DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2013 The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration Practices: Place-Based Cultural Heritages at the Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, and Rosebud Battlefields Helen Alexandra Keremedjiev The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Keremedjiev, Helen Alexandra, "The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration Practices: Place-Based Cultural Heritages at the Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, and Rosebud Battlefields" (2013). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1009. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1009 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF ON-SITE INTERPRETATION AND COMMEMORATION PRACTICES: PLACE-BASED CULTURAL HERITAGES AT THE BEAR PAW, BIG HOLE, LITTLE BIGHORN, AND ROSEBUD BATTLEFIELDS By HELEN ALEXANDRA KEREMEDJIEV Master of Arts, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2007 Bachelor of Arts, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 2004 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology The University of Montana Missoula, MT Official Graduation May 2013 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Associate Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School John Douglas, Chair Department of Anthropology Richmond Clow Department of Native American Studies Kelly Dixon Department of Anthropology Richard Sattler Department of Anthropology Pei-Lin Yu Rocky Mountain Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit © COPYRIGHT by Helen Alexandra Keremedjiev 2013 All Rights Reserved ii Keremedjiev, Helen, Doctor of Philosophy, May 2013 Anthropology The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration Practices: Place-Based Cultural Heritages at the Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, and Rosebud Battlefields Chairperson: John Douglas Using a memory archaeology paradigm, this dissertation explored from 2010 to 2012 the ways people used place-based narratives to create and maintain the sacredness of four historic battlefields in Montana: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument; Nez Perce National Historical Park- Bear Paw Battlefield; Nez Perce National Historical Park- Big Hole National Battlefield; and Rosebud Battlefield State Park. This research implemented a mixed-methods approach of four data sources: historical research about on-site interpretation and land management of the battlefields; participant observations conducted during height of tourism season for each battlefield; 1,056 questionnaires administered to park visitors; and 32 semi- structured interviews with park personnel. Before formulating hypotheses to test, a preliminary literature review was conducted on three battlefields (Culloden, Fallen Timbers, and Isandlwana) for any observable patterns concerning the research domain. This dissertation tested two hypotheses to explain potential patterns at the four battlefields in Montana related to on-site interpretation of primary sources, the sacred perception of battlefields, and the maintenance and expression of place-based cultural heritages and historical knowledge. The first hypothesis examined whether park visitors and personnel perceived these American Indian battlefields as nationally significant or if other heritage values associated with the place- based interpretation of the sacred landscapes were more important. Although park visitors and personnel overall perceived the battlefields as nationally important, they also strongly expressed other heritage values. The second hypothesis examined whether battlefield visitors who made pilgrimages to attend or participate in official on-site commemorations had stronger place-based connections for cultural heritage or historical knowledge reasons than other visitors. Overall, these commemoration pilgrims had stronger connections to the battlefields than other park visitors. Closer comparisons of the four battlefields demonstrated that they had both similar patterns and unique aspects of why people maintained these landscapes as sacred places. iii Table of Contents Title Page i Copyright Page ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Charts, Images, and Tables v Acknowledgements xiii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Using Memory Archaeology to Observe the Interrelationship between Place- 9 based Cultural Heritage, Social Memories, and Sacredness of Battlefields Chapter Three: Contemporary Interpretative Practices at Culloden, Fallen Timbers, and 46 Isandlwana Battlefields Chapter Four: Overview of Dissertation Case