Moadim Advanced

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Moadim Advanced

February 2019 Advanced Moadim (Jewish Thought 202)

—Study Guide—

The advanced Moadim examination is based on information from The Book of Our Heritage (Sefer HaToda’ah), by R’ Eliyahu Kitov. There are three books in the series: (i) Book 1, Tishrei–Shevat; (ii) Book 2, Adar–Nissan; (iii) Book 3, Iyar–Elul. You need all three books in order to study for the examination.

The examination contains three sections evaluating your knowledge of different aspects of the Moadim: the related mitzvos, minhagim, themes, and historical backgrounds.

I. Short Answers — worth 33.3% of the final grade This section includes 10 (from a choice of 13) multipart questions, assessing the breadth of your knowledge of the Moadim, emphasizing awareness of the associated mitzvos, minhagim, historical backgrounds, and textual sources.

II. Descriptive Essay — worth 33.3% of the final grade In this section you will be asked to write one 300 word essay (from a choice of two topics) based on a topic from the Theme Syllabus. You will need to draw on your knowledge of one or two specific Yamim Tovim and describe pertinent historical background, halachos, minhagim, and reasons for the practices.

This Study Guide is the property of TAL and MUST be returned after you take the exam. Failure to do so is an aveirah of gezel.

III. Explanatory Essay — worth 33.3% of the final grade In this section you will be asked to write one 300 word essay (from a choice of two topics) on a thematic/conceptual idea relating to one or two of the Moadim. The subjects you should prepare are outlined in the Theme Syllabus. You will be expected to present an in-depth and involved exploration of the subject, and will be assessed by your success at combining independent thought and analysis, textual support, and halachic verification. Both essays should be suitably structured, with the ideas presented in proper essay format (including an introduction, body, and conclusion).

Time: You will have two and a half hours to complete the examination.

In this Study Guide you will find:

•• The Theme Syllabus outline for the advanced Moadim examination essay (page 4) •• The Topic Syllabus (page 8–54) •• Essay writing guidelines (page 55) •• A sample advanced Moadim examination for you to try (page 59). Please utilize the sample to familiarize yourself with the type of questions that will be asked, and for guidance as to how to answer them.

NOTE: a. Please use dark black ink for all your answers. b. Accustom yourself to outlining your answers on scrap paper and writing practice essays clearly. Illegible exams will not be graded. c. The lowest passing score on this exam is 70. You will not get credit for a score below 70, though in the case of a failed or illegible paper, you may be able to retake the examination after waiting six months. Grades for transcripts are calculated as follows: A = 90–100% B = 80–89% C = 70–79

Advanced Moadim —Theme Syllabus—

The Theme Syllabus below aims to aid your preparation for both the descriptive and explanatory essay sections of the Moadim examination. The essays require you to demonstrate an understanding of some general issues about the Moadim. As the name suggests, the Theme Syllabus outlines the broad themes or areas on which you should focus your studies when preparing. It is advisable first to read through the Theme Syllabus to familiarize yourself with the ideas contained therein. Then work through the Topic Syllabus, bearing in mind that in addition to learning the individual topic questions you should aim to have a general understanding of the concepts discussed in the Theme Syllabus. By learning all the topic questions on any particular Moed you will know all the information necessary for writing the essay about that Moed; the Theme Syllabus is a guide to focus your studies and further prepare you for the essays. Take note that sometimes a composition may be about more than one Moed, e.g. Pesach and Succos, and you will have to discuss issues relevant to both. Under each heading in the following outline are listed the issues on which you should concentrate your studies. These theme headings do not correspond to the headings used in The Book of Our Heritage, but rather to issues addressed there.

A. ROSH HASHANAH, THE ASERES YEMEI TESHUVAH, AND YOM KIPPUR

1. Understand how Hashem judges man on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, and how teshuvah affects the judgment. 2. Explore ideas that indicate that Hashem wants man to do teshuvah rather than to perish. For example: a. why He chooses to judge man on Rosh Hashanah b. why there are the Aseres — ten — Yemei Teshuvah c. why He commanded us to sound the shofar d. how He treats those who do teshuvah e. how Yom Kippur atones for our sins

3. Identify the minhagim and practices of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and the Aseres Yemei Teshuvah which help ensure that we attain a good judgment.

B. SUCCOS AND SIMCHAS TORAH

1. Understand how the following mitzvos of the Yom Tov are properly performed, both practically (as outlined in the Topic Syllabus) and the proper intentions to have: a. dwelling in a succah b. taking the arba minim c. doing Hoshanos and beating the aravah d. honoring and experiencing joy on Yom Tov e. rejoicing on Simchas Torah 2. Understand how the Yom Tov of Succos, and especially the mitzvah of dwelling in a succah, teaches us to have faith in Hashem.

C. ROSH CHODESH There are currently no essay theme topics about Rosh Chodesh.

D-I. CHANUKAH

1. Appreciate the events of Chanukah. a. Analyze the reasons why war broke out between the Jews and the Yevanim (Greeks) in the story of the Chashmonaim. b. Examine the lessons that can be learnt from the events of the time. c. Understand how the practices and minhagim of Chanukah commemorate the events and miracles of the Yom Tov. (See the sample essay, page 63.) 2. Study the halachos regarding the ideal way of lighting the Menorah (as outlined in the Topic Syllabus).

D-II. PURIM

1. Appreciate the events of Purim. a. Analyze why there was a decree of annihilation upon the Jews, and the way Mordechai and Esther responded to it.

b. Examine the lessons that can be learnt from the salvation. c. Understand the reasons for Taanis Esther. d. Understand how the practices and minhagim of Purim commemorate the events and miracles of the Yom Tov. For example: (i) why Purim is celebrated in different cities on different days, and (ii) the reasons for the four mitzvos: reading the Megillah, the seudah (with wine), giving matanos la’evyonim (gifts to the poor), and, mishloach manos (food items to friends). 2. Study the halachos regarding the best way of fulfilling the four mitzvos (as outlined in the Topic Syllabus).

E. PESACH

1. Understand how Yetzias Mitzrayim demonstrated that Hashem loves Yisrael and is All-Powerful. 2. Study the proper way to fulfill the following mitzvos (as indicated in the Topic Syllabus): a. searching for and removing chametz b. reciting the Haggadah c. eating matzah and marror d. drinking the four cups of wine 3. Be familiar with the mitzvos and minhagim of the Seder night. a. Know what preparations one needs to make on Erev Pesach to fulfill all the mitzvos of Seder night. b. Identify the minhagim and practices of Seder night that recall (i) the bondage in Mitzrayim, (ii) the geulah, and (iii) both. c. Understand how all these minhagim and practices, together with the reciting of the Haggadah, help a person experience the feeling that he has left Mitzrayim.

F. SHAVUOS

1. Understand how Mattan Torah revealed that Hashem is All-Powerful and that He loves Yisrael. 2. Study the halachos and minhagim of Shavuos and the days immediately before it,

and understand how these halachos and minhagim commemorate the miracles and events of the period.

G. TISHAH B’AV

1. Analyze the tragic events that occurred on the 17th of Tammuz and the 9th of Av, and understand why they happened. 2. Study the halachos and minhagim of the three weeks between these dates (as detailed in the Topic Syllabus). a. Understand how these halachos and minhagim help us remember and mourn the events that occurred. b. In particular, consider how the halachos of Tishah B’Av (including the preparations for the day) express its essence.

Advanced Moadim —Topic Syllabus—

This section of the syllabus leads you through the three volumes of The Book of Our Heritage, and indicates the information that you are required to learn. The books are divided into sections corresponding to the Jewish months, and some sections are subdivided into a number of chapters. Furthermore, each chapter (or section, where there are no chapters) is conveniently arranged with subtitles drawing attention to the different subjects discussed therein. The topic questions below (in the right-hand column) are referenced according to these subtitles, with the corresponding page numbers recorded in square brackets in the left-hand column. In order to aid your studying, the syllabus is also split into content-based sub-sections, e.g., Rosh Hashanah Customs and the Torah Reading (p. 14–17). These sub-section titles do not appear in The Book of Our Heritage; their aim is purely to help you mentally organize and categorize the study material conceptually. Every Yom Tov (and taanis) involves many detailed halachos, too numerous to contain within this syllabus. Therefore, aside from the topic questions, you will not be tested on any other information in the book. You are encouraged, however, to read all the halachos before each Yom Tov.

Volume 1: Tishrei–Shevat

TISHREI Chapter 1: Rosh Hashanah [3, 4] The month of Tishrei / The first of Tishrei • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [5] A day of concealment • Why is Rosh Hashanah referred to as “the time of concealment,” and what significance is there to this?

[6] A day of beginnings • What significant events for mankind and the Jewish people occurred on Rosh Hashanah? • (There is an error in the text. Only Avraham and Yaakov were born on Rosh Hashanah; Yitzchak was born in Nissan, as the book states on [p. 266–267].) • (Also see below, [p. 40] “Minchah and Tashlich”. ) • Why did it become a day of judgment? • (Also see below, [p. 9] “The day of judgment.”) [7] The two days of Rosh Hashanah • Why did the early Nevi’im enact that Rosh Hashanah be kept for two days? (It is not necessary to learn the quote of the Rambam.) Today, which day of Rosh Hashanah is an obligation d’Oraisa and which d’Rabbanan? [9] The day of judgment • How does Hashem judge man on Rosh Hashanah? What is the significance of the three “ledgers” (or books)? Why did Hashem ordain Rosh Hashanah as a day of judgment? [11] Balancing sin and merit • What determines whether an individual, a country, or the entire world is considered righteous, evil, or in the middle? Is this judgment quantitative or qualitative? How should a person view himself, and why? [12] What is the day of judgment? • With what is the judgment of Rosh Hashanah concerned? How does teshuvah affect man’s judgment? [13] A holiday — yet Hallel is not recited • Why is Hallel not recited? How should a person feel and act on Rosh Hashanah? (Also refer to [p. 15]) What do we show by wearing Yom Tov clothing? Can a person cry during his tefillos?

