1974 Influenza Virus Infections in Racing Greyhounds Another Dimension 1976 Syngamoniasis in Tourist The Enigma We Answer by Living . .1927 A.H. Deming 1977 Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Jamaica Dispatches 1978 Nipah Virus Strain Variation (Replies) 1928 Hunters Exposed to Simian 1979 Trichinellosis Outbreak Immunodeficiency Virus M.L. Kalish et al. 1981 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, 1931 Bartonella quintana from Canary Islands Cynomolgus Monkey 1983 Human Rabies in China L.G. O’Rourke et al. 1984 Resistant S. Virchow in 1935 Passatempo Virus in Brazil Quail Products J. Leite et al. 1985 Vancomycin-resistant 1939 Anthrax in Eastern Turkey Enterococcus faecium Clone Z. Özkurt et al. 1942 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci 1987 Rabies Vaccine Baits, in Companion Animals Pennsylvania K.E. Baptiste et al. 1989 Salmonella Veterinary Clinic Outbreak 1945 Phocine Distemper Outbreak, the p. 1940 Netherlands, 2002 J.M. Rijks et al. Book Review 1949 Bat Nipah Virus, Thailand 1990 Behind the Mask S. Wacharapluesadee et al. M. Massoudi 1952 Cat-transmitted Sporotrichosis A. Schubach et al. News & Notes 1955 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Risk and E. coli O157:H7 About the Cover B. Tserenpuntsag et al. 1991 Painting from Life Nature’s Unpredictable Menagerie Role of Multisector Partnerships in Controlling Emerging