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Late Sophocles: the Hero's Evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus
0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Late Sophocles Late Sophocles The Hero’s Evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus Thomas Van Nortwick University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © Thomas Van Nortwick 2015 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and ex- cept by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2018 2017 2016 2015 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Van Nortwick, Thomas, 1946– . Late Sophocles : the hero’s evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus / Thomas Van Nortwick. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 472- 11956- 1 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 12108- 3 (ebook) 1. Sophocles— Criticism and interpretation. 2. Sophocles. Electra. 3. Sophocles. Oedipus at Colonus. 4. Sophocles. Philoctetes. I. Title. PA4417.V36 2015 882'.01— dc23 2014049364 For Nathan Greenberg colleague, mentor, and friend Preface Oh children, follow me. I am your new leader, as once you were for me. (Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1542– 431) Sophocles’s Oedipus at Colonus ends with his most famous character walking serenely through the central doors of the stage building (skēnē) in the Theater of Dionysus and into the grove of the Eumenides. -
Greek Tragedy in Modern Greece
ALL IS WELL THAT ENDS TRAGICALLY: FILMING GREEK TRAGEDY IN MODERN GREECE ANASTASIA BAKOGIANNI The king’s a beggar now the play is done: All is well ended, if this suit be won, That you express content; which we will pay With strife to please you, day exceeding day. Ours be your patience, then, and yours our parts: Your gentle hands lend us, and take our hearts. William Shakespeare, All’s Well that Ends Well What does it take to adapt Greek tragedy successfully for the cinema?’ The debate centres on the issue of authenticity2 as well as the question of the successful integration of tragedy into the cinematic medium. The problematic nature of any attempt to adapt Greek tragedy for the cinema makes it a particularly challenging enterprise for filmmakers.3 In comparison with the cinematic reception of other aspects of ancient Greece and Rome, attempts to film Greek tragedy offer us fewer examples to work but they do attract the talents of some of the world’s best independent film directors,5 who have created some remarkable cincmatic receptions. ’ This is an exciting and ongoing debate and one articlc cannot hope to encompass all the issues concerned. The present article will focus on one aspect of this debate and is indebted to the pioneering work of Professor Marianne McDonnald and Dr Pantelis Michelakis in the field of the reception of Greek Drama on film. The author is also greatly indebted to Professor Mike Edwards and Professor Charles Chiasson for their many helpful suggestions. I am also indebted to Mr. -
A Study in Form: Recognition Scenes in the Three Electra Plays*
A Study in Form: Recognition Scenes in the Three Electra Plays* The effects of recognition have to do with know- ledge and the means of acquiring it, with secrets, disguises, lapses of memory, clues, signs, and the like, and this no doubt explains the odd, almost asymmetrical positioning of anagnorisis in the domain of poetics… Structure and theme, poetics and interpretation, are curiously combined in this term… Terence Cave1 The fortuitous survival of three plays by each of the three tragic poets on the same story offers an unparalleled opportunity to consider some of the formal aspects of the genre, those which dictate the limits and possibilities of its dramatic enactment. Three salient elements constitute the irreducible minimum that characterizes the Orestes-Electra plot and is by necessity common to all three versions. These consist of nostos (return), anagnorisis (recognition) and mechanêma (the intrigue). This se- quence is known to us already from the Odyssey as the masterplot in the story of Odysseus himself and his return home, and it will come into play once again, nota- bly in Euripides’ version. Yet, at the same time, the Odyssey already contains the story of Orestes, who returns home to avenge his father, and it is this deed that pro- vides a contrapuntal line to the main story, which is that of the trials of Odysseus, his homecoming, his eventual vengeance on the suitors, and revelation of identity to friends and kin. The epic, however, gives only the bare facts of Orestes’ deed, which are recorded at the very outset in the proem (Od. -
Sophocles' Electra
