Typological Constraints on Verb Integration in Two Australian Mixed Languages1, 2
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Typological Differences Between English and Chinese Multi-Verb Constructions
Linguistics and Literature Studies 7(3): 110-115, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2019.070303 Typological Differences between English and Chinese Multi-verb Constructions Mengmeng Tang School of Foreign Studies, China University of Petroleum, China Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract English and Chinese are different in the verbs in one temporal category, with fixed order and no composition of Multi-verb Constructions (MVCs), which conjunctions [25], a language phenomenon without a refer to a series of verbs appearing in a mono-clause, counterpart in English. without pauses or conjunctions. English MVCs contain a There has been a long-running discussion on Chinese finite verb which inflects with tense, combined with finite and non-finite verb distinctions (e.g., [5-8, 16-18, non-finite forms (e.g., The boss encouraged Jerry to attend 21-24, 27-30]). Although there has been a considerable the meeting). Chinese MVCs are in the form of bare verbs theoretical discussion of Chinese finiteness, no research or verbs with aspectual morphemes. From the perspective has been undertaken to date from the perspective of the of finiteness, this article analyzes the typological typological differences of semantic finiteness in Chinese differences of morphological finiteness in English and and morphological finiteness in English in MVCs. semantic finiteness in Chinese. Keywords Multi-verb Constructions, Finiteness 2. Multi-verb Constructions Verbs are the core of a sentence. Descriptive linguists and comparative syntacticians have examined the 1. -
Instrumentality: the Core Meaning of the Coverb Yi 以 in Classical Chinese
Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). 2008. Volume 1. Edited by Marjorie K.M. Chan and Hana Kang. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. Pages 489-498. Instrumentality: The Core Meaning of the Coverb Yi 以 in Classical Chinese Sue-mei Wu 吳素美 Carnegie Mellon University Yi 以 is one of the most important and commonly used function words in Classical Chinese, and many researchers (e.g. Hsueh 1997, Pulleyblank 1995, Sun 1991, Wu 1994 and Wu 1997) have contributed to the discussion on yi's meanings and functions. The main issues in the current understanding of yi include its verb and coverb usages. Both usages have been thought to exhibit a range of meanings, and yi has been thought to be able to occur flexibly either before or after a verb phrase. In addition, yi is also thought to be a conjunction indicating the reason, purpose or result of an action. This study proposes that the verb yi fundamentally indicates instrumentality, and that the coverb yi, which is derived from the verb yi, still retains that fundamental notion of instrumentality. The notion of instrumentality has been extended in yi's coverb usage to indicate the means or reason by which an action occurs, or the time which an action occurs. Moreover, I will also argue that the yi phrase, when it occurs before a verb phrase, functions syntactically as a modifier to the verb phrase. When the yi phrase occurs after another verb phrase, however, the semantic emphasis has been deliberately put on the yi phrase, which then serves as the nucleus of the predicate. -
Chinese: Parts of Speech
Chinese: Parts of Speech Candice Chi-Hang Cheung 1. Introduction Whether Chinese has the same parts of speech (or categories) as the Indo-European languages has been the subject of much debate. In particular, while it is generally recognized that Chinese makes a distinction between nouns and verbs, scholars’ opinions differ on the rest of the categories (see Chao 1968, Li and Thompson 1981, Zhu 1982, Xing and Ma 1992, inter alia). These differences in opinion are due partly to the scholars’ different theoretical backgrounds and partly to the use of different terminological conventions. As a result, scholars use different criteria for classifying words and different terminological conventions for labeling the categories. To address the question of whether Chinese possesses the same categories as the Indo-European languages, I will make reference to the familiar categories of the Indo-European languages whenever possible. In this chapter, I offer a comprehensive survey of the major categories in Chinese, aiming to establish the set of categories that are found both in Chinese and in the Indo-European languages, and those that are found only in Chinese. In particular, I examine the characteristic features of the major categories in Chinese and discuss in what ways they are similar to and different from the major categories in the Indo-European languages. Furthermore, I review the factors that contribute to the long-standing debate over the categorial status of adjectives, prepositions and localizers in Chinese. 2. Categories found both in Chinese and in the Indo-European languages This section introduces the categories that are found both in Chinese and in the Indo-European languages: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. -
Copular Constructions in Colloquial Singaporean English
