E EPISCOPAL CHURCHPEOPLE for a FREE SOUTHERN AFRICA 339 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. 10012·2725 C (212) 4n-0066 FAX: (212) 979-1013 S A #145 21 february 1994
_SU_N_D_AY-.::..:20--:FEB:.=:..:;R..:..:U..:..:AR:..:.Y:.....:..:.1994::...::.-_---.". ----'-__THE OBSERVER_
Ten weeks before South Africa's elections, a race war looks increasingly likely, reports Phillip van Niekerk in Johannesburg
TOKYO SEXWALE, the Afri In S'tanderton, in the Eastern candidate for the premiership of At the meeting in the Pretoria Many leading Inkatha mem can National Congress candidate Transvaal, the white town coun Natal. There is little doubt that showgrounds three weeks ago, bers have publicly and privately for the office of premier in the cillast Wednesday declared itself Natal will fall to the ANC on 27 when General Constand Viljoen, expressed their dissatisfaction at Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Veree part of an independent Boer April, which explains Buthelezi's head ofthe Afrikaner Volksfront, Inkatha's refusal to participate in niging province, returned shaken state, almost provoking a racial determination to wriggle out of was shouted down while advo the election, and could break from a tour of the civil war in conflagration which, for all the having to fight the dection.~ cating the route to a volkstaat not away. Angola last Thursday. 'I have violence of recent years, the At the very least, last week's very different to that announced But the real prize in Natal is seen the furure according to the country not yet experienced. concessions removed any trace of by Mandela last week, the im Goodwill Zwelithini, the Zulu right wing,' he said, vividly de The council's declaration pro a legitimate gripe against the new pression was created that the king and Buthelezi's nephew. scribing the scenes of death, de voked the entire population of constitution. 'grassroots' of Afrikanerdom With the king go the hearts and struction and famine he had wit the black township oflingehle to The moral high ground mat- favours the radical course ofwar. minds of hundreds of thousands nessed. 'It does not work.' march on Standerton. Police ters, because the ANC and the There is a counter, untested oftraditionalist Zulus. In a week when the ANC had threw up a barbed wire cordon as government are increasingly view that the AWB support is His demand last week for a approved sweeping constitu heavily-armed right-wingers hinting that they might be forced minimal, if vocal. The vast ma return to a Zulu kingdom in the tional concessions to try to save cocked their pistols, itching to to crack down on those who vio- jority of conservative Afrikaners style of that of the nineteenth the April elections and bring in fire the first shots in their war of lently disrupt, or threaten to dis- are frightened of the furure and century kings Dingaan and the right wing, Sexwale summed 'freedom'. rupt, the elections. what it means for their personal Shaka is more radical even than up the ANC's agonising choice: The worst nightmare of a race Over the objections ofshocked safety and identity as Afrikaners. Buthelezi's demands. The king is 'The Freedom Alliance is making liberals, the ANC and the They do not want to vote for the stoking the dangerous cauldron demands with a pistol pointed at war was narrowly averted. Ten National Party agreed to extend National Party, which they feel ofZulu nationalism. our heads and that pistol is civil weeks from the election, South Buthelezi guffawed when Africa is a fragile place. the life ofSection 29 ofthe Inter- has betrayed their interests. But war.' nal Security Act, the detention nor do they want to sacrifice crowds of Zulus booed De Klerk The hope of the ANC and the Mandela's announcement last in Durban last Monday, after he Wednesday night of concessions without trial provision under everything and go to war over a government is to shake the Free which so many ANC activists volkstaat that does not even exist met Zwelithini. However, the dom Alliance loose. Talks are on regional powers, the double king could be the biggest long ballot and a constitutional princi were held in their time. At least on a map. The ANC and the being held over the next few days 28 right-wingers have been net- government are determined not term threat to Buthelezi's power. with the Afrikaner Volksfront, ple for a volkstaat (people's state) This weekend the king is hold were an attempt to cool the ted under its provisions following to abandon these generally solid the Bophuthatswana government a spate of bombings of ANC of- qrizens to the racists and the ing a separate rally where, for and the Zulu king, Goodwill temperature. once, he will not have Buthelezi They were immediately fices in the Western Tran.svaal warmongers. Zwelithini. and Orange Free State. . The next few days will tell peering over his shoulder. The Nelson Mandela, the ANC rejected by Buthelezi even king is now locked into separate though, as Colin Eglin, the Dem Dries Bruwer, the president of whether Mandela has sufficiently president, and President F. W. ·the Transvaal Agricultural strengthened the hand ofViljoen negotiations with De Klerk. de Klerk are seeking to break the ocratic Party leader, pointed out, KwaZulu insiders say the king they closely resembled the Union, said on Friday that 'at and the pragmatists, including at stranglehold that the spoilers and least 100,000 people who sup- least half the members of parlia does not want civil war. Ifhe does the extremists Chief amendments which Inkatha itself a deal with De Klerk, securing a put forward when the constitu port the volkstaat and refuse to be ment in the Conservative Party, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, presi governed by a Communist gov- to dislodge them from the constitutional monarchy in dent of the Inkatha Freedom tion was debated in parlillment Natal, he could leave Buthelezi only two months ago. emrnent are in possession ofmili- extremists. Party, and the Afrikaner tary weapons' - and are part of A similar process is under way isolated. Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) The concessions were the But Buthelezi is a street ANC's answer to the growing the ruraJ military reserve. in Natal, where the ANC and the under Eugene TerreBlanche Inevitable questions have been NP hope to detach Inkatha's fighter, repeatedly underesti have succeeded in exerting over perception that it has not done mated by his opponents, and he enough to woo the dissidents into raised about the loyalty of the moderates from the iron regime their constituencies. largely white-led security forces. of Buthelezi. The biggest hurdle is unlikely to sacrifice his trump The temperarure is rising. the election, and that it will have card without a fight. He and to shoulder a hefty proportion of ANC leaders are confident that is the pervasive climate of fear Early yesterday, gunmen, be they will act against disrupters, that dominates politics in the TerreBlanche, another crafty lieved to be Inkatha supporters, the blame if the country slides but there remains a gnawing KwaZulu capital ofUlundi. politician who tends to be under massacred 14 ANC canvassers, into civil war. doubt which will be all the more estimated, are rocklike in their aged 12-17, as they slept in the Mandela attempted last week insistent if the entire right wing ChiefSimon Gumede, a senior determination to stop the transi Natal village of Creighton. The to address these critics. And he remains alienated from the elec KwaZulu Cabinet Minister who tion to democracy. killing of the youths, who had made it clear that if he was un tion. During the 1992 referen advocated participation in the The ANC is caught between been planning a voter education able to bind Buthelezi in, it was dum, a third of the white elector- election, fled Ulundi for his tribe this rock and another hard place workshop, is the worst single in the intransigence of the Zulu in the Ubombo area in northern - the anger that is welling up in cident this year. chief, and not of the ANC, that ate and a slim majority ofAfrika Zululand last Wednesday, when the townships. Many ANC sup White liberals and their do created the impasse. ners voted against De Klerk's he found his name on a pamphlet porters do not understand why, mestic workers alike are stocking Even those foreign supporters refonns. This constituency has listing 21 alleged ANC activists on the eve of their liberation, up with bully beef tins and dry who have remained sold on the not yet been won for the new within the KwaZulu their leaders have to walk so biscuits for the winter. Apocry image of Buthelezi as the ma democracy. administration. many extra miles to appease the phal stories ofapproaching doom ligned moderate must now be Suspicions that the pamphlet Right. Any change to the election are put about as fact. Sometimes prepared to countenance a far ,.. was little more than a hit list were date of27 April could provoke an they come true. In Natal, a more gloomy analysis ofthe man. borne out last weekend, when uprising. remote farmhouse is occupied by Opinion polls show his party Thabiso Ngubane, the registrar In that case, the fate of South unifonned gunmen who have with less than 5 per cent support of Nongoma College in Zulu Africa will be decided through come to 'redistribute' the land. nationally, and in third place in land, whose name also appeared bloodbaths in the small towns of There is uncertainty, confusion Natal behind the ANC and the on the list, was shot dea.d. the Orange Free State and the and an edginess that could turn National Party. The ANC has Transvaal, and not at the talking white emigration from the more Zulu-speaking support forums of the World Trade Cen country into an exodus. than Inkatha. tre. The talkers have only hours They have cemented this base left to find each other. by nominating Jacob Zuma, a diplomat and Zulu moderate, as INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY 20 FEBRUARY 1994
Plot thickens as Zulu king enters the political stage
TIm ZULU royal house, at the From John CarlIn in Johannesburg ANC. One of them., a school turbulent beart of South Afri· registtllt caJled Ngubane, .was ca's contemporary political dra killed last week. A KwaZulu ma, provides the stuff of which on all o.lfjcjaJ meetings to en assembly. But the tension be cabinet minister who is aIsO On the great Elizabethan tragedies 8111'C the king does not devia~ tween uncle and nephew per the list, Chief Simon Gumede, 'were made. from his uncle's political line. sisted. The king Wllnted to play on Thursday abruptly an Shakespeare never invc:nt The only woman allowed to a political role, but his \lncle nounced his resignauon and ed a richer cast of characters: a sit in the king's presence is the said tbi~wouJd risk disunity fled t.1lundi. weak and resentful king; the tbird of his fIVe wives, his among tbe Zulu people. Even The two people Chief Buth king's unclc, a lICheming prince; favourite, Prinoess Mantfombi, tually the king capitulated. On elezi seems to trust absolutely the uncle'5 favoured courtiers, a the daughter of the Swazi king. 19 1anuary 1976, before a spe arc: neither Zulu nor black and diminutive lago with a wispy During l\lneh the .king will re cial session of the KwaZUlu as therefore no threat to h.i~ dy white beard and a cunning main blandly aloof. Only the t:embly, he pledged to keep out nastic $tatus. A bearded white young Italian of noble bearing; court jester will provide a win of politics. anthropologist called Walter the princes royal, munnuring dow into his - or his uncle's King Goodwill had been Felgate writes Chief Buthelen's with discontent; and a court innennost thoughts. roundly humiliated, but wom ,peechc:s, and he and the chief jester. As for the plot, there's a The jester crouches by the was to come. Three yean later, appear to think as one. Whl:n foreign usurper, a kingdom un king's side and gibbers: "Man accused of having broken his Nelson Mandela announced a oer threat, revenge, betrayal, dela is a rubbish"; "the ANC, kingly vows, he was again series of constitutional conces· murder, and the distant rumble communists", that kind of hauled before the assembly. sionslast Wednesday to lure of war. thing. He will never, in the Eu The king sat motionless on his Inkatha and their bedfellows on King Goodwill Zwelithini. ropean medieval tradition, tbrone for a whole afternoon the wbite right into the elec the Lion of the Zulu nation, poke fun at tbe king but he may while Chief Butbelezi heaped tions, Mr Fclgatc's re!pon.sc to and Prince Mangosuthu Buthe at his guests. "Ha. hat You in rebukes upon him. Suddenly, journalists was "Hot air!" An le:ti, his uncle and prime minis ternational visitors! You say unable any longer to contain his official statement from Chief ter, arc engaged in battle with you come here impartial! Ha! I distress, the king jumped up, Buthele%i merely expanded on the young pretenders of the Af know better! You have an agen- . and ran out of the chamber into the theme. rican National CongreM and da! You're in the pocket ofthe the night. Princess Mantfombi The other man the chief striving to tum back the clock ANCI" He said prmsely this to quietly followed him out, trusts ~ Mario Ambrosini, a to the early 19th century and re a delegation that visited the stepped into the royal car and young, sharp-suited Italian and vive the glories of the tn'be un king earlier this year. The king caught up with him amile down Self-styled constitutional ex der the mighty Shaka. smiled distantly butncver ac the road, still running. pert. His counsel of late .has "T am claiming," King knowledged his fool's pre.o;ence. Por the nen decade the king been simple: wrap yourself in Goodwill told President FW de Behind the king's smile, stuck to his