Lavoro E Fasce Deboli
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WORK AND THE DISADVANTAGED IN THE PROVINCE OF SAVONA 1 INDEX Introduction …………………………………………………………………………. p. 3 Methodological notes…………………………………………………………........... p. 3 1. Data from the Province of Savona Employment Centre. Comparing requests and offers of work for the disabled ……………………..……………………..... p. 5 1.1. Number of people ……………………………………………………….. p. 5 1.2. Gender of workers ………………….…………………………………….. p. 6 1.3. Age ranges …………………………………………….………………. p. 9 1.4. Marital status ……………………………………………………………. p. 11 1.5. Education ……………………………………………………………….. p. 13 1.6. Level of disability ……………………………………………………… p. 18 1.7. Economic sectors ………………………………………………………… p. 22 1.8. Type of contract ………………………………….……………………… p. 24 1.9. Further information about the province ………….……………………… p. 29 1.9.1. The Albenga area…………………………………………..……. p. 29 1.9.2. Savona ……………………………………………………..... p. 29 1.9.3. The Bormida Valley ………………………………………….… p. 29 2. Training for the disadvantaged financed by the Province of Savona …...……... p. 34 3. Work placements in the Province of Savona……………………..……….. p. 37 4. Location of companies employing the disabled ………………………..……… p. 41 2 Introduction When the law 68/99, Rules for the working rights of the disabled, was passed it marked a cultural and institutional turning point in the politics of employing the disabled. The new law replaced the old quantative mechanism of imposing quotas with a method that was able to find more suitable employment. This method, carried out at the local job centre, took into account the strengths of the individual person and matched them to the most suitable work. This refinement meant there was an increase in quality for both workers and companies, but as the need to satisfy both parties grew, so did the complexity of the procedures. The law came into force in 18th January 2000 and was the result of two year collaboration between the Ministry of Employment who, amongst other things, supplied the numbers of people involved which the Regions sent yearly to the Minister. The second report (2003) asked for the introduction of "new instruments and methods of research, including informatics, in a way to ensure the access of qualitative and quantitative information according to a uniform categorisation and a standardised use of indices." The research presented in this report is the answer to that request. Its aims were to create a profile of the disabled looking for work in Savona and La Spezia. Which disabled for which job? Who wants to find work under Law 68/99? Who finds it easier, and which kinds of work are more accepting? What kinds of training are done, and by who? And what methods to find work are used in the two provinces? What about the companies that employ them? Are there failings in the system or areas where it succeeds? These are some of the questions the research set out to answer. As we have said, the data recording is still in its early stages and the archives used had not been organised with this kind of research in mind since they were, after all, designed for administrative purposes. The Equal-Artis project had among its objectives the creation of a database that would allow easier access to this information and so assist the network of institutions involved in job introduction schemes for the disadvantaged. At present, the type of data available does not allow a deeper level of research, however we can offer an idea of the relationship between the disabled and work in the two provinces. The research focuses on the people enrolled at Employment Centres in the Provinces of Savona and La Spezia in December 2004, and those who have found work under Law 68/99 between 2002 and 2004. In other words we examined work offered by and to the disabled community, and comparing them in order to have a better overview of the situation. At the same time, the research summarises issues about the training for the disadvantaged, about the kind of company that employs them, and about the methods they used to find work. Apart from this last question, the main focus of the research is not so much the disadvantaged as a whole, rather the disabled as defined under Law 68/99. Methodological notes In the first part of the research the figures were from surveys, carried out by the Employment Centres in Savona and La Spezia, of people enrolled on this list of disabled job seekers under Law 68/99 at the end of 2004, and also of those people who found work in the years 2002-2004. The basis of the research was to compare the work looked for by the disabled and the work available to them. The category of work available was calculated over the three year period, using the data from employed people. Although three years is not long enough to make any definitive conclusions concerning trends, we