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Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Stephen Berger, MD 2018 Edition Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago Copyright Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago - 2018 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2018 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-4988-1904-6 Visit www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application. Similarly, a number of diseases which are generally diagnosed and treated outside of the field of Infectious Diseases are not included, despite the fact that a clear infectious etiology exists. Examples include Peptic ulcer, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Human papillomavirus infections, etc. In contrast, a number of other entities of unknown etiology which do present to Infectious Diseases specialists have been included: Kawasaki's disease, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Kikuchi and Kimura diseases. Several minor infections having minimal relevance to the field of Infectious Diseases are not covered: Paronychia, Otitis externa, etc. © 2018 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 283 Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which summarize the status of Infectious diseases, Drugs, Vaccines and Pathogens in every country of the world. Chapters are arranged alphabetically, by disease name. Each section is divided into three sub-sections: 1. Descriptive epidemiology 2. Status of the disease in Trinidad and Tobago 3. References The initial items in the first section, Descriptive epidemiology, are defined as follows: Agent Classification (e.g., virus, parasite) and taxonomic designation. Reservoir Any animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host. Vector An arthropod or other living carrier which transports an infectious agent from an infected organism or reservoir to a susceptible individual or immediate surroundings. Vehicle The mode of transmission for an infectious agent. This generally implies a passive and inanimate (i.e., non-vector) mode. A chapter outlining the routine vaccination schedule of Trinidad and Tobago follows the diseases chapters. Content There are 357 generic infectious diseases in the world today. 212 of these are endemic, or potentially endemic, to Trinidad and Tobago. A number of other diseases are not relevant to Trinidad and Tobago and have not been included in this book. In addition to endemic diseases, we have included all published data regarding imported diseases and infection among expatriates from Trinidad and Tobago. Sources Data are based on the GIDEON web application (www.gideononline.com) which relies on standard text books, peer- review journals, Health Ministry reports and ProMED, supplemented by an ongoing search of the medical literature. The availability and quality of literature regarding specific infectious diseases vary from country to country. As such, you may find that many of the sections in this book are limited to a general discussion of the disease itself - with no data regarding Trinidad and Tobago. This is a book about the geography and epidemiology of Infection. Comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the causes, diagnosis and treatment of each disease is available in the GIDEON web application. Many of the diseases are generic. For example, such designations as Pneumonia bacterial and Urinary tract infection include a number of individual diseases. These appear under the subheading, Synonyms, listed under each disease. Exploring Outbreaks and Surveys Outbreak and survey charts are designed to allow users to quickly scan and compare publications according to year, setting, number of cases / deaths, affected population and other parameters. Linked references are displayed where available. Parallel charts in the GIDEON web app allow for sorting within columns. In the following example, data are displayed © 2018 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 283 Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago alphabetically by outbreak setting or region. We welcome feedback, and will be pleased to add any relevant, sourced material. Email us at [email protected] For more information about GIDEON see the section About GIDEON and visit www.gideononline.com Last updated: February 14, 2018 © 2018 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 4 of 283 Infectious Diseases of Trinidad and Tobago Table of Contents Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series ......................... 3 Dipylidiasis .................................................................64 Acanthocephalan infections ............................................ 8 Dirofilariasis ...............................................................65 Actinomycosis .............................................................. 9 Eastern equine encephalitis* .........................................66 Adenovirus infection+.................................................. 10 Ehrlichiosis - human monocytic* ....................................67 Aeromonas and marine Vibrio infx. ............................... 11 Endocarditis - infectious ...............................................68 Amoeba - free living ................................................... 12 Enterobiasis+ ..............................................................69 Amoebiasis ................................................................ 13 Enterovirus infection+ ..................................................70 Amoebic abscess ........................................................ 14 Epidural abscess .........................................................72 Animal bite-associated infection ................................... 15 Erysipelas or cellulitis...................................................73 Anisakiasis ................................................................ 16 Erysipeloid .................................................................74 * Anthrax ................................................................... 17 Erythrasma ................................................................75 + Ascariasis ................................................................ 18 Escherichia coli diarrhea+ .............................................76 Aspergillosis .............................................................. 19 Filariasis - Bancroftian+ ................................................78 Bacillary angiomatosis................................................. 20 Fungal infection - invasive ............................................79 Bacillus cereus food poisoning ...................................... 21 Gastroenteritis - viral...................................................80 Bacterial vaginosis...................................................... 22 Gianotti-Crosti syndrome..............................................81 Bartonellosis - cat borne.............................................. 23 Giardiasis+ .................................................................82 Bartonellosis - other systemic ...................................... 24 Gonococcal infection+ ..................................................83 + Blastocystis hominis infection ..................................... 25 Granuloma inguinale....................................................85 Borna virus encephalitis .............................................. 26 Group C viral fevers+ ...................................................86 Botulism.................................................................... 27 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome*..................................87 Brain abscess............................................................. 28 Hantaviruses - Old World* ............................................88 + Brucellosis ............................................................... 29
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