The SAMS Lyceum of Martial and Societal Antediluvian Chronicles An addendum to The SAMS Sporran – April 2020 Scottish Pirates Introduction-What is a pirate? Spùinneadair-mara (spoo-nuder mara) in Gaelic means plunderer, spoiler, or robber on the sea. Or more specifically, a pirate.There are two words most associated with these unscrupulous adventurers of the high seas: one is pirate, the other is . The word pirate comes down to us from Latin pirata, which the Romans took from the ​ ​ ​ ​ from Greek word peiratēs, from peirein ‘to attempt or attack’. The Romans applied it to any ship ​ ​ that attacked a Roman vessel on Mare Nostrum (Our Sea - their term for the Mediterrean Sea.) The word buccaneer originated in the West Indies. The boucaniers were the native ​ ​ inhabitants of the West Indies who had developed a method of preserving meat by roasting it on a barbecue and curing it with smoke. The finished strips of meat were also known as boucan. ​ Today we refer to this form of meat as jerky. Since there was no refrigeration of ships of that time. So many pirates ate jerky or boucan. Hence the name buccaneer began to be applied to them also. Besides, buccaneer sounds alot better than jerkyneer. There were a number of minor pirates of Scottish descent. Mostly they had very short careers or crewed under another captain. A Scotch buccaneer; John Alexander was sailing on a ​ ​ ship captained by a Captain Sharp. He and his captain were returning to their ship in a dory full of their captured prize or booty when it overturned. John joined Davy Jones in his locker. Two more unfortunate swashbucklers, William Bowman and Robert Spratlin were part ​ ​ of a pirate raiding party led By Captain that plundered . They both died crossing a river in the Isthmus of Darien. Unfortunately poor William Bowman was carrying a satchel containing 400 pieces of eight when he was carried away by the swift current. Another lesser known Scottish buccaneer was . In 1677, he commanded ​ ​ a mixed crew of English, Dutch, and French pirates. They took a Dutch ship trading in African slaves off the coast of Cartagena. He sailed his ship to the West Indies where he hoped to sell the slaves to the plantation owners in . He didn’t make it. They were captured. The crew were pardoned, but Browne was ordered to be executed. The captain appealed using the Act of as his defense. Initially the Governor refused to grant a stay. However, he relented and sent the provost-marshall with an order to stop the execution. He arrived a half an hour too late.

Clan MacNeil of Barra For many generations the clan had made a living first by plundering wrecked ships. Then deliberately wrecking them by setting fires as primitive lighthouses to lure unsuspecting boats on to rocks and pillaging them before they foundered. Gradually they resorted to outright , especially English ships. One clan laird was particularly successful, Ruairi Og. He hid in sheltered coves until he ​ ​ sighted a prize. Then he would suddenly swoop down on the merchant vessel and take it as a prize. Not even the stormiest weather kept him from attacking unsuspecting ships. Legend says he melted down some of the captured gold to make horseshoes for his six black horses, and the other captured booty filled his wine cellars and provided sumptuous meals for his table. He was eventually captured and taken to Edinburg. When King James asked him why he attacked English ships, Ruairi said he did it to avenge the cruel treatment Mary Queen of Scots, James’ mother, had suffered at the hands of the English. The king granted him a pardon and spared his life, but seized his lands.

Sir Andrew Barton (1456-1511) Andrew Barton was a Scottish sailor from Leith, who served as High Admiral of the Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew became notorious in and Portugal as a ‘pirate. His life as a ​ ‘pirate’began after his father’s ship The Yellow Carvel was plundered by the Portuguese. The king of Scotland James IV granted him a to avenge his father’s loss. A letter of marque allowed a private sailor to legally plunder any ship of a designated country, in this case Portugal. He established a reputation for being one of the ablest sea officers of his time. He began ​ attacking very richly laden Portuguese ships returning from India and Africa. Later, he was asked to attack and clear Flemish pirates marauding the Scottish coasts. He was also asked to assist Denmark against Lubeck. He even began to capture Dutch ships, causing Margaret, the duchess of Savoy, governess of the Netherlands, to complain to James IV. Through all this activity he had amassed great wealth and his daring and skill appear to have won for him the special favour of the Scottish king, and he was knighted as Sir Andrew Barton, and was given The Jenny Pirwyn to accompany his ship The Lion. Although he never attacked English ships his activities caused English merchants to lose a great amount of money. Henry VIII charged two English captains Sir Thomas and Sir Edward Howard to capture Sir Andrew Barton. They found him and a desperate battle ensued. Contemporary English and Scottish accounts both agree that Andrew died of wounds received in the fight. During the battle Sir Andrew Barton’s leg was broken by a gunshot. However, he continued to encouraged his sailors by beating a drum allegedly saying; ‘Fight on my good men, I am hurt but I am not slaine. I’ll lay me down and bleed awhile, Then I’ll rise and fight againe.’ Eventually he was shot through the heart by an archer and the Scots ended their resistance. He died from his wounds. King James IV demanded redress from King Henry, who replied that the 'fate of pirates was never an object of dispute among princes,' implying that the capture of Portuguese ships was a clear act of piracy. Henry freed Barton’s sailors, supplying them with money sufficient to take them home. But this act of clemency failed to satisfy the Scottish king, and the dispute was finally fought out at The Battle of Flodden Field. The king and a large portion of the nobility lost their lives in the battle, causing an era of political instability for the Scottish nation. There was a time of terrible confusion in Scotland. ​ The governing dynasty at every level and in every area of life was largely eliminated. The harvest was temporarily abandoned as Scotland gave itself up to grief. In memory of that battle a song The Lament or Flowers o’ The Forest was written to ​ ​ ​ ​ commemorate them.

“Red Legs” Greaves (1649- @1692) If there is an exception to myth it has to be Red Legs Greaves. Little is known about Red Legs Greaves’ early life including his christian name. What is known is that he was born in Barbados to Scottish parents. They had been convicted of treason for their participation in Wars of the Three Kingdoms and sold into slavery, as were many Royalists and Covenanters in Scotland. He is thought to have been born in 1649. He was also known to wear a kilt. His nom de guerre Red Legs does not refer to the ​ ​ class of poor whites that lived in colonial Barbados, some of whom took to wearing the kilt for everyday attire, the hot sun would burn their legs. hence the term red legs. It refers instead to the myth that his legs were red from wading through the blood of his enemies. His parents and their master died a short time after one another, and as an orphan, he was sold to another man who was claimed to have been violent and to have often beaten Greaves as a teenager. It was during this time, he decided to escape slavery and successfully managed to swim across Carlisle Bay, stowing away on a ship preparing to leave Barbados. The ship he stowed away on turned out to be a pirate vessel captained by Captain . Apparently this Captain Hawkins was known throughout the Caribbean as an unusually cruel pirate, often torturing captives, especially women, and rarely showing mercy to the crews of ships he attacked. Although feared by his crew, he was respected and very successful in capturing rich prizes. After being discovered on board, Greaves was given the option of joining Davy Jones and his Locker or signing with the crew “offering the articles of Piracy (see following paragraph) on a platter along with a pistol”. Greaves showed promise and quickly gained a reputation as a capable and efficient sailor. He soon grew to resent and hate Captain Hawkins, both for being forced into his crew as for his distaste for brutality towards captured prisoners. One legend has him fighting a duel with the cruel captain, over the torture of a prisoner. It is more probable that Hawkins attacked Greaves for failing to obey his orders. What Is known is that Greaves killed Hawkins and was elected by the crew to succeed Hawkins as captain. As captain Greaves rewrote the Ship’s Articles, specifically prohibiting the mistreatment of prisoners and allowing the surrender of merchant captains during battle. Contrary to popular myth most pirate ships operated in a very democratic manner - with written rules. They also divided their ill gotten gains equally, except the captain who got a larger share. They also never buried their . They spent it. If you ever saw the first Pirates of The Caribbean movie the depiction of was spot on. The term ‘spending like a drunken sailor’ probably emerged here. And now we return to our original program. In 1675, he attacked the island of Margarita, off the coast of . After capturing the local Spanish fleet, he used their guns against the coastal defences and successfully stormed the town. After taking a large amount of pearls and gold, he soon left without looting the town, or harming the inhabitants. Throughout the decade, Greaves found great success as well as gaining a reputation as an honorable captain widely known for his humane treatment of prisoners and never participating in the raiding of poor coastal villages. After the raid, Greaves was able to retire from piracy and settled down to the life of a gentleman farmer on the island of . Fate played a hand and he was recognized by one of his former victims, he was turned in to authorities to collect the reward offered for his capture. Red Legs Greaves was found guilty of piracy and, despite his reputation, no leniency was shown towards him and he was sentenced to be hanged in chains. While imprisoned in the prison dungeon of Port Royal to await his execution, Dame Fortune smiled upon him and in 1692 an earthquake hit the town and it was submerged, but old Red Legs escaped and was picked up by a passing whaling ship. History has a way of repeating itself and he joined the crew of the whaling ship. Later put his past experience to good use and became a pirate hunter, eventually earning a royal pardon for his efforts in the capture of a pirate ship which had been raiding local whaling fleets. After his pardon, he again retired to a plantation and became known as a philanthropist in his later years, donating much of his wealth to various island charities and public works before his death of natural causes. Alexander Dalzeel (1662- 1715 ) Alexander Dalzeel was a seventeenth-century Jacobite, a pirate and former officer under English pirate Henry Avery. Born in Port Patrick, Scotland, Dalzeel went to sea as a child and, by the age of 23, was captain of his own ship with six successful voyages to his credit. Earning a reputation for dishonesty, Dalzeel arrived in in 1685 and soon enlisted into the ranks of Captain Avery. According to pirate lore, Dalzeel participated in the capture of the treasure ship Ganj-i-Sawai, which carried The Great Mogul’s daughter to her arranged marriage. Avery, who had decided to take her as his own wife, gave Dalzeel his own ship and crew within Avery’s fleet. Dalzeel would continue to serve under Avery until finally leaving for the West Indies on his own. However, upon their arrival in the Caribbean, the pirates’ search for targets was fruitless. With their supplies slowly running short, starvation began to set in before a Spanish vessel was sighted. As the ship came into view, Dalzeel realized the Spanish ship was a well-armed Spanish war galleon which had presumably become separated from its escorts. Despite their ship’s smaller size, Dalzeel gave orders to close in on the ship. Although the Spanish ship’s captain had been informed of the pirate ship’s presence earlier, he felt it too small to be a threat and retired to his cabin for a game of cards. As the ship approached the galleon, Dalzeel ordered a hole to be drilled in the side of his own ship so that his crew would be forced to fight to the death. Caught completely off guard, the Spaniards offered little resistance as Dalzeel’s crew boarded the galleon. Within minutes the ship was theirs and, storming into the captain’s quarters, they demanded his surrender at gunpoint. After sailing his prize to Jamaica, Dalzeel was apprehended while attempting to capture a fleet of twelve Spanish pearl ships escorted by a Spanish man-o-war. In exchange for his surrender, Dalzeel and his crew were not forced into slavery or hard labor, as was common practice for captured pirates. Released ashore, Dalzeel made his way back to Jamaica. There he began outfitting another ship and was soon sailing for Cuba. Again his outnumbered crew was captured by a Spanish naval patrol of three warships bound for , where he was sentenced to be hanged at sea. Dalzeel, however, quickly made his escape after stabbing a guard and using two empty jugs to float to shore. Soon encountering another band of pirates, Dalzeel was able to convince them to attack and successfully capture the warship which had held him prisoner. As the pirates neared Jamaica, their ship sank in a sudden storm although Dalzeel was able to survive the storm in a canoe. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Dalzeel was granted a commission by the French as a . He enjoyed considerable success against British and allied nations before his eventual capture in 1712. Taken back to England, he was tried and convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. However, at the behest of the Earl of Mar, Dalzeel received a royal pardon and, upon his release, sailed for French waters, where he captured a French ship. He then had the captured crew’s necks tied to their heels and thrown overboard to watch them drown. Eventually captured in Scotland, he was returned to , where he was hanged on December 15, 1715. Captain (1645-1701) Probably the most famous pirate of all and the one around whom many pirate myths developed was Captain Kidd, and he really wasn’t even a pirate. He was born in Greenock around 1655. In 1689, Kidd was a member of a French–English pirate crew sailing the Caribbean under Captain . During one of these voyages, Kidd and other crew members mutinied, ousting the captain and sailing to the British colony of Nevis. The governor of the island Christopher Codrington, appointed Kidd to captain the newly renamed the Blessed William which then became part of Codrington's small fleet assembled to defend Nevis from the French, with whom the English were at war. The governor did not pay the sailors for their defensive services, telling them instead to take their pay from the French. Kidd and his men attacked the French island of Marie-Galante, destroying its only town and looting the area, and gathering for themselves around 2,000 pounds sterling. This was the start of the misunderstanding that Kidd was a pirate. Later, during the War of the Grand Alliance, on commissions from the provinces of New York and Massachusetts Bay, Kidd captured an enemy privateer off the New England coast. Shortly afterwards, he was awarded £150 for successful privateering in the Caribbean. In December 1695, governor Bellomont of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, asked the "trusty and well beloved Captain Kidd" to attack the pirates , , , William Maze, and all others who associated them, along with any enemy French ships. It would have been viewed as disloyalty to the crown to turn down this request, carrying much social stigma, making it difficult for Kidd to say no. The request the following voyage unfortunately led to the establishment of Kidd's reputation as a pirate. Kidd was presented with a letter of marque, signed personally by King William III of England. His new ship, the ,was well suited to the task of catching pirates. It was equipped with 34 cannon, oars, and 150 men. The oars gave it a distinct advantage, as they enabled Adventure Galley to manoeuvre in a battle when the winds had calmed and other ships were dead in the water. As the Adventure Galley sailed down the Thames, it is here that his luck began to turn. As his ship sailed past a Royal Navy yacht, custom dictated they fire a cannon as a salute. For some inexplicable reason Kidd failed to salute.The Navy yacht then fired a shot to make him show respect, adding insult to injury Kidd's crew responded with an astounding display of impudence – by turning and slapping their backsides in disdain. Because of Kidd's refusal to salute, the Navy vessel's captain retaliated by pressing much of Kidd's crew into royal naval service, despite rampant protests. Now short-handed, Kidd sailed for New York City, capturing a French vessel en route which was perfectly legal under the terms of his commission. While in New York Kidd picked up a replacement crew. thUnfortunately, a vast majority of whom were known and hardened criminals, and probably a few former pirates. Among Kidd's officers was his quartermaster Hendrick van der Heul, a sailor of Dutch and African ancestry. He was the highest ranking black pirate ever identified. Van der Heul went on to become the second highest ranking member of Kidd’s crew, he was never convicted of piracy. As the voyage continued the lack of ships to attack caused his own crew to often threaten . It was here that a simple act of disrespect would eventually lead to Captain Kidd’s downfall. On 30 October 1697. Kidd's gunner William Moore was on deck sharpening a chisel when a Dutch ship appeared. Moore urged Kidd to attack the Dutchman, an act not only piratical but also certain to anger Dutch-born King William. Kidd refused, calling Moore a lousy dog. Moore retorted, "If I am a lousy dog, you have made me so; you have brought me to ruin and many more." Kidd snatched up and heaved an ironbound bucket at Moore. Moore fell to the deck with a fractured skull and died the following day. Once again Kidd found himself at odds with the royal navy. He encountered another Royal naval sloop that had been ravaged by scurvy and was short handed. The captain demanded that Kidd supply him with "thirty or so men". Kidd sailed away during the night to preserve his crew, rather than subject them to Royal Navy impressment. For this act Kidd was declared a pirate. Kidd reached Madagascar and there he found the first pirate of his voyage, Robert Culliford and his crew aboard Mocha Frigate. Kidd’s crew refused to attack Culliford and threatened instead to shoot Kidd instead. They joined the pirate and Kidd with some loyal crew members sailed for New York. He stopped at Gardiners Island and deposited some of his treasure there, hoping to use his knowledge of its location as a bargaining tool. It was here that the myth of buried pirates' treasure was born. Although Captain Kidd did bury a small cache of treasure on Gardiners Island in a spot known as Cherry Tree Field, it was removed by Governor Bellomont and sent to England to be used as evidence against Kidd. The myth of lived on in literature; with Edgar Allan Poe's "The Gold-Bug"; Washington Irving's "The Devil and Tom Walker"; Robert Louis Stevenson's and Nelson DeMille's Plum Island. Governor Bellomont ordered him arrested on 6 July 1699. Kidd was placed in Stone Prison, spending most of the time in solitary confinement. Kidd was sent to England for questioning by the Parliament of England. He was found guilty of murder and five counts of piracy and sentenced to death. He was hanged in a public execution on 23 May 1701, at

Execution Dock, , in London. He​ was hanged two times. On the first attempt, the ​ hangman's rope broke and Kidd survived. Although some in the crowd called for Kidd's release, claiming the breaking of the rope was a sign from God, Kidd was hanged again minutes later, this time successfully. His body was gibbeted over the at Tilbury Point – as a warning to future would-be pirates – for three years.

Sadie Hawkins Day* in Scotland The idea of a woman chasing a man for the purpose of marital bliss might be considered unusual, perhaps not so much now but it was truly revolutionary in times past.The origin of the tradition is said to stem from ancient Irish history, beginning in the fifth century, in Ireland, and later became popular in Scotland. Since christianity replaced the traditional Celtic religion the position of women in Celtic society diminished. It is believed that a nun named Saint Brigd complained to Saint Patrick that women had to wait too long for their suitors to propose. Legend has it that Saint Patrick then decreed that women could have the opportunity to pop the question - but only on one particular day in February, and only every four years. It is believed that this Irish tradition permitting women to propose on one day every four years was then taken to Scotland by Irish monks. It was unofficially named Proposal Day. ​ As any man already knows that the failure to honor a woman’s wishes always comes with a penalty, in AD1288, Scotland supposedly passed a law that allowed a woman to propose marriage in a leap year, with the law also stating that any man who declined the proposal on this day would have to pay a fine. This has also become commonplace in many European countries, with tradition stating men who turn down a woman’s proposal on a leap day should pay a penalty. The fine could consist of a new gown, money, or more unusually, 12 pairs of gloves for the lady. It is also said that women were expected to wear either breeches or a scarlet petticoat while they were down on one knee. Theories have also suggested that the tradition originates from the time when leap days were not recognised by English law. As such, it was permissible for women to break the convection of a man proposing, and the day technically had no legal status. Leap years occur once every four years. It is because the length of a solar year is 365 and ¼ days. Hence the extra day at the end of the year. In Roman times February was the last month of the year, so it was logical to add the extra day onto the end of this month. It was Julias Caesar, who in 45 BC introduced the leap day to the Julian calendar, However, there are exceptions to when leap years occur - the year has to be exactly divisible by four, except for years that are exactly divisible by 400. In these so-called ‘centurial’ years, it is only a leap year if they are exactly divisible by 400.

*In the popular classic comic strip “Lil Abner” the womenfolk of Dogpatch were allowed to chase any unmarried man and if she caught him he had to marry her. So you bachelor folk, this year, Sadie Hawkins Day falls on Friday November 13th. Get out them runnin’ boots you got some time ta practice yer runnin.

April Fool's Day Scottish Style 'April first is the day upon which we are reminded of what we are on the other three hundred and sixty-four.' - Mark Twain

' On this day in Scotland people would play tricks and tell lies to catch someone out. But the lies had to stop at mid day.” originally Hunting the Gwok (cookoo bird) meant sending someone one a foolish errand akin to fetching a bucket of steam or a left handed monkey wrench, 'Dinna laugh an' Dinna smile but hunt the gwok another mile'.

National Tartan Day th April 6 ​ has been set aside by order of the president as National Tartan ​ Day to honour the contributions of both Scots and Scottish Americans to American culture and life. Proclaim your pride in your heritage and wear something Scottish for all to see. Events are planned throughout the country to celebrate the day. The most lavish are found in New York. However th somewhat locally on Saturday April 4 ​ there be a Tartan Day Festival in ​ Alexandria Va. At Market Square from 12 till 5pm. ( Alexandria founded by Scots is the home of the Annual Christmas Scottish Walk).