Sophocles’ Electra Dramatic action and important elements in the play, scene-by-scene Setting: Mycenae/Argos Background: 15-20 years ago, Agamemnon (here named as grandson of Pelops) was killed by his wife and lover Aegisthus (also grandson of Pelops). As a boy, Orestes, was evacuated by his sister Electra and the ‘Old Slave’ to Phocis, to the kingdom of Strophius (Agamemnon’s guest-friend and father of Pylades). Electra stayed in Mycenae, preserving her father’s memory and harbouring extreme hatred for her mother Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus. She has a sister, Chrysothemis, who says that she accepts the situation. Prologue: 1- 85 (pp. 169-75) - Dawn at the palace of Atreus. Orestes, Pylades and the Old Slave arrive. Topography of wealthy Argos/Mycenae, and the bloody house of the Atreids. - The story of Orestes’ evacuation. ‘It is time to act!’ v. 22 - Apollo’s oracle at Delphi: Agamemnon was killed by deception; use deception (doloisi – cunning at p. 171 is a bit weak) to kill the murderers. - Orestes’ idea to send the Old Slave to the palace. Orestes and Pylades will arrive later with the urn containing the ‘ashes’ of Orestes. «Yes, often in the past I have known clever men dead in fiction but not dead; and then when they return home the honour they receive is all the greater» v. 62-4, p. 173 Orestes like Odysseus: return to house and riches - Electra is heard wailing. Old slave: “No time to lose”. Prologue: 86-120 (pp. 175-7) - Enter Electra, who addresses the light of day. -
Elektra 2017
B Y J ANE G ANAHL The Many Faces of S E G A M I N A M E G Elektra D I R B ou may have seen her in the form of Jennifer YGarner’s sword-wielding assassin in the 2005 film Elektra , on stage as a bitter Civil War spin - ster in Eugene o’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra , in the words of Sylvia Plath’s controversial poem “Electra on Azalea Path,” in the famed portrait by Frederic Leighton, Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon , and indeed, in Richard Strauss’ opera Elektra* . K U , In the 2,000-plus years since her name was first S M U etched on paper, Electra—the myth, the character—has E S U inspired dozens, if not hundreds, of works of theater, lit - M L L erature, art, opera, and psychoanalysis. Around a cen - U H , tury ago, Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung suggested there y R E L was an “Electra complex” suffered by many little girls L A G who were in love with their fathers in competition with T R A their mothers, thus tainting forever the innocent tag S N E “Daddy’s little girl.” R E F Even today, the vengeful, father-worshipping anti-heroine / S E of Sophocles’ tragedy continues to fascinate and perturb G A M I us—perhaps in part because her story of familial murder N A and mayhem makes Game of Thrones pale in comparison. M E G In the years following the Trojan War, Electra has waited D I R B for nearly a decade for the return of her brother orestes *When referring to the Sophocles play, the standard English spelling is “Electra.” “Elektra” is the German spelling. -
Compassion in Sophocles' Electra
Compassion in Sophocles' Electra Electra might seem an odd choice for a drama to illustrate the theme of compassion, but the theme is presented in this play in a relatively straightforward manner. Also, in Electra Sophocles develops the theme of compassion dramatically in ways that closely anticipate his development of compassion in his last two extant plays, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. The play presents the reunion of Electra with her brother Orestes during the execution of the plot developed by Orestes, his friend Pylades, and Orestes’ Paedagogus to execute Clytemnestra and Aegisthus for their murder of Orestes’ and Electra’s father, Agamemnon. Compassion functions in Electra as a strong motivating force between friends that prompts Electra to end her sister Chrysothemis’ “illusion” that Orestes is alive; it also prompts Orestes to end Electra’s sorrow and suffering over the apparent loss of her brother, Orestes himself. Electra and Orestes are therefore characterized in the play as being capable of compassion. Furthermore, Aegisthus’ and Clytemnestra’s contrasting lack of compassion serves to motivate Electra and Orestes: Agamemnon’s death is repeatedly characterized as pitiful, undeserved and unlamented; this motivates the retribution against his murderers in accordance with the ethic, “no pity for those who show no pity.” The play does not seem to me to problematize that ethic. In fact, I will argue that the application and denial of compassion in this play conforms to expectations of reciprocity that were operational in ancient Greek society and were explored in the classic Greek tragedy of Sophocles. . -
An Examination of the Gender Roles of Clytemnestra and Electra Bethany Nickerson University of Colorado Boulder