have included data from each year in order to look for any significant changes over this time. Concerning work offered by the disabled, we took the figures from 2004, combining the numbers of those employed (during that twelve month period) and those enrolled and available for work as of 31st December 2004. This method allows the most thorough comparison of the two categories, given the nature of the available data. Since, as we have seen, the available figures on disability in general and on the disabled in the job market are sorted according to time and method of reference, and in comparison to other sources, they are quite different. For Liguria, the most recent figures (2002) were used from the Liguria Job Agency publication "The Application of Law 68/99 in Liguria - 2003 Report" by D. Arkel. As for the disabled in Italy, the 1999 figures (the most up-to-date) from the Istat survey "Conditions of health and access to sanitary services", taking the data concerning the ages of workers. For other national figures for people enrolled under Law 68/99, we used the Parliamentary Reports from the Ministry of Employment, that contains data until 2003. The desire to give a detailed picture of the relationship between the disabled and work in the two provinces was hindered by a methodology that included some imprecise data. 3 The data was imported into the SPSS statistical software. The tables included were selected according to their significance. The focus of the analysis was focused on the work available, in other words on those who found jobs. As we examined each variable, we were able to put together a bigger picture, including data from both local and national sources. 4 1 The data from the Province of Savona Employment Centre. A comparison of requests and offers of work for disabled workers 1.1 Number of people From 2002 to 2004, the Employment Centre in the Province of Savona found 379 jobs for disabled workers. There was a slight decrease, year on year, in this time (144 placements in 2002, 125 in 2003 and 110 in 2004). The number of workers was slightly less: 361. In 2004 six people filled two roles, and in 2003 four people shared two places. Also, during 2004 four people were given two different jobs and two people had three. In this research into the needs of the disabled in the workplace we always take into account the total number of places, treating those who were employed more than once as several individual subjects. In 2004 there were 888 offers of work from disabled people, calculated by adding the number of people who found work that year (110) with the people enrolled according to Law 68/99 on 31st December 2004 (778). Table 1.1.1: Number of people employed in Savona, 2002-2004. 2002 2003 2004 Total No. 144 125 110 379 % 38% 33% 29% 100% Graph 1.1.1 Number of people employed in Savona, 2002-2004. Year 2002 Year 2003 Year 2002 5 1.2 Gender of workers Among those who enrolled in Law 68/99 from 2002 to 2004, more than two thirds were male (69%). Graph 1.2.1 Savona: employed for gender from 2002 to 2004 Females 31% Males 69% This imbalance reflects the overall numbers of male and female disabled people employed in the whole region (66% male, 34% female). Graph 1.2.2 Employed according to gender: Savona and Liguria compared SAVONA 69% 31% LIGURIA* 66% 34% Males Females *source: "The Application of Law 68/99 in Liguria - 2003 Report", Liguria Job Agency The difference becomes more pronounced in the last year: in fact in 2004 male workers made up 75% of all workers. In other words, for every three men who found work, only one woman did the same. 6 Table 1.2.1: People employed in Savona according to gender, 2002-2004 2002 2003 2004 Totale No. % No. % No. % No. % Males 98 68% 83 66% 82 75% 263 69% Females 46 32% 42 34% 28 25% 116 31% Total 144 100% 125 100% 110 100% 379 100% The high level of disabled males looking for work is not particularly unique or surprising, neither in comparison to able-bodied workers in Savona, nor in comparison to disabled workers in other parts of Italy. Nevertheless, when looking at the data for 2004 alone (taken from the records of the Job Market Observer of the Province of Savona regarding people employed in the first eight months of the year) the unequal opportunities for disabled women are made particularly clear. At the end of the second quarter in 2004, able- bodied female workers made up 46% of recruitments while, as we have seen, their disabled counterparts represented an average of only 25% for the year. At the same time, although we don't have access to the national data, looking at recent data released from Job Market Observatories across Italy - coming from greatly varying socio-economic backgrounds - one can hypothesise, at least in northern Italy, a majority of male disabled workers that will not fall much below 60%.