Rosh Hashanah Customs and the Torah Reading (p. 14–17)

[14] The first night of Rosh Hashanah • Why is the special greeting (“leshanah tovah…”) only recited on the night of Rosh Hashanah (in Ashkenazi communities)? What are some of the symbolic foods we eat on Rosh Hashanah, and why do we do this? [16] The Torah reading of Rosh Hashanah • What is read about in the kerias HaTorah and haftorah of the first and second days, and why? (The reason for reading the Akeidah is given below, [p. 40] “Minchah and Tashlich.” )

The Shofar (p. 17–29)

[17] The sounding of the shofar • According to the Rambam, what is the purpose in sounding the shofar? • According to R’ Saadiah Gaon, what are five (of ten) symbolic reasons why we sound the shofar? [19] Listening to the sounding of the shofar • According to the Torah, how many times must the shofar be sounded? Why must we sound it thirty times today? What does the teruah sound represent? [20] One hundred sounds • What is the reason for the minhag of sounding the shofar one hundred times? Why does the tekiyah gedolah (long blast) confuse the Satan? [22, 23] How Satan was once confused / The shofar — the last line of defense • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [23] The blessings over the sounding of the shofar • Why is it logical that we recite berachos on mitzvos? Why does a berachah begin in the second person but then switch to the third person? Why is it commendable to hear the shofar among a multitude? Why are women not obligated by the Torah to hear the shofar? Why then must they hear it?

[25] Verses that evoke compassion • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [26] Shofar — a means of improving one’s actions • According to the Menoras HaMaor, what should one contemplate while listening to the shofar? [27] The shofar is not sounded on Shabbos • Why is the shofar not sounded on Shabbos? [28] When to sound the shofar • Why is the sounding of the shofar postponed until Mussaf?

The Rosh Hashanah Tefillos (p. 29–40)

[29] Inscribe us for life • What should be the focus of our tefillos on Rosh Hashanah?1

[29] The Amidah prayer of the Days of Awe • What changes are made to the Amidah on Rosh Hashanah and throughout the Aseres Yemei Teshuvah, and why? [32] Malchuyos, zichronos and shofaros • What are the themes of the three middle berachos of Mussaf — Malchuyos, Zichronos, and Shofros? To what do the nine berachos of Mussaf correspond? [33] Ten statements, ten commandments, and ten praises • To what do the ten pesukim in the berachah of Malchuyos correspond? To what do the ten pesukim in the berachah of Zichronos correspond? To what do the ten pesukim in the berachah of Shofros correspond? Why is the berachah of Malchuyos recited first?

1. Other great rabbanim teach us that we must also daven for our personal needs, only that this should not be the focus of our tefillos (see the writings of R’ Yisroel Salanter and his students).

[34, 35] He remembers all that has been forgotten / Rosh Chodesh is not mentioned / Reciting Mussaf at the time of Divine compassion • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [36] The liturgical poem “Unesaneh Tokef” • What event led to the inclusion of Unesaneh Tokef in the Rosh Hashanah tefillos? What is the tefillah about? [37] Hayom Haras Olam • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

Additional Halachos of Rosh Hashanah (p. 40–43)

[40] Sleep on Rosh Hashanah • Should one sleep on Rosh Hashanah? [40] Minchah and Tashlich • Why is Tashlich recited near water? What is symbolized by the minhag to shake out one’s pockets at Tashlich? [41] The second day of Rosh Hashanah • How can one deal with the uncertainty as to whether to say shehecheyanu at Kiddush on the second evening? What should one do if this is not possible? [42] Eruv Tavshilin • In the case that the second day of Rosh Hashanah falls on a Friday, what must be done to permit cooking on that day for Shabbos? What should the eruv consist of?

TISHREI Chapter 2: The Ten Days of Repentance [47] The fast of Gedalyah • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [48, 49] Between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur / The ten days of repentance • Why are teshuvah and tefillah especially appropriate during the ten days

between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur? How should a person act during this period? [50] Prayers of the ten days of repentance • What changes are made to the seder hatefillah during this period? [51] Teshuvah — repentance • What are the benefits of repenting? For what must one do teshuvah, in general and in particular? Why should one never ‘postpone’ repenting? [53] Truth and peace • How do the traits of truthfulness and peace help prevent a person from sinning? [54] The basis of repentance / Abandoning sin • What are the three ‘factors’ (or components) of teshuvah? • (‘Contrition’ is also referred to as ‘Regret.’ Refer to Volume 3, [p. 1044– 1045] “The fundamentals of repentance.” Also see below, [p. 77].) • What does ‘abandoning sin’ mean? [55] The power of repentance • How does teshuvah bring a person close to Hashem? How does it bring the final geulah? What are some of the benefits of teshuvah? [57] Between man and his fellow • Why should one forgive others and seek reconciliation during the Aseres Yemei Teshuvah? Why should one “Repent one day before you die”? [59, 60] Children provide merit for their fathers / Children’s prayer • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [61] Shabbos Shuvah • Why is the Shabbos between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur called “Shabbos Shuvah”? How should one act on this Shabbos, and why? [62] Return, O Israel • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

TISHREI Chapter 3: Yom Kippur

Erev Yom Kippur (p. 65–71)

[65] The custom of kapparos • When is this minhag performed, and how (briefly)? How does it help a person achieve atonement? [66] The prayer service of Erev Yom Kippur • Why do we recite viduy at Minchah of Erev Yom Kippur? [67] Charity on Erev Yom Kippur • Why should one give tzedakah generously on Erev Yom Kippur? [68] Eating on Erev Yom Kippur • What are the reasons why we eat heartily on Erev Yom Kippur? Why is it customary to eat fish? [70] Immersion in a mikveh • Why do we immerse in a mikveh on Erev Yom Kippur? [70] The meal before the fast • Are there any restrictions to what we can eat and drink at the Seudah Hamafsekes? Why is it customary to finish the meal well before sunset?

Teshuvah (p. 72–80)

[72] Five afflictions on Yom Kippur • What are the five afflictions? [72] Reflections on repentance • (from the Chayei Adam) • How does Hashem show His benevolence to man? What should one do from Rosh Hashanah until Yom Kippur, and why? For what sins should one do teshuvah? Why is the shofar sounded from the beginning of Elul? With what attitude should we prepare ourselves for judgment before Hashem? What do we learn from the pasuk: “Purify yourselves before G-d”? How does one atone for sins against one’s fellow, and why?

How should one repent and confess to Hashem? What subject is it most obligatory to study? [78] Wearing white garments • Why do some people wear a kittel? Why does one wear a white tallis? [79] The Tefillah Zakkah • When is this tefillah read, and what is it about?

The Yom Kippur Tefillos — Part 1 (p. 81–93)

[81] Kol Nidrei • When is Kol Nidrei recited, and why? How does it affect future vows? How many times is it recited, in what way, and why? Why does Kol Nidrei begin the Yom Kippur tefillos? [85] The song of the angels — aloud • Why is the sentence, “Baruch Sheim…” recited aloud on Yom Kippur, rather than silently — as is the practice throughout the year? [85] The confession on Yom Kippur • Why must confession (viduy) be accompanied by a decision to abandon sin? Why then is viduy recited numerous times? What is the reason for the minhag to recite viduy ten times? Why does viduy follow the alphabetical order, and why must one recite it in its entirety even if one does not think one committed all the sins? Why does Hashem prefer that we admit our sins than remain silent? [88] Like the curtains of Shelomo • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [89] The Torah reading for Yom Kippur • What is the kerias HaTorah at Shacharis and Minchah, and why? What is the haftorah at Minchah, and why? [90] Yizkor — the memorial service • What is the purpose of the Yizkor tefillos? Why should children pledge tzedakah on behalf of their departed parents?

[91] Those who are not required to fast • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

The Yom Kippur Tefillos — Part 2 (p. 93–104)

[93] The Divine service in the Beis Hamikdash • At what point in the Yom Kippur tefillos is the Kohen Gadol’s seder ha’avodah (order of service) recited? Why was the Kohen Gadol’s avodah crucial for Yisrael? How did the people know that their sins had been forgiven? [94] Watching the Kohen Gadol perform the service • What was special about the Yom Kippur ketores? Why could the Kohen Gadol not enter the Kodesh Hakadashim wearing his garments of gold? How many times did he change his garments, tovel (immerse himself), and consecrate his hands and feet? [99] They stood crowded but kneeled with ample space • What did the people say and do on hearing the Kohen Gadol pronounce Hashem’s Name? What miracle occurred, and why? [100] A contemporary account • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [102] And now that the Beis Hamikdash no longer stands • What is done today in place of the Yom Kippur avodah? [104] The Divine Name emerges from the mouth of the Kohen Gadol • How could the Kohen Gadol pronounce Hashem’s ineffable Name? [104] Kneeling for Aleinu and for the confession • What should one think about when bowing down during the recital of Aleinu and the Yom Kippur avodah? [106] Ne’ilah — the closing of the gates • Why is this tefillah called Neilah? What is the theme of the extra two sections added to Neilah? What should one think about when reciting in the Shema at the end of Neilah, “Baruch Sheim…” and “Hashem Hu

HaElokim”? What are some of the reasons why the shofar is sounded at the end of Yom Kippur?

