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Bonplandia 13(1-4): 35-115 BONPLANDIA 13(1-4): 35-115. 2004 LAS ESPECIES SUDAMERICANAS DE HIBISCUS SECC. FURCARIA DC. (MALVACEAE-HIBISCEAE) ANTONIO KRAPOVICKAS1 & PAULA. FRYXELL2 Summary: Krapovickas, A. & P.A. Fryxell. 2004. The South American species of Hibiscus sect. Fumaria DC. (Malvaceae-Hibisceae). Bonplandia 13(1-4): 35-115. ISSN: 0524-0476. The Hibiscus section Furcaria from South America is revised. Ten new species from Brasil are described: H. Andersonii, H. capitalensis, H. chapadensis, H. Gregoryi, H. Hochreutineri, H. itirapinensis, H. matogrossensis, H. Nanuzae, H. Saddii, H. Windischii, and a new one from Perú: H. Chancoae. Two new names are proposed: H. Hilarianus from Brasil and H. amambayensis from Paraguay. A key is provided to distinguish the 40 species of section Furcaria known from South America. Key words: Furcaria, Hibiscus, Malvaceae, South America, Taxonomy. Resumen: Krapovickas, A. y P.A. Fryxell. 2004. Las especies Sudamericanas de Hibiscus secc. Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae-Hibisceae). Bonplandia 13(1-4): 35-115. ISSN: 0524-0476. Se revisa la sección Furcaria del género Hibiscus para Sudamérica. Se describen 10 especies nuevas de Brasil: H. Andersonii, H. capitalensis, H. chapadensis, H. Gregoryi, H. Hochreutineri, H. itirapinensis, H. matogrossensis, H. Nanuzae, H. Saddii, H. Windischii y una nueva especie de Perú: H. Chancoae. Se proponen dos nuevos nombres: H. Hilarianus de Brasil e H. amambayensis de Paraguay. Se agrega una clave para diferenciar las 40 especies conocidas de la sección Furcaria en Sudamérica. Palabras clave: Furcaria, Hibiscus, Malváceas, Sudamérica, Taxonomía. El género Hibiscus L., con más de 200 pectinadas de sus semillas (Fig.l), con excep• especies, es muy heterogéneo, tanto por su ciones y por los lóbulos del cáliz con una variabilidad morfológica como cromosómica. costilla en la línea media y dos marginales Se lo ha dividido en numerosas secciones con sobresalientes, presentes en todas las especies. límites sobre los cuales no hay mucho acuerdo El número de cromosomas es muy uniforme entre los autores (Fryxell, 1997). con x=18 lo que indica un origen mono- Furcaria DC. es una de las secciones mejor filético. delimitadas, caracterizada por las glándulas La sección Furcaria del género Hibiscus L. del cáliz, con algunas excepciones, por las fue creada por Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle bractéolas del calículo bifurcadas, también en 1824 en el primer volumen del Prodromus, con algunas excepciones, por las escamas con 8 especies caracterizadas por las bractéo- 1IBONE, UNNE-CONICET, C.C. 209, 3400 Corrientes, Rep. Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Plant Resources Center, Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin 78712, U.S.A. [email protected] 35 BONPLANDIA 13(1-4). 2004 Fig. 1, Escamas pectinadas de la semilla. A-C: Hibiscus Wilsonii (Krapovickas 33259) D-F- Hibiscus Pohlii (Cristóbal 662). Escala = 100 urn. 36 A.Krapovickas, Hibiscus secc. furcaria DC. (Malvaceae-Hibisceae) las del calículo bifurcadas o con un diente genomios (CDEF) con H. maculatus del grueso. En el mismo volumen publica la sec• Caribe. ción Sabdariffa, con dos especies, caracteriza• Menzel, Fryxell y Wilson (1983) estudian da por el calículo monofilo multidentado. Va• las relaciones citotaxonómicas de 12 espe• rias otras especies que ahora se consideran cies americanas de la sección Furcaria. 