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CU Scholar Institutional Repository University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 2012 Rebellious Performances: An Examination of the Gender Roles of Clytemnestra and Electra Bethany Nickerson University of Colorado Boulder Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses Recommended Citation Nickerson, Bethany, "Rebellious Performances: An Examination of the Gender Roles of Clytemnestra and Electra" (2012). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 257. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Honors Program at CU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of CU Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rebellious Performances: An Examination of the Gender Roles of Clytemnestra and Electra Bethany Nickerson Honors Thesis-English Department Advisor: Jeffrey DeShell, English Cathy Preston, English John Gibert, Classics March 22, 2012 Nickerson 1 Abstract This thesis seeks to create an understanding of the mythological characters of Clytemnestra and Electra as they were portrayed by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. By examining these plays in conjunction with the historical setting in which they were written and performed, this discussion shows how these two female characters play masculine roles in order to achieve their desires. These fictional women reveal how the real-life women of Classical Athens, were always caught in a double bind due to the patriarchal society in which they lived. This thesis examines the plays of these playwrights in their original Greek in order to examine how these women play masculine roles though their actions as well as the very words they use. -
Clytemnestra, Electra, and the Failure of Mothering on the Attic
CLYTEMNESTRA, ELECTRA, AND THE FAILURE OF MOTHERING ON THE ATTIC STAGE by DEANA PAIGE ZEIGLER (Under the Direction of Nancy Felson) ABSTRACT I first extract a normative model for mother-daughter relationships from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter as well as a story pattern of the succession narrative from Hesiod’s Theogony and Homer’s Odyssey . Using both of these patterns or models, I investigate the troubled relationship between Clytemnestra and Electra. In Sophocles’ Electra and Euripides’ Electra the behavior of each character not only fails to conform to the normative model of a mother- daughter pair, it, in fact, exceeds all negative expectations for a functional, reciprocal mother- daughter relationship. Nevertheless, Clytemnestra and Electra are both aware of these societal norms. Both characters are disadvantaged because of the limits of female power, for Clytemnestra at an earlier phase of her life before she killed Agamemnon and usurped the throne. This fact contributes to the failure in mothering and the reproduction of mothering on the Attic stage. INDEX WORDS: Mothers, Daughters, Ancient Greece, Greek Tragedy, Sophocles, Euripides, Electra, Clytemnestra, Succession CLYTEMNESTRA, ELECTRA, AND THE FAILURE OF MOTHERING ON THE ATTIC STAGE by DEANA PAIGE ZEIGLER B.A., The College of Charleston, 2006 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Deana Paige Zeigler All Rights Reserved CLYTEMNESTRA, ELECTRA, AND THE FAILURE OF MOTHERING ON THE ATTIC STAGE by DEANA PAIGE ZEIGLER Major Professor: Nancy Felson Committee: Charles Platter Chris Cuomo Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. -
Greek Tragedy and the Epic Cycle: Narrative Tradition, Texts, Fragments
GREEK TRAGEDY AND THE EPIC CYCLE: NARRATIVE TRADITION, TEXTS, FRAGMENTS By Daniel Dooley A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland October 2017 © Daniel Dooley All Rights Reserved Abstract This dissertation analyzes the pervasive influence of the Epic Cycle, a set of Greek poems that sought collectively to narrate all the major events of the Trojan War, upon Greek tragedy, primarily those tragedies that were produced in the fifth century B.C. This influence is most clearly discernible in the high proportion of tragedies by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides that tell stories relating to the Trojan War and do so in ways that reveal the tragedians’ engagement with non-Homeric epic. An introduction lays out the sources, argues that the earlier literary tradition in the form of specific texts played a major role in shaping the compositions of the tragedians, and distinguishes the nature of the relationship between tragedy and the Epic Cycle from the ways in which tragedy made use of the Homeric epics. There follow three chapters each dedicated to a different poem of the Trojan Cycle: the Cypria, which communicated to Euripides and others the cosmic origins of the war and offered the greatest variety of episodes; the Little Iliad, which highlighted Odysseus’ career as a military strategist and found special favor with Sophocles; and the Telegony, which completed the Cycle by describing the peculiar circumstances of Odysseus’ death, attributed to an even more bizarre cause in preserved verses by Aeschylus. These case studies are taken to be representative of Greek tragedy’s reception of the Epic Cycle as a whole; while the other Trojan epics (the Aethiopis, Iliupersis, and Nostoi) are not treated comprehensively, they enter into the discussion at various points. -
Tracking the Creative Process of Mikis Theodorakis' Electra
