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South Asians and Ethnic Media in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia

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South Asians and Ethnic Media in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia Mapping the Terrain: South Asians and Ethnic Media in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia by Syeda Nayab Bukhari M.Phil., University of Punjab, Lahore, 2006 M.A., University of Peshawar, 1998 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s studies Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Syeda Nayab Bukhari SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. APPROVAL Name: Syeda Nayab Bukhari Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Mapping the Terrain: South Asians and Ethnic Media in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Jennifer Marchbank Professor, Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies Habiba Zaman Senior Supervisor Professor, Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies Sunera Thobani Supervisor Associate Professor, Department of Asian Studies and the Institute for Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice Brian Burtch Supervisor Professor Emeritus, School of Criminology Özlem Sensoy Internal Examiner Associate Professor, Faculty of Education Rukhsana Ahmed External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Communication University of Ottawa Date Defended/Approved: [June 29th, 2017] ii ETHICS STATEMENT iii ABSTRACT Using antiracist and feminist theories and critical media approaches, this qualitative study analyzes the role (including associated contributions, challenges, and opportunities) South Asian ethnic media plays in the lived experiences of South Asian immigrants in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2013, South Asian communities constituted 11% of the total population of Metro Vancouver. Currently, several newspapers, magazines, television (TV) shows, and 24/7 radio stations serving audiences in Metro Vancouver are produced and/or broadcasted in various South Asian languages, including Punjabi, Hindi, and Urdu. This dissertation deals with South Asian ethnic media and its potential to create space for dialogue among immigrant communities, including opportunities for these communities to understand and debate their rights and responsibilities in their host country. Current ethnic media-making (including various formats, technologies, approaches, languages, and socio-political-religious orientations) was also explored and analyzed. The findings of this study suggest that ethnic media has the potential to create space for dialogue among immigrant communities, particularly in Canada. The majority of the participants expressed their dissatisfaction with the portrayal of South Asian communities and their cultures in the mainstream media, criticizing the lack of representation and negative stereotyping of their communities. This dissertation reveals that ethnic media is emerging as a socio-culturally and politically significant space for its audiences. Ethnic media sources are providing information and knowledge about immigration, settlement, integration, and everyday life challenges in simplified ways. South Asian ethnic radio seems to be the most popular, accessible and efficient medium, meeting the information, news, and entertainment needs of its audiences. Educated, skilled, and multilingual ethnic media practitioners use their platform to bridge the gap between the mainstream media, policymakers, and society vis-à-vis immigrant communities. This study reveals that ethnic media play a significant role in the lived experiences of South Asian immigrant communities in Metro Vancouver by opening space and opportunity for communication and social inclusion. iv CONTENTS APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... ii ETHICS STATEMENT ................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ................................................................ 1 Defining South Asian Immigrants .................................................................................................... 3 Immigration and Settlement: Information and Communication Quandary ...................................... 5 Mainstream Media and Ethnic Minorities in Canada ....................................................................... 7 Ethnic Media of Immigrant Communities ........................................................................................ 9 Research Problem ........................................................................................................................... 13 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 16 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: ANTIRACIST AND CRITICAL APPROACHES: THE MEDIA AND RACIALIZED IMMIGRANTS .................................................................. 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 21 Critical Race Theory: Implications of Multiculturalism ................................................................ 23 Critical Theory of Mass Media ....................................................................................................... 32 Alternative/ Ethnic Media Approaches .......................................................................................... 37 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: EMPLOYING ANTIRACIST AND FEMINIST APPROACHES ................................................................................. 54 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 58 South Asian Ethnic Media’s Landscape: Criteria for Sampling ..................................................... 67 Sampling and Procedure ................................................................................................................. 72 My Role as Researcher ................................................................................................................... 85 Limitations of the Research ............................................................................................................ 90 Ethics: Security/ Storage of Data and Privacy ................................................................................ 94 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 4: HISTORY OF SOUTH ASIAN ETHNIC MEDIA IN BC: ORIGIN AND OWNERSHIP............................................................................................... 96 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 97 Mainstream Media and South Asian Communities ...................................................................... 101 History, Origin, and Ownership of South Asian Ethnic Media in BC ......................................... 119 Religion and Politics: Content and Historical Controversies ....................................................... 128 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 140 v CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE TERRAIN: ETHNIC MEDIA IN BC ................................. 141 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 141 Current Ethnic Media Landscape in Metro Vancouver ................................................................ 143 Making of Ethnic Media: What and How Content is Made ......................................................... 158 Passion or Profession: Empowerment, Recognition, and Satisfaction ......................................... 178 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 183 CHAPTER 6: ROLE OF ETHNIC MEDIA IN SETTLEMENT, INTEGRATION, AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENTS ......................................................................... 185 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 185 South Asian Communities: Challenges and Barriers in Settlement and Integration .................... 188 Role of Ethnic Media in Settlement and Integration .................................................................... 200 Ethnic Media Connecting with Ethnic Cultures ........................................................................... 222 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................
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