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Sikhs in Southeast Asia

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Index 301 INDEX A Association of Sikh Professionals Aceh, 273 (PPSM), 272, 276, 279, 289 Afghanistan, 21t Ateneo de Manila University, 175 Africa, 80, 188 Atienza, Joselito, 185n18 Ahmad Tajuddin, Sultan, 106 Atwal, Saman Singh, 184n15 Air India bombing, 98n6 Australia Akali Sikhs, 53, 62 advocacy for Sikh interests in, 74n5 Alberta, 78 Burmese Sikhs in, 120 Aldrich, H., 221 discrimination against Sikhs in, 78 All Burma Sikh Temples and Annual education of diasporic Sikhs in, 114, Report, 121, 140n6 153, 197 Amaballa, 31 Malaysian-born Sikhs in, 66 Amedeo Corporation, 109 migration of Sikhs to, 2, 7, 67, 80, American Civil War, 22 110, 115 Amoroso, Susan, 185n18 occupational profile of Sikhs in, 82 Amritsar, 6, 31, 52, 62, 115, 150 Sikh population size, 21t Andaman Islands, 147 Singapore Sikh curricula and, 69 Anderson School (Malaysia), 250 Southeast Asian studies in, 8 Angeles City, 169, 173 Thakral Holdings in, 194t Angelo, Michael, 118 World War II troops, 203, 209, 213, Anglo-Burmese Wars, 25, 118 215 Anglo-Sikh War, Second, 2 Axel, Brian Keith, 44, 45 Appadurai, Arjun, 44, 99n9 Azad Hind government, 150 Arabs, 143 Argentina, 21t B Asian financial crisis, 65, 66, 194t, Baan Moh, 224 200, 228 Bacolod City, 169, 171, 184n11, Asian Institute of Management, 175 185n19 “Asian values” debate, 9 Bagatsing, Ramon, 177 Asiatic Artillery, 22 Bahasa Indonesia, 10, 153, 154, 161 17 Sikhs_SEA Index 301 8/4/11, 1:40 PM 302 Index Bajaj, S. Hardial Singh, 188 Bir & Co., 148, 150 Balkan Wars, 193 Birmingham, 87, 91 Bandar Seri Begawan, 103, 105, 108, Birmingham Repertory Theatre, 91–93 112, 113 Blue Funnel Ocean Liner, 147 Bangkok Bobigny, 93 migration of Sikhs to, 62, 223 Bolan, Kim, 98n6 Sikh associations in, 53, 66 Bollywood, 6, 7, 97, 113, 115, 162, 261 Sikh businesses in, 119, 226–27 Bombay, 147, 183n2 studies of Sikhs in, 53–54 Borneo, 1, 72, 143, 144 Thakral Holdings and, 193, 194t Bose, Subhas Chandra, 40, 150 Bangsar, 251, 265n3 Bourdieu, Pierre, 13, 166–67, 177, 178 Bansal, Bhagwant, 179 Boyans, 206 Banten Province, 154, 159 Brah, Avtar, 89 Barangay Bata, 184n11 Brahmin caste, 206 Barisan Nasional, 281, 288 Brastagi, 163 Barrett, G., 221 Britain. See United Kingdom Barrier, Jerry, 62 British colonial administration Basu, A., 231 of Brunei, 103 Batangas City, 173 convict settlements, 2 Batavia. See Jakarta ideologies of race, 20, 31, 204, 206– Baumann, Gerd, 89 7 Beas River, 81 Malaya and, 26–27, 28, 30 Behzti affair, 91–93 migration of Sikhs and, 1, 20, 22, Belgium, 21t 81–82 Bengal, 22 power relations with subjects, 203 Bengali language, 105t rule of Burma, 18, 22, 25–26, 117, Bengalis, 29t 118 Berakas Camp, 111, 113 Sikh identity and, 62 Berita Minggu, 244 use of Sikhs, 1, 2, 17, 19, 30–31, Bhabha, H., 99n9 73n4, 169–70 bhangra, 97 British Columbia, 82 bhappa network, 188–92, 196, 197– British Indian Army, 2, 118, 123, 149, 98, 199, 200 203, 204, 217 Bhatti, Gurpreet Kaur, 91–93, 99n10 British North Borneo, 103, 106. See Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh (Sant), 6 also Sabah Bicol region, 171 British Overseas Airways Corporation Bidayuh, 253 (BOAC), 223 Bihla, Awtar Singh, 