Studies Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, 77 and Rosebud Battlefields Chapter Five: Data Sources and Hypotheses 90 First Hypothesis 91 Second Hypothesis 115 Chapter Six: Findings and Results from the Four Battlefield Case Studies 121 First Hypothesis 122 Second Hypothesis 168 Chapter Seven: Discussion 186 First Hypothesis 190 Second Hypothesis 196 Further Research Recommendations 200 References Cited 202 Appendices 218 Appendix A: An Example of an On-Site Questionnaire for Park Visitors 219 Appendix B: Locations of the Questionnaire Station at each Battlefield 221 Appendix C: Questionnaire Log Demographics 224 Appendix D: Detailed Table on the Demographics of Questionnaire Participants 226 Appendix E: Questionnaire Participants’ Current USA State or Territory of 227 Residency by Region Appendix F: Interview Consent Form 232 Appendix G: Detailed Table on the Demographics of Interviewees 233 Appendix H: Interview Questions of the First Round 234 Appendix I: Interview Questions of the Second Round 235 Appendix J: Detailed Tables on the Absolute and Relative Frequencies for the Four 236 Questions of the First Hypothesis by All Questionnaire Participants Appendix K: Detailed Tables on the Absolute and Relative Frequencies for the Four 238 Questions of the First Hypothesis by Battlefield Appendix L: Expected and Observed Counts of the Pearson’s Chi Square Test 242 Results by the Battlefield Variable for Values Less than P = 0.05. Appendix M: The Responses of Park Visitors by Ethnicity, Military Service, and 248 Current Place of Residency for the First Hypothesis Appendix N: Questionnaire Log of Participants and Non-Participants for the Second 265 Hypothesis Appendix O: Means of Composite Scores for Questionnaire Demographics of Age, 267 Education, Ethnicity, and Current Place of Residency for the Second Hypothesis Appendix P: Non-Parametric Statistical Analyses of the Second Hypothesis based 274 on Mean Scores iv List of Charts, Images, and Tables Charts Chart 5.1 Gender demographic of all questionnaire participants 98 Chart 5.2 Education demographic of all questionnaire participants 98 Chart 5.3 Ethnicity demographic of all questionnaire participants 99 Chart 5.4 Age demographic of all questionnaire participants 100 Chart 5.5 Military service demographic of all questionnaire participants 100 Chart 5.6 Chart of gender demographics of interviewees 108 Chart 5.7 Chart of education demographics of interviewees 109 Chart 5.8 Chart of ethnicity demographics of interviewees 109 Chart 5.9 Chart of age demographics of interviewees 110 Chart 5.10 Chart of military service demographics of interviewees 110 Chart 5.11 Chart of residency demographics of interviewees 111 Chart 6.1 Relative frequency of responses to the question 1H1, Why did you visit 124 [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.2 Relative frequency of responses to the question 1H2 What is your personal 124 interest or connection to this site? Chart 6.3 Relative frequency to the question 1H3, How important are the following in 125 the cultural, national, personal and spiritual significance of [the specific battlefield] to you? Chart 6.4 Relative frequency to the question 1H3, How important are the following in 125 the other, geographical, historical, and military significance of [the specific battlefield] to you? Chart 6.5 Relative frequency of responses to the question 1H4, Did you learn anything 126 new today about [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.6 Relative frequency of responses BEPA questionnaire participants to the 129 question 1H1, Why did you visit [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.7 Relative frequency of responses of BIHO questionnaire participants to the 129 question 1H1, Why did you visit [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.8 Relative frequency of responses of LIBI questionnaire participants to the 130 question 1H1, Why did you visit [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.9 Relative frequency of responses of ROBA questionnaire participants to the 130 question 1H1, Why did you visit [the specific battlefield]? Chart 6.10 Absolute frequency of responses of BEPA questionnaire participants to the 131 question 1H2, What is your personal interest or connection to this site? Chart 6.11 Relative frequency of responses of BIHO questionnaire participants to the 131 question 1H2, What is your personal interest or connection to this site? Chart 6.12 Relative frequency of responses of LIBI questionnaire participants to the 132 question 1H2, What is your personal interest or connection to this site?
Recommended publications
  • South·Africa in Transition