Copular Constructions in Colloquial Singaporean English Honour School of Psychology, Philosophy, and Linguistics Paper C: Linguistic Project 2020 Candidate no. 1025395 Word count: 10,000 Contents List of abbreviations iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Language in Singapore ......................... 2 1.1.1 Early and colonial history ................... 2 1.1.2 Independence and language policies ............. 3 1.2 Colloquial Singaporean English .................... 4 1.2.1 Evolution of CSE ........................ 4 1.2.2 Status of CSE .......................... 5 1.3 Summary ................................ 6 2 Copular Constructions in Lexical-Functional Grammar 7 2.1 LFG analyses of copular constructions ................ 8 2.1.1 Single-tier analysis ....................... 9 2.1.2 Open complement double-tier analysis ............ 12 2.1.3 Closed complement double-tier analysis ........... 15 2.2 Copular constructions in SSE ..................... 17 2.3 Copular constructions in Chinese ................... 17 2.3.1 NP predicatives in Chinese .................. 17 2.3.2 AP predicatives in Chinese .................. 18 2.3.3 PP predicatives in Chinese .................. 19 2.3.4 LFG analyses of Chinese copular constructions ....... 20 2.4 Copular constructions in Malay .................... 21 2.4.1 NP predicatives in Malay ................... 21 2.4.2 AP predicatives in Malay ................... 22 2.4.3 PP predicatives in Malay ................... 22 2.4.4 LFG analyses of Malay copular constructions ........ 23 2.5 Copular constructions in CSE ..................... 23 2.6 Summary ................................ 25 ii Contents iii 3 Distribution of Copular Constructions in CSE 27 3.1 Introduction ............................... 27 3.2 Pilot study ............................... 29 3.2.1 Participants ........................... 29 3.2.2 Task ............................... 30 3.2.3 Results and discussion ..................... 31 3.3 Main study .............................. -
Dialogue and Indigenous Policy in Australia
Dialogue and Indigenous Policy in Australia Darryl Cronin A thesis in fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences September 2015 ABSTRACT My thesis examines whether dialogue is useful for negotiating Indigenous rights and solving intercultural conflict over Indigenous claims for recognition within Australia. As a social and political practice, dialogue has been put forward as a method for identifying and solving difficult problems and for promoting processes of understanding and accommodation. Dialogue in a genuine form has never been attempted with Indigenous people in Australia. Australian constitutionalism is unable to resolve Indigenous claims for recognition because there is no practice of dialogue in Indigenous policy. A key barrier in that regard is the underlying colonial assumptions about Indigenous people and their cultures which have accumulated in various ways over the course of history. I examine where these assumptions about Indigenous people originate and demonstrate how they have become barriers to dialogue between Indigenous people and governments. I investigate historical and contemporary episodes where Indigenous people have challenged those assumptions through their claims for recognition. Indigenous people have attempted to engage in dialogue with governments over their claims for recognition but these attempts have largely been rejected on the basis of those assumptions. There is potential for dialogue in Australia however genuine dialogue between Indigenous people and the Australian state is impossible under a colonial relationship. A genuine dialogue must first repudiate colonial and contemporary assumptions and attitudes about Indigenous people. It must also deconstruct the existing colonial relationship between Indigenous people and government. -
The Big Picture
The igicture b p The Gurindji people lived in the Victoria River country in the Northern Territory for thousands of years. In 1883, Europeans came and set up Wave Hill cattle station on Gurindji land. The traditional owners had nowhere to live and their hunting grounds were destroyed by the cattle. To survive, they took jobs on cattle stations as house servants and stockmen. Indigenous workers were treated like slaves. They could not leave the cattle stations and often worked without pay. In 1914, Wave Hill cattle station was taken over by the Vestey Pastoral Wave Hill cattle station Company, owned by English millionaire Lord Vestey. The company made is about 600 kilometres huge profits by paying Indigenous workers flour and beef instead of money. south of Darwin in the Indigenous families at Wave Hill lived in iron huts with dirt floors and no Northern Territory. lights, running water or toilets. There were no schools or health clinics. On 22 August 1966, more than 200 men, Wave Hill cattle station was set up on the traditional lands of the Gurindji people, who had lived there for women and childrenEyewitness words thousands of years before European settlement. of the Gurindji peopleBilly Bunter Jampijinpa Unfair pay packed their belongingsBilly Bunter Jampijinpa was 16 at the time of By 1966, the Vestey Pastoral Company the walkout. About living conditions at Wave had leased about 16 000 square and walked off HillWave cattle station, he said: kilometres of Northern Territory land We were treated just and employed more than 30 000 Hill cattle station in the people worldwide. -