169, 176 Brooke-Popham, Sir Henry Robert Binan, 169, 173 Moore, 208 Binjai, 145, 150, 151, 154 Brown, David, 63 Bin Laden, Osama, 94–95 Brunei, 48–49, 103–15, 162 Binondo, 170 Brunei International School, 114 17 Sikhs_SEA Index 302 8/4/11, 1:40 PM Index 303 BSPP (Burma Socialist Programme Calgary, 78 Party), 120 California, 78, 82, 83, 88 Buddhists Cambodia, 194t in Burma/Myanmar, 26t, 117, 120, Canada 127 Air India bombing, 98n6 in Indonesia, 145, 161 discrimination against Sikhs in, 78, in Malaysia, 253 79 in Thailand, 232 education of diasporic Sikhs in, 114, Bulacan, 169, 173 153 Burma. See also Burmese Sikhs; immigration laws, 5, 98n3 Mandalay; Myanmar; Yangon Malaysian-born Sikhs in, 66 in British Empire, 18–19, 25–26, migration of Sikhs to, 2, 20, 67, 80– 80, 117, 118–19 81, 110, 115 Ghadr Party propaganda in, 5 occupational profile of Sikhs in, 82 Indian population in, 24f, 25t, 26 refugees in, 51 migration of Sikhs to, 1, 2, 17, 22, Sikh identity in, 85–88, 97 23–25 Sikh politics in, 47, 98n4 police force, 25, 31 Sikh population size, 21t, 85 as route to Thailand, 223 studies of Sikhs in, 43, 52 socialism, 119 Canal Colonies, 3 Burmah Oil Company (BOC), 123 Carlsbad, CA, 78 Burma Medical and Health Services, cartoons, 242–65 107 castes. See individual castes Burma Railways, 123 Caucus of Malaysian Indian Women Burmese language, 118 Leaders, 271, 286 Burmese Sikhs, 117–41 Cavite, 183n6 assimilation, 10, 127, 133, 134 Cebu City, 169, 171 citizenship status, 126, 135–36 Celebes, 143, 144 education, 128–30 Central Khalsa Orphanage, 62 identity, 18, 132–34 Central Sikh Gurdwara, 122 kinship system, 131–32 Ceylonese, 3 occupational profile, 130–31 Chabai, Shinggara Singh, 155 population, 20, 26t, 117, 121 Chabal, Djagat Singh, 155 Bush, George H.W., 228 Chadha, Gurinder, 97 Bush, George W., 228 Changi, 213 Bush Whacking and Other Sketches, 207 Chaps, 228 Chaudhry, S., 221 C Chauk, 124 Cabanatuan City, 169, 174 Cheah Boon Kheng, 213 Cagayan de Oro, 169, 171, 173 Cheang, W.S., 238n1 Calcutta, 4, 22, 223 Chengdu, 194t Calcutta University, 110 Chettiars, 50, 147 17 Sikhs_SEA Index 303 8/4/11, 1:40 PM 304 Index Chiang Mai, 223, 224, 225 Confucianism, 68 Chiang Mai Gurdwara, 223 Convention on the Elimination of All Chiang Rai, 224 Forms of Discrimination against China Women (CEDAW), 273 economic rise, 66 Corregidor Island, 184n9 Japanese actions during World War Courtine, P., 238n1 II, 210 Coventry, 87 Kartar Singh and, 193–95 Cribb, Robert, 11 overseas Chinese and, 205 Crick, D., 221 Sikh business networks and, 109, Croatia, 193 152, 199, 235–36 as source of labour, 19, 22 D war with Japan, 205, 227 Dagupan, 169, 173, 177 Chinese communities dairy farming academic interest in, 9–10 Burmese Sikhs and, 130 in Burma/Myanmar, 117, 119 Indonesian Sikhs and, 150, 151–52 business networks, 13, 190, 192 Malaysian Sikhs and, 241–42 in Indonesia, 68, 143, 146, 162 New Zealand Sikhs and, 82 interest in Chinese affairs, 205 Southeast Asian Sikhs and, 2, 20, 34 in Malaya, 22, 30, 31, 33, 34 Dasmarinas, 183n6 in Malaysia, 87, 253, 256–60, 262 Dateline India, 174, 177, 179 migration to Southeast Asia, 17 Davao, 169, 171, 173 as model for Sikhs, 18 Dehradun, 114, 209 in the Philippines, 179 Deli, 147 relations with Sikhs, 32, 46, 74n4, Delima Square Shopping Complex, 213, 216, 235 110 in Thailand, 227, 235 Denmark, 21t during World War II, 204, 213 Dewan Pelajar, 244 Chittagong, 121 Dhillon, Hardeep, 151, 159 Chonburi, 224 diasporas, 19. 