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BIOSPHERE RESERVE National Commission Republic of Kazakhstan

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BIOSPHERE RESERVE National Commission Republic of Kazakhstan Alakol BIOSPHERE RESERVE National Commission Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan National Committee Kazakhstan National Committee for the UNESCO Programme “Man and Biosphere” MAB, Institute of Zoology, 93 al-Farabi Str. Almaty, 050060 KAZAKHSTAN Kazakhstan National Committee Alakol Biosphere Reserve NominatioN PART I: SUMMARY 1. PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE: Alakol Biosphere Reserve 2. COUNTRY: Kazakhstan Alakol 4 FULFILLMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES 3. «Conservation - contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation» 3. 1 Biosphere Reserve includes Alakol-Sasykkol lake system and is situated in the limits of Alakol depression, limited by Tarbagatai ridge in the North, Dzhungarian Alatau in the South, Barlyk ridge in the East and South-East. There is a narrow pass between Barlyk ridge and Dzhungarian Alatau mountains called Dzhungarian Gates. The territory of biosphere reserve is located on the Central Asian – Indian bird migration route and is a wetland of world significance as waterbirds’ habitat and aggregation site. This territory, listed in Ramsar Convention’s Internationally Important Wetlands List on November 25, 2009, is nesting habitat for 203 bird species out of 342 registered here. More that half of nesting species (110) are waterbirds, 22 species of which are rare and endangered and listed in the Red Data Books of Kazakh- stan and IUCN: Dalmatian Pelican Pelicanus crispus, Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus, Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, etc.). There are 269 bird species recorded for the main and buffer zones, 110 of them are waterbirds which prevail in numbers in the season of spring and especialy autumn migrations. Fish fauna of biosphere reserve’s water reservoirs, including all important reservoirs of Alakol depression, consists of 22 species of 6 families. Native ichthyofauna is represented by 9 species, others were added artificially in 20th century; many of them are now most numerous in Alakol lakes and rivers flowing into them. One of the native 5 species – Balkhash Perch Perca schrenki – is listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and IUCN. Core and buffer zones of biosphere reserve are inhabited by 17 species. Amphibians are represented by 2 species, and reptiles – by 24 species, 1 species of which – Variegated Toad- head Agama Phrynocephalus versicolor – is listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan. There are 44 mammal species in biosphere reserve which belong to 6 orders: Insectivores – 4 species, Cheiroptera – 3, Predators – 10, Artiodactyls – 3, Rodents – 23 and Lagomorphs – 1 species. All mammals are subdivided in 2 groups: residents – 21 species and migrating (or locally migrating) – 23 species. Resident mammals include, first of all, rodents and insectivores, and representatives of cheiropterans, lagomorphs, predators and ungu- lates carry out seasonal migrations of different distance. In quantitative relation the majority of mammals are consid- ered common or numerous species (predators, rodents). According to habitat type the mammals inhabiting this territory are divided into 2 groups: semi-aquatic and terrestrial. The first group includes only Muskrat, the second – all other mammals. Of all the teriofauna of biosphere reserve one species – Zhitkov’s Jerboa Pygerethmus zhitkovi– is endemic of Kazakhstan, and 15 species are resource species, including 10 important hunting species (wolf, fox, badger, wild boar, muskrat, stoat, steppe polecat, African wildcat, Siberian roe deer, Tolai hare). There are 4 species listed in the Red Data Bufo danatensis 6 Book of Kazakhstan: Marbled Polecat Vormela peregusna, Selevinia Selevinia betpakdalensis, Goitered Gazelle Gazella subgutturoza and Pallas’s Cat Felis manul. Insect fauna is represented by 88 families of 13 orders, 14 species are listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and 1 species - Bolivaria brachyptera – is in IUCN Redlist. Zooplakton composition of the lakes of Alakol-Sasykkol system consists of 140 taxons, and taxonomic composition of macro-zoobenthos is represented by 82 species and forms. Benthofauna of Alakol lake is the richest in species and forms – it contains 43 taxons. The nominated territory of biosphere reserve contains 678 species of higher plants from 293 genera, 85 families and includes 6 endemic species and 10 subendemic species. Aquatic flora is represented by 25 plant species. There are two plant species listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan: Tulipa kolpakowskiana and Tulipa brachystemon. About 40% of all floristic diversity is represented by economically important species. The main plant associations are represented by 5 main types: desert, meadow, marsh, tugai, under-water and fragmentally by 2 more types: shrub and large-leaved – forest. Elaphe dione 7 Ondatra zibethicus Vulpes vulpes Mus musculus 8 Sus scrofa 9 «Development — foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally 3. 