From The Mess Deck ​ Grilled Salmon w/Seasonal Vegetables Ingredien​ ts: 2 medium free range egg yolks 1 level tsp Dijon Mustard Freshly squeezed juice of two lemons 300ml/10fl oz oil (half olive half sunflower) 2 tbsp fresh dill finely chopped olive oil 4 medium sized salmon steaks or fillets Method: Place yolks, mustard and 1tsp lemon juice in food processor. Add some salt and process for a few seconds. Slowly, drop by drop drizzle in the oil. Once emulsion has formed you may increase speed. Spoon the mayo into a bowl and add half tbsp boiling water. Stir in some salt ,pepper and dill. Season to taste with lemon juice. Rub salmon with olive oil and place on oiled tray. Grill salmon 3-4 minutes on each side. Saute vegetables in oil and lemon juice.

Serve salmon with vegetables and mayo on the side. Scotland Magazine ​ ​ Crofters pie Ingredients: For the mince: 50ml/2fl oz. olive oil 1 large onion or 3–4 banana shallots, finely chopped ​ ​ 650g/1lb 7oz. minced beef 2 tbsp tomato purée 1 tbsp plain flour 50ml/5fl oz. red wine 4 sprigs fresh thyme, leaves only 400ml/14fl oz. beef stock Worcestershire sauce, to taste salt and freshly ground black pepper For the mash: 900g/2lb King Edward potatoes, peeled and chopped 15g/4oz butter ​ 125ml/4½fl oz. milk To serve: 150g/5½oz. frozen peas 50g/1¾oz. butter ​ Method: Heat half the oil in a large heavy based pan. Add the onion and cook until softened. Tip ​ it onto a plate. Return the pan to the heat and add the remaining oil. When it’s hot, fry the mince, in batches if needed, for 4–5 minutes, or until browned all over. Stir in the cooked onion and tomato purée and cook for 1 minute. Stir in the flour and cook for a further minute. Pour in the red wine, scraping up any caramelised bits with a wooden spoon, and add the thyme. Add the stock and simmer for 45 minutes, or until the mince is tender and the mixture has thickened. Season to taste, and add a few dashes of Worcestershire sauce. Keep warm over a very low heat. Preheat the grill to high. Meanwhile, for the mash, put the potatoes in a pan of salted water and bring to the boil. Reduce the heat and simmer for 12–15 minutes, or until they are tender. Drain and return the potatoes to the pan, then place over the heat for about 1 minute to drive off any excess moisture. Mash well, then add the butter and milk, beating to form a smooth mash. Season to taste. Put the mince mixture in a baking dish and spoon the mash over the top. Grill for 8–10 minutes, or until golden-brown. Meanwhile, boil the peas in water in a small saucepan for 3–4 minutes, then drain and add the butter. Serve the cottage pie with the peas. Scottish Sparkle A refreshing punch to drink on a warm spring night. Ingredients: 1 bottle dry white wine juice of one lemon 1 bottle sparkling white wine 2-3 of a cup lemonade ¼ pt 2-3 cups Drambuie Method: Mix dry white wine, lemon juice and Drambuie and chill. Prior to serving add sparkling wine and lemon aid with plenty of ice. Scottish Banner ​

Five Pearls of Scottish Wisdom 1. Money cannot buy happiness. But... somehow, it's more comfortable to cry in a Mercedes Benz than on a bicycle. 2. Forgive your enemy but remember the fools name. 3. Help a man when he's in trouble and he will remember you when he's in trouble again. 4. Many people are alive because it's illegal to shoot them, 5. Alcohol does not solve any problem, but then again neither does milk .The Scottish ​ Banner Living with Wee Gordy Wee Gordy was struggling in his math class when the teacher called on him with a question. “If you loaned Erin ten pounds at the rate of one shilling a week, how much money would you have after seven weeks when she paid you back?” Wee Gordy pondered the question, then replied. “Nothing, sir.” A wee bit put off the teacher replied, 'Nothing? Nothing? You certainly do not know much about Math.” Gordy looked up and replied, “ You do not know much about Erin.”

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nd Do a BUDDY CHECK on the 22 ​ ​ ​ of EveryMonth.