44, 95, 96 Christianity, 55 discrimination against Sikhs, 50, 69, Christian missionaries, 39 78–79, 91–92, 136–37, 172, Christians, 26, 105t, 145, 161, 253 178–89 Chulalongkorn, King, 223 Diwali, 6 Chura caste, 7 Doaba Sikhs Cibubor Bogor, 163 effect on home region, 98n2 Ciputat, 154, 158 gurdwara congregations, 7, 54 Clifford, Hugh, 207 as independent migrants, 81 Clinton, Bill, 228 in Jakarta, 157 Cold War, 81 Malay States Guides and, 36 commitment theory, 190 in the Philippines, 169, 176, 178 communism, 5, 8 police forces and, 31 17 Sikhs_SEA Index 304 8/4/11, 1:40 PM Index 305 Dubai, 108 F Dugal, R.S., 123 Faizal Yahya, 13 Dusenbery, Verne A. Farrer Park, 210 on “bhum bhai”, 183n2 Fatupila, Banta Singh, 155 on Sikh assimilation to host Federated Malay States Police Force, societies, 13, 88 33, 206 on Sikh politics, 47 Ferozepore, 31, 62, 170 on Sikh successes in Singapore, 55, Fiji, 21t, 80 57 Filipino Sikhs, 166–85 studies on Sikhs, 3, 8, 89 assimilation, 10, 174 Dutch East Indies, 1, 61, 62, 73n4, citizenship status, 169 143 discrimination against, 178 globalization and, 66 E gurdwaras, 169, 172–75, 175–76, East Africa, 80 180, 182 East India Company, 18, 26 identity, 48, 61, 173, 174 East Java, 145 internal politics, 175–76 East Malaysia, 162 marriages with local women, 170 education occupational profile, 169 family emphasis on, 4, 196 population, 20, 21t of Sikhs in Burma/Myanmar, 119– targets of crime, 69, 172, 178–79 20, 128–30 1st Battalion Perak Sikhs, 31 of Sikhs in Indonesia, 152 Foucault, Michel, 99n9 of Sikhs in Malaysia, 242 France, 21t, 69, 88, 90, 91, 93–94, of Thai Sikhs, 229–30, 232 99n11 in Western countries, 114, 153, 197 Fuglerud, Oivind, 45, 51 Eihan, 124 Fujiwara Iwaichi (Major), 209, 218n3 Elphick, Peter, 203 Fujiwara Kikan, 209, 218n3 English language Furnivall, J.S., 25 Burmese Sikhs and, 125 education for Sikhs in, 39–40 G Filipino Sikhs and, 174 Galfar, 108 Indonesian Sikhs and, 150, 152, Gandhi, Indira, 52 153, 161 Gandhi Memorial School, 153, 160, Malaysian Sikhs and, 55, 56, 70, 242 161, 162 Sikh employment and, 25, 65, 125, Gedung Johor Karang Sari, 155 152 Gemas, 37 Thai Sikhs and, 226, 228, 231, 232 General Motors, 147 Enterprise Nationalization Law of Gerak Sikh, 272, 289 1963, 117, 119 Germany, 21t Europe, 67, 80, 81, 93, 97 Ghadar movement, 52, 204 European Union, 93 Ghadr Party, 5, 62 17 Sikhs_SEA Index 305 8/4/11, 1:40 PM 306 Index Ghummar caste, 46, 169, 176 in Malaya, 37 Gibson, Margaret A., 88 meaning of word, 183n1 Gidoomal, Ram, 190–91 in the Philippines, 169, 172–75, Gill, Harwinder Singh, 283 175–76, 180, 182 Gill, Pratap Singh, 148 police regiments and, 2 Gillespie, Marie, 89 role in diasporic communities, 36– Gill Shipping Company, 152 39, 52, 142, 267 Glamour Sports Company, 109, 113 role of granthis, 70–71 globalization segregation in, 7 business networking and, 191–92 as “Sikh thermostat”, 50 during colonial period, 17, 20, 61– Sindhi and Sikh collaborative 62 founding of, 74n11 nature
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  • Sikhism-A Very Short Introduction

