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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Fictionalised history identity, nationalism and nation-building in late Ottoman and early Republican Turkish novels Agaoglu, Aslihan Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Fictionalised History: Identity, Nationalism and Nation-building in Late Ottoman and Early Republican Turkish Novels Aslihan Agaoglu Reekers Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, King’s College London 1 Abstract Nationalism in Turkey was an evolutionary process which took place during the final stages of the Ottoman Empire, the War of Independence and the Republican period. This transitional process was heavily influenced by the intellectuals and writers of the age, especially in the literature that they produced. Literature was a critical platform for nurturing and even propagating new ideologies such as nationalism, Westernization and even feminism. Literature was also the vehicle for transporting and transmitting such ideologies to the general public, as well as being an educational tool for warning people about the representation and misinterpretation of such ideological underpinnings of the new nation-state of Turkey. This dissertation examines some of the most critical literary novels from the period, written by some of the most influential intellectuals, such as Halide Edib Adivar, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu and Resat Nuri Guntekin, in order to understand the evolution of Turkish nationalism as well as the reconstruction of Turkish national and cultural identity. 2 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 5 Copyright ....................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 Literature Review......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: Nationalism in Turkey: Historical Context & Theoretical Framework ..... 32 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 32 Nationalism and Turkish National Identity: A Theoretical Understanding ............. 33 The Evolution of Turkish Nationalism through Literature ...................................... 45 The Reconstruction of Turkish National Identity in Literature ............................... 52 The New Turkish Women ........................................................................................ 60 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 2: Narrative, Turkish Literature and National Identity .................................. 65 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 65 Narrative Analysis and Narrative Theory ................................................................ 66 Narrative, History and Literature ............................................................................. 73 Narrative, Nation Building and Identity .................................................................. 87 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 100 Chapter 3: Literature of the New Republic ................................................................ 102 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 102 The Unsurpassable War, the Revolution and the Aftermath ................................. 103 The Conflict of East and West in Context of Re-constructing the Turkish National Identity ................................................................................................................... 120 The Irretrievable Generation Gap .......................................................................... 133 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 150 Chapter 4: Forging New Social Roles ....................................................................... 152 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 152 Change of the Family Unit and First Signs of Feminism ...................................... 153 The New Republic and Social Life ........................................................................ 171 Traditionalism versus Modernism ......................................................................... 184 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 200 Chapter 5: Literature and the New Turkish Women .................................................. 202 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 202 Westernization and its Perception: Perfection and the Degeneration of Female Identity in Turkish Literature ................................................................................. 204 Aliye as a Role Model for the Turkish Women of the New Republic ................... 221 Islam, Traditionalism and the New Turkish Woman ............................................. 233 Sacrifice, Women and the Birth of a Nation .......................................................... 241 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 245 Dissertation Conclusion ............................................................................................. 248 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 252 Books ..................................................................................................................... 252 Articles ................................................................................................................... 261 Other Sources ......................................................................................................... 263 4 Acknowledgements I am ever so grateful and thankful to my parents, Beyza and Ahmet Agaoglu, for all the support they have given to, not only during my studies, but throughout my entire life. Thank you to my sister Ayse Agaoglu, who is my joy and source of inspiration, and to my husband, Martijn Reekers who was my rock during this time. My son, Nathan Ali, who has been a great source of motivation and gave me the strength to finish my work. To all my friends who endured my never-ending monologues on the wonders of literature, history and books and provided support and comfort, especially Sedef Kisakurek, Kristin Higgions, Elsa Tulin Sen and Didem Erdogan, thank you for helping me in more ways than you can ever imagine. Thank you to Halide Edib Adivar, whose life and work never fails to inspire me and pushes me to think in ways I have not done before. I also owe a great deal of gratitude to the TRS and IMES teams at King’s College London. 5 Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotations from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. 6 Introduction In working towards examining nationalism, nationhood, social transformation and identity, it becomes clear that an extensive body of literature already exists within academia. These studies have been pursued through various angles, focusing on developing normative approaches towards the entities of state, nation and identity in order to understand their cultural, sociological, economical and political consequences. However, one approach that has been somewhat neglected, at least in Turkey’s case, is the study of these entities through literary texts. This dissertation focuses on literature produced during the transitional period
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