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Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey and Iran a Thesis

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Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey and Iran a Thesis CITIZENSHIP AND ETHNICITY IN TURKEY AND IRAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MUSTAFA SUPHĐ ERDEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AUGUST 2010 i Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Saktanber Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut Yeğen Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferdan Ergut (METU, HIST) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut Yeğen (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Aykan Erdemir (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Nalan Soyarık-Şentürk (BAŞKENT U., PSIR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayça Ergun (METU, SOC) ii PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Mustafa Suphi Erden Signature : iii ABSTRACT CITIZESHIP AD ETHICITY I TURKEY AD IRA Erden, Mustafa Suphi Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut Yeğen August 2010, 268 pages This thesis aims at understanding the citizenship formations in Turkey and Iran by a comparative study of ethnicity, state formation, and nation building in the two lands. The research question is what kind of socio-political and cultural elements caused the two nation states to follow different paths and end up with different citizenship and state formations in the end of the twentieth century. The foci of comparison are the homogenization process of the nation states in ethnic terms, the extent of mass movements, the degree of centrality of the state in shaping the sociopolitical life, and the resistance to the state imposed regulations. In this thesis it is argued that the state tradition inherited from the Ottomans, the ethnic cleansing of the non-Muslim minorities, and the intention to assimilate the Kurdish population were the main determinants of Turkish citizenship. The mass movements emanating from the societal groups, the provincial autonomous movements, and the disruption of the state by external invasions were the main determinants of Iranian citizenship. The national identity in Turkey was more strongly based on the Turkish ethnicity; the Iranian national identity functioned as an umbrella identity over all ethnic identities in Iran. The Turkish citizenship, in comparison to Iranian, was closer to the ethnocentric and exclusionary German model; the Iranian citizenship, in comparison to the Turkish, was closer to the soil based and assimilationist French model. Keywords: Turkey, Iran, citizenship, ethnicity, state formation. iv ÖZ TÜRKĐYE VE ĐRA’DA VATADAŞLIK VE ETĐSĐTE Erden, Mustafa Suphi Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Mesut Yeğen Ağustos 2010, 268 sayfa Bu tez Türkiye ve Đran’da vatandaşlık oluşumunu karşılaştırmalı olarak anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu amaçla iki ülkedeki etnik yapı, devlet ve ulus kurma süreçleri incelenmektedir. Tezin araştırma konusu ne gibi soyo-politik ve kültürel etmenlerin iki ulus devletin farklı yönlere gitmesine ve iki ülkede yirminci yüzyılın sonunda farklı vatandaşlık ve devlet oluşumlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olduğudur. Ulus devletlerin etnik homojenleştirme süreci, kitle hareketlerinin gücü ve yaygınlığı, devletin sosyo-politik gelişmeleri belirlemede ne kadar merkezi olduğu ve toplumun devletin düzenlemelerine ne kadar direnç gösterdiği incelenen konular arasındadır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlığını belirleyen temel etmenlerin Osmanlı devletinden alınan miras, gayri-Müslimlere uygulanan etnik temizleme ve Kürt nüfusun asimile edilmeye çalışılması olduğu savunulmuştur. Đran vatandaşlığını belirleyen temel etmenlerinse toplumdan yükselen muhalif kitle hareketleri, bölgesel otonom hareketler ve Đran devlet yönetiminin işgaller sonucu darbe alması olduğu savunulmuştur. Türk ulusal kimliği daha güçlü olarak Türk etnisitesine dayanır; Đran ulusal kimliği diğer etnik kimlikler üzerine şemsiye bir kimlik işlevi görmüştür. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlığı Đran vatandaşlığına göre, etnik temelli ve dışlayıcı Alman modeline daha yakındır; Đran vatnadaşlığı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlığına göre, toprak temelli ve asimilasyoncu Fransa modeline daha yakındır. Keywords: Türkiye, Đran, vatandaşlık, etnisite, devlet oluşumu. v DEDICATIO Bu çalışma annem Gülseren ERDE’e, babam Đsmail ERDE’e ve kardeşim Zeynep ERDE-ÖZKOL’a adanmıştır. This work is dedicated to my mother Gülseren ERDE, my father Đsmail ERDE and my sister Zeynep ERDE-ÖZKOL. vi ACKOWLEDGMETS The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut Yeğen for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragement, and insight throughout the research. The author thanks his supervisor especially for his trust for that the author could fulfill a social science research under his guidance. The author gained his insight into the modern history of Turkey and the citizenship theory basically from the lectures, articles, books by and discussions with Mesut Yeğen. The author would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferdan Ergut and Assist. Prof. Dr. Aykan Erdemir for their suggestions and comments throughout the research and in the follow-up jury meetings. The criticisms and suggestions by Ferdan Ergut about state-society relations and comparative historical study within the discussions and the introduction of the world of Iran to the author by Aykan Erdemir in his courses and within the discussions were indispensable for this research. vii TABLE OF COTETS PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ....................................................................................................................................................... v DEDICATIO .................................................................................................................................. vi ACKOWLEDGMETS .............................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF COTETS ............................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. ITRODUCTIO ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Comparing Turkey and Iran .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Citizenship, Ethnicity, and State Formation .................................................................. 6 1.3 Comparative History ................................................................................................... 11 1.4 State Formation Literature ........................................................................................... 15 1.5 Content ........................................................................................................................ 24 2. TURKEY: ETHIC CLEASIG, KURDISH RESISTACE, AD MILITARY COUPS .................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Late Ottoman Empire: Abolishment of the Janissaries (1826), Tanzimat Era (1839- 1876), and the CUP ............................................................................................................. 29 2.2 Armenian Massacre (1915) and Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (1923) 37 2.3 Turkish Republic and One-Party System .................................................................... 45 2.4 Nationalization of the Economy .................................................................................. 51 2.5 Kurdish Resistance in Turkey ...................................................................................... 57 2.6 Multi-Party System and Military Coups ...................................................................... 64 2.7 Political Left in Turkey ............................................................................................... 72 2.8 Conclusion for the Modern History of Turkey ............................................................ 75 3. IRA: COSTITUTIOAL REVOLUTIO, ETHIC MOVEMETS, AD MASS PROTESTS ............................................................................................................................ 77 3.1 Late Qajar Empire: Tobacco Movement (1891) and Semi-Secret Organizations ....... 79 3.2 Constitutional Revolution (1905-1906) and the Civil War (1906-1909) ..................... 86 3.3 Reza Pahlavi (1921-1941) ........................................................................................... 93 3.4 Ethnic Suppression under the Rule of Reza Shah ...................................................... 100 3.5 Azerbaijan and Kurdish Autonomous Movements (1945-1946) ............................... 105 3.6 Mossadeq, National Front, and the Coup of 1953 ....................................................
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