    Sikhism-A Very Short Introduction

    Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction Very Short Introductions are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes – a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANARCHISM Colin Ward CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw CLASSICS Mary Beard and ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY John Henderson Julia Annas CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard ANCIENT WARFARE THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon Harry Sidebottom CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE Continental Philosophy John Blair Simon Critchley ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia COSMOLOGY Peter Coles ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn CRYPTOGRAPHY ARCHITECTURE Fred Piper and Sean Murphy Andrew Ballantyne DADA AND SURREALISM ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes David Hopkins ART HISTORY Dana Arnold Darwin Jonathan Howard ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland Democracy Bernard Crick THE HISTORY OF DESCARTES Tom Sorell ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin DINOSAURS David Norman Atheism Julian Baggini DREAMING J. Allan Hobson Augustine Henry Chadwick DRUGS Leslie Iversen BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE EARTH Martin Redfern THE BIBLE John Riches EGYPTIAN MYTH BRITISH POLITICS Geraldine Pinch Anthony Wright EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY Buddha Michael Carrithers BRITAIN Paul Langford BUDDHISM Damien Keown THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown EMOTION Dylan Evans CAPITALISM James Fulcher EMPIRE Stephen Howe THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe ENGELS Terrell Carver CHOICE THEORY Ethics Simon Blackburn Michael Allingham The European Union CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson John Pinder EVOLUTION MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers Brian and Deborah Charlesworth MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope FASCISM Kevin Passmore MEDIEVAL BRITAIN FOUCAULT Gary Gutting John Gillingham and Ralph A.
  • Singapore's Early Sikh Pioneers

    Singapore's Early Sikh Pioneers

    SINGAPORE’S EARLY SIKH PIONEERS Origins, Settlement, Contributions and Institutions RISHPAL SINGH SIDHU CENTRAL SIKH GURDWARA BOARD SINGAPORE Singapore’s Early Sikh Pioneers: Origins, Settlement, Contributions and Institutions Rishpal Singh Sidhu Compiler & Editor CENTRAL SIKH GURDWARA BOARD SINGAPORE Front Cover Photo: A collage of the seven Sikh Gurdwaras and Singapore Khalsa Association in Singapore Back Cover Photo: A collage of some of Singapore’s Early Sikh Pioneers Copyright, Central Sikh Gurdwara Board, Singapore, 2017 ISBN: 978-981-09-4437-7 Printed by: Khalsa Printers Pte Ltd, Singapore DEDICATION Dedicated to Sikh youth in Singapore in the fervent belief they will build on the achievements and contributions of their forebears for a better and brighter tomorrow. OUR SPONSOR Central Sikh Gurdwara Board would like to express their heartfelt thanks to our Patron, S. Naranjan Singh Brahmpura for sponsoring the cost of publishing this book. Naranjan Singh Brahmpura Patron Central Sikh Gurdwara Board Singapore Khalsa Association Trustee Singapore Sikh Education Foundation Sikh Welfare Council Past President Central Sikh Gurdwara Board Sri Guru Singh Sabha CONTENTS Foreword 6 Preface 7 Acknowledgements 8 Fast forward 9 1 Introduction 11 2 Singapore’s first Sikh 15 3 Sikh migration to Singapore: Phases and patterns 21 4 Early Sikh settlers in Singapore 31 5 Sikhs in the British Naval Base 39 6 Establishment of Gurdwaras, Sikh Advisory Board and other Sikh institutions 43 7 Sikh soldiers involvement in the defense of Singapore in World War II and civilian life during the Japanese Occupation 97 8 Early Sikh pioneers and their contributions to nation building 109 9 Colonial Singapore’s first Sikh politician 155 10.
  • Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai Naming by Semantic Domains

    Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai Naming by Semantic Domains

    Dialectologia 19 (2017), 41-66. ISSN: 2013-2247 Received 11 March 2015. Accepted 10 June 2015. SIKH AND HINDU INDIAN THAI NAMING BY SEMANTIC DOMAINS Warintorn BENJASRI Mahidol University (Thailand)*∗ [email protected] Abstract This article will explore the traits of Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai naming by semantic domains. According to Nida (1975: 174), groups of meanings, such as names, which share a similar semantic component are known as semantic domains. Ottenheimer (2006: 19) saw a semantic domain as “a specific area of cultural emphasis”. The results of this study will shed light on the different worldviews of Hindus and Sikhs. The results show the semantic domain of Hindu Indian Thais’ naming is divided into 3 types; 1) entities, 2) abstract and 3) events in sequence. The semantic domains of Sikh Indian Thais naming is 1) abstract, 2) entities and 3) events in sequence. Keywords naming, semantic domains, ethnolinguistics, Indian Thai SIJ Y TAILANDÉS HINDÚ Y LA DESIGNACIÓN DE CAMPOS SEMÁNTICOS Resumen Este artículo explorará los rasgos de Sij y tailandés hindú en la designación de campos semánticos. Según Nida (1975: 174), los grupos de significados, como los nombres, que comparten un componente semántico similar, se denominan campos semánticos. Ottenheimer (2006: 19) consideró un campo semántico como “una área específica de énfasis cultural”. Los resultados de este estudio arrojarán luz sobre las diferentes visiones de mundo de hindúes y sijs y demuestrarán que el campo semántico de la ∗* 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. 41 ©Universitat de Barcelona Warintorn BENJASRI denominación de los tailandeses hindúes se divide en 3 tipos; 1) entidades, 2) abstracciones y 3) eventos en secuencia.
  • Code-Switching in the Maintenance of Punjabi in the Lower Mainland