constitutional brief the flag of Zulu nationalism. Klerk Oil Mondav, "exclmjve however, there ill much bitter and, though civiJ war ragc:d, k:l::pt This has required the assistance and independent' f;QVereignty ness. The truth about the lOng, quiet. The ZUlu people, under of the king, whom Chief Buthe over our atavistie territory Ill; lui has suddenly transformed per 1834 boundaries." into a leading political player. Since 1834 the Zulu king The king could turn at any moment. He For the time beill& the king dom, which was crushed by the is doing his uncle's bidding, British in 1879, has cxisted only is talking behind the scenes to the ANC faithfully reading out secession as 11 figment of the imagination. ~~--_._~--....,------ist spec:ches written in the high All that remains is an arcl1ipela ifthose·of his people who have the opposing banners of the Felgate style. But the word go of 48 impavcrished little rebelled· and support the ANC ANC and Inkatha, were killing from royal sources is that the pieces of territory called are to be believed, is that,as each other. But tbe royal house, king, who must surely £O'Iell the KwaZuh,l, m8.l'ked out by th~ Hamlet to Oaudiu8, he loathes for the most part, stood firm.. air of defeat that hangs about apartheid planners within the and r«*nts his uncle. History The hereditary clUefs - dukc.B his uncle, could tum at any mo borders of Natal province. corroborates this. and earls in the ZUlu feudal sys ment. He is talking behind the Funded entirely by Pre Before King Goodwill's tem - tended to fight on Inka scene., to tbe ANC. Entwhile toria, KwaZulu is ruled virtually coronation in 1971, Chief tha's side. Butheleti loyalists are said to be as a dictatorship by Chief Buthele.zi was not the power in Today, the voices of dil;.<;ent sea'etly shifting their alle· Buthelezi, the head of the the royal household that he is arc rising within. Prince Petrus giances to the royal bouse. lnkatba Freedom. Party. The today, But he was ambitious Zulu, a relative of the king, led This shows some wisdom. king, paid by Chief Buthelezi and, in traditional Zulu fashion, agroup of disaffected royals r.e· . The ANC. certain to rule· the out ofPretoria's kitty, has until the king'~ friends decided that ocntly on a campaign to free tbe land, is keen to mollify the king, now played a strictly ceremoni the best way to deal with him monarch from the elutthes of to let him continue his reign. It al role. It is only in the put few was assassination. bis uncle. He ~n wrote to Mr will give him astate salary, with weeks that he has emerged as a As chronicled by two of de: Klerk, begging him to sliift no strings attached; it will let political contender. . Chief Buthclczi's hagiogra control of the king's finances him keep his palace, ~ cattle What is going on in King phers, he ~jved death threats from Kwa.Zu1u to Pretoria. and his lands. Chief Buthelezi's Goodwill's mind? A visit to the on the eve of tbe coronation On the evening of Sunday future, by contrast, looks bar-· modest royal palace in Non and waS warned to keep away. 23 January, Prince P~trus was reno In the end his best option. goma, a rare privilege which Chief Buthclczi flliled to heed watching television with his it would seem, i$ banishlXlent. only Chief Buthelezi has the the advice, but the man who children at his home in Ulundi, The ball is in the Jcing's power to grant, would yiel~ few was assigned to kill him gol 80 tbe KwaZuJu capital, when court. More powetful right DOW answers, But as an experience dnmk. fn an effort to fortify someone outaide caned out his than any Zulu monarch since in time.trave~ it has its ehllIlIlll. himself for the foul deed, that name. He went to ICe who it Cet$hwayo, whom Qu"n Vic;.. The fiI1t thing you are told he e:ollapsed unconllCious. was and died in a hail ofbullet$.. toria's soldiers crushed, KiDg upon arrival is that you may Encouraged by this omen, At. elections draw near and Goodwill has the opportunity, if leave only at thci king's plea. Chief Buthelezi manoeuvred the ANC closes in, a hit-list bas he SO eh(X)S(:S., of exacting sweet 5Ute. Beyond that, di8ceming and ~ajoled, secured the posi emerged in tJlundi with the revenge and ....tching with a what the Icing is reaUy thinking tll)!) of prime nrlnister to the names· of 21 Inkathe officials distant smile lIS bis uncle rullS will prove imposlible. A lieu king and established himself as and members who are alle¥ed out of the 8~mmel1t chamber teDant or Chief Buthelezi Aitll in head ofthe KwaZulll leal,latlv. to be elOtet IIUpportcrs of the Into the night. SOUTHSCAN A Bulletin of Southern African Affairs Vol. 9 No.5 ~ 4 February 1994 I• 1------Top generals' warning to De Klerk may hide double agenda The warning from the general staff of inFebruaryto provesupportfor a sepa thoughANC intelligencesourcesdo not the SA Defence Force to President FW rate homeland. "Then we are prepared see him as particularly astute player. deKlerkaboutan extremelydangerous to establish a homeland council, to in Because of the likelihood of double security situation in which the loyalty augurate the homeland by 27thApril". agendas, local analysts are disinclined ofa largenumberofofficerscouldnotbe to read the Rapport story at face value, guaranteed is being taken seriously, Viewedseriously though the ANC itself is quietly pre according to reports from Pretoria. According to the newspaper report pared for a right-wing para-military Butis is also raisinga question mark theSADFgeneralstaf'fwarned De Klerk revolt (SouthScan v8/43 p329). over the agenda ofthe senior generals thattheright-wingmightevenattempt Analysts see a likelihood of terror themselves who made the warning. a coup and that the government would attacks increasing, but no all-out war. Their discussions last week - leaked not be able to depend on the loyalty of However, if the right-wing do mount to the pro-government Afrikaans Sun more than 60% ofofficers. coordinatedandsustainedassaultsand daynewspaperRapport andnotdenied The government is believed to view sieges in particular districts, calling by theSADF-cameontheeveofthekey the message in a serious light and is them'liberatedzones', andblacktroops talks betwen the far right-wingers in reportedly following events closely. are sent in, this will galvanise right the Freedom Alliance and the govern One government minister told the wing'resistance' and move SAcloser to ment and African National Congress. newspaper that the general staffs in civIl war, they say. The talks broke down amid pessimism formation was "so shocking that it is Sending white troops in will mean about bringingthe FAinto the election difficult to believe", though he had for running the risk of low morale and process. months considered that the situation dubious loyalities. SADF officials later sought to play was possible. Another unnamed min Last week, following reports that do\\'1l the report, saying