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University of California UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title "Something Terrible Happened Here": Memory and Battlefield Preservation in the Construction of Race, Place, and Nation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sq4w4cb Author Hall, Susan Chase Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE “Something Terrible Happened Here” Memory and Battlefield Preservation in the Construction of Race, Place, and Nation A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Susan Chase Hall March 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Catherine Gudis, Chairperson Dr. Molly McGarry Dr. Rebecca Kugel Copyright by Susan Chase Hall 2013 The Dissertation of Susan Chase Hall is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been made possible thanks to a number of individuals and institutions. Without their support, guidance, and let’s face it, funding, this research would not have come to fruition! To the faculty and staff of UC Riverside’s History Department: thank you for all you have done to help me out over the last eight years. From assigning deep, thought- provoking readings that changed my world-view to writing last-minute letters of recommendation, you have all been there to push me, support me, and vouch for my credentials as an academic and public historian. Catherine Gudis and Molly McGarry, you inspired me inside and outside of the classroom, encouraging me to open my eyes and mind to a new and theoretical way of exploring Public History. You also encouraged me to pursue any number of practical hands-on experiences that, ultimately, influenced my research. To the National Park Service rangers who welcomed me into their world, thank you. You showed me the passion and commitment necessary to be public historians. For a time, I was lost in my own world of academia. You reminded me of the joys and challenges of preserving a difficult past for a diverse public audience. Even in the midst of budget constraints, you encourage adults and children alike to think outside of the box. The inspiration for my Antietam chapter developed out of my work with the Historic American Buildings Survey and the National Park Service, funded by the Society of Architectural Historian’s Sally Kress Tompkins Fellowship. The staff of HABS/HAER/HALS—most notably Lisa Davidson—and the cultural resources staff at iv Antietam National Battlefield—Jane Custer and Kevin Walker—helped me recognize the value and complexity of our built environment. In addition to Antietam, I had the opportunity to work with the NPS staff of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. They graciously let me sift through their files while sitting at the kitchen table of their Chatham Headquarters. At Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, park staff welcomed me to their temporary Visitor Center and headquarters where I glimpsed the trials and pleasures of working for the then-newest NPS unit. The archivist, rangers, and volunteers at the Nez Perce National Historical Site and Big Hole National Battlefield welcomed me in, even in the midst of renovation. Mandi Wick and Robert Applegate, in particular, gave me their insight and the chance to learn about park units in transition. To those who lent me your ears and wisdom out of kindness, thank you. Joan, you are a role model, inspiration, and your park histories are fantastic! Mr. Tallbull, thank you for meeting me and sharing your personal connection to Sand Creek and the Healing Run. Knowing your personal relationship deeply influenced how I interpreted and experienced the plains of eastern Colorado. Funding for my research came from a number of institutions. Sand Creek research in Colorado was made viable in part by a fellowship with the Rupert and Jeanette Costo California Center for Native Nations at the University of California, Riverside. Research for Big Hole National Battlefield in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming was partially funded by a Graduate Student Research Award from the Charles Redd Center of Western Studies at Brigham Young University and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Research Grant from the University of California, Riverside. Importantly, a solid year of v dissertation writing was achieved as a result of the Dissertation Year Fellowship I received from UCR. My research, travels, and education as a whole would not have been possible without the support of my friends and family. To my Kensington Ladies (Jamie, Sarah, Nessa, Emily, Becky, and Laura), you made life during exams bearable. Thank you for your encouragement, food, and friendship. To Mike, Jason, Sean, Robert, and Graham, thank you for supporting the Public History Ladies in their endeavors. Melissa, Alan, and Buck, thank you for letting me borrow my old car, stay at your house, and feeding me. You were wonderful hosts. To those friends and friendships who may have suffered a bit due to my focus and determination to get this project done, I am sorry! Most importantly, thank you to my family. Mom, Catherine, Ray, Mia, Caden, you put up with my one-track mind for years, indulging my many hours of reading and writing and supporting my many absences while on the road. I missed the birth of my wonderful niece, because of my drive to explore Public History and its many facets. Luckily, I think Mia’s forgiven me. Aunt Susan, Uncle Greg, and Trevor, you were fabulous hosts, pseudo parents, and a great younger brother during my many trips to Washington, D.C. You made my absences from southern California enjoyable and memorable. Without a doubt I consider you my second family, Chevy Chase my second home, and I look forward to returning soon. There’s always research to do at the National Archives! To my husband, Scott, you met me during the peak of my grad school experience and had no idea what you were getting into. Thanks for seeing me through, letting me vi vent during times of stress, anxiety, and uncertainty. Our runs provided me the opportunity to talk through key concepts of my dissertation. Thank you for visiting me in Spokane and Washington, D.C. Most importantly, thank you for supporting me and my goals unconditionally. You are the best! To the best road trip buddy a gal could ask for, my dad. Never once in my long education and career as a historian did you question my choices. While other dads may interrogate their daughter’s decision to spend eight years of graduate school in History, you supported me through it all. You accompanied me to Arizona, Montana, and Wyoming. You were there with me to see bullet riddled cars on unmarked roads in southeastern Arizona, cross the continental divide in Montana, and stare a buffalo in the eyes in Wyoming. Together we listened to endless hours of books on tape, worried about rattle snakes, black bears, and winding roads, all because you supported me. Just think; it all started with our first visit to Gettysburg in 1997. Thank you for going on the long, tiresome grad school road trip with me. I am forever grateful. vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “Something Terrible Happened Here” Memory and Battlefield Preservation in the Construction of Race, Place, and Nation by Susan Chase Hall Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, March 2013 Dr. Catherine Gudis, Chairperson This dissertation considers the changing place of race at nationally preserved battlefields from the Civil War and Indian Wars. As sites of contestation and carnage, these preserved spaces serve as strong indicators of the power of place that dominated America’s ethos and national identity during the nineteenth century. The battles themselves resulted from power struggles over land, property, economic expansionism, and race-based debates. These conflicts over place and people did not end with a defeat or victory on the battlefield. They transitioned into a second phase that continued to use battlefields as sites of negotiation over racial entitlement and disenfranchisement. This dissertation argues that preserved battlefields are landscapes expansive in nature, crossing time and space. They are not evidence of one year, one day, or one event. These battlefields actually reproduce historic environments to fit the needs of those preserving and viewing them. In other words, the spaces are cultural landscapes, representing constructed spaces reflecting the processes in which culture—and cultural conflict— manipulates, affects, and frames nature over the long twentieth century (1865-present). viii While contending with the challenges of contemporary America, preservationists and visitors used these battlefields to contribute to the larger national project intent on (re)defining who had the power and access to be included in the national narrative. Historically, the Anglo male dominated collective memory on the preserved battlefields. As such, it is presumed that these battlefields are purely masculine and Anglo in nature. This dissertation indicates that this is not the case. Sentimentalism was a key tool utilized by preservationists to control memories. Through sentimentalism, battlefields became semi-fictitious spaces based on selective and dramatic accounts of the past. They did not preserve a pure narrative of nineteenth century warfare; instead, they preserved desired interpretations of the past to better serve the present. Today, Native Americans and African Americans utilize preserved battlefields to present their own voices, inserting themselves into the nation’s collective memory. It is the ongoing relationship between memory, nature, and nineteenth century warfare that is at the heart of this research. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue ……………………………………………………………………….. xiv Introduction: Love is a Battlefield …………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Antietam National Battlefield (1862 – 1937) “The Strange Spell that Dwells in Dead Men’s Eyes”: The Civil War Dead and their Powerful Pull at Antietam National Battlefield ………………………….
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