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Rare Earth Element and Rare Metal Inventory of Central Asia

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Rare Earth Element and Rare Metal Inventory of Central Asia Rare Earth Element and Rare Metal Inventory of Central Asia Asia, which included the development of a Asian Orogenic Belt, which includes the Rare earth elements (REE), with mineral occurrence inventory, and the study Kazakh Steppe, Kazakh Uplands, and the their unique physical and chemical of related capacity and capacity-building Tien Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan, Kyr- properties, are an essential part of needs of the region. gyzstan, and easternmost Uzbekistan; and modern living. REE have enabled (2) the late Paleozoic to Mesozoic Tethys development and manufacture Tectonic Setting Orogenic Belt, the central and northern part of high-performance materials, of which includes the Pamir Mountains in processes, and electronic tech- The REE-RM-bearing mineral occur- Tajikistan. nologies commonly used today in rences of central Asia are products of computing and communications, numerous magmatic, metamorphic, and REE-RM Resources clean energy and transportation, sedimentary metallogenic (mineral-deposit medical treatment and health care, forming) processes that took place dur- In a global context, domestic REE glass and ceramics, aerospace ing successive cycles of accretionary and reserves are modest, accounting for about and defense, and metallurgy and extensional orogenesis (mountain building), 10 percent of the world total (Gambogi, chemical refining. Central Asia is and post-orogenic weathering, erosion, and 2014). Currently the United States does an emerging REE and rare metals deposition. Flanked by cratons and tectonic not produce REE, but is a net importer, (RM) producing region. A newly blocks of Precambrian age, the region con- obtaining its REE raw materials from compiled inventory of REE-RM- sists of younger orogenic belts representing foreign sources, primarily from China. bearing mineral occurrences and numerous continental and oceanic crustal Over the past two decades, the importance delineation of areas-of-interest fragments that were welded together during of REE has increased markedly owing to indicate this region may have con- a complex and episodic history of subduc- (1) high demand for modern technologies siderable undiscovered resources. tion, accretion, arc- and continent-continent and advanced materials, of which REE are collisions, and ocean basin closures in integral components; (2) uncertain sup- Paleozoic and Mesozoic time (see Windley ply, given China’s dominance of over 95 and others, 2007). Two of the largest of percent of global REE production; and ! The Silk Road and REE-RM these belts are (1) the Paleozoic Central (3) the unique electronic, optical, and ! ! Central Asia, situated along the 45°E 60°E 75°E 90°E Novosibirsk ! historic “Silk Road” trade route, has long s in RUSSIA ta been a network for the movement and trans- ! n ! Study area u Samara o M portation of people, energy, and mineral l K a a r za U k h resources between Europe and Asia. Once S t 50°N e A l p ta pe y M part of the former Soviet Union, this region ou Astana ! nt ! ^` ain historically produced rare earth elements! KAZAKHSTAN s ls (REE), and is still an important source of il H r a base and precious metals, as well as rare z kh Uplands d aza o K g metals (RM). u Tengiz M ! Today, central Asia is re-emerging as Basin Zhezkazgan in a REE-producing region. In the countries Lake Balkash - as an ar B ARAL ari s ungg g tn J ! of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, SEA zun M D au lat there has been renewed interest in REE ! A ^` CASPIAN Karatau Almaty (and related RM), particularly following SEA Mountains Bishkek ! the REE price run-ups in 2007 and 2009, ^` ^` UZBEKISTAN Tien Shan Mountains and a dramatic price spike in 2011. These 40°N Tashkent^` KYRGYZSTAN countries have since implemented mining in Bas arim sector reforms to create a more attractive ! ! T TURKMENISTAN Samarkand Kashi investment environment for domestic and TAJIKISTAN ^` Ashkhabat Dushanbe^` CHINA foreign mineral exploration and economic r Mountain ins mi s unta a Mo P K development. ^` Alborz ar Kun ak lun Mou tains Tehran AFGHANISTAN ora n ins m High-quality and readily accessible unta Ra Mo ng information about the geology and min- IRAN Hindu Kush PAKISTAN e ! eral resources of the region is essential for Base from: U.S. Geological Survey, HYDRO1k Geographic Database (1998).^`! 0 200 400 KILOMETERS Political! boundary source: U.S. Department of State (2009). facilitating reforms, reducing economic ^`! World Water! Bodies, ESRI (2010). 0 100 200 MILES risk, and stimulating private-sector interest. Projection: Custom Equidistant Conic; central meridian 69° E; latitude of origin 0.0°; In 2012–13, the U.S. Geological Survey ! datum D. Krasovsky 1940. (USGS) conducted an evaluation of the Map of central Asia, showing countries, capitals (red stars), larger cities (black dots), and major REE-RM mineral resources of central Figure is ! 