it was normal ister said he did not believe the infor right-wingershadhiddencachesofarms to provide intelligence on security mation. Continued on back pllge I matters, and any threats of armed re The generalswere anxious that they sistance.Theydismissed asunthinkable should not be seen as havingtheir own that a large proportion of the officers agenda: therewas no questionofa split and men could be disloyal. between the general staffand the gov But some local analysts have seen ernment, according to the report. the timing in a different light. They It has been widely accepted that the ~ suspectthegeneralscouldbeseekingto top levels ofthe SADF are loyal to the add pressure to the right-wingcase for government and support the elections. ethnic autonomy, and to create an at Thisistheview intheAN C itself, partly mosphere in which theANC isbumped based on the purge of officers under into key concessions. taken a year aio after Military Intelli . The generals' concern over the likely gence was revealed to have been oper loyalty oftheirown SADFofficerscame atinga dirtytricks department against just after FA leader Gen. Constand it. Viljoen warned that the government But the movement's own best choice would have to "scrape around to find for a newchiefofthe SADF, Gen. Pierre enoughDefenceForcememberstostand Steyn, was later passed over in favour against the right". of a military hardliner, Gen. Georg This week he said in a televisoin Meiring (SouthScan v8/31 p233). The interview that an uprising was "una ANC put the best fac:e on events at the voidable". Thebottomlinein negotiatios time, but links between Viljoen and oftheAfrikanerrightwasa referendum officer groups are likely to continue,
'N0 war' in peace force BLOEMFONTEIN (AFP) sides that have bitterly fought The commander of South M each other." rica's all·race peace-keeping The force of 3,500 has force admitted yesterday that thrown together erstwhile en it was struggling to fight rac emies from the Defence ism within its ranks, but dis· Force, the African National counted reports ofchaos. Congress and personnel from "Naturally there have been black homelands. The force, teething problems," said Ma· under the jurisdiction of the jor-General Gabriel Ramush transitional authority over· wana of the National Peace· seeing government in the keeping Force (NKPF). "It's nm-up to April's ejection, has not an easy business. We the task ofkeeping peace dur come from different sides, ing the poll. Generals warn De Klerk secure more arms and ammunition. members who are right-wing sympa Rapport's sources said the recent thisers as well as former members who Con tin lied wave ofsabotage attacks on power py became involved in various covert near the town ofBrits, two helicopters, lons and rail lines should be seen as structures - Military Intelligence, the a militaryDakotaplaneandtroopswere armed propaganda, and was a precur Civil Co-operationBureau,Koevoet and sentto the area. Tensionmountedafter sor ofmore destructive attacks. theAskarisatVlakplaas-will bepicked three lorry-loads of black troops were The only reason passenger trains up. sentto thefarm Beestekraal,and right carryingblackcommutershavenotbeen The list - related to the entire dirty wing farmers finally secured an agree hit was thatthey might have been car tricksoperation since theunbanningof ment from SADF officers that black. rying Zulus, with whom the far right. the ANC - in itselfindicates who some soldierswould notinfuture bedeployed wingers see themselves in alliance. oftheleadingcadresintheparamilitary in the region. There are signs that sabotage is be groups might be. All the groups had At the same time members of the ing stepped up. Nine railway wagons official military or police links. police Crime Intelligence Service - the were derailed late on Monday when a However,thelegislationwhichwould former security police . were ordered train set offan explosive device on the have made such internment possible back to Pretoria from the Brits line between the rural Orange Free was that used against the liberation Rustenburg area to report. The police State province towns of Koppies and movement earlier· section 29 of the were said to be concerned with the pos Kroonstad. Internal Security Act, which was re sible take-over ofpolice stations. A similar blast occurred around the pealed last month. same time on the line between the Until then its repeal it was being westernTransvaaltownsofHarrisburg used by the police to hold members of Control overcommandos andLeeudoringstad. the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Accordingto thereporttherearefewer Police areinvestigatinga linkbetween suspected ofcausingbomb explosions. than two commando units in the entire the two explosions and others in the WesternTransvaal which arenotunder past few months which have destroyed control of the right wing. Commandos electricity pylons, electricity sub-sta Youth anticipateswar are rural reservist units. tionsandlengthsofrailwaytrackinthe More than two-thirds of SA's white Total national strength has in the two regions. Previous explosions have and black young people aged between past been kept at around 140,000, in been claimed by the 'Boer Republican 16 and 25 believepoliticalviolence will around 250 units, compared to a total of Army'. degenerate into outright civil war dur around 72,000 full-time troops, and ing the April elections, a new poll has 360,000 Citizen Force reservists. Clampdownforecast found. The right-wing is said also to have A security clampdown on the right A Markinor surveycommissioned by secured effective control over the past wing and a purge of the armed forces Reader's Digest polled 300 black and few months over the commandos and would forestall this, and within right 300 white young people in major met their arsenals in .Orange Free State wingcircles there are fears that this is ropolitan areas in August on issues farming areas, the far Northern beingplanned. such as politics, security, education, Transvaal, North and SouthernTrans· Right-wingers said that there are morality and the economy. vaal. numerous police investigations at It found that although blacks and In all these areasright wing'regional present into suspected right·wing ac whites were polarised on politics and defence units' have been affiliated to tivists, but that there have been few security, more than 900/< ofwhites and the commandos, and thus have gained arrests. They expect that at a given 87% of blacks expected violence to in access to military weaponry. timethe police will usethe information creaseintheshortterm. Thepoll showed According to the report, a raid had collectedto neutralisea possibleviolent that over two-thirds of economically been planned two weeks ago on a police take-over. activeblacks andjust underone·fifthof base near Rosslyn outside Pretoria to They believe that serving SADF whites were unemployed.