Center for Open Access in Science ▪ https://www.centerprode.com/ojsa.html Open Journal for Studies in Arts, 2020, 3(1), 1-12. ISSN (Online) 2620-0635 ▪ https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsa.0301.01001k _________________________________________________________________________ Tracking the Creative Process of Mikis Theodorakis’ Electra: An Approach to Philosophical, Esthetical and Musical Sources of his Opera Angeliki Kordellou University of Patras, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Patras, GREECE Department of Theatrical Studies Received: 19 March 2020 ▪ Accepted: 17 May 2020 ▪ Published Online: 28 May 2020 Abstract Taking into consideration Mikis Theodorakis’ autobiography, personal notes, drafts and sketches, several scientific studies about his musical work and by means of an analytical approach of his score for Electra, it seems that tracking its creative process demands a holistic approach including various musical and extra musical parameters. For this reason the aim of this paper is to present an overview of these parameters such as: (a) aspects of the Pythagorean theory of the Universal Harmony which influenced the artist’s worldview and musical creation; (b) the artistic impact of the ancient Greek tragedy and especially of the tragic Chorus on his musical activity; (c) his long term experience in stage music, and particularly music for ancient drama performances; (d) his music for M. Cacoyannis’ movie Electra; (e) the use of musical material deriving from previous compositions of Theodorakis; and (f) the reference to musical elements originating from the Greek musical tradition. Keywords: Electra, Mikis Theodorakis, lyrical tragedy, Greek contemporary music, Greek opera. 1. Introduction The tragic fate of Electra has been the source of artistic expression since antiquity. -
Ancient Greeks Today: Modern Adaptations of the Orestes Myth Arthur L
Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Theater Summer Fellows Student Research 7-22-2016 Ancient Greeks Today: Modern Adaptations of the Orestes Myth Arthur L. Robinson Ursinus College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/theater_sum Part of the Playwriting Commons, and the Theatre History Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Robinson, Arthur L., "Ancient Greeks Today: Modern Adaptations of the Orestes Myth" (2016). Theater Summer Fellows. 2. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/theater_sum/2 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theater Summer Fellows by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Ursinus College Ancient Greeks Today Modern Adaptations of the Orestes Myth Arthur Robinson Professor Scudera 2 Introduction Scholar Verna A. Foster describes the act of revising or adapting as making something old fit “for a new cultural environment, or a new audience” (Foster 2). Take into consideration Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet; the original play borrows elements from the ancient tale known as Pyramus and Thisbe, and has been adapted itself into everything from musicals such as High School Musical and West Side Story, to a zombie film, Warm Bodies. Writers and artists revisit and rework this play into new forms in order to speak to their own audiences. With this in mind, my research focuses on adaptations of the Orestes myth, a Greek tragedy often retold. -
Helen's Eidolon: Learning and Suffering in Euripides' Electra A
Helen’s Eidolon: Learning and Suffering in Euripides’ Electra A work of tragic poetry is organized by its teleology of suffering, by the sense it gives of why humans suffer. The chorus of Argive Elders in Aeschylus’ Agamemnon tells the audience that “Zeus, who brought men to think...has laid it down that learning comes alone through suffering.” (Ag. 177-8) and also “justice so inclines that those only learn who suffer” (Ag. 250- 1). We suffer for the sake of learning, and moreover, there is no other way to learn. The Oresteia as a whole seems to bear this out. We follow the house of Atreus through intense suffering: adultery, child murder, cannibalism, the sacrifice of Iphigeneia, a decade of war, the murder of Agamemnon, the murders of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and finally, the guilt of matricide. Yet in the end justice is not only done, it is established on earth for the first time in an institution, the Areopagus. Law is born from violence. The furies are transformed to Eumenides. We have learned. We have become more civilized. Euripides’ plays do not support this teleology of suffering. In fact, Euripides inverts the Aeschylean formula in his Electra. Orestes says to his sister, Electra, before she recognizes him, that “there is no pity in ignorance, but [pity is present] in the wise among men. But too wise knowledge in the wise is not harmless.” (El. 294-6) While suffering can bring learning according to Aeschylus’ chorus, learning brings new suffering born of pity for Euripides’ Orestes. In other words, we do not transcend suffering through learning, we simply acquire more of it.