TISHREI Chapter 4A: Sukkos [113] Between Yom Kippur and Sukkos • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [113] The Festival of Sukkos • When is the Yom Tov of Succos, and why is it so named? [114] The second day of Yom Tov celebrated in the Diaspora • Why does the Diaspora celebrate an additional day of Yom Tov? Why is this not the case for Yom Kippur? [116] The mitzvos of the Festival • Why do we perform so many mitzvos right after Yom Kippur? Why does Hashem not engage — as it were — in recording Yisrael’s sins until the first day of Succos? And what happens when He (or the Heavenly prosecutor) does begin to look for sins? [118] The mitzvah of succah • Why do we dwell in succos (refer to the pasuk), and what exactly did Hashem make for the Jews who left Mitzrayim? [120] Sukkos and not houses • What lesson about ‘true protection’ does the succah teach us? • (Also see below, [p. 137] “In the shelter of faith.”) [123] Celebrating Sukkos in Tishrei rather than in Nissan • Why is Succos celebrated in Tishrei and not Nissan? (Know the first four reasons.) • Also see [p. 145] “The faith of the rich and the faith of the poor.”) • Why do we read Koheles on Succos? [125] As in the days when we left Egypt • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

[126] Building the succah • How many walls must a succah have? What materials can or must be used to make the walls and the sechach (covering)? How much sechach should one use? [128] The measurements of the succah • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [129] Beautifying the succah • Why should one build a beautiful succah? What is included in this obligation? • (Also see [p. 153] “Beautifying the mitzvah of the four species.”) [130] Establishing the succah as a dwelling • What is required by the command, “You shall DWELL in succos for seven days”? In what cases is one required to eat or sleep in a succah?

TISHREI Chapter 4B: The First Day of Succos [135] Lighting candles / The berachos of the Festival • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [137] In the shelter of faith • Why is the Yom Tov of Succos called “the shelter of faith”? [138] The exalted guests • Why do Yisrael merit seven exalted guests in their succos, and who are these guests? [139, 141] The ushpizin, shepherds of Israel / The ushpizin, shepherds of the entire world • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [142] Corporeal guests • Why is it particularly appropriate to invite poor people into one’s succah?

[144] Give the poor that which is theirs • What is the correct attitude to have when inviting the poor into one’s succah and providing for them? [144] Four and four • Who are Hashem’s ‘four,’ and what reward does He promise those who take care of them? • (Also see [p. 179] “Spiritual joy of the mitzvah rather than physical joy.”) [145] The faith of the rich and the faith of the poor • Why is Succos called Chag HaAsif? What lesson does Succos teach to those blessed with material success and to those who were not?

TISHREI Chapter 4C: The Four Species [149] The four species • What are the arba minim? What is the mitzvah d’Oraisa regarding taking the arba minim? According to Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai’s decree, when must the arba minim be taken, and why? [150] The order of taking the lulav and its blessings • How does one fulfill the mitzvah of thearba minim? Why is the esrog held face down (or left on the table) before reciting the berachah? Why did Chazal prohibit taking the arba minim on Shabbos? [153] Beautifying the mitzvah of the four species • Why is it particularly important that all arba minim be beautiful (mehudar)? • (The lists of qualities that qualify the arba minim as mehudar are not on the syllabus.) • (Also see [p. 157] Making the mitzvah precious.) [155] When the species are unfit for use • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [156] Na’anuim — waving the species • What is symbolized by waving the arba minim?

[157] Making the mitzvah precious • How much should a person spend for the sake of hiddur (beautifying the) mitzvah? Why do Jews tend to spend much more than this? Who reimburses them? [159] Enhancing the mitzvah rather than oneself • What is the proper intent one should have when performing a mitzvah? What bad trait should one be careful of when buying a beautiful esrog? [161] Performing the mitzvah in the proper manner • Is a mitzvah that is fulfilled through an aveirah still a mitzvah? [161] The four species and four types of Jews • What four types of people do the arba minim symbolize? What does binding them together symbolize? [162] All my bones shall declare • What parts of the body do the arba minim represent? What then does taking the arba minim symbolize?

TISHREI Chapter 4D: Chol ha-Mo’ed [165] Nisuch Hamayim — the water libation • What was the Nisuch Hamayim and when was it performed? Why should we try to perform the observances of Succos with more joy than those of the other Yamim Tovim? On what days did the Nisuch Hamayim celebrations take place? [166] Simchas Beis Hasho’evah • What was the Simchas Beis HaSho’evah? From where was the water taken for the Nisuch Hamayim, and why? How (in brief) did the people celebrate? [168] Joy and honor • Why is it so important to fulfill all mitzvos joyously? What do we learn about how to serve Hashem from the eminent people (like Dovid Hamelech and those who rejoiced at the Simchas Beis HaSho’evah)?

[170–176] The joy of cleaving to G-d / … / And you shall rejoice on your Festival • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [177] Yom Tov observance • How did people express their joy on Yom Tov at the time of the Beis Hamikdash, and how do we express it today? How should one honor Yom Tov? How do we fulfill the requirement to have pleasure on Yom Tov? [179] Spiritual joy of the mitzvah rather than physical joy • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [180] The differences between Shabbos and Yom Tov • Which types of work (melachah) are permitted on the Yamim Tovim (but not on Shabbos)? • (Only the first three paragraphs on [p. 180] are on the syllabus. The other detailed halachos of Yom Tov are not.) [182] Chol Hamoed • To which sin is treating Chol Hamoed lightly compared, and what is the punishment? How should one honor Chol Hamoed? • (This is answered on [p. 184].) [185] Shabbos Chol Hamoed • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

TISHREI Chapter 5: Hoshana Rabbah and Shemini Atzeres

Hoshana Rabbah (p. 189–196)

[189] Hoshana Rabbah • What are the “Hoshanos” and how are they performed? How many times is the bimah encircled on the first six days of Succos, and how many times on Hoshanah Rabbah? What is the origin of this minhag? Why is Hoshanah Rabbah so named? What was the aravah service in the Beis Hamikdash, and what minhag is performed today with the aravah? • (To clarify a possible misunderstanding of the text, the aravah service was

performed everyday in the Beis Hamikdash. On the first days the kohanim encircled the Mizbe’ach once, and on Hoshanah Rabbah seven times. We remember this today by encircling the bimah (holding the arba minim) once during the first six days and seven times on Hoshanah Rabbah. In addition, we remember the aravah service today with the rite of beating the aravos, but this is only performed on Hoshanah Rabbah — the day mankind is judged regarding water. (See below, [p. 195] The Aravah) • How do men customarily spend the night of Hoshanah Rabbah, and what special clothing is worn? • (The reasons for these minhagim are explained in the next topic, [p. 191] “The nature of the day.”) [191] The nature of the day • Why is Hoshanah Rabbah marked by profuse tefillah and teshuvah? When is the conclusion of the sealing of judgment? [193] Prayer alone • How do we supplicate Hashem on Hoshanah Rabbah? How do the special practices of the day allude to its nature? [195] The Aravah • How is the rite of beating the aravos performed? [196] Before dark • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

Shemini Atzeres and Simchas Torah (p. 196–208)

[196] Shemini Atzeres • Why is this Yom Tov so named? • (The fifth line of the first paragraph should read: “The name Shemini Atzeres…”) [197] Unique in its sacrifice • What is symbolized by the fact that the additional (Mussaf) sacrifice of the day is only a single ox?

[198] The prayer for rain • When is the world judged for water? Why do we delay davening for rain until Shemini Atzeres? Why do those in Eretz Yisrael start asking for rain on the 7th of Cheshvan? [200] Gevuros geshamim • Why do we praise Hashem for rain in the second berachah of the Amidah? [200] Mashiv Haruach U’morid Hageshem • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [201] Simchas Torah • How is the relationship of Shemini Atzeres to Succos similar to that of Shavuos to Pesach? [203] Siyum Hatorah • Which portion of the Torah is read on Simchas Torah, and why? Why is our rejoicing with the Torah greater than any other joy? [205] Beyond time / Between G-d and man • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [206] Customs • In what manner do we dance with the Torah on Simchas Torah? Who gets called up, and what are the three unique aliyos of the day? [207] A Torah which is always new • Why do we begin the reading of Bereishis on Simchas Torah? [208] Isru Chag • Why does the day following the three Yamim Tovim have a festive character? [209, 210] Birkas Hachodesh / Shabbos Bereishis • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.)

ROSH CHODESH

Rosh Chodesh in History and Today (p. 215–221)

[215] Rosh Chodesh • How was Rosh Chodesh fixed (or sanctified) originally? How was the day originally marked, and what do we do today instead? How is it that the kedushah of Rosh Chodesh never ceased, even though we have no Sanhedrin today? Why did Hillel Hanasi do this? [216] A law unto Moshe from Sinai • How did Hillel know how to calculate Roshei Chodeshim? Why were calculations not used instead of eidus (testimony)? How did the calculations aid the process of receiving eidus? [218] The first sanctification • Why was Rosh Chodesh the first mitzvah given to the Jewish people? What is implied by the words “for you” in the command, “This month shall be the first of months FOR YOU”? [220] This month shall be for you • How does the cycle of the moon symbolize the kingdom of Yisrael and its power of renewal?

The Halachos of Rosh Chodesh (p. 221–224)

[221] Working on Rosh Chodesh • Is there any issur of work on Rosh Chodesh (today)? How and why is the halachah for women different?2

[222] The observance of Rosh Chodesh • How is Rosh Chodesh distinguished from other days in regard to food, dress, and tefillah? Why is Ya’aleh veyavo said? • (See [p. 215–216].)

2. A woman should consult her Rav regarding the minhag of not working on Rosh Chodesh.

• Why does one not have to repeat the Shemoneh Esrei if one forgot to say Ya’aleh veyavo at night? [223] The Torah reading and Mussaf • How many people are called up to the Torah on a weekday and why? • (See [p. 221].) • Is there any difference between the status of the first and second day of Rosh Chodesh? • (It is not necessary to know the other halachos.)