White extremi,sts step up bomb attacks
the town of Groot Marlco, commission reacted by an act decisively against the vio Devld hr••ford and a blast at the home of a nouncing it was considering lence. "De Klerk Is a weak In Johenn••burg white farmer who has identi draft regulations giving po ling ... he's scared of the fied himself with the African litical parties the right of ac right wing," he said. HE threat ofviolent con National Congress. cess to private property for Fears that the country Is frontation with right They followed explosions campalgn purposes. sliding towards rightwing Twing extremists contin which wrecked the Klerks Nelson Mandela took the rebellion are being encour ued to mount in South Africa dorp offices of the ANC ANC campaign into the Free aged by pessimism over the yesterday with more bomb aligned National Union of State yesterday on the first of likely outcome of the trUat blasts and hardilne state Mineworkers and National a three-day whistle-stop tour eral negotiations between ments from the white farm· Union of Metal Workers of of the area. Appealing to a the government, the ANC Ing community. South Africa, and the ANC racially mixed audience of and the Freedom Alliance. Three explosions were offices in Ottosdal. 011 refinery workers at Sasol The ANC is known to have reported overnight in the The mood of defiance burg, he said: "If whites made a decision In principle western TranS\'aal, bringing among rural whites was stand up in sufficient num to concede a double ballot in the number of recent bomb underlined yesterday by bers, especially Afrikaners, the AprU election - allowing attacks in the region to 17. statements from agricultural and say 'We condemn this the electorate to vote twice, Another 11 blasts have been unions in the Transvaal and violence, we condemn this for regional and national recorded in the Orange Free the Free State that members threat' ... people will representatives. But It reo State since December. All are would prohibit political ac listen." fuses to make the offer untU blamed on the right wing. tivities on their farms during At a black township rally, it has assurances that the The latest bombings in· the April 27 election Mr Mandela launched a per other side will reciprocate cluded an attack on a com campalgn. sonal attack on President with a binding agreement to munity hall used by blacks in The independent electoral F. W. de Klerk for falling to participate in the election. .. THE GUARDIAN THE GUAHU1AN Tuesday February 15 1994 Monday February 14 1994 War talk erupts King of Zulus as Inkatha allies threatens to fail to register declare UDI alist one that would lead to Chris McQr.a' more killing, even though large In Johann.sburg numbers of Zulus back the Afri can National Congress. In the latest of a string of sab HE Killg of the Zulus, But Mr De Klerk said there David B.r.sford otage incidents in recent weeks, Goodwill Zwelithini, was no reason why Zulus In Johann.sburg the right wing once again sig· warned yesterday that should feel excluded by the in nailed Its opposition to the elec· T he intends to declare terim constitution, and argued ARGE.SCALE political tion by blowing up a gas pipe· his kingdom independent of lnkatha should participate in violence seems inevitable line crossing the Vaal river South Africa for the first time the elections. Lin South Africa after the early yesterday morning. Police since it was conquered by the At least one person was killed failure of the right wing and said commercial explosives British. and one wounded when the conservative homeland leaders were used. At a meeting in Durban with king's supporters grew impa· to meet the weekend deadline Three ANC supporters were .President F. W. de Klerk, the tient as the talks dragged on to register for the April killed in an attack on the Zeven· king presented a memorandum and let loose a volley of shots elections. fontein squatter camp north of saying that the collapse of Afri· outside the meeting hall. The Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi JohannesbuJ'g attributed to kaner ru;c. and before that of king. Mr De Klerk and Chief added to the ominous portents Chief Buthelezi's Inkatha Free· the British Empire, elTectively Buthelezi went outside to calm with one of his most bellicose dom Party. Police said they had reinstated the sovereignty of the crowd of several thousand speeches yet, calling for ethnic made 38 arrests. the KwaZulu kingdom. people. But occasional gunfire unity and warning followers President F. W. de Klerk Is "Those who conquered us, continued. they had to be prepared to lay scheduled to have talks with namely the white nations of Af· Before meeting the king, Mr . down their lives. the Zulu king. Goodwill Zwe rikaner and British, are now De Klerk accused the ANC of "We Zulus must stand with lethini, in Durban today on the relinquishing their sovereignty trying to seize control of broad· our Tswana and Afrikaner constitutional position of his over the land of South Africa." casting in advance of the brothers, and brothers of other monarchy under the new dis he said. election. ethnic groups, to fight for free· pensation. There is speculation "The nation which was exer· He told the opening session of dom, justice and democracy," that the government and the cising sovereignty over the land the International Press Insti· he told a youth rally in Ngwen ANC are trying to drive a is ab<:icating its power to open tute conference in Cape Tov;n yezani township near Empan wedge between King Zwelethini the door for new nations to ex that the ANC was trying to geni on the Natal coast. and Chief Buthelezi by olTering ercise their sovereignty over pack the South African broad "We must resist the ANC and the king independence of the the land. casting corporation's board their communist surrogates. It chief, as monarch of the Kwa· "Under this set of circum· with Its members. and that a is impossible for me to lie to Zulu·Natal region. stances, I take the position that "political phalanx" was pursu· you and reassure you that the Nineteen parties had regis the sovereignty of the Zulu ing a campaign of subtle intimi IFP (Inkatha Freedom Pany) tered for the April 27 election nation is revived and I am ad· datiun against journalists and opposition to fighting the elec· by the time the midnight dead I vised that this position is also managers who did not comply. tlons under the present consti line passed on Saturday, the. I ~upported by the international "Freedom of expression, of tution will not bring casualties, main ones being the ANC, the I law of decolonisation." which press freedom is a cru· I and even death," Chief Buthe ruling Nationalists, the Pan·Af· The king wamed that the ciaI aspect. is among the core lezl told about 10,000 support ricanist Congress and the lib· Zulu nation would not be bound values of democracy that we ers, "It would be equally impos eral Democratic Party. by South Africa's ne..... constitu· have striven for. It is only such sible for me to tell you that the Other parties - some of tion, under which the first a free press that can temper the new South Africa was going to which registered only for the multi·racial elections will be appetite of any government to bring peace, prosperity and regional contests - ranged held in April. Because the ANC amass power at the expense of freedom." from the Workers International had not defeated the Zulus in the citizen," he said. Inkatha and its white right to Rebuild the Fourth Interna war. they had no right to rule The ANC leader. Nelson Man· wing allies in the Freedom Alli tional SA to the Women's over them. dela. did not directly respond, ance have repeatedly threatened Rights Peace Party and the The meeting with Mr De but promised that his govern civil war If their demands for a Keep it Straight and Simple Klerk came on the heels of the ment would respect press free· high level of regional autonomy Party (KISS). decision by the king's uncle, dom. which he described as the and a white homeland are not KISS has one member, a Mangosnthu Buthelezi. not to lifeblood of any democracy. But met - options emphatically Transvaal housewife who drew register his Inkatha Freedom he criticised the dominance of ruled out once again by Nelson up its constitution while pre· Party for the elections. Reject the South African media by Mandela at a campaign rally in paring breakfast on Saturday ing participation. Chief Buthe white middle·c1ass males and Cape Town at the weekend. morning. lezi made ..... hat amounted to their general acceptance under new threats of Violence. POl" apa:theid of rigorous self traying the struggle as a nation· censorship.
