Lesson Plans on African History and Geography: a Teaching Resource
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Social, Formal, and Political Determinants of Trade Under Weak Rule of Law: Experimental Evidence from Senegalese Firms
SOCIAL,FORMAL, AND POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF TRADE UNDER WEAK RULE OF LAW:EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM SENEGALESE FIRMS∗ ABHIT BHANDARIy FEBRUARY 2021 Abstract How do firms ensure secure exchange when the rule of law is weak and contracting institutions privilege the politically connected? In developing countries, firms may use social, formal, or political heuristics when selecting business partners, but how these factors jointly impact exchange remains understudied. This article develops these the- oretical mechanisms and tests their impact with a conjoint experiment administered to 2,389 formal and informal firms in Senegal. I find evidence in support of all three theories: To varying degrees, social, state, and political factors simultaneously impact firms’ sense of deal security and likelihood of exchange. The results demonstrate the substantial influence of formal predictors of exchange even in an overwhelmingly in- formal business environment, and also establish the countervailing effects of political connections on trade. These findings suggest that firms in developing countries must contend with an intricate political calculus to ensure their growth. ∗I thank Fodé Sarr and the enumeration team for excellent research assistance. I thank Christopher Blattman, Nikhar Gaikwad, Jessica Gottlieb, Macartan Humphreys, Kimuli Kasara, Robert Kubinec, John Marshall, Mohamed Saleh, Tara Slough, and seminar participants at the African Studies Association, NYU-Columbia Informal Institutions Workshop, and IAST/TSE Economic History and Political Economy Working Group for helpful comments. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation (SES-1647457 and DGE-1644869) and was approved by the Columbia Institutional Review Board (IRB-AAAQ9047). I acknowledge funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future program (Investissements d’Avenir, grant ANR-17-EURE-0010). -
Horizontal Inequalities in Africa: Measurement Issues
Horizontal inequalities in Africa: measurement issues SK Tetteh-Baah, K Harttgen, I Günther Chair of Development Economics ETH Zurich, Switzerland Abstract This study estimates different indicators of horizontal or between-group inequality to track the progress made against inequality of opportunity across 38 African countries between 1990 and 2016. Such progress largely depends on the assumptions held in measuring horizontal inequality [HI]. Previous studies have shown with traditional methods of measurement that HI has been generally falling in Africa. The traditional use of a relative measure of inequality assumes that people are sensitive to relative, not absolute, differences when comparing distributions. The traditional use of plutocratic method of weighting also assumes that majority groups count more than, not equal to, minority groups. Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey program, the study demonstrates that the traditional approach to the measurement of HI embellishes the progress made against unequal opportunities over time, compared to what more egalitarian approaches would suggest. Much of the reduction in horizontal inequalities in educational attainment and wealth in Africa, as shown in previous studies, is being driven by overall growth in living standards, and not necessarily the narrowing of absolute gaps in sub- national regional, ethnic, gender, or religious outcomes over time. However, the study finds falling horizontal inequalities in child non-stunting and child survival, which is robust to the measure of inequality applied, indicating greater equality of opportunity for the new generation of African people. JEL codes: D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement J71 Discrimination Key words: horizontal inequality, inequality of opportunity, gender, ethnicity, sub-national region, religion, Africa, educational attainment, wealth, child non-stunting, child survival 1. -
The Religion-State Relationship Relationship Religion-State the — Their Own People to Live
SpecialPOLICYReportFOCUS UNITED STATE S C O M M I SS I O N O N I NTERNATIONAL R ELIGIO US F R E E D O M SUDAN M O 2012F ALL Update 2 0 1 1 F R E E D IOUS G The Religion-State Relationship LI THE U.S. COMMISSION E R L ON INTERNATIONAL NA IO and the Right to Freedom of RELIGIOUS FREEDOM was created by the N I N T E R N AT Religion or Belief: O N International Religious ISSIO Freedom Act of 1998 MM O to monitor the status U . S . C A Comparative Textual Analysis of the of freedom of thought, Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries conscience, and religion and Other OIC Members or belief abroad, as Refugees from Southern Kordofan, Sudan at Yida refugee camp in South Sudan greet international visitors. defined in the Universal Declaration of Human ere are no reports about the killings Under the control of Sudanese President Omar Rights and related al-Bashir, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and in Sudan but we hear on the radio Khartoum’s paramilitary Popular Defense Forces international instruments, about the killings everywhere else (PDF) have targeted persons based on religion, and to give independent in the world. We don’t feel like the ethnicity, and political aliation in Southern policy recommendations international community cares, we are Kordofan and Blue Nile states. e government also has bombed and denied humanitarian assis- not a priority. to the President, tance to civilians, creating an urgent humanitarian —SPLM-N ELECTION VOLUNTEER, KADUGLI crisis in the two states. -