Determining the Jewish Calendar (p. 224–231)

[224] The calculation of the molad • Why is the Jewish calendar not based exclusively upon the cycle of the sun or the moon, like the Christian and Muslim calendars? What halachah l’Moshe miSinai solves this problem? (The additional month is known as Adar Sheini — the second month of Adar.) [226] The nineteen-year cycle • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [227] Two days of Rosh Chodesh • What determined whether the beis din in Yerushalayim declared a one or two-day Rosh Chodesh? [229] Full months and incomplete months • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [230] Rosh Chodesh and the people of Israel • Why are the nations of the world compared to the sun, and Bnei Yisrael to the moon?

A Day of Atonement (p. 231)

[231] Yom Kippur Katan • What is the reason for the minhag of observing Yom Kippur Katan on Erev Rosh Chodesh?

CHESHVAN

The book’s entire section about Cheshvan is not included as part of the syllabus.

KISLEV [255] The month of Kislev • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [256] Chanukah • What is Chanukah — when is it observed; what miracle does it commemorate; what did the Greeks do to the Jews and the Beis Hamikdash; why is the Yom Tov so-named; and for what are the days designated? How do we fulfill the obligation of “praise” and “thanksgiving”?

The Halachos of Chanukah (p. 257–266)

[257] What may be used for lighting the Chanukah lights • Which types of oil and wicks should be used, and why? What sort of Menorah should be used? [258] How the Chanukah lights are lit • How does one light the lights from the first until the eight day? Why do we kindle the additional light first? What berachos are recited? Why is there a shamash? Why should the entire family gather when kindling the lights? [259] Where they are lit • Where should the Chanukah lights be lit? What is the principle which determines these halachos? [260] When they are lit • When should the lights be lit, and for how long? What does one do on Erev Shabbos and on Motza’ei Shabbos? [262] Who is obligated to light • Who is obligated to light? In a shul, on which wall should the lights be

placed, and why? If a number of people are lighting, how should the Menorah of each person be placed? Why should one take special care with this mitzvah? What should a poor person do if: (i) he does not have enough money for oil and lamps; and (ii) he does not have enough money for both Shabbos Kiddush wine and Chanukah oil? Why? [263] Additional laws pertaining to Chanukah • What changes are made to Tefillas Shacharis during Chanukah? Are work, hespedim, and fasting permitted during Chanukah? [264] Customs pertaining to Chanukah • What are the reasons for the minhag of women not to work while the lights are lit? Why is there a minhag to eat foods made of cheese and oil? How can the meals eaten during Chanukah be considered seudos mitzvah? Why is it customary to focus public concern during Chanukah on education? What is the reason for the traditions of giving Chanukah gelt (money) and for children to play with the dreidel?

The Story and Themes of Chanukah (p. 266–296)

[266] An auspicious day for inauguration and greatness • How was the 25th of Kislev prepared for its greatness from the days of Moshe Rabbeinu and Chaggai HaNavi (when the Jews returned from Galus Bavel)? [267] Allusions from the Torah for the festival of Chanukah • Where in the Torah do we find allusions to Chanukah? [268] Why Chanukah is observed for eight days • Why did the rabbanim decree that Chanukah be observed for eight days? • (You should know most of the answers.) • (To clarify answer 9 on [p. 70]: Chanukah is celebrated for eight days because the first day that the oil burned was also considered a miracle, for the Jews realized that even apparently natural events are in fact miraculous.)

[271] Purity in the midst of defilement • Why did the Jews wait seven days in order to make pure oil rather than immediately lighting with impure oil? [271] Why the Talmud recounts only the miracle of the oil • What mitzvos did the Greeks prohibit? • (The book explains on [p. 256] that they also forbade limud Hatorah. The other three prohibitions will be discussed in greater detail in the section: [p. 281] “When beauty turns to ugliness.”) • Why does the Gemara only refer to the miracle of the oil, and not the miraculous military victory? To what does the oil allude? Hence to what do the following allude to: (i) the defilement of the oil by the Greeks, (ii) the finding of pure oil, and (iii) the miracle that it burned for eight days? [273] The Chanukah lights are beloved • What is symbolized by the fact that Hashem commands and wants the Jewish people to light a Menorah in the Beis Hamikdash? Hence, why did the Greeks seek to nullify the mitzvah? [276] Divine judgment shows no favor • What happened to the Chashmonaim, and why were they punished so severely despite their righteousness? [278] The battle between purity and impurity • What were the basic beliefs of Greek culture? What did the Greeks seek to do to the Jewish people and why? At what point did the Chashmonaim decide to wage war against the Greeks, and why? • (When the book states (at the beginning of the second paragraph): “The Greeks had no designs upon Israel’s physical freedom,” this means that they would have been happy to rule over the Jews without subjugating them physically if they would accept Greek culture. However, when the Jews refused to accept it, the Greeks were of course prepared to slaughter them, as described on [p. 283]!) [279] The dominion of Greece • Why was the Torah translated into Greek?

• (Also see [p. 300] “The translation of the seventy.”) • What was the conflict between the Syrian-Greeks and the Jews (Yehudah) about? [281] When beauty turns to ugliness • When does the wisdom and beauty of Yafes (Greek culture) find its fulfillment, and when does it become ugly? • (The answer to this question also refers to the previous section.) • Why did the Greeks seek to nullify the mitzvos of Shabbos, kiddush hachodesh, and bris milah? [283] Hellenism • How did the Greeks at first seek to rule the Jews? Who were the Hellenists? What was their influence in the nation? Why were the Jews forced to go to war against King Antiochus? [284] The miracle of the rebellion • How did the attitude of the women inspire Mattisyahu and his five sons to go to war? Of what was the new Menorah constructed? [285] Measure for measure • How does the victory against the Greeks teach that Hashem gives victory to the righteous, not to the strong? Why are the Greeks compared to darkness? [287] The difference between Chanukah and Purim • Why did the Jews respond to Haman’s decree of annihilation with tefillos and fasting, but to the Greek’s decrees against the Torah with warfare? Why is Chanukah celebrated with lights, whereas Purim is celebrated with feasting? [289] Insights into Chanukah • Why did Chazal prohibit deriving benefit from the Chanukah lights? Why do we say in the berachah over the Chanukah lights, “in those days, at THIS time”? Why did Chazal only establish Chanukah as an annual Yom Tov in the year following the miracles? For what do we recite Hallel and for what Al Hanissim?

• (Just as there are symbols separating the unrelated insights on [p. 290– 291], there should have been symbols before the paragraphs beginning: “In those days…”; “The next year…”; and “Praise [Hallel] and thanksgiving” on [p. 292–293], for these are also unrelated topics.) [294] Zos Chanukah • Why is the last day of Chanukah referred to as “Zos Chanukah”? In what way does it allude to the essence of Chanukah? [294] Chanukah and Purim • Why will Purim and Chanukah never be annulled? [296] All Jews are equal on Chanukah and Purim • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

TEVES

The book’s entire section about Teves is not included as part of the syllabus.

SHEVAT • Note: Most of the book’s section about Shevat is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [342] The four parashiyos • What are the names of the four special Shabbosos which have a special leining (reading) (even though they do not coincide with a Yom Tov etc.)? What maftir is leined on each of them? [344] Parashas Shekalim • [The first of the four parshiyos] • For what was the half-shekel used, when was it given, and who was obligated in the mitzvah? When was Parshas Shekalim read, and why? Why is it read today?

[346] Providing the remedy before the blow • Why is Parshas Shekalim read before Parshas Zachor? • (This section will be better understood after reading the sections on Amalek (below) and also [p. 413].)

Volume 2: Adar–Nissan

ADAR Chapter 1: The Month of Adar

The book’s entire chapter about the month of Adar is not included as part of the syllabus.

ADAR Chapter 2: Amalek [375] Parashas Zachor • [The second of the four parshiyos] • When is Parshas Zachor read, and why? What is the name of the Shabbos, and why? What are the mitzvos d’Oraisa regarding Amalek? • (Unfortunately there is an error in the last line of the second paragraph: Instead of “Our Sages explained: You shall obliterate the memory — verbally…” it should state: “Our Sages explained: You shall remember what Amalek did — verbally…” Thus, to clarify the text: There are actually three mitzvos: (i) To remember what Amalek did to Yisrael (when they left Mitzrayim) — this is fulfilled by verbally recalling Amalek’s treachery; (ii) not to forget what Amalek did to Yisrael — this is fulfilled by harboring enmity to Amalek in our hearts; and (iii) to obliterate Amalek’s offspring and his ‘memory’ (i.e., anything reminding us of Amalek). The reading of Parshas Zachor helps us fulfill the first two mitzvos.) • Are women obligated to hear Parshas Zachor? Why? [377, 378] Amalek / Amalek’s hatred for Israel • Who was Amalek? What did Eisov teach and command him? How does Amalek’s hatred for Yisrael differ from that of the other nations?

[380] The first among nations • Why is Amalek referred to as “the first among nations”? Why did Hashem command Yisrael to obliterate the memory of Amalek? [382] The first ones / And Amalek came • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [384] The source of Amalek’s power — Refidim • How was Amalek able to attack Yisrael at a time when they were under the Shechinah’s protection? • (The attack in Refidim was the first time Amalek attacked the Jews, just after they left Mitzrayim.) • (Only the first paragraph is on the syllabus.) [388] Idolatry in the camp of Israel • Amalek has the power to attack Yisrael when they commit which sin? • The remaining topics in this chapter [p. 390–396] are not on the syllabus.