17 Furcarias las ubicó en las secciones Ketmia híbridos tetraploides mostraron completa (Mili.) DC.y Abelmoschus (Medik.) DC. homología meiótica, con la fórmula genó• Kosteletzky (1836) pasa a género las dos mica GGPP. Sin embargo todos los híbridos secciones de de Candolle creando Furcaria fueron estériles. Presentan una clave para (DC.) Kostel. y Sabdariffa (DC.) Kostel. El diferenciar 17 especies nativas y 4 especies primero con F. Roxburghii Kostel. (= H. africanas introducidas. hispidissimus Griff. [Wilson 1999: 55]) y F. Wilson (1994) actualiza la composición Cavanillesii Kostel. (= H. radiatus Cav.) y el genómica de las especies de la sección segundo con S. digitata (Cav.) Kostel. (= H. Furcaria. Encuentra 13 genomios: A, B, C, digitatus Cav.) D, E, G, H, J, P, R, V, X & Y. En la Tabla 1 Garcke (1874) circunscribe a la sección se presentan los números cromosómicos y Furcaria con la amplitud actual, trata como los genomios de las especies que viven en sinónimo a la sección Sabdariffa e incluye América. también especies que de Candolle ubicó en El mismo Wilson publica las revisiones otras secciones. de la sección Furcaria para Australia (1974), Gürke (1892) en Flora brasiliensis trata a la para la cuenca del Pacífico (1993) y para sección Furcaria con el mismo criterio de África y Asia (1999). Garcke (1874). En 1995, Wilson & Craven describen dos Hochreutiner (1900) publica una revisión nuevas especies para el NE de Australia. completa del género Hibiscus y define a la Craven, Wilson & Fryxell (2003) revisan sección Furcaria por nervios engrosados de los Hibiscus secc. Furcaria de Western los dientes del cáliz. Australia y Northern Territory, describen e Menzel y Wilson (1961) comienzan a pu• ilustran 13 especies nuevas y presentan una blicar sobre el comportamiento de los cromo• clave para diferenciar las 23 especies del somas en híbridos de especies pertenecientes a área. la sección Furcaria y a establecer las diferen• Fryxell & Krapovickas (2004) describen cias genómicas entre ellas. 6 especies nuevas de la sección Furcaria de Estos mismos autores (Menzel & Wilson, Bolivia y presentan una clave para distin• 1963) presentan los números cromosómicos guir las 16 especies de Hibiscus que viven de doce especies de la sección Furcaria entre en Bolivia, entre ellas 10 de la sección ellas algunas americanas: H. aculeatus Walt. Furcaria. (n=36), H bifurcatus Cav. (n=36), H. costatus Lam. (m=18)y H furcellatus Desr. (n=36). En la Fl de dos cruzamientos de H. bifurcatus x Distribución geográfica H. furcellatus encuentran un apareamiento completo. Figs. 2-6 Menzel & Wilson (1969) sobre la base de la morfología, análisis de híbridos y de la dis• En África viven 28 especies y en Asia 8 tribución geográfica establecen las relacio• (Wilson, 1999). nes genómicas entre 18 especies de la sec• En Australia viven 15 especies nativas y ción Furcaria. Encuentran que los genomios una naturalizada: H. sabdariffa. De las restan• (PQ) de América no se encuentran en el Vie• tes 13 son endémicas y una pantropical, H. jo Mundo y que en África se encuentra la diversifolius (Wilson, 1974). mayor variabilidad genómica (A, B, C, D, En la cuenca del Pacífico viven 5 especies, E, F, X e Y). El octoploide H. diversifolius 3 de ellas endémicas, H. diversifolius pantro• de distribución pantropical, comparte sus pical y H. furcellatus que vive también en 37 BONPLANDIA 13(1-4). 