Comoros (Ngazidja, Mwali, Nzwani)
Comoros (Ngazidja, Mwali, Nzwani) Overview: The archipelago consists of three of the four main islands in the region: Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Moheli) and Nzwani (Anjouan). The official Swahili names of the islands are followed by the French names by which they are still widely known. Territory: Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique. Coastline = 340 KM; highest point = Le Kartala 2,360 m Location: The Comoros Islands are a group of islands in the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique. Grande Comore (Ngazidja) is the largest island in the Comoros Union. Anjouan (Nzwani) is about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique. Latitude and Longitude: 11.67º S 43.35º E Ngazidja (Grande Comore) 12.22º S 44.43º E Nzwani (Anjouan) 12.30º S 43.73º E Mwali (Moheli) Time Zone: GMT +3 Total Land Area: 2170 EEZ: 200 Climate: Anjouan: The climate is tropical marine, with maximum temperatures ranging from 27° to 32°. The weather is warm and humid from December to April, then cooler and dry from May to November. Grande Comore: Monsoon; tropical; coast rain 2627 mm, up to 8000mm. Moheli: Monsoon; tropical; 23-27C; 730 to 1459 mm rain Natural Resources: Natural resources are in short supply and the islands' chief exports - vanilla, cloves and perfume essence - are prone to price fluctuations. ECONOMY: Total GDP: 2001 424,000,000.00 USD 2004 386,000,000.00 USD 2006 400,000,000.00 USD Per Capita GDP: 2001 710.00 USD 2004 584.00 USD 2005 600.00 USD % of GDP per Sector: Primary Secondary Tertiary 2002 40% 4% 56% % of Population Employed by Sector Primary Secondary Tertiary 1996 80% 10% 10% External Aid/Remittances: The people of the Comoros are among the poorest in Africa and are heavily dependent on foreign aid. -
Faith-Inspired Organizations and Global Development Policy a Background Review “Mapping” Social and Economic Development Work
BERKLEY CENTER for RELIGION, PEACE & WORLD AFFAIRS GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 2009 | Faith-Inspired Organizations and Global Development Policy A Background Review “Mapping” Social and Economic Development Work in Europe and Africa BERKLEY CENTER REPORTS A project of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Supported by the Henry R. Luce Initiative on Religion and International Affairs Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs From 2006–08, the Berkley Center and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (SFS) col- laborated in the implementation of a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation’s Initiative on Religion and International Affairs. The Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs convenes symposia and seminars that bring together scholars and policy experts around emergent issues. The program is organized around two main themes: the religious sources of foreign policy in the US and around the world, and the nexus between religion and global development. Topics covered in 2007–08 included the HIV/AIDS crisis, faith-inspired organizations in the Muslim world, gender and development, religious freedom and US foreign policy, and the intersection of religion, migration, and foreign policy. The Berkley Center The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, created within the Office of the President in March 2006, is part of a university-wide effort to build knowledge about religion’s role in world affairs and promote interreligious understanding in the service of peace. The Center explores the inter- section of religion with contemporary global challenges. -
Religion Crossing Boundaries Religion and the Social Order
Religion Crossing Boundaries Religion and the Social Order An Offi cial Publication of the Association for the Sociology of Religion General Editor William H. Swatos, Jr. VOLUME 18 Religion Crossing Boundaries Transnational Religious and Social Dynamics in Africa and the New African Diaspora Edited by Afe Adogame and James V. Spickard LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Religion crossing boundaries : transnational religious and social dynamics in Africa and the new African diaspora / edited by Afe Adogame and James V. Spickard. p. cm. -- (Religion and the social order, ISSN 1061-5210 ; v. 18) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-18730-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Blacks--Africa--Religion. 2. Blacks--Religion. 3. African diaspora. 4. Globalization--Religious aspects. I. Adogame, Afeosemime U. (Afeosemime Unuose), 1964- II. Spickard, James V. III. Title. IV. Series. BL2400.R3685 2010 200.89'96--dc22 2010023735 ISSN 1061-5210 ISBN 978 90 04 18730 6 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
Index of Subjects
Index of Subjects Abaluyia (Kenya), 469, 549 in South Africa, 413, 433, 707 Boarding schools, 97, 768, 827. SeealsoEducation Abbott, Joseph, 892 in Uganda, 372 Bodo (India), 489 Abolition of slavery, 131 Anglican Mission of Santo Agostinho, Maciene BoH,Leonardo, 778 Aboriginal peoples, 788 (Mozambique), 727 Bok(blessing), 461 Aborigines (Australia), 93, 533, 646 Animism, 587 Bolivia, 627 Abraham, 57, 146 Anthropology, 64, 226 Bonnand, Clement, 20 Acculturation, 42, 259, 698, 710. SeealsoAncestor theological, 238, 915 Booth, Catherine, 479 practices; Contextualization; Cultural Anti-Communism, 223 Borneo, 194 assimilation; Culture change; Ethnic identity; Apartheid, 823 Botswana, 387, 439, 603 Inculturation; Indigenization; Syncretism Apocalyptic, 96 Bouldin, George Washington, 374 Acoma (United States), 706 Apologetics, 750, 762, 850, 872 Braga, Erasmo de Carvalho, 516 Acosta, Jose de, 87 Appalachia, 669 Brazil, 48, 112, 160, 168, 198,276,386,438,516,548, Acts of St. Mark, 90 Appavoo, James Theophilus, 754 725 Acts of the Apostles, 52, 311, 341,440,517,518,573, Appenzeller, Henry, 565 Bridgman, Elijah Coleman, 451, 767 690, 703, 734 Arab Christians, 36, 270, 566 British Columbia, 66, 195, 272 Adjustment, cross-cultural, 4, lIS, 228, 918 Arathi (Agikuyu Spirit Churches), 248 Bronson, Miles, 685 Administration, 74, 263, 887 Archeology, 42 Brown, William Adams, 60 Afonso I (Mvemba Nzinga), 610 in China, 173 Buber, Martin, 70 Africa, 269. Seealsounder respective countries Architecture, 458, 860 Buck, Pearl 5., 476 culture of, 485, 558, 561 Armenian Christians, 50S, 553 Buddhism, 206, 495, 804, 813 traditional religions of, 172, 225, 487, 560, 578, Armenian Evangelical Church, 281 Bulgaria, 694 579,592,620,62~802,838,848 Art, 37, 864 Burma, 337, 659, 721. -
Country Narratives
COUNTRY NARRATIVES COUNTRY COUNTRY NARRATIVES In a chilling reminder of the links between poverty and forced labor, confirmed by the International Labor Organization report, Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour, a young girl begins the work she inherited from her parents—street sweeping. 67 small improvements, however. During the reporting period, AFGHANISTAN (Tier 2) the government issued a decree directing law enforcement Afghanistan is a source, transit, and destination country for agencies to cease prosecuting trafficking victims. It also took men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and some limited steps to implement its anti-trafficking action plan, sex trafficking. Internal trafficking is more prevalent than including through making executive branch efforts to ratify the transnational trafficking. The majority of Afghan victims are 2000 UN TIP Protocol. Despite extensive international support children subjected to human trafficking in carpet-making and of the government’s anti-trafficking programming, the level of brick kiln factories, domestic servitude, and in commercial understanding of human trafficking among Afghan government sexual exploitation, begging, transnational drug smuggling, officials remained very low. and assistant truck driving within Afghanistan, as well as in the Middle East, Europe, and South Asia. Most Afghan victims AFGHANISTAN TIER RANKING BY YEAR AFGHANISTAN exploited in Iran are boys under age 18 who are compelled to work in forced labor in the construction and agricultural sectors upon their arrival. The majority of Afghan victims in Pakistan are women and girls who are trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, including by forced marriages. Some Afghan families knowingly sell their children 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 into prostitution, including for bacha baazi—where wealthy or influential men, including government officials and security forces, use young boys for social and sexual entertainment. -
Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper
© 2010 International Monetary Fund July 2010 IMF Country Report No. 10/190 September 10, 2009 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by member countries in broad consultation with stakeholders and development partners, including the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF. Updated every three years with annual progress reports, they describe the country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. This country document for the Union of the Comoros dated September 10, 2009, is being made available on the IMF website by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website. Copies of this report are available to the public from International Monetary Fund Publication Services 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20431 Telephone: (202) 623-7430 Telefax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.imf.org International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C. UNION OF THE COMOROS UNITY - DEVELOPMENT – SOLIDARITY ------------ PRESIDENCY OF THE UNION OF THE COMOROS ----------------- OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL FOR PLANNING POVERTY REDUCTION AND GROWTH STRATEGY PAPER (PRGSP) September 2009 PREFACE This paper presents the Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (PRGS) for the Union of the Comoros. It outlines the country’s development priorities for the next five years, that are supported by all Comorians. This vision reflects the hopes of the population as well as the current socioeconomic situation; the medium-term macroeconomic outlook; the most recent findings from quantitative and qualitative studies of household living conditions, poverty, and various forms of inequality; and a review of the performance, strengths, and weaknesses of the country’s key social and economic sectors. -
West Africa - Mali
CHAPTER 4 WEST AFRICA - MALI Membership: The biggest churches of the association are: The Christian produced information and awareness-raising documents in Bambara, the 8 BOTH TOP TEN CAUSES OF DEATH YEARS LIFE WHO MORTALITY SUMMARY YEAR MALES FEMALES 8 DEATHS 000 SEXES ALL AGES MALI 2002 LOST % Evangelical Church in Mali, established mainly in the East of the country, The most widely-spoken national language. APSM is currently planning to design Population (millions) 2005 6.7 6.8 13.5 All causes 242 100 Evangelical Protestant Church in Mali, ☐ The Protestant Church of the Kayes a specific programme on HIV and AIDS which could affect all the strata of the Life expectancy (years) 2004 44 47 46 Lower respiratory infections 38 18 region, The Federation of Baptist Churches, ☐ The Evangelical Lutheran country’s population. 6 Under-5 mortality (per 1000 live births) 2004 230 208 219 Diarrhoeal diseases 22 11 Churches, ☐ The Assemblies of the Church of God, ☐ The Grouping of Southern Adult mortality (per 1000) 2004 490 414 Malaria 22 11 Baptist Churches, ☐ The Union of Evangelical Churches in Mali. 6 4. COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP ON HEALTH Maternal mortality (per 100000 live births) 2000 1200 Perinatal conditions 18 9 Facilities: AGEMPEM holds as an associate member the APSM (see below), HIV/AIDS 12 4 which brings member’s health activities and facilities together. It also established Collaboration with government: There appears to be little collaboration an NGO to promote social development. 6 between the few FBOs in Mali and the government, although some meetings OTHER HEALTH INFORMATION 8 YEAR % Tuberculosis 9 3 do seem to take place on topics such as HIV and AIDS. -
La Diffusion Des Plantes Américaines Dans La Région Des Grands Lacs
Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review 52 | 2019 La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs Approches générale et sous-régionale, l’Ouest kényan Dissemination of the American Plants in the Great Lakes Region: General and Sub-Regional Approaches, the Western Kenya Elizabeth Vignati et Christian Thibon (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/452 Éditeur IFRA - Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mars 2019 ISSN : 2071-7245 Référence électronique Elizabeth Vignati et Christian Thibon (dir.), Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review, 52 | 2019, « La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 07 mai 2019, consulté le 25 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/452 Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs Approches générale et sous-régionale, l’Ouest kényan Dissemination of the American Plants in the Great Lakes Region General and Sub-Regional Approaches, the Western Kenya 2019 © IFRA 2019 Les Cahiers d’Afrique de 1’Est / The East African Review n° 52, 2019 Chief Editor: Marie-Aude Fouéré Deputy Director: Chloé Josse-Durand Guest Editor: Elizabeth Vignati Editorial secretary: Bastien Miraucourt Cartographer: Valérie Alfaurt Avis L’IFRA n’est pas responsable des prises de position des auteurs. L’objectif des Cahiers est de diffuser des informations sur des travaux de recherche ou documents, sur lesquels le lecteur exercera son esprit critique. -
East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar Before the Sixteenth Century: on a Neglected Part of the World System
East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century : on a neglected part of the world system Philippe Beaujard To cite this version: Philippe Beaujard. East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century : on a neglected part of the world system. Azania : The journal of the British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa, Routledge (imprimé) / Taylor & Francis Online (en ligne), 2007, 42, pp.15-35. halshs-00706172 HAL Id: halshs-00706172 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706172 Submitted on 9 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Azania XLII 2007 East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century On a neglected part of the World-System Philippe Beaujard ‘[The port of ] Somanâth [Gujarat] has become so successful because it is […] a stopping point for people travelling between Sofala and the Zanj country and China’ (al-Bîrûnî, ca. 1030, trans. Ferrand 1907: 552) The historical developments of East Africa and its region are illuminated by the cycles of the Eurasian and African world-system, where the Indian Ocean is embedded. It is in this framework that we can best understand the rise of the Swahili culture as a semi-periphery between dominant cores and dominated social groups which were situated in the African interior and on outlying islands (Comoros, Madagascar) or were composed of lower classes in urban territories.