ADAR Chapter 3: Purim

Before Purim (p. 399–402)

[399] A day of mobilization — a day of fasting • Why do we fast on the 13th of Adar? What was the purpose of the taanis at the time of Haman? Why is the fast called Taanis Esther? [400] The fast of Esther • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [401] The half-shekel • Why is it customary to give three half-coins — and why specifically three — on the 13th or 14th of Adar? What is the money used for, and when exactly is it given? • (The portion of Ki Sisa is read on Parshas Shekalim. See above, [p. 344] “Parashas Shekalim.” )

[402] The day of Nikanor • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

The General Halachos of Purim (p. 402–410)

[402] The days of Purim • Why were different days established as Purim in different cities? What condition determines whether a city celebrates Purim on the 14th or 15th of Adar? What are these two days of Purim called? Apart from Shushan, which is the only city which celebrates Purim on the 15th? [404] The observance of the day • What four mitzvos did the Sanhedrin and Nevi’im prescribe for Purim? What additional halachos did Chazal later prescribe? Why is Hallel not recited on Purim? Are work, hespedim, and fasting permitted on Purim? [405] The three-day Purim • When the 15th of Adar falls on Shabbos, why are the four mitzvos not fulfilled on Shabbos in walled-cities?

The Megillah: A. The Laws (p. 407–411) • [The first of the four mitzvos] [407] The reading of the Megillah • When is the Megillah read? Who is obligated in the mitzvah? Why is it preferable for the reading to be in a shul in the presence of a minyan? How can one fulfill the mitzvah by hearing the Megillah read? Why does the congregation also recite four pesukim aloud? [409] The blessings recited on the Megillah • What should be the intentions of the one reciting the berachos and of those listening to them? What particular intention should they have when hearing the shehecheyanu in the morning?

The Megillah: B. Extracts From the Story of Purim (p. 411–431)3 • [The first of the four mitzvos] [411] From the commentaries of the Sages on Megillas Esther • (This section contains commentaries on all parts of Megillas Esther. The following sections then discuss the Megillah in sequence.) • Who participated in the feast of King Achashverosh? • (The book explains on [p. 432, 434, and 435] that the Jews sinned by participating in this meal.) • Why did the elders not want to participate? How did Haman convince Achashverosh to agree to annihilate the Jews? Why did Haman given 10,000 kikar of silver (to Achashverosh)? • (Also see [p. 347].) • On what days did the Jews of Shushan fast, and why? What are three reasons why Esther invited Haman to her feast with Achashverosh? [415–419] Haman’s letter / … / Three verses — three wars • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [420] Mordechai’s prayer • Why did Mordechai not bow down to Haman? • (Also see [p. 429–430].) [420] The cries of the lambs • How was Hashem’s mercy for His people awakened? [421, 422] Esther’s prayer / Esther enters the inner courtyard • What did Esther do on being told by Mordechai that she had to plead with Achashverosh for her people? [423] Zeresh’s advice • Why did Haman seek Zeresh’s advice, and why did she reply as she did?

3. Since the following sections (until [p. 431]) only contain extracts from Megillas Esther, if you are unfa- miliar with the story of the Purim miracle, you should refer to a Megillah. An English translation can be found in the back of the Stone Chumash (Artscroll Series /Mesorah Publications) on [p. 1252].

[423] Haman’s scaffold • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [424] The king could not sleep • What does the pasuk mean by saying “the king” could not sleep? Why did Achashverosh want the sefer hazichronos (Book of Remembrance) read to him? [426] Achashverosh’s dream and its interpretation • (This topic section also discusses the end of the Megillah.) • Why did Achashverosh become angry at Haman? How was Haman humiliated before Mordechai and all the people of Shushan? Why did Mordechai not bow down to Haman? On defeating Amalek, why did the Jews refrain from taking spoils of war? What does the pasuk allude to by stating, “The Jews affirmed and accepted…”?

The Festive Meal (p. 431–439) • [The second of the four mitzvos] [431] Feasting and rejoicing • When should the seudah be held? Why did Chazal decree to drink wine on Purim? How much wine should one drink (taking all factors into account)? Why is it customary to eat vegetables? With which of the following mitzvos is it most preferable to elaborate, and why: (i) having an extravagant meal, (ii) giving gifts to friends, or (iii) giving gifts to the poor? Why is the seudah generally held in the afternoon rather than the morning? [433] The significance of the festive Purim meal • Why must the Jewish people sanctify their physical life? What does the mitzvah to eat a seudah signify? [434] Until he cannot differentiate • What two major sins had the Jews committed to make them deserving of destruction (by Haman)? How does becoming intoxicated demonstrate our faith in Hashem?

[437] Why we wear disguises on Purim • What is one reason for the minhag of wearing disguises? [439] Al Hanissim • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

Gifts for the poor and for friends (p. 439–443) • [The third and fourth of the four mitzvos] [439] Gifts for the poor • How does one fulfill this mitzvah — in terms of the number of gifts, their contents and amount, and when and to whom they should be given? Who is obligated in this mitzvah? [441] Exchanging gifts of food between friends — mishlo’ach manos • How does one fulfill this mitzvah — in terms of the number of gifts, their contents and amount, when they should be given, and how they should be given? Who is obligated in this mitzvah? Should one give more gifts to the poor or more gifts to friends? [441] Love and unity — a shield against Amalek • Why did Esther tell Mordechai to “gather all the Jews” in order to counter Haman’s evil plans? Hence, how do the mitzvos of Purim protect us from Amalek’s power? [442] Humility and gratitude • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

Allusions to Other Festivals (p. 443–444)

[443] Purim allusions • How is Purim like Pesach, Shavuos, and Yom Kippur? [443] Yom Kippur — a day like Purim • How is Yom Kippur like Purim? [444] Purim and the Megillah will never be abolished • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

• Refer to [p. 287] and [p. 294] of the Chanukah syllabus.

ADAR Chapter 4: The End of the Month • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about the end of Adar is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic heading of the material which you need to study for the examination. [453] Parashas Parah • [The third of the four parshiyos] • Why is Parshas Parah read before the month of Nissan?

NISSAN Chapter 1: The month of Nissan • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about the month of Nissan is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [463] Parashas Hachodesh • What Torah portion is read on Parshas Hachodesh? [464] Public esteem • Why did Chazal ordain reading this additional parshah on this particular Shabbos (before or on Rosh Chodesh Nissan)? [467] The month that is redemption • How did the experience of bondage deepen Yisrael’s appreciation of geulah? What happened in Nissan that made it predestined to be the month of geulah? [471] The natural order is suspended • What was the purpose of Yisrael’s galus and the miraculous geulah? How does Yisrael differ from the other nations? [472] The month of Nissan • Why did Hashem command the Jews in Mitzrayim to slaughter a lamb as the Korban Pesach?

[488] Kimcha d’Pischa • What is kimcha d’Pischa? Who must contribute, and who receives?

NISSAN Chapter 2: Shabbos Hagadol • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about Shabbos Hagadol is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [495] Shabbos Hagadol • When is Shabbos Hagadol? What happened on the first Shabbos Hagadol to give this day its name? [497] Remembering the miracle on Shabbos rather than on the tenth of Nissan • Why is the miracle commemorated on Shabbos? • (To clarify the final reason: We do not wish to celebrate the miracles which transpired in Mitzrayim on the same day that Miriam died.) [502] Other customs of Shabbos Hagadol • Why is there a minhag to read part of the Pesach Haggadah on Shabbos Hagadol? Why is it customary for the Rav to address the congregation on this Shabbos?

NISSAN Chapter 3: Chametz and Matzah [513] Removing Chametz • When can the mitzvah of searching for and removing chametz from one’s home be performed, and when did Chazal decree that it be performed? What if a person fails to remove chametz? • (You do not need to know the specific mitzvos transgressed. The exact definition of chametz will be discussed on [p. 528].) [514] The search for chametz and its nullification • Why did Chazal decree that one has to remove chametz from one’s house after searching for it, and not rely on nullifying it in one’s mind

and declaring it ownerless? Why did Chazal rule that one must renounce ownership of chametz after searching for and removing it? [517] The time for the search • Why did Chazal decree that the search for chametz be performed in the evening? What is prohibited half an hour before the time for the search? [519] Using a candle for the search • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [520] The berachah recited on the search • Why does the berachah recited before searching for chametz refer to destroying it? [522, 524] The manner in which the search is conducted / After the search • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [526] Selling chametz • In what situation may one sell chametz to a non-Jew? Where should the chametz be stored? What should be the intent of the seller? [528] Chametz and its prohibitions • What is chametz? How long does it take for a mixture of flour and water to become chametz? Can chametz be nullified before or on Pesach? At what point does chametz become forbidden on Erev Pesach? Why did Chazal extend the issur d’Oraisa? What is the punishment for someone who eats chametz? What must be done with chametz which remained in one’s possession during Pesach? [530] The great care and strictness regarding the prohibition of chametz • Why do some people follow extra chumros (beyond the letter of the law) on Pesach, and what should be our attitude to such chumros? [531] Preparing vessels for use on Pesach • Why must special pots and dishes be used on Pesach (or the existing pot kashered)?

[532] Matzah shemurah and regular matzah • Why must we “guard” matzah, from what time is it done, and how? From what time is matzah shemurah guarded? [534] Water that has stood overnight / Handmade matzos and machine-made matzos • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [536] Kitniyos • Why do many communities not eat kitniyos on Pesach? [537] Soaking matzah in water • Should the minhag of not eating gebrocht (matzah which has been soaked) be abolished? • (One possible reason for this issur is that people may come to confuse matzah meal (ground matzah) with flour.) [538] Chametz and matzah — some hidden meanings • To what character traits do chametz and yeast allude, and thus why are they forbidden on Pesach even in tiny amounts? How is the difference between chametz and matzah alluded to in the spelling of these words? Why is chametz a symbol of the yetzer hara, and hence what does the search for chametz — and its removal — symbolize? • How did the mitzvos of removing chametz and slaughtering the lamb for the Korban Pesach protect the Jews in Mitzrayim from the punishment visited upon the Mitzriyim? [542] Preparation for reading the Haggadah • Why must one remove the “chametz in his heart” in order to properly celebrate Pesach? • (Only [p. 542] (including the last paragraph which ends on [p. 543]) is on the syllabus.)