2004 Tabla 1. Cromosomas y genomios de Hibiscus secc. Furcaria de América, según Wilson (1994), Fernández & al. (2003) y Lavia & al. (2004). n 2n Geno testigo fuente Especies con el genomio G Africana H. sudanensis 18 G (Wilson, 1994) Americanas H. a cu leaf us 36 GP (Wilson, 1994) H. bifurcatus 36 GP (Menzel & al., 1983) H. capitalensis 36 GP Fryxell 1908 (Menzel & al., 1983, sub H. laxiflorus) Irwin 26663 H. cucurbit aceus 36 GP Anderson 8754 (Menzel & al., 1983) H. flagelliformis 72 GP Anderson 8291 (Menzel & al., 1983) H. furcellatus 36 GP Krap. 13979 (Menzel & aL, 1983) H. multiformis 36 GP Anders. 8946 (Menzel & al, 1983, sub H. kitaibelifolius) H. peruvianus 36 GP Prance 18700 (Menzel & al., 1983) 36 McDaniel 11898 (Menzel & al., 1983) H. div ers if o litis subsp. div ers if 72 CDEG (Wilson, 1994) subsp. Rivularis 72 1! H. m acula tus 90 CDEGR II Genomios desconocidos (americanas) H. cost atus 36 Krap. 23533 (Fernändez, 1974) 18 Fryx. 740 (Menzel & al., 1983) H. adsencionis 72 Krap. 31722 (Fernändez & al., 2003) H. Pohliï 72 Crist. 662 (Lavia & al., 2004) H. Wilsonii 72 Krap. 30188 II Especies con genomios A, B, Y (africanas) H. cannabinus 18 A (Wilson, 1994) H. Mec how ii 18 Y it H. Acetosella 36 AB H. radiât us 36 AB H. sabdariffa 36 AY América. (Wilson, 1993) vadas y suelen aparecer fuera de cultivo: H. En América del Norte llega hasta los 35° radiatus, H. Acetosella, H. cannabinus e H. lat. N (H. aculeatus), en Australia a los 35° sabdariffa. En cambio H. Mechowii que no se lat.S (H. diversifolius) y en América del la conoce como cultivada, fue coleccionada Sur a los 32° lat.S, en Rio Grande do Sul repetidas veces en las sabanas de Venezuela. (H. diversifolius). Un caso especial es el de H. diversifolius, En Sudamérica viven 40 especies de las especie pantropical, que en Sudamérica pre• cuales 5 son africanas, 4 de ellas son culti• senta la subsp. diversifolius únicamente en las 38 A.Krapovickas, Hibiscus secc. furcaria DC. (Malvaceae-Hibisceae) islas Galápagos, en el Pacífico y la subsp. En Bolivia viven 10 especies de la sección rivularis en la costa atlántica de Brasil, en Furcaria, de las cuales cuatro son endémi• lagunas de la restinga, entre Espirito Santo y cas. Rio Grande do Sul. Hibiscus bifurcatus e H. furcellatus son las especies de más amplia distribución, desde Utilidades Venezuela hasta el NE de Argentina y además hasta Centroamérica y México. Ambas viven a orillas de corrientes de agua, muchas veces Todas las especies de la sección Furcaria con las raíces submergidas. tienen flores grandes, llamativas por lo que En Brasil viven 20 especies exclusivas, es• merecen ser cultivadas en jardinería. Son culti• pecialmente en el cerrado o en campos rupes• vadas como ornamentales H. radiatus, H. tres. Además están H. Hasslerianus e H. acetosella e H. sabdariffa, como hortalizas H. amambayensis que también viven en zonas acetosella e H. sabdariffa y como productora limítrofes de Paraguay. En el norte vive H. de fibras H. cannabinus. Estas cuatro especies peruvianus, especie de las cuencas del Ama• son de origen africano y se han difundido zonas y del Orinoco en Colombia, Venezuela, prácticamente por todas las regiones tropica• Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia.
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