    Code-Switching in the Maintenance of Punjabi in the Lower Mainland

    CODE-SWITCHING IN THE MAINTENANCE OF PUNJABI IN THE LOWER MAINLAND by Jasmine Kaur Sandher A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2019 © Jasmine Kaur Sandher, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the thesis entitled: Code-Switching in the Maintenance of Punjabi in the Lower Mainland submitted by Jasmine Sandher in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Asian Studies Examining Committee: Dr. Anne Murphy, Asian Studies Co-supervisor Dr. Ross King, Asian Studies Co-supervisor Sukwant Hundal, Asian Studies Additional Examiner ii Abstract Punjabi language is widely used throughout the Lower Mainland, BC. It is the third most spoken immigrant language after Mandarin and Cantonese. Although Canada’s Official Bilingualism policy promotes English and French as official languages, many accommodations are made for immigrant languages such as Punjabi. As a result, it continues to thrive. Due to the close proximity of the two languages, Punjabi commonly makes use of English through code-switching. The use of code-switching is looked at in this thesis through an analysis of Lower Mainland radio and Bhangra music. The data for this project has been collected through listening to and transcribing radio segments and music lyrics. The data utilized was collected from two programs, Roshni and Punjabi Takeover, which both air on RED FM, a Surrey based Punjabi radio station.
  • Caste and Views Toward Marriage Among Two Sikh Generations in Greater Vancouver, Canada

    Caste and Views Toward Marriage Among Two Sikh Generations in Greater Vancouver, Canada

    CASTE AND VIEWS TOWARD MARRIAGE AMONG TWO SIKH GENERATIONS IN GREATER VANCOUVER, CANADA A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Sociology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Dalbir Dolla Copyright Dalbir Dolla, August, 2018. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis/dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Sociology 1019-9 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada i ABSTRACT My research explores the relevance of caste in marriage and how the importance one places on caste is influenced by intersections of age, gender and level of education.
  • Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai Naming by Semantic Domains

    Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai Naming by Semantic Domains

    Dialectologia 19 (2017), 41-66. ISSN: 2013-2247 Received 11 March 2015. Accepted 10 June 2015. SIKH AND HINDU INDIAN THAI NAMING BY SEMANTIC DOMAINS Warintorn BENJASRI Mahidol University (Thailand)*∗ [email protected] Abstract This article will explore the traits of Sikh and Hindu Indian Thai naming by semantic domains. According to Nida (1975: 174), groups of meanings, such as names, which share a similar semantic component are known as semantic domains. Ottenheimer (2006: 19) saw a semantic domain as “a specific area of cultural emphasis”. The results of this study will shed light on the different worldviews of Hindus and Sikhs. The results show the semantic domain of Hindu Indian Thais’ naming is divided into 3 types; 1) entities, 2) abstract and 3) events in sequence. The semantic domains of Sikh Indian Thais naming is 1) abstract, 2) entities and 3) events in sequence. Keywords naming, semantic domains, ethnolinguistics, Indian Thai SIJ Y TAILANDÉS HINDÚ Y LA DESIGNACIÓN DE CAMPOS SEMÁNTICOS Resumen Este artículo explorará los rasgos de Sij y tailandés hindú en la designación de campos semánticos. Según Nida (1975: 174), los grupos de significados, como los nombres, que comparten un componente semántico similar, se denominan campos semánticos. Ottenheimer (2006: 19) consideró un campo semántico como “una área específica de énfasis cultural”. Los resultados de este estudio arrojarán luz sobre las diferentes visiones de mundo de hindúes y sijs y demuestrarán que el campo semántico de la ∗* 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. 41 Warintorn BENJASRI denominación de los tailandeses hindúes se divide en 3 tipos; 1) entidades, 2) abstracciones y 3) eventos en secuencia.