NISSAN Chapter 4: Erev Pesach • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about Erev Pesach is not included as part

of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [548] The fast of the firstborn • What does the taanis commemorate? Why is it celebrated on the 14th of Nissan? [572] Preparing for the Seder • How should a person prepare for the Seder and why?

NISSAN Chapter 5: The Seder Night [575] The customs of the rabbis • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [576] The correct time for the Seder • What is the earliest time that the Seder can begin, and why? [576] Preparations for the Seder • What is needed in order to make the Seder? What type of wine and matzah should ideally be used? Why should the zeroa be prepared in the daytime? What do the zeroa and the egg symbolize? • What is charoses, and what does it symbolize? [579] Maariv • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [580] The night when the Festival is sanctified • What is the special song of Pesach night? How should we prepare our hearts and minds for Pesach night? How should we dress, and why? [582] Wearing white garments at the Seder • Why does the person leading the Seder wear a white kittel? [583] Candle lighting • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

[584] The order of the Seder • Why should the order of the Seder not be changed in any way? [586] The mitzvos of the Seder applicable in our times • Which two mitzvos d’Oraisa are fulfilled on Seder night? Which two mitzvos d’Rabbanan are fulfilled? To whom must the Haggadah be told? Why is eating marror not a Torah requirement today? What is the purpose of the minhagim and practices of Seder night? [587] Rules for conducting the Seder • Why do we intersperse the drinking of the cups throughout the Seder? Why do we not begin reciting the Haggadah immediately after Kiddush? • (The book explains on [p. 606] why it is unusual to wash hands to eat karpas. On [p. 618–619] the book summarizes everything done between Kiddush and the four questions (Ma Nishtanah).) • Why is the afikoman eaten at the end of the meal? [589] A brief summary of the Seder • What is the explanation of the fifteen elements of the Seder? • (“Motzi” and “matzah” are considered one element.) • (Note that the following topics do not always follow the order of the Seder.) [591] The Kiddush • What should one have in mind when reciting shehecheyanu? [592] Reclining • At what point during the Seder do we recline? According to the Rambam, why must we recline? Why is it customary not to recline when eating marror and karpas? Why does the person leading the Seder not pour his own cup of wine? [594] The four cups • Who is obligated in the mitzvah of the arba kossos, and why? According to R’ Yochanan, what does the mitzvah of the arba kossos symbolize? [598] Red wine • What does red wine remind us of?

[599] The mitzvah of the four cups needs no blessing / The fifth cup • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [600] The three matzos • What is symbolized by the breaking in half of the middle matzah? [602] Haste • How does matzah allude to both galus and geulah? Why is it important to remember our galus when recalling our geulah? What is the highest form of freedom? [603] Marror and charoses • What does marror symbolize? Who is required to eat it, and why? Why should one preferably use lettuce to fulfill the mitzvah? Why is it dipped in charoses? What does charoses symbolize? Why do we try to experience the bitterness and sweetness of exile? • (Also see [p. 577].) [606] Karpas • Why do we eat karpas, and what does it symbolize? [607] Korech • What is korech, and what does it commemorate? [607, 609] The bone and egg / Eggs in salt water • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [611] The afikoman • Why should the afikoman preferably be eaten before chatzos? Why was the Korban Pesach eaten after theKorban Chagigah? In what manner was it eaten, and hence, how should the afikoman be eaten today? [612] Afikoman customs • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [614] The order of the Haggadah • How was the mitzvah of relating the geulah from Mitzrayim originally

performed? Who established the text of our Haggadah, and how did it change after the Churban Beis Hamikdash? [617] We begin with denigration and conclude with praise • What are the derogatory and the praiseworthy parts of our history that must be recounted in the Haggadah? • (Also see [p. 615] the last paragraph of the citation from the Rambam.) • What are the four different types of sons referred to by the Torah? [618] An overview of the Haggadah • How do we arouse the children’s curiosity? What do we learn from the incident in Bnei Brak about the obligation to recite the Haggadah? How were our ancestors ‘refined’? According to Rabban Gamliel, what three things must a person speak about to fulfill his obligation to recount the story of the geulah? Of what does the Korban Pesach remind us? What does the matzah commemorate? Why could the Jews not stay another moment in Mitzrayim? What did the Jews do that caused Hashem to make the Mitzriyim and Par’oh hate and oppress them? Who were the first ones to sing Hallel? Why is Hallel recited only after recounting the story of our slavery and geulah? Why do we interrupt Hallel with the Seder meal? [625] The Haggadah in any language • In what language should the Haggadah be recited?

NISSAN Chapter 6: Song and Accusation • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about song and accusation is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [629] Shir Hashirim • When is Shir Hashirim read? [632] The parable of the lovers • Shir Hashirim is a mashal for what?

[633] Reading Shir ha-Shirim on Pesach • Why is Shir Hashirim read on Pesach? [637] A compendium of Midrashim regarding Egypt • (Only the account of the Eser Makkos and the geulah is on the syllabus [p. 642–650], NOT including the paragraphs about Yosef (from the last paragraph on [p. 647] to the end of the third paragraph on [p. 649].) • Why did Hashem bring the plague of blood first? What waters were affected? How did the plague make the Jews rich? • What did the plague of frogs do to the Mitzriyim? • What was miraculous about the way Moshe created makkas shechin? • What was unusual about the darkness in the plague of darkness? How did the plague of darkness convince the Mitzriyim to lend their possessions to the Jews? What happened to the Jews during the plague of darkness? • What did the Mitzriyim do to evade makkas bechoros, and what happened? What two mitzvos protected the firstborn Jews from being struck with the Mitzriyim? What happened to the gods of Mitzrayim in the plague, and what did Par’oh do? Why did the Jews not leave Mitzrayim when the plague struck, but instead waited until morning? How did they bake the dough which they took out of Mitzrayim?

NISSAN Chapter 7: Pesach and the Omer • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about Pesach and the omer is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination.

Special Festival Prayers (p. 668, 672, 673)

[668] The order of Prayer • Why do we not recite the complete Hallel on Chol Hamoed and the seventh day of Pesach, whereas we do on all the days of Succos? [672] Pesach as a time of judgment • What judgment takes place on Pesach?

[673] The prayer for dew • Why do we stop davening for rain on Pesach and start davening for dew?

Counting the Omer (p. 676, 681, 689)

[676] The counting of the omer • On what day do we begin counting the omer and for how long do we continue? [680] Reasons for the mitzvos • What are two possible reasons why we count the omer? [689] The mitzvah of the omer • According to the Gemara, why did the Torah command bringing a Korban Omer on Pesach? Of what type of grain did it consist?

Chol Hamoed (p. 695–697)

[695] Chol Hamoed • What is the source of the issur against working on Chol Hamoed? How do we honor Chol Hamoed? Should one eat matzah at the meals? [696] Wearing tefillin on Chol Hamoed • What is the halachah or minhag about wearing tefillin on Chol Hamoed? [697] The sanctity of Chol Hamoed • How does one “belittle” Chol Hamoed, and what is the punishment? • (See above [p. 184].)

NISSAN Chapter 8: The Seventh Day of Pesach • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about the seventh day of Pesach is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic heading of the material which you need to study for the examination.

[701] The seventh day of Pesach • Why do we not recite shehecheyanu on the seventh day of Pesach? What does the day commemorate?

Volume 3: Iyar–Elul

IYAR

The book’s entire section about Iyar is not included as part of the syllabus.

SIVAN Chapter 1: The Month of Sivan • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about the month of Sivan is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination.

Historical Background — Part 1 (p. 763–772)

[761] The names of the months • Why did Yisrael merit receiving the Torah when they encamped in Midbar Sinai? [762] The laws pertaining to the month of Sivan • Why is tachanun not said during the first twelve days of the month of Sivan? [763] Days of restriction and abstinence • On what day was the Torah given to Yisrael? On what day was it supposed to be given? Why was it in fact given a day later? [765, 767] The mission of Israel / You have seen • What was the mission that Hashem ‘asked’ Yisrael to accept? What would be the reward? How did they respond? • (The portion of the Torah told to Yisrael five days before receiving the Torah is cited at the top of [p. 564]. It is explained in detail, phrase by phrase, in the section “You have seen.”)

[769] The seventh day which is the sixth • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.)

Names of the Festival (p. 772–774)

[772] Shavuos — the names of the festival • What are the four names of the Yom Tov, and why does it have these names? • (To understand the paragraph beginning, “The day of bikkurim”, refer to [p. 783] “The additional offerings brought on Shavuos,” wherein the “offering brought of the two selected loaves of bread” is described in more detail. Also refer to the first three paragraphs on [p. 885] wherein the bringing of “the altar offerings of first fruits” is described in more detail.) [773] A day of assembly • What does “Atzeres” mean? [773] Atzeres — one day • Why is Shavuos celebrated for just one day, unlike Succos and Pesach? [774] Israel: G-d’s fruit • According to R’ Chayim ben Atar, why should the Yom Tov be called “Shevuos” as opposed to “Shavuos”?

Laws and Customs (p. 775–787)

[775] Laws and customs of Shavuos • How many seudos Yom Tov should one have, and what should they comprise? Why is it customary (for men) to immerse in a mikveh on Erev Shavuos? Why should Maariv and Kiddush not be recited before nightfall? How is it customary to decorate the home and shul? • (The reason will be explained below, [p. 785].) • How is the night customarily spent, and what is the reward for this? • (The reason will be explained below, [p. 787].) [777, 780] Akdamus / Azharos / The kesubah • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.)