3.75" x 5" geographic features. U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2017–3089 U.S. Geological Survey March 2018 45°E 60°E 75°E EXPLANATION !( REE-RM-bearing mineral occurrences by deposit-type Novosibirsk (deposits labled) !( Chelyabinsk !(Omsk Igneous-related (! Carbonatite !( RUSSIA (! Peralkaline-related Samara *# RUSSIA (! Alkaline-related !( *# (! *# 1 *#!( *# Pegmatite XY !( (! Granitoid-related *# !(!( !( *# !( !( !( !(!(!( ZAOZERNOE (! Volcanic/epithermal of uncertain affinity *# *#*#*# *# YX !( *#*#*# *# !( !( !( (! Intrusive/mesothermal of uncertain affinity KUNDYBAI *# *# *# *#*# *# (! Exhalative 50°N *# *##*# ") *# *#* *# *# Metamorphic/metasomatic-related *#*# 2 *# XY *# *#*#*# *# *# XY Skarn *#*#*# !( XY Greisen PRIOZERNOE *# !( *# *# *# Astana !( ") Sedimentary-related *# !( *# !( UST-Kamenogorsk !( !( )" Sedimentary uranium !( !( !( !( !( ") !( )" Sedimentary phosphate !( *# YUBILEINOE !( *# )" Sedimentary vanadium and(or) molybdenite ") AKBULAK )" Coal *# *# !( *#*# *# *# !( !( Surficial weathering/erosion-related ") *# !( *# *# SHUBARKOL !( !(!( Weathering crust XY!( 3 !( Lake Zaysan *# Placer or paleoplacer KAZAKHSTAN !( VERKHNE ESPE Uncertain !( XY XY (! Deposit type unknown or unspecified Astrakhan !( !( hezkazgan !( *# !( REE-RM mineral resource potential *# !( !( !( Areas of intrest (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, AKKENSE Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan only) !( Lake Alakol !( Lake Balkash Alkaline igneous rock and carbonatite XY occurrences ") LAKE XY REE-RM belts ") BALKASH TOMAK ") ") 1 Uraltides AKTAU ")") ARAL !( ZHAMSHI MELOVOYE ") ") SEA 2 Kazakh Steppe TASMURUN !(")") TAYBAGAR ")") ") 3 Kazakh Uplands SADYRNYN !( ") ") !( 4 4 North Tien Shan KUTESSAY II Almaty 5 South Tien Shan ") !( JANYTAS ")")")") AQSAI-III AKTYUZ UZBEKISTAN !( XY!( !(!( !( 6 Pamir CASPIAN BAKHALY KOKDJON KARADZHILGA !( !(!(!(!( SEA ") Bishkek !( 5 !(!(!(!( Lake Issyk Kol Base from: U.S. Geological Survey, HYDRO1k Geographic Database (1998). !(!( !( !( !( Political boundary source: U.S. Department of State (2009). *#!( SIENITOVOE !( !(!( !(!( ")")")")XYXY XY !( !(!( World Water Bodies, ESRI (2010). !( ALYNTAU ORE FIELD XY!(!(!( XY !( !( ") XY!( KYRGYZSTAN XY !(!(XY SARYSAY Projection: Custom Equidistant Conic; 40°N Baku ") !( !(!( central meridian 69° E; latitude of origin 0.0°; !( !( !( *##*# ") Tashkent XY!( !( datum D. Krasovsky 1940. * *# ") AULBEK !( !(!(!( CHONTASH !( !( ") !(!(*#!(!( !( !( !( ")")") !( ") *# ") !(") !( DJILISUI ")")")") XY !( XYXY !( XY*# *# !( !(!( ")*# *# *# !( CHINA !( ") XY Samarkand *# *#*#*#*# XY!( ")XY ") !( !( *# *#*#!( !(!(!(*#!( XY !( ")") *#!( !(!( !(!(!(!(*# !( Kashi ")!(XY XY!( !(XY!(*# !(!(!(!( !( *# TURKMENISTAN !( !(!( !(#!( !( !( !( !( *# *XY !( TAJIKISTAN PEGMATITE FIELD 1 !( !( !( !( !( *#!(!(!( !( Ashgabat !( !( !( !(!( *## Dushanbe *#*# *# * !( *#!( *# XY !( !( !(!( *# !( *# !( !( !( 6 !( Tehran AFGHANISTAN 0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS IRAN !( Mashhad !( PAKISTAN 0 100 200 MILES magnetic properties of REE, which cannot known REE-RM-bearing mineral occur- others, 2017). The most important attributes be matched in performance by other metals rences and is thought to have considerable recorded in the inventory include occur- or synthetic materials (Long, 2011). These undiscovered resources. The USGS has rence location, geologic setting, deposit factors have raised international concern compiled an inventory of 384 occurrences type, size, associated commodities, grade, Figure 3. that new sources of REE outside of China in Kazakhstan (160 sites), Kyrgyzstan (75 mineralogy, and age of mineralization. 11 x 17 must be identified, explored, and assessed sites), Tajikistan (60 sites), Uzbekistan (87 The occurrences are associated with for economic viability. sites), and Turkmenistan (2 sites), which at least 16 different deposit types, among Central Asia is of significant interest range from mineral showings to previ- which 5 broad deposit-type classes are for mineral exploration because it hosts ously developed deposits (Mihalasky and recognized: (1) igneous rock-related, (2) 45°E 60°E 75°E EXPLANATION !( REE-RM-bearing mineral occurrences by deposit-type Novosibirsk (deposits labled) !( Chelyabinsk !(Omsk Igneous-related (! Carbonatite !( RUSSIA (! Peralkaline-related Samara *# RUSSIA (! Alkaline-related !( *# (! *# 1 *#!( *# Pegmatite XY !( (! Granitoid-related *# !(!( !( *# !( !( !( !(!(!( ZAOZERNOE (! Volcanic/epithermal of uncertain affinity *# *#*#*# *# YX !( *#*#*# *# !( !( !( (! Intrusive/mesothermal of uncertain affinity KUNDYBAI *# *# *# *#*# *# (! Exhalative 50°N *# *##*# ") *# *#* *# *# Metamorphic/metasomatic-related *#*# 2 *# XY *# *#*#*# *# *# XY Skarn *#*#*# !( XY Greisen PRIOZERNOE
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