2 and ecologically sustainable» Alakol Biosphere Reserve is situated on some part of the territory of Alakol district of Almaty oblast and Urzhar district of Eastern Kazakhstan oblast. Total there are 76,800 people in Alakol district, 58,800 of them are Kazakh, 16,000 are Russian, 100 Uigur, 200 German, 200 Tatar, 200 Ukranian and 1,300 of other ethnic groups. Population density of Alakol district is 3 people in 1 square kilometer. Population of Urzhar district sums up to 90,700 people, dominating ethnicities are Kazakh (87.4%) and Russian (10%), other ethnicities (2.6%) are distributed equally. Average population density is 3.9 people in 1 square kilometer. The population living in the transition zone of BR Alalkol is more than 32 thousand people. Region’s economy is mainly based on agriculture. Agriculture is represented mostly by plant growing (cereals, oilseeds) and cattle breeding and to less extent by processing of agricultural production. Both districts are large agro-industrial complexes. Urzhar district is famous for its large meat factory for a long time; even nowadays it provides meat and sausage production for the whole region. In both districts there are different companies for cattle breeding and growing of sunflower, cereals and melons, some companies produce sunflower oil and flour. Industry of Alakol district is represented by such large companies as «Asia Sakhar» sugar factory, «Rybprom» fish factory, «Kazmunaigaz» tank farm, «Kaztransservis» tank farm, «TSC-agro» corporation, «Agropromtekhnika» joint- stock company which collaborates with «Vita-Soya» company involved in growing, investment and purchase of soybean from other agricultural production companies of the region, and other companies of republican and local level. «Asia Sakhar» sugar factory provides work for up to 600 people, and besides local raw materials the factory processes sugar cane imported from the countries of Southern America and Australia; up to 15,000 tons of raw material are processed here every year. «Rybprom Ltd.» fish factory and another one near Beskol railroad station specialize in production of fish fillet for export to European countries. Each factory can process 5 tons of fish a day, but this volume is now unachievable because of fish resources lack in the nearest lakes. The remains of the fish raw material are used for fish-bone meal production, which is exported to China and other countries. «Atasu-Alashankou» oil pipeline construction also positively influences the economy of Alakol district: there are new jobs, increasing demand for food, accommodation, fuel, repair parts and expendables for cars and railroad services. Economy of Alakol and Urzhar districts is also positively influenced by the proximity of the border. Both districts have large customs terminals at the border with China: Bakhty customs in Urzhar district and Dostyk railroad station in Alakol district. Cargo goes through Bakhty customs to Northern regions of Kazakhstan, and transit cargo goes to Russia and other European countries. Dostyk station is the only in Kazakhstan railroad terminal at the border with China. It is the reason for ongoing construction of large railroad dead ends, transit terminals and tank farms in Alakol district. Ecological tourism. During the last 10 years the territory of Biosphere Reserve’s transit zone – Alakol lake – becomes more popular as beach and spa resort for citizens of Kazakhstan and Siberian regions of Russia. The par- ticipants of beach tourism along with large tour operators include local people of two villages – Akshi and Koktuma – of Alakol district, as well as citizens of Kabanbay village of Urzhar district. In spite of short period of beach season at 10 Alakol lake (2 months maximum) most part of local people’s income is obtained from tourist services and accommoda- tion. There are more than 20 tourist bases on Alakol’s coast from the side of Alakol district, which welcome from 10 to 130 people a day. Considerable part of the tourists live in private guest houses. In 2004 the Southern coast of Alakol provided services for 11,000 tourists, and in 2005 this number rose to 12,000 people. Expected total number of tourists in 2012 is 25,000 people, taking into consideration that many of them prefer to reach the resort zone by their own transport and live in camping sites. At the present time Alakol lake is the most developing summer tourist center of Kazakhstan. In the present time the potential of ecological tourism with educational purpose is insufficiently developed, although Alakol-Sasykkol lake system is one
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