'tJ- O:::J -~ -'1» In (') .. 0 ~'J s:: (')1» ;::;- In 'J'tJ "'l Cii'~ => ::'tJ till» £.'" til"c:~ '-C ~tIl 0< ..0 i..n ." C" I» ~ (') :; ~ .~ 0 .... ::I: <.0 0 '.0 :::J .... Mandela·presses the Message ofhope flesh in marginal for two townships • • sick ofviolence A SENIOR African National Con constituencies gress official, kept in chains three JOHN CARLIN years ago because he was suspected in Katlebonl ANC leader campaigns hard in 'Coloured' heartland of having led a plot to overthrow the government, read out a state ious - this time to make absolutely CALLS to war by Mangosuthu pitch, the ·venue a large white mar ment written by President FW de certain that the ANC party was safe. Buthelezi after his decision to boy JOHNCARuN quee. Vendors sold ice cream, KIerk yesterday before 1,000 ANC Four police armoured vehicles con South Africa's first democratic iD Cape Town hotdogs, Cokes. Everybody wore supponers. met Mr Mande1a's convoy outside elections had little impact on Nel shoes. The official was Mac Maharaj; Katlehong and, with a police heli son Mandela, who was campaigning cial parliaments. The reason why Some ofthose who had turned up the venue a community hall in copter hovering overhead, esconed cheerfully yesterday in Cape Town, there is some doubt in the Cape were not sure who they would vote Katlehong; the response rapturous. him to the community hall. The the one city in the country where town area is that it is the only re for. "We worry the ANC will now The statement provided a detailed scene outside the hall conjured im the African National Congress is gion where blacks are not in the ma discriminate in favour of blacks. plan to bring peace to this, South ages ofthe D-Day landings, so mas not assured of victory. jority. Coloureds here make up We think that maybe we will be bet Africa's most violent township. sive was the police and army pres The ANC president spent much more than 50 per cent ofthe popula ter offwith de KIerk, with the devil Flanked by Nelson Mandela, ence. Inside the mood evoked the of the morning in church, lunch tion. One concern among the Col we know," said a young insurance Walter Sisulu, 10e Slovo and other liberation of Paris. time in a black township and the af oured population is that the ANC, , agent called David Adams. ANC grandees, Mr Maharaj deliv No community has suffered more ternoon in an area inhabited by a contaminated by its alliance with The ANC's Western Cape elec ered the first piece ofevidence that, in South Africa and now, the ex group neither entirely white nor en the Communist Party, is not God tion managers knew that here, un- three months ahead of the first pressions on the faces said it, the re tirely black who go, according to fearing enough. Thus Mr Mandela . like Nyanga, the choreography mat democratic elections, joint black deemer had arrived. "I have come the apartheid definition, by the spent two hours anending a service ters. They also knew that the people and white rule had taken hold. here on a very important matter name of "Coloured". In not one of at the New Apostolic Church in the of Retreat enjoyed a song and a Three weeks ago, after Mr Slovo in order to save lives," Mr Mande1a his speeches did he make reference Coloured township of Mitchell's dance. Mr Mandela's arrival on and the ANC Secretary General, declared. And then he introduced to the leader of the Inkatha Free Plain. stage was marked accordingly with Cyril Ramaphosa, were shot at in Mr Maharaj. dom Party. He did not speak, for this was II a prolonged burst of "We Are The Katlehong, Mr Mandela held an ur- The announcement of the first This was surprising as Chief particularly conservative denomi World" on the loudspeaker system. I pan of the peace plan brought the Buihelezi, following the lead ofhis nation. But all eyes were on him The marquee came alive. Every gent meeting with President de allies in the white ultra-right, had and after the last prayer had been body leapt to their feet, everybody I, KIerk and told him this and the house down. In response to de failed to register for the April elec said, he proceeded to shake hands danced, including Mr Mandela, I neighbouring township ofThokoza mands from the people of Katle tions by Saturday's deadline. Yes with every man, woman and child, who danced like a teenager. (known as the East Rand town hong, Mr de KIerk had agreed to terday morning in a speech in Natal each ofwhom turned away - their Then, US-iityle, came the en ships) should be declared a national withdraw the Internal Stability he raised the pitch of his war-talk faces said it - in a state ofgrace, as dorsements. A Christian church disaster area. Close to 2,000 people Unit, previously known as the riot higher than usual. ifthey had just touched the Pope. minister was called on to say what had been killed here since May (80 police, from the township. In its Claiming that the ANC had em At Nyanga, a black township. was billed as a prayer but turned out per cent of the national total in po place - this news was greeted with barked on a campaign of "ethnic down the road, Mr Mandela was the to be a paean of praise to Mr litical violence); thousands more no less enthusiasm - would come cleansing" Chief Buthelezi said: Messiah. Here he did preach, but Mandela. A Muslim imam followed were driven from their homes; pub the army. The soldiers would, "We must defend our communities n
of dirty tricks Phillip van Nlekerk oated in their own regions for the Johannesburg remaining 200 seats. One third of the ANC's seats have been THE African National Congress reserved for women, and South can Communist Party is one of David Beresford in the most serious problems and its allies· yesterday selected Africa's new parliament will have faced by the liberation move· their national candidates for par- up to 100 female MPs. Johannesburg on a ment in its election campaign. liament as a fresh opinion poll Some top ANC leaders are not 'Christian' party The focus of political atten· indicated that the movement is standing for parliament, having tion is a crucial ANC confer heading for a two-thirds majqrity opted instead for key regional po ence in Johannesburg at the in the election on 27 April. sitions. Tokyo Sexwale, the deb- linked to the military weekend at which candidates for the 400-strong national as Though the results ofthe inter- onair former guerilla leader, is OUTH AFRICA'S "lib· sembly are being chosen from nal election will be counted almost certain to be the first Pre eration election" cam regional lists. The election is today, a preliminary ballot con- mier of the powerful PWV prov paign is getting under being conducted under the ducted last month among thou- ince around Johannesburg, while S way amid predictable party list system, which means sands of ANC branches through- deputy secretary-general Jacob controversy with the first hints the top couple of hundred out South Africa put Nelson Zuma is the ANC's candidate for of "dirty tricks" operations