    South·Africa in Transition

    POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South ·Africa in Transition Report on Violence in South Africa by an American Friends Service Committee Study Team November 1992 The American Friends Service Committee's concern over Southern Africa has grown out of over 60 years of relationships since the first visit by a representative of the organization. In 1982 the AFSC Board of Directors approved the release of a full length book, Challenge and Hope, as a statement of its views on South Africa. Since 1977 the AFSC has had a national Southern Africa educational program in its Peace Education Division. AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7000 AFSC REGIONAL OFFICES: Southeastern Region, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, 92 Piedmont Avenue, NE; Middle Atlantic Region, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, 4806 York Road; New England Region, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, 2161 Massachusetts Avenue; Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois 60605, 59 E. Van Buren Street, Suite 1400; North Central Region, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, 4211 Grand Avenue; New York Metropolitan Region, New York, New York 10003, 15 Rutherford Place; Pacific Southwest Region, Pasadena, California 91103, 980 N. Fair Oaks Avenue; Pacific Mountain Region, San Francisco, California 94121,2160 Lake Street; Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington 98105, 814 N.E. 40th Street. CONTENTS II THE AFSC DELEGATION 1 PREFACE III POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South Africa in Transition 1 THE BASIC VIOLENCE 2 ANALYZING THE VIOLENCE 5 THE HIDDEN HAND 7 RETALIATION 9 POLICE INVESTIGATIONS 11 LESSONS FROM THE BOIPATONG MASSACRE 12 HOMELAND VIOLENCE IN CISKEI AND KWAZULU 13 HOMELAND LEADERS BUTHELEZI AND GQOZO 16 CONCLUSION 19 RECOMMENDATIONS 20 ACRONYMS 21 TEAM INTERVIEWS AND MEETINGS 22 THE AFSC DELEGATION TO SOUTH AFRICA The American Friends Service Committee's Board of Directors approved a proposal in June 1992 for a delegation to visit South Africa to study the escalating violence there.
  • November 2020- January 2021

    November 2020- January 2021

    AMERICAN LEGION DEPARTMENT OF MONTANA Non-Profit Org. ARMED FORCES RESERVE CENTER U.S. Postage P.O. BOX 6075 HELENA, MT 59604-6075 PAID Permit No. 189 Helena, MT 59601 Volume 98, No. 2 November 2020— January 2021 RAYMOND J NYDEGGER Important Upcoming Dates Nov 11 ........................... Veterans Day DEPARTMENT COMMANDER 1975-76 Nov 26 ........................... Thanksgiving Raymond J Nydegger, Depart- Ray was very civic minded, he Dec 7 .......................Pearl Harbor Day ment Commander 1975-76 of belonged to the Masons, Eastern Dec 9 .....................75% Target Date – Renewal Cut Off Date Melstone, a 65-year member of Star and Shrine; he was also Dec 11 .................................Hanukkah Townsend Post 42 passed away on a former Dad Advisor for the Dec 15 .............. All Employer Awards August 18, 2020. Ray served in the DeMolay and a former Mayor of due to Department US Navy aboard the AE4 USS MT Townsend. Dec 25 ............................... Christmas Baker, an ammunition ship, during Dec 26 .........All 2021 Cash Calendars Ray is survived by his wife due back to Department the Korean War. Jeanne of Melstone, who served Jan 1 ................. New Year’s Day 2021 Ray held all elected offices of the as the Department Auxiliary Jan 2 ..........First 2021 Big K Drawings Post and District; additionally, he President the same year Ray was First 2021 Cash Calendar held many of the appointed offices drawings Commander; and his daughters, Jan 5 ...........................MT Legionnaire in both the Post and District. At Jennifer Bergin and Jody Haa- Feb / Mar / Apr issue cutoff date the Department level he served as gland; and son John.
  • Thomas Stuart Homestead Site: Historic Context Report

    Thomas Stuart Homestead Site: Historic Context Report

    Thomas Stuart Homestead Historic Context Report Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site Avana Andrade Public Lands History Center at Colorado State University 2/1/2012 1 Thomas Stuart Homestead Site: Historic Context Report Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site in Deer Lodge Montana is currently developing plans for a new contact station. One potential location will affect the site of a late-nineteenth-century historic homestead. Accordingly, the National Park Service and the Montana State Historic Preservation Office need more information about the historic importance of the Thomas Stuart homestead site to determine future decisions concerning the contact station. The following report provides the historic contexts within which to assess the resource’s historic significance according to National Register of Historic Places guidelines. The report examines the site’s association with Thomas Stuart, a Deer Lodge pioneer, and the Menards, a French- Canadian family, and presents the wider historical context of the fur trade, Deer Lodge’s mixed cultural milieu, and the community’s transformation into a settled, agrarian town. Though only indications of foundations and other site features remain at the homestead, the report seeks to give the most complete picture of the site’s history. Site Significance and Integrity The Thomas Stuart homestead site is evaluated according to the National Register of Historic Places, a program designed in the 1960s to provide a comprehensive listing of the United States’ significant historic properties. Listing on the National Register officially verifies a site’s importance and requires park administrators or land managers to consider the significance of the property when planning federally funded projects.
  • Fact Or Fiction?