A Grammar of Jingulu, an Aboriginal Language of the Northern Territory
A grammar of Jingulu, an Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory Pensalfini, R. A grammar of Jingulu, an Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory. PL-536, xix + 262 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2003. DOI:10.15144/PL-536.cover ©2003 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Also in Pacific Linguistics John Bowden, 2001, Taba: description of a South Halmahera Austronesian language. Mark Harvey, 2001, A grammar of Limilngan: a language of the Mary River Region, Northern Territory, Allstralia. Margaret Mutu with Ben Telkitutoua, 2002, Ua Pou: aspects of a Marquesan dialect. Elisabeth Patz, 2002, A grammar of the Kukll Yalanji language of north Queensland. Angela Terrill, 2002, Dharumbal: the language of Rockhampton, Australia. Catharina Williams-van Klinken, John Hajek and Rachel Nordlinger, 2002, Tetlin Dili: a grammar of an East Timorese language. Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Shldies at the Australian National University. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the school's Department of Linguistics. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. -
Word Order Does NOT Differ Significantly Between Chinese And
Word Order Does NOT Differ Significantly Between Chinese and Japanese Chenchen Ding†‡ Masao Utiyama† Eiichiro Sumita† Mikio Yamamoto‡ • ◦ ◦ • †Multilingual Translation Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology 3-5 Hikaridai, Seikacho, Sorakugun, Kyoto, 619-0289, Japan ‡Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan tei@mibel., myama@ cs.tsukuba.ac.jp •{ } mutiyama, eiichiro.sumita @nict.go.jp ◦{ } Abstract An effective rule-based approach, head final- We propose a pre-reordering approach for ization has been proposed for English-to-Japanese Japanese-to-Chinese statistical machine translation (Isozaki et al., 2012). The approach translation (SMT). The approach uses de- takes advantage of the head final property of pendency structure and manually designed Japanese on the target-side. It designs a head fi- reordering rules to arrange morphemes of nalization rule to move the head word based on Japanese sentences into Chinese-like word the parsing result by a head-driven phrase struc- order, before a baseline phrase-based (PB) ture grammar (HPSG) parser. Generally, the idea SMT system applied. Experimental results can be applied to other SVO-to-Japanese transla- on the ASPEC-JC data show that the im- tion tasks, such as its application in Chinese-to- provement of the proposed pre-reordering Japanese translation (Dan et al., 2012). approach is slight on BLEU and mediocre However, the head finalization cannot be ap- on RIBES, compared with the organizer’s plied on the reverse translation task, i.e. Japanese- baseline PB SMT system. The approach to-SVO translation, which becomes a more diffi- also shows improvement in human evalu- cult task. -
The Land Rights Movement
25 YEARS OF NATIVE TITLE RECOGNITION Contents Settlement and 1 disposession Yirrkala Bark Petitions 1963 2 The Freedom Ride 1965 2 Wave Hill Station walk off 3 1966–1975 Gove Land Rights case 4 1968–1971 Aboriginal Tent Embassy 4 1972 Yolgnu claimants in the Land Rights case over the Gove Peninsula discuss aspects of Racial Discrimination Act 5 the hearing outside the courtroom in Canberra, September 1970. Source: National Archives of Australia. 1975 Reproduced with permission from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Aboriginal Land Rights (NT) 6 © Commonwealth of Australia. Act 1976 Noonkanbah 6 THE ROAD TO NATIVE TITLE: 1978–1980 THE LAND RIGHTS MOVEMENT Mabo No 2 6 1982–1992 Settlement and dispossession Paul Keating Redfern 7 From the time of first European settlement, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Speech 1992 Australians have fought to maintain, and have recognised, their traditional rights to ownership of land. In 1788 the colony of New South Wales was established and the founding of Australia as a British colony had begun. The colony was settled on the basis of the doctrine of international law whereby the continent was deemed to be terra nullius—land belonging to no-one. Despite the obvious presence of Indigenous people, in the eyes of the British the land was considered to be practically unoccupied, without settled inhabitants and without settled law. The Colony was claimed for the British Sovereign on 26 January 1788. There is ongoing debate about the legal status of the ‘settlement’ as the land was clearly occupied and; there was no treaty and no (declared) war. -
Social Justice and Native Title Report 2016