[781] The Torah reading for Shavuos • What is the Kerias HaTorah of (the first day of) Shavuos? Why isMegillas Rus read on Shavuos? • (See below, [p. 814].) • Why is it customary to read Tehillim on Shavuos? [782, 783] Ta’am Elyon and Ta’am Tachton: two modes of cantillation / The additional offerings brought on Shavuos • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [783] Eating dairy foods on Shavuos • What foods are customarily eaten on Shavuos? [784] Reasons for eating dairy foods • What are three reasons for the minhag of eating dairy foods on Shavuos? [785] Reasons for decorating with leaves and branches • What are two reasons for the minhag of decorating homes and shuls with leaves, flowers, and branches? [785, 786] Other special dishes / Teaching Torah to children • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.) [787] The tikkun of Shavuos night • Why is it fitting to stay awake on Shavuos night?

Historical Background — Part 2 (p. 788–814)

[788] Midrashic comments on the giving of the Torah • Why does the pasuk describing the work of the sixth day of Creation state “THE sixth day” with an apparently superfluous definite article? Did Hashem only offer the Torah to Yisrael? How did they respond? Why did the malachim agree that the Torah should be given to man and not remain in Shamayim? Why was the Torah given in a place that belonged to no one, outside Eretz Yisrael, in a midbar?

[792] We shall do and we shall hear • How did Hashem respond to Yisrael’s declaration, “We shall do and we shall hear”? • (This expression indicated that the people trusted that all of Hashem’s commandments are good.) • What is alluded to by the pasuk, “And they stood at the foot of the mountain”? [792] Why the Torah was not given immediately • Why did Hashem not give the Torah to Yisrael immediately when they left Mitzrayim? Were there any sick among Yisrael at Mattan Torah? Why were the Aseres Hadibros not written at the beginning of the Torah? Why was the Torah given on Har Sinai? Who accompanied Hashem when He came to give the Torah? What happened to Yisrael when they heard the first commandment? What (in brief) did Yisrael see, hear, and experience at Mattan Torah? What parts of the Torah did Hashem teach Moshe at Har Sinai? [800] Midrashic comments on the Ten Commandments • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [814] Reading the Book of Ruth on Shavuos • Why is Megillas Rus read on Shavuos? • (To clarify the final reason, Rus was a giyores from Moav, but Boaz, the judge of Yisrael, was nevertheless permitted to marry her. From them Dovid Hamelech was descended.)

SIVAN Chapters 2–4: Ruth and David / … / Bikkurim — the End of the Month • (These three chapters are not included as part of the syllabus.)

TAMMUZ • Note: Most of the book’s section about the month of Tammuz is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination.

[897] Fast of the seventeenth of Tammuz • What is the purpose of a taanis? [898] Five calamities on the same day • What five calamities occurred on Shivah Asar B’Tammuz? [906] The breaching of the walls • When were the walls of the first Beis Hamikdash breached, and why was it recorded incorrectly? [910] The three weeks • What is the name of the three-week period between the 17th of Tammuz and the 9th of Av, and why is it so-named? What halachos and minhagim of mourning are observed during this period? • (You only need to be familiar with the basic halachos of marriages, listening to music, dancing, pleasure trips, haircuts and shaving, and reciting the berachah of shehecheyanu.)

AV Chapter 1: The month of Av [915] The month of Av • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [916] When Av enters • What additional halachos and minhagim of mourning begin in the month of Av? • (You only need to be familiar with the basic halachos of purchasing new clothing, washing clothing, wearing freshly laundered clothing, eating meat and drinking wine, and bathing.) [918] Shabbos Chazon • Why is this Shabbos so-named? [919] Erev Tishah B’Av • What is customarily ate at the seudah hamafsekes, and why? In what manner is the meal eaten?

Laws of Tisha B’Av (p. 921–928)

[921] The laws of Tishah B’Av • What five things are forbidden on this day? Why is limud HaTorah prohibited? What are the halachos of working? How should one sit, sleep, and dress on Tishah B’Av? [924] Ma’ariv • Which Megillah is read on Tishah B’Av? [926] Shacharis • Why is there a widespread minhag not to wear tefillin at Shacharis? [928] Minchah • Why is Nacheim only said at Minchah (according to the Ashkenazi tradition)? • The remaining topics in this chapter [p. 928–931] are not on the syllabus.

AV Chapter 2: The Generation of the Spies • Note: Most of the book’s chapter about the generation of the meraglim is not included as part of the syllabus. This outline therefore only lists the topic headings of the material which you need to study for the examination. [935] Tragedy on a day of guilt • What five tragedies occurred on the 9th of Av? [936] Unwarranted weeping • (It is only necessary to study the first three paragraphs of this section.) • What happened in the midbar on the 9th of Av, inducing Hashem to decree that the day would become a day of weeping? [938–946] Divine revelation / … / The palace of the king4 • (There are no topic questions associated with these subtitles.)

4. These sections discuss the reasons behind the Cheit HaMeraglim. They are not on the syllabus. However, if you are perplexed by the cheit you are encouraged to read them, especially the section entitled “A fearful heart” [p. 944].

[948] A time of weeping throughout the generations • Why should later generations suffer for the sin of the generation of the meraglim? How does the weeping throughout the generations rectify that sin?

AV Chapter 3: The Destruction

The Destruction of the First Beis Hamikdash (p. 955–968)

[955] The destruction of the Beis Hamikdash • When was the First Beis Hamikdash despoiled and destroyed, and by whom? [956] Midrashim on the destruction of the Sanctuaries • Why was Nevuchadnetzar able to destroy the Beis Hamikdash? Why were the Jews exiled? What was Yirmiyahu’s reaction? What was happening in Shamayim at the time of the Churban? What was Hashem’s ‘reaction’ to the Churban? [966] G-d vented His anger • Why were the keruvim embracing at the time of the Churban?

The Destruction of the Second Beis Hamikdash (p. 968–985)

[968] The second destruction • What is the incident of Kamtza and Bar Kamtza, and why did it bring about the destruction of Yerushalayim? Why did the people of Yerushalayim have nothing to eat during the Roman siege? How did Hashem punish Titus, and why? To which sins is sinas chinam considered equal? [978] The destruction of Tur Malka • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [980] The fall of Beitar • Why did Hashem allow Beitar to fall to the Romans? • (As mentioned on [p. 935], this event also took place on Tishah B’Av.)

[986] The enduring sanctity of the Temple Mount in its destruction • (There are no topic questions associated with this subtitle.) [987] Why the Sanctuaries were destroyed • Why were the first and second Batei Mikdash destroyed? [987] From the time of the destruction • How has the Churban Beis Hamikdash affected the Jewish people and their relationship with Hashem? • The remaining topics in this chapter [p. 988–1002], as indeed the rest of the book, are not on the syllabus.

—Essay Writing Guidelines—

The purpose of the essay section is to test your ability to compose coherent, intelligent, and well-supported essays on the assigned topics detailed in this Study Pack. These guidelines are designed to help you maximize the credit earned for your essays — which are worth 66.7% of the entire examination grade. The effort you make to fulfill these criteria will be significantly reflected in your final grade.

Essay Criteria

Your answers are evaluated according to four grading categories: 1. Thoroughness 2. Support for ideas 3. Organization 4. Relevance of answers

1. Thoroughness To receive full credit for this section you need to display a thorough knowledge of the issues raised by the essay question, including any relevant halachos. The ideas and arguments should be clear and well defined and include an appropriate degree of critical analysis where required. Points are deducted for clearly false or illogical comments. An advanced level essay requires investment of a significant amount of careful thought and preparation so you can provide in-depth answers and avoid shortcuts in presentation. Answering essay questions, especially thematic essays, involves more than simple memorization and relation of information. You are required to analyze and synthesize various ideas and concepts listed in the syllabus. Be sure to address all essential details of the essay question, for any compulsory sub- questions that are omitted or incomplete can result in a loss of 1–5 percent each. Ideally, the essay should discuss all major parts of the question in approximately equal amounts. Lengthy description in one important area followed by too brief a description

MoadimAdvSP v01.indd Page 55 of 65 © 2019 by Torah Accreditation Liaison. All Rights Reserved. Advanced Moadim in another important area suggests a lack of thoroughness in that second area. NOTE: Thoroughness is also measured by quantity. A very short essay clearly lacks thoroughness in the discussions and descriptions necessary for the essay question. However, digressions and deviations about irrelevant material lose points because they display disorganization of thought.

2. Support for Ideas To receive full credit for this section, make sure that the key ideas in your essay are supported by an appropriate amount of evidence. This includes relevant examples, halachos, references to texts or other sources, and/or any other appropriate evidence.

External Sources In addition to using the sources listed in the syllabus, you may choose to address the essay topic with information gleaned from independent study of other parts of the source book(s) or other classic/authoritative sources.

3. Organization In addition to the comprehensiveness of the content itself, an advanced essay is expected to be well organized. In order to receive full credit in the Organization category, ensure that the points you make in your answer (i) follow a coherent, logical order (e.g., the order in which they occur in the question) and (ii) are differentiated from each other clearly. You should present supporting evidence (examples) in an organized fashion following each point you make. Random examples, as well as discussions that are irrelevant to the question or do not follow the structural flow of the answers, result in a loss of 5-10 percent. When called for, use smooth transitional phrases between different points. Scrap paper is available during the examination so you can sketch an outline of your essay before writing out your final version. The structural outline need not be written separately, but an order must be discernable in the flow of your final answer.

4. Relevance of Answers Points for this category are awarded based on the extent to which your answers address the essay questions. Make sure to answer ALL of the sub-questions unless a choice is given. All your discussions of the essay topic must be directly relevant to the question being asked. Your final score from the first three grading categories is multiplied by the percentage to which you answer the question. This means that if you only address half of the question, your score is reduced by half!

Constructing The Essays

Sub-questions The essay questions sometimes have a number of sub-questions that follow the general question. The first important step when tackling a question of this type is to understand the general question. Afterwards, see how the sub-questions fit into the general question. Read the question carefully to determine how many of the sub-questions you are required to deal with. In some cases, the sub-questions are obligatory, whereas other times they are optional ideas to include in your answer of the main essay question. A question may say, for example, “Refer to most of the following points…” This means that the subsequent sub-questions are suggested leads for you to follow and you do not need to address all of the sub-questions in order to answer the main question, though you should address a majority of them.

Structure There are a number of possible approaches to structuring your essay. You may choose to work according to the order of the questions or to follow an alternative structured arrangement. Whichever system you decide to abide by, take care to communicate the ideas in proper essay format — with an introduction, body, and conclusion.

The essay should be a minimum of 300 words in length. There is no maximum limit, as long as the content conforms to a logical structure. Length without substance earns no marks; there is no point “filling space” if the content is irrelevant or adds nothing to the answer.

Advanced Moadim (Jewish Thought 202)

—Sample Examination—

This examination contains the following sections, each worth a third of the total grade:

I. Short Answers Answer one out of three short answer questions. In the formal examination you will have a choice of 10 out of 13 questions.

II. Descriptive Essay Write a 300 word descriptive essay. In the formal examination you will have a choice of two topics.

III. Explanatory Essay Write a 300 word creative essay. In the formal examination you will have a choice of two topics. The answers to all questions in this sample examination can be found on pages 62–65.

I. Short Answers (33.3%)

Directions: Answer one out of the following three questions (in up to 40 words). Partial credit is awarded for partial answers. No extra credit is granted if you answer more questions than required. Only the first answer is graded.

1. On Rosh Hashanah Hashem judges a person as righteous, wicked, or in-between. Explain how the judgment is determined.

What lesson did Chazal derive ”.( זֶ ה אֵ ִ ל י ְ ו אַ ְ נ ֵ ו ה ּו) This is my G-d and I shall exalt Him“ .2 from this pasuk regarding the performance of mitzvos, and why does this lesson particularly apply to the mitzvos of Succos?

.” (בַּ ֻ ּס ּכֹת ּתֵשׁ ְ ּבו שׁ ִבְעַ ת יָמִ ים) You shall dwell (or sit) in succos for seven days“ .3 What does the mitzvah of dwelling in the succah comprise? (It is not necessary to describe how a succah is constructed.)

II. Descriptive Essay (33.3%)

Directions: Read the question very carefully and make sure you understand what is being asked. Then write an essay of at least 300 words in length. Your essay should be structured, with the ideas presented in proper essay format (including an introduction, body, and conclusion).

Be sure to write clearly; illegible examinations are not graded.

Essay Topic

Q. Illustrate how the practices and minhagim of Chanukah recall the events and miracles of the Yom Tov.

III. Explanatory Essay (33.3%)

Be sure to write clearly; illegible examinations are not graded.

Essay Topic

Q. Explain why the Chashmonaim decided to wage war against the Yevanim (Greeks) despite being vastly outnumbered.

Advanced Moadim —Answer Key—

Below are the answers to all the questions in the advanced Moadim sample examination.

I. Short Answers

1. On Rosh Hashanah Hashem judges a person as righteous, wicked, or in-between. Explain how the judgment is determined. a. If his zechuyos are greater than his aveiros, he is considered entirely righteous. If his aveiros are greater than his zechuyos, he is considered entirely wicked. If they are equal, he is “in the middle” (a beinoni) b. The judgment is qualitative, not quantitative. (I.e., some acts of merit may be considered weightier than many sins, and some sins may outweigh many merits.) (p. 11)

What lesson did Chazal derive ”.( זֶ ה אֵ ִ ל י ְ ו אַ ְ נ ֵ ו ה ּ)ו This is my G-d and I shall exalt Him“ .2 from this pasuk regarding the performance of mitzvos, and why does this lesson particularly apply to the mitzvos of Succos? a. One fulfills the task of “exalting” Hashem by beautifying (enhancing) the performance of mitzvos. (This is referred to as hiddur mitzvah). (That is, the mitzvah should be performed in the most aesthetically attractive manner possible — building a beautiful succah, having beautiful mezuzos etc.). b. The Torah emphasizes this point in the mitzvah of the arba minim. It requires that we take a fruit of a beautiful tree. This applies not only to the esrog, but to all the arba minim. (p. 129, 153)

”. (בַּ ֻ ּס ּכֹת ּתֵשׁ ְ ּבו שׁ ִבְעַ ת יָמִ ים) You shall dwell (or sit) in succos for seven days“ .3 What does the mitzvah of dwelling in the succah comprise? (It is not necessary to describe how a succah is constructed.) One must “dwell” in the succah for seven days in the same manner as one dwells in one’s home all year round (i.e., the succah becomes one’s home for seven days). Thus, all (fixed) meals must be eaten in the succah (one should drink in the succah and talk to one’s friends in the succah. If one davens privately, one should do so in the succah. One should learn there. One must sleep in the succah — even a short nap). (Women are exempt from the mitzvah of dwelling in the succah since it is time-bound. (p. 130–131)

II. Descriptive Essay Essay Topic

Q. Illustrate how the practices and minhagim of Chanukah recall the events and miracles of the Yom Tov.

Sample Answer (357 words) Chanukah is observed for eight days. This recalls that the Chashmonaim took eight days to rebuild the Mizbe’ach, repair the Beis Hamikdash, and replace its vessels. It also recalls the miracle of the oil that lasted eight days; this is why we light a Menorah every night for eight days. Some say that kindling the Menorah on the first day actually commemorates the miracle of the war (that the few Chashmonaim managed to defeat the vast Greek armies) while the seven remaining nights recall the miracle of the oil (that lasted seven days longer than expected). Others say that the Yom Tov is eight days long to recall the renewal of bris milah which the Yevanim had prohibited. (p. 269–270) No work is done while the lights burn. Women are not waived from following this for the Yevanim issued a harsh verdict against the daughters of Yisrael, decreeing that every woman who was to be married had to be brought first to the Greek ruler. Also, the miracle of the defeat of the Yevanim came about through a woman — the daughter of the Kohen Gadol — who fed the Greek tyrannical king cheese dishes until he was thirsty, followed by wine so that he would sleep. She then beheaded him, causing the Greek army to flee. (p. 264–265) To recall the above event, it is customary to eat dairy foods. Foods made with oil are also eaten to remember the miracle of the oil. (p. 265) In order to commemorate the miracles of Chanukah, Chazal also decreed that the days should be set aside for praise and thanksgiving. To praise Hashem (in particular for the miracle of the oil) we recite the complete Hallel during Shacharis. To thank Hashem (in particular for the physical salvation from the military victory) we recite Al Hanissim in the Amidah and in Birchas Hamazon. (p. 257, 293) In addition, hespedim (eulogies) and fasting are prohibited for these reasons. (p. 263) The children also recall the miracle by playing with a dreidel, for on it are inscribed the Hebrew initials of the words “a great miracle was here/there.” (p. 256) Please note: The information used to answer this sample question can be found in the Book of Our Heritage, pages: [256–257], [263–265], [269–270], [293].

III. Explanatory Essay Essay Topic

Q. Explain why the Chashmonaim decided to wage war against the Yevanim (Greeks) despite being vastly outnumbered.

Sample Answer (410 words) The Yevanim, the rulers of Eretz Yisrael, had issued harsh decrees against the Jews (p. 256) in order to subjugate them spiritually. They resented Yisrael for rejecting Greek culture which glorified man and proclaimed that there were no restraints to the body. They thus forbade limud HaTorah and the practice of mitzvos. (p. 278, 280) The Yevanim specifically forbade three mitzvos: Shabbos, because it reminds one of the Creator; Rosh Chodesh (sanctificying the new months by a beis din of G-d fearing Jews), for it reminds one that Hashem controls time and that time must be sanctified; and bris milah, for it reminds one that both body and soul are hewn from one source, and that the body has links to the spiritual world and must function according to its laws and dictates. (p. 281–282) Moreover, the Yevanim wanted to uproot the belief that Yisrael was chosen by Hashem to be a holy nation. (p. 275) They suspended the Korban Tamid, defiled the oil and the Menorah, and constructed an altar on which they sacrificed a pig. They slaughtered thousands of Jews, forced them to bow down to idols, stole their money, and stole their daughters (p. 256), decreeing that every woman who was to be married was first to be brought to the Greek ruler. (p. 264) The Yevanim’s decrees thus struck at everything sanctified in Jewish life. The Chashmonaim, who were kohanim, realized that Greek culture was the source of impurity in the world and a despicable form of paganism. (p. 278) They also saw that the Yevanim’s beliefs were taking hold among the people. Yisrael had been entrusted with preserving purity and sanctity in the material world, to be a kingdom of kohanim and a holy nation. The Chashmonaim therefore understood that there was no choice but to wage war against the Yevanim. It would be a holy battle of the pure against the impure. (p. 278–279) TheChashmonaim also understood that when Yisrael’s enemies conspire to make them abandon the Torah, it is a sign that a decree has been issued in Heaven because the Jews have been unfaithful. By waging war for Hashem and His Beis

Hamikdash— at the risk of their own lives — the Jews showed that their lives only had meaning because they were servants of Hashem. They hoped this would arouse Hashem’s rachamim, and with His help they would be able to remove the threat. (p. 288, 283–284, 256) Please note: The information used to answer this sample question can be found in the Book of Our Heritage, pages: [256], [264], [275], [278–284], and [288].