    Fact Or Fiction?

    Hugvísindasvið Fact or Fiction? An Examination of Historical Accuracy in John Buchan’s A Lost Lady of Old Years and an Assessment of Buchan’s Influences Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Kristjana Hrönn Árnadóttir May 2012 University of Iceland School of Humanities Department of English Fact or Fiction? An Examination of Historical Accuracy in John Buchan’s A Lost Lady of Old Years and an Assessment of Buchan’s Influences Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Kristjana Hrönn Árnadóttir Kt.: 09.02.87-2499 Supervisor: Ingibjörg Ágústsdóttir May 2012 Abstract This essay is an examination of the Scottish writer John Buchan (1875-1941) and his historical novel A Lost Lady of Old Years which was published in 1899. The thesis has two main purposes; the first is to examine the historicity of the novel and how Buchan makes use of historical events while creating his characters and storyline. The second objective of the dissertation is to examine Buchan’s goals and inspirations while writing the novel, where his influences come from and why he wrote the book, his aims of education and of entertainment. It will assess the effect writers like Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott had on Buchan’s writing and then considers how Buchan’s upbringing and personal opinions appear in the novel. Part I: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Part II: Background ......................................................................................................... 1 2.1 John Buchan ....................................................................................................
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2

    Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2

    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
  • 1 Update Report on the Winning Years Prepared for the Scottish

    1 Update Report on the Winning Years Prepared for the Scottish

    Update Report on The Winning Years Prepared for the Scottish Parliament’s Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee 9 September 2013 INTRODUCTION This report updates the Scottish Parliament’s Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee on the activity and results from The Winning Years; eight milestones over three years which VisitScotland and partners have been promoting to, and working with, the tourism industry on. The overall ambition behind the development of the Winning Years concept is to ensure that the tourism industry and wider visitor economy is set to take full advantage of the long-term gains over the course of the next few years. The paper is divided into sections covering each of the milestones: Year of Creative Scotland The 2012 London Olympics The Diamond Jubilee Disney.Pixar’s Brave Year of Natural Scotland The Commonwealth Games The 2014 Ryder Cup Homecoming Scotland 2014 (incl. up to date list of events) From this report Committee members will see that excellent progress has been made, with strong interest in Scotland’s tourism product from around the world as the country builds to welcome the world in 2014. All of this despite the continuing global economic difficulties. Evidence of bucking the global trend and the success of the 2012 Winning Years milestones can be seen in VisitScotland’s announcement at the end of August that its two main marketing campaigns brought nearly £310m additional economic benefit for Scotland since January 2012. This is a rise of 14% on the same period the year before. VisitScotland’s international campaigns target Scotland’s main markets across the globe including North America, Germany and France as well as emerging markets, such as India and China.
  • Recreational Trails Master Plan

    Recreational Trails Master Plan

    Beaverhead County Recreational Trails Master Plan Prepared by: Beaverhead County Recreational Trails Master Plan Prepared for: Beaverhead County Beaverhead County Commissioners 2 South Pacific Dillon, MT 59725 Prepared by: WWC Engineering 1275 Maple Street, Suite F Helena, MT 59601 (406) 443-3962 Fax: (406) 449-0056 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 Public Involvement .................................................................................................... 1 Key Components of the Plan ..................................................................................... 1 Intent of the Plan ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 - Master Plan Overview................................................................................ 3 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Project Location ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Project Goals ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Variety of Uses ................................................................................................
  • Who Is Governing the ''New'' South Africa?