Social Justice and Native Title Report 2016 ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER SOCIAL JUSTICE COMMISSIONER The Australian Human Rights Commission encourages the dissemination and exchange of information provided in this publication. All material presented in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia, with the exception of: • The Australian Human Rights Commission Logo • Photographs and images • Any content or material provided by third parties The details of the relevant licence conditions are available on the Creative Commons website, as is the full legal code for the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. Attribution Material obtained from this publication is to be attributed to the Commission with the following copyright notice: © Australian Human Rights Commission 2016. Social Justice and Native Title Report 2016 ISSN: 2204-1125 (Print version) Acknowledgements The Social Justice and Native Title Report 2016 was drafted by Akhil Abraham, Allyson Campbell, Amber Roberts, Carly Patman, Darren Dick, Helen Potts, Julia Smith, Kirsten Gray, Paul Wright and Robynne Quiggin. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner thanks the following staff of the Australian Human Rights Commission: Isaiah Dawe, Michelle Lindley, John Howell, Leon Wild, Emily Collett and the Investigation and Conciliation Section. Special thanks to the following Aboriginal communities and organisations who feature in this report: the Quandamooka people for allowing us to host the Indigenous Property Rights Banking Forum at Minjerribah, The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) for hosting our Indigenous Property Rights Network meeting, Yothu Yindi Foundation CEO, Denise Bowden and Sean Bowden for facilitating permission for use of the photo of Mr Pupuli and the Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia for facilitating permission for use of the photo of Mrs Roe. -
2016 Edition 1 (PDF 8MB)
EDITION 1 2016 PRECIOUS POLES THE ART OF STRESS TEST, PRESERVE RESTORING MALE TEACHER TIWI STORIES HOPE SHORTAGE EDITION 1 2016 ORIGINS FEATURES REGULARS 3 From the Vice-Chancellor Precious poles preserve 8 cultural stories 4 Snapshot 28 Q & A Cranes stand tall on 10 threatened species’ list 30 The Art Gallery 32 CDU Publishing All in the game – whether 14 it’s Alice or the Arctic 16 The art of restoring hope Stress test spells out male 22 teacher shortage Arts, science merge in 26 micro-world ORIGINS Origins magazine is produced by Charles Darwin University’s Oce of Media, Advancement and Community Engagement (MACE). MACE is grateful to the following people for their contributions and assistance in compiling this edition: Angus Cameron, Rose Cameron, Andrew Campbell, Fiona Carter, Samantha Disbray, Gretchen Ennis, Mitzi Ferguson, Taylor Fishlock, Gretchen CONTRIBUTORS Geng, Kate Golebiowska, Linda Joy, Marilynne Kirshbaum, Steve Larkin, NT Government, Sarah Patrick Nelson Pirrie, Hayley Richmond, Eymard Tungatalum and Robert van Zalinge. Patrick catches up with former Australian Olympian Mitzi Ferguson, who is now living in the Red Centre from where she Opinions and views expressed in this edition do is examining the impact of sport and recreation on people’s not necessarily reect those of Charles Darwin wellbeing in remote regions of Australia and Canada. In other University. stories, Patrick investigates a collection of rare Warumungu Reproduction of material from Origins requires language stories, recorded by a linguist 50 years ago. And written permission from Robyn McDougall: always with a camera at the ready, Patrick’s images can be E [email protected] found throughout this edition of rigins. -
Songs from the Stations: Wajarra As Performed by Ronnie Wavehill
Indigenous Music of Australia Linda Barwick, Series Editor The many forms of Australia’s Indigenous music have ancient roots, huge diversity and global reach. The Indigenous Music of Australia series aims to stimulate discussion and development of the field of Australian Indigenous music (including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander music) in both subject matter and approach. For the Sake of a Song: Wangga Songmen and Their Repertories Allan Marett, Linda Barwick and Lysbeth Ford Reflections and Voices: Exploring the Music of Yothu Yindi with Mandawuy Yunupingu Aaron Corn Songs from the Stations: Wajarra as Sung by Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpnga, Topsy Dodd Ngarnjal and Dandy Danbayarri at Kalkaringi Myfany Turpin and Felicity Meakins Wurrurrumi Kun-Borrk: Songs from Western Arnhem Land Kevin Djimar Wajarra as Sung by Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpnga, Topsy Dodd Ngarnjal and Dandy Danbayarri at Kalkaringi Myfany Turpin and Felicity Meakins, with photographs by Brenda L Croft The Gurindji knowledge in this book is the intellectual property of Gurindji people. This knowledge should only be used with written consent of the intellectual property owners and with proper attribution. © Gurindji people 2019 First published by Sydney University Press 2019 © Myfany Turpin and Felicity Meakins 2019 © Ronnie Wavehill, Topsy Dodd and Dandy Danbayarri 2019 © Sydney University Press 2019 Reproduction and Communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act, no part of this edition may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or communicated in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All requests for reproduction or communication should be made to Sydney University Press at the address below: Sydney University Press Fisher Library F03 University of Sydney NSW 2006 AUSTRALIA [email protected] sydney.edu.au/sup A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia.