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La Diffusion Des Plantes Américaines Dans La Région Des Grands Lacs

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La Diffusion Des Plantes Américaines Dans La Région Des Grands Lacs Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review 52 | 2019 La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs Approches générale et sous-régionale, l’Ouest kényan Dissemination of the American Plants in the Great Lakes Region: General and Sub-Regional Approaches, the Western Kenya Elizabeth Vignati et Christian Thibon (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/452 Éditeur IFRA - Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mars 2019 ISSN : 2071-7245 Référence électronique Elizabeth Vignati et Christian Thibon (dir.), Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review, 52 | 2019, « La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 07 mai 2019, consulté le 25 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/452 Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review La diffusion des plantes américaines dans la région des Grands Lacs Approches générale et sous-régionale, l’Ouest kényan Dissemination of the American Plants in the Great Lakes Region General and Sub-Regional Approaches, the Western Kenya 2019 © IFRA 2019 Les Cahiers d’Afrique de 1’Est / The East African Review n° 52, 2019 Chief Editor: Marie-Aude Fouéré Deputy Director: Chloé Josse-Durand Guest Editor: Elizabeth Vignati Editorial secretary: Bastien Miraucourt Cartographer: Valérie Alfaurt Avis L’IFRA n’est pas responsable des prises de position des auteurs. L’objectif des Cahiers est de diffuser des informations sur des travaux de recherche ou documents, sur lesquels le lecteur exercera son esprit critique. Notice The opinions expressed in the articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The aim of The Eastern African Review is to disseminate information on research works or documents, on which the reader may pass his own judgment. Ce numéro des Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est est une co-édition IFRA / Les Afriques dans le monde (LAM) Table des matières / Table of Contents Christian Thibon. Introduction ............................................................................................. 5 Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, Christian Leclerc et al. Worldwide interconnections of Africa using crops as historical and cultural markers .. 7 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................7 2. Materials and methods ............................................................................................................8 3. Results and discussion ...........................................................................................................10 Émile Mworoha. Monarchies, plantes et rituels agraires dans l’Afrique des Grands Lacs est-africains (xve–xixe siècle) ....................................... 43 Introduction générale ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 1. Premières formes d’organisation politique : les toparchies (viie-xiiie siècle) .................45 2. Émergence et développement de l’État monarchique dans le couloir central de la région des Grands Lacs (xive-xviiie siècle) .......................46 3. Consolidation du pouvoir royal et survivances de mondes périphériques sans États au xixe siècle ...........................................................60 4. Plantes et rituels agraires dans les anciennes monarchies méridionales de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs .................66 Conclusion générale ..................................................................................................................76 Mildred A.J. Ndeda. Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case .. 83 Introduction ................................................................................................................................84 Migration and settlement ..........................................................................................................86 Socio-Economic Organisation ..................................................................................................97 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................104 Isaya O. Onjala. Southwestern Kenya during the second millennium AD : Archaeology, environment, and socio-cultural change ................................................. 109 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................109 Lake Victoria Basin during the second millennium AD ������������������������������������������������������110 Archaeology and history of settlement .................................................................................114 Environmental changes and the introduction of agriculture .............................................117 Social-cultural change in southwestern Kenya ....................................................................121 Conclusions, observations, and future directions ................................................................122 Maria Onyango. Reconstruction of agricultural calendar lessons from Western Kenya: crops, cultural events, astronomy and recurrent climate events ................................... 127 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................127 2. Place of Nganyi community IK in restructuring of agricultural calendar ....................134 3. General Objective ................................................................................................................135 4. Scope ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������135 5. Methodology......................................................................................................................... 135 6. Findings .................................................................................................................................135 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................145 Christian Thibon. Croissance démographique, paysage politique et diversification culturale dans la région des Grands Lacs .......................................... 151 1. Intensification, diversification agricole et foyer-croissance démographique dans la RGL, le modèle écologique du « monde plein ». ................................................154 2. Intensification, densification et émergence de l’État : le modèle politique du monde plein, la « voie royale » .................................................181 3. Les densités, indicateurs de la diffusion des plantes américaines, une démographie historique au tournant du xixe-xxe siècle .........................................190 4. Un versant négligé de l’histoire de la RGL : ses périphéries, un autre « monde plein » .......................................................................194 Elizabeth Vignati. Le sel et le fer au cœur des échanges, de la circulation et du commerce dans la région des Grands Lacs à l’époque précoloniale ..................... 241 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................241 1. Échanges/déplacement/circulation ....................................................................................243 2. Le sel ......................................................................................................................................244 3. Le fer...................................................................................................................................... 253 4. Le commerce et les échanges ..............................................................................................269 5. Conclusion générale. Quelques éléments sur les modalités de circulation des plantes dans ce contexte d’échange et de commerce ....................................................................274 Carte : Principales routes empruntées par des Européens entre 1857 et 1907 dans la région des Grands Lacs ........................................................ 285 Contributeurs / Contributors .............................................................................................. 287 Introduction Ce numéro des Cahiers de l’Afrique de l’Est regroupe plusieurs communications et rapports présentés lors des séminaires organisés à Bondo en 2015 à l’Université Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), à Nairobi en 2016 et 2018 à l’Institut français de recherche en Afrique (IFRA), et à l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (UPPA) en 2016 et 2017, dans le cadre de l’axe 3 « Diffusion des plantes américaines dans la Région des Grands Lacs », du programme de l’ANR « Défis de tous les savoirs » : GlobAfrica. Reconnecter l’Afrique. L’Afrique subsaharienne et le Monde avant l’impérialisme européen. Porté par l’USR 3336 du CNRS, GlobAfrica est un programme d’histoire qui entend repenser l’intégration de l’Afrique avec le reste du monde sur la longue durée. Ce projet multidisciplinaire propose ainsi de fonder de nouveaux outils pour donner une vision équilibrée des connexions qui reliaient
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