    Who Is Governing the ''New'' South Africa?

    Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa? Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard To cite this version: Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard. Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa?: Elites, Networks and Governing Styles (1985-2003). IFAS Working Paper Series / Les Cahiers de l’ IFAS, 2006, 8, p. 13-37. hal-00799193 HAL Id: hal-00799193 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799193 Submitted on 11 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ten Years of Democratic South Africa transition Accomplished? by Aurelia WA KABWE-SEGATTI, Nicolas PEJOUT and Philippe GUILLAUME Les Nouveaux Cahiers de l’IFAS / IFAS Working Paper Series is a series of occasional working papers, dedicated to disseminating research in the social and human sciences on Southern Africa. Under the supervision of appointed editors, each issue covers a specifi c theme; papers originate from researchers, experts or post-graduate students from France, Europe or Southern Africa with an interest in the region. The views and opinions expressed here remain the sole responsibility of the authors. Any query regarding this publication should be directed to the chief editor. Chief editor: Aurelia WA KABWE – SEGATTI, IFAS-Research director.
  • A HISTORY OP FORT SHAW, MONTANA, from 1867 to 1892. by ANNE M. DIEKHANS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of "CUM LAUDE"

    A HISTORY OP FORT SHAW, MONTANA, from 1867 to 1892. by ANNE M. DIEKHANS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of "CUM LAUDE"

    A HISTORY OP FORT SHAW, MONTANA, FROM 1867 TO 1892. by ANNE M. DIEKHANS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF "CUM LAUDE" RECOGNITION to the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY CARROLL COLLEGE 1959 CARROLL COLLEGE LIBRARY HELENA, MONTANA MONTANA COLLECTION CARROLL COLLEGE LIBRAS/- &-I THIS THESIS FOR "CUM LAUDE RECOGNITION BY ANNE M. DIEKHANS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY Date ii PREFACE Fort Shaw existed as a military post between the years of 1867 and 1892. The purpose of this thesis is to present the history of the post in its military aspects during that period. Other aspects are included but the emphasis is on the function of Fort Shaw as district headquarters of the United States Army in Montana Territory. I would like to thank all those who assisted me in any way in the writing of this thesis. I especially want to thank Miss Virginia Walton of the Montana Historical Society and the Rev. John McCarthy of the Carroll faculty for their aid and advice in the writing of this thesis. For techni­ cal advice I am indebted to Sister Mary Ambrosia of the Eng­ lish department at Carroll College. I also wish to thank the Rev. James R. White# Mr. Thomas A. Clinch, and Mr. Rich­ ard Duffy who assisted with advice and pictures. Thank you is also in order to Mrs. Shirley Coggeshall of Helena who typed the manuscript. A.M.D. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chggter Page I. GENERAL BACKGROUND............................... 1 II. MILITARY ACTIVITIES............................. 14 Baker Massacre Sioux Campaign The Big Hole Policing Duties Escort and Patrol Duties III.
  • Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift Revisited

    Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift Revisited

    We, ‘The children of Isandlwana’: Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift revisited Themba Mthethwa B.PROC, LLB (NATAL) __________________________________________________________________________________________ One hundred years ago, King Cetshwayo’s people’s army spoke to the invading enemy with their spears at the battle of Isandlwana. It engaged and defeated the pride of the British colonial army – a feat which has gone down in history as one of the most glorious and spectacular achievements in world struggles to resist foreign domination. Faced with the might of the superior army, our heroic warriors knew no fear. They shed rivers of blood to remain free in the land that was undoubtedly theirs. In a war which was deliberately provoked by the enemy, the people’s army gave a clear motive that a time comes in the life of people when there is only one way out – the way of challenging oppression by force and violence In doing so, they added a glorious page to a long history of our people’s heroic resistance to the invasion of the land of their forefathers. Isandlwana has left us with a heritage, whose spirit of no surrender, whose spirit of sacrifice and discipline, inspires and guides our whole nation in the battles to come, a heritage which is a challenge to all of us – the children of Isandlwana. (1) In the heart of Mitchell Street, Darwin, in Australia’s Northern Territory, I came across a British Redcoat, similar to those who fought at Isandlwana. On a closer look, it was a café, called Rorke’s Drift bar/café. He called the patrons to come and enjoy “the best of British hospitality in the heart of Mitchell Street.” Darwin is not only well known for its tropical climate and as a major tourist destination, but is also known for being the only major target of Japanese bombings during World War II.
  • EB145 Opt.Pdf