and names chosen by the ANC desperate competition in the tipped in latest opinion polls to Mandela well ahead in first place. the premiership ofNata!' electoral equivalent of a gold take at least two-thirds of the And the ANC, which is more The only other notable ANC rush. vote - are virtually guaranteed than 95 per cent black, voted a stalwart not on the list is Deputy Fears of covert attempts by parliamentary seats. white person into second place: President Walter Sisulu who, at the intelligence community to There is also anxious compe- . Joe Siovo, one ofthe architects of the age of84, will be retiring from manipulate the April 27 elec tition among senior ANC offi tion have been encouraged by cials for the posts of regional . the new constitution and Com- active politics though his wife, the launch of a new party led by "premiers", at least seven out munist Party chairman. Albertina, is almost certain to a former academic linked with of nine of which are expected to ANC chairman and rising star head for parliament. military intelligence. be in the ANC's gift. The impor Thabo Mbeki took third place, Though no one doubts that the The African Christian Demo tant Natal post has already narrowly edging secretary-gen- ANC will win the election, other cratic Party (A COP) shot into been earmarked for Jacob era! Cyril Ramaphosa, his chief parties are battling to prevent it prominence this week with Zuma, the ANC deputy secre reports that the min ister of tary·general and the most rival for the succession to Man- from achieving the two-thirds local government. Tenius Del senior Zulu in the organisation. dela, into fourth. majority required to be able to POI-t, a prominent hawk in the In the Western Cape, where the Winnie Mandela and the mili- draw up the final constitution on De Klerk administration, was ANC may fail to gain control tary dictators ofthe Transkei and its own. considering defecting to it. AI· thanks in large part to anti Venda 'independent homelands', In a poll conducted by though he denied the claim. he communist sentiment in the is believed to be closely linked majority Coloured population, General Bantu Holomisa and Markinor for the Sunday Times of with the new party. a battle appears to be develop Brigadier Gabriel Ramushwana, Johannesburg last November, to The ACDP leader is Dr Johan ing between the Rev Alan Boo· arc also among those who can be published this morning, the van der Westhuizen. who used sak, a Coloured, and Dr Pallo book their seats in South Africa's ANC scored 65 per cent. Its clos to work for a military intelli· Jordan, a black political scien· first democratic parliament. The est rival, President F. W. de gence front company. Adult tist seen as one of the move estranged wife of the ANC presi- KJerk's ruling National Party, Education Consultants. in Cle ment's intellectual leaders. 1980s It was part of a "Chris· The ANC's main rival. Presi· :/.. dent once again proved that her managed 16 per cent. tian" erlucation network in dent F. W. de Klerk's National C grassroots popularity endures de- Not only does the ANC pre volved in secret projects to Party, will finalise its own list 2 spite the scandals and the clashes dominate nationally, but the poll underm ine the African and release Its manifesto at a . t:; with the ANC leadership, by fin- puts it ahead in every single prov National Congress. federal congress outside Johan· > ishing eleventh in the ballol. ince except the Northern Cape, Dr Van der Westhuizen was a nesburg on February 2. Both -< colleague of Mr Delport when parties are planning to spear· This weekend's final ballot was where the sample was too small. the minister was a professor at head their campaigns with conducted hy more than 500 del- In the Western Cape, the region the University of Port Eliza American-style wh Istle-stop egates from the ANC, the Com- based around Cape Town, the beth. At the time. Professor Del tours of the country by their munist Party, a group of smaller ANC led the NP, which .was port appears to have been in· respective leaders, Nelson Man· parties and the Congress ofSouth ahead in earlier polls, by 43 to 33. volved in military intelligence dela and Mr De Klerk. African Trade Unions. Nationally, ChiefMangosuthu operations. Documents leaked Meanwhile, the capacity of last year show that he was the security forces to keep con Between 100 and 140 of those Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom privy to aspects of a grandiose trol in the volatile run-up to the I selected will become MPs after Party (lFP) has 5 per cent, fol intelligence plot. involving election has been thrown into the election in April, depending lowed by its right-wing allies in assassinations. question by two leaked pollce i on the size ofthe ANC's majority. the Conservative Party with 4 per Other prominent figures in documents. They concede that • The new proportional represen- cent. volved in the ACDP include the force "does not ~ave tation list system provides that In Natal province, a crucial Anthony Dhlomo, brother of enough manpower to ensure Oscar Dhlomo. former aeneral law and order during the meet- 200 out ofthe 400 seats be drawn battleground ifthe IFP--decides to secretary of Chief Mangosuthu Ings ofall political parties". . from the national lists. contest the election, the ANC is Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom They insist the force must Twelve /IIIIellU have been set -~ell ahead wim 46.5 per cent to Party. have sole control of election aside for ~<~ pan··,me NP's21 Jkr cent. The IFP The use of a "Christlan" policing, excluding the new ners in the constitutional negotia- trailed in, ttrird place in iti Zulu ticket to muster support in the national peacekeeping force tions - tie mixed nace Labour heartland,tith 19 per ClalL Back general election makes sense mad. up of former guerrillas, andlftve-ethnidlomelandl~-ing ~Pan strategically because of a amoJ1g others. T,lie documents • Party for Africanist Con strong religious tl-adition in the recommend that a ban on car- I - and 13 for unionists. gress - once touted' as the black community. The alliance rying weapons at political meet· I Those not making it to parlia- ANC's biggest threat in the black with the ANC of the "godless ings be lifted - because police ment via the national slate have a community - plummeted to . comJhunists" of the South Afri· will be unable to enforce It. second chance if they are nomi- 1.7 percent. Roll up for S Africa's voter-education road show