    EB145 Opt.Pdf

    E EPISCOPAL CHURCHPEOPLE for a FREE SOUTHERN AFRICA 339 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. 10012·2725 C (212) 4n-0066 FAX: (212) 979-1013 S A #145 21 february 1994 _SU_N_D_AY-.::..:20--:FEB:.=:..:;R..:..:U..:..:AR:..:.Y:.....:..:.1994::...::.-_---.". ----'-__THE OBSERVER_ Ten weeks before South Africa's elections, a race war looks increasingly likely, reports Phillip van Niekerk in Johannesburg TOKYO SEXWALE, the Afri­ In S'tanderton, in the Eastern candidate for the premiership of At the meeting in the Pretoria Many leading Inkatha mem­ can National Congress candidate Transvaal, the white town coun­ Natal. There is little doubt that showgrounds three weeks ago, bers have publicly and privately for the office of premier in the cillast Wednesday declared itself Natal will fall to the ANC on 27 when General Constand Viljoen, expressed their dissatisfaction at Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Veree­ part of an independent Boer April, which explains Buthelezi's head ofthe Afrikaner Volksfront, Inkatha's refusal to participate in niging province, returned shaken state, almost provoking a racial determination to wriggle out of was shouted down while advo­ the election, and could break from a tour of the civil war in conflagration which, for all the having to fight the dection.~ cating the route to a volkstaat not away. Angola last Thursday. 'I have violence of recent years, the At the very least, last week's very different to that announced But the real prize in Natal is seen the furure according to the country not yet experienced. concessions removed any trace of by Mandela last week, the im­ Goodwill Zwelithini, the Zulu right wing,' he said, vividly de­ The council's declaration pro­ a legitimate gripe against the new pression was created that the king and Buthelezi's nephew.
  • BIG HOLE National Battlefield

    BIG HOLE National Battlefield

    BIG HOLE National Battlefield Historical Research Management Plan & Bibliography of the ERCE WAR, 1877 F 737 .B48H35 November 1967 Historical Research Management Plan BIG HOLE NATI ONAL for .BATILEFIELD LI BRP..RY BIG HOLE Na tional Battlefield & Bibliog raphy of the N E Z PERCE WAR, 1877 By AUBREY L. HAINES DIVISION OF HISTORY Office of Archeology and Historic Preservatio.n November 1967 U.S. Department of the Interior NATI ONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL RESEARCH MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIG HOLE NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD November 1968 Recommended Superintendent Date Reviewed Division of History Date Approved Chief, Office of Archeology Date and Historic Preservation i TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Research Management Plan Approval Sheet I. The Park Story and Purpose . • • • 1 A. The Main His torical Theme ••••••• 1 B. Sub sidiary Historical Theme • • • • • 1 1 c. Relationship of Historical Themes to Natural History and Anthropology • • • • • • • • 12 D. Statement of Historical Significance •• 14 E. Reasons for Establishment of the Park • • • • • 15 II. Historical Resources of the Battlefield 1 7 A. Tangible Resources • • • • 17 1. Sites and Remains 1 7 a. Those Related to the Main Park Theme • • . 1 7 b. Those Related to Subsidiary Themes • 25 2. Historic Structures 27 B. Intangible Resources • 2 7 c. Other Resources 2 8 III.Status of Research •• 2 9 A. Research Accomplished 29 H. Research in Progress • • • • • 3o c. Cooperation with Non-Service Institutions 36 IV. Research Needs ••••••••••••••••• 37 A. Site Identification and Evaluation Studies 37 H. General Background Studies and Survey Histories 40 c. Studies for Interpretive Development • • • • • 4 1 D. Development Studies • • • • • • • • • 4 1 E.