Preparing for the April poll is big business, sis suggested Namibians under· have championed the cause, The transitional executive stood whom they were voting there can be little doubt that council has alleviated some of reports Gary Younge in Johannesburg for and why. and there were voter education will prove vital. these problems. It has relaxed few spoilt papers, It is also true A survey by the South Afri the registration criteria so vari that while it may be the first can Human Sciences Research ous forms of identity can be MULTI.MILLION rand businesses and political parties, time blacks have voted for a Council (l-ISRC) in November presented at polling stations. It industry has emerged nationally and internationally, multiracial parliament, many revealed that 20 per cent of the has also made every effort to Afrom the arcane complex· have decided South African vot have participated in trade electorate did not know an elec· ensure ballot papers are easily ities of South Africa's transI ers need to be educated. Money union elections before, tion was taking place. Another understood, by placing the tional phase to democracy to has poured In: the European These critics say the reason HSHC poll showed that less name of the parties, their sym· ensure that, come April 27. Union has donated R20 million, so many resources has been put than half the black rural voters bois and pictures of their lead : people are able to vote, know South African business and knew a cross indicated a party ers on the slips. for whom and what they are multinationals R30-R40 million, preference and few more could But the one area of voter edu voting and accept the election and Germany R3 million. Two-thirds of adults name more than foul' political cation no rule,change will be results as final. The money has funded activi· parties, There is particular con able to influence is that which Voter education is big busi· ties ranging from registration are illiterate; cern about rural black women, aims to instil democratic val· ness here, consuming at least campaigns in squaller camps to who are more likely to be'illit· ues. What a spokesman from 100 million rand (£20 million), television commercials market 20 per cent do not erate and politically unaware, the Independent Electoral Com, involving more than 100 ditTer· ing tolerance and compromise and may be intimidated into mission - whose job it is to see ent organisations and employ as essential commodities for a know an election voting the way their husbands that the election is free and fair ing 100,000 people. democracy, There has even do, - called "the software of voter In a country with nearly been a star-studded voter edu is taking place These concerns have been ag education" involves teachinll 50 pel' cent unemployment and cation road show, courtesy of Io:ravated by LJureaucratic and people about the power of the double-digit inflation this may Artists for a Free South Africa, logistical problems, Nobody ballot, how they can hold their seem a profligate gesture, But featuring Danny Glover and into voter education is that knows the size of the electorate. leaders accountable and why then, two-thirds of the elector· Anllela Bassett. They have been there are so many ulterior mo Estimates have ranged from 14 they must accept the result. nte are Hlltel'ate; some 70 per klsslng township babies and tives. South African business 27 mlllton, w1th the Kovern A low turnout or a high num cent - the black population urging people to embrace de men, for example, are keen to ment reckoning on 22 million, ber of spoilt papers could dis have never voted before, and mocracy with the emotional establish their democratic cre By mill-December at least credit the entire election and 20 per cent - the white popula· razzmatazz only American dentials, and know that insta· 2,5 million potential voters had plunge the country into chaos, tion - have been ruled by the movie stars can get away with. bility could scare off investors. still not registered. The home so however much it costs to en- ' same party for 45 years, under Not surprisingly, many For the international commu· alTa irs ministl'y was dealing sure that all those who want to a regime that was anything but people have criticised this ap nity, South Africa presents an with only 50.000 applications a vote can, and that they do so democratic. Moreover, a small proach as patronising and ex· opportunity to salvage some week, which would have left properly, will be money well but politically significant mi cessive. After all. Namibia, credibility after its dismal per· 1.5 million peojJle unable to spent. But the democratic tradi nority, both black and 'white. which has a similar jJolitical formance in Somalia and the vote, leading some to accuse the tions that would ensure the out question why there should be history and illiteracy, managed former Yugoslavia. civil service of trying to scup come is respected by all will be an election at all. with only 750 United Nations But while one may question per a victory by the African a long time coming, and will not Which is why many charities, observers. Post-election analy- the sincerity with which some National Congress. come cheap. De Klerk party hits the tribal trail inpursuit ofvotes AN On the advice of (among others) tion, "Nkosi Sikelele i'Africa" which they aped the ANC lituray African Nltional Congraa JOHN CAJuJN iDJohanncsburJ (ANe) election poater going up all Sir Tim Bell -'the professional ("God bless Africa"). with their "Vivi de Klerk", hid evi- over South Africa'i black townshipa Britilh imlge-maker who is being In Katlehong township, 24 hours , dently undergone a genuine conver carries I ~uence ofphotographs of plid to do for Mr de Klerk what he At the party's national congress, Perhaps it was the speech of the earlier, a crowd of around 1,000 siona. Others, it was bard to Ivoid five of the laat Nltional Party (NP) did for Marpret Thltcher - the which staned on Wednesday and black minister' praising Mr de ANC supporters who spontane the conclusion, were there for the beada of aovemment: DP Malan, NP has hit upon the device of ended yesterday, the white dele Klerk as a visionary, as the man ously gathered to see 1Tlr Mandell food and beer. Hendrik VetWocrd, John Vorster, projecting itself 18 1Il0re African gates were almost outnumbered by who liberated black South Africa, had bellowed out tlie song's On Sunday I amiling Mr Man P W Botha and P W de Klerk. The than the ANC. ' those with dark skins. The congress who freed the ANC prisoners from melancholy cadences with the dela hid told I crowet of his IUp caption reada: "Theae people WlDt Thus, on an election stop in I chairman was I black former mem the jails. Perhaps it was Mr de jubilation of I crowd whose team ponera: ''If the Nltional Party of )'Ou to vote for thelll." Nra1 village last weekend, Mr de ber of the ultra-radical Pan-African Klerk himself confidently urging has just won I cup final, At the NP fera you stew, potatoea and an The meaaqe, brow in its sim Klerk did whit Nelson Mandela ist Congress, and the church minis his audience to ponder the rally, however, both the; white and oranae to ao to the rally, I say laP. plicity, provides I sardonic measure hll yet to do on the campaign trail ter who led the opening prayer WIS question, "which of the two main black sectors of the audience And then vote for the ANC.'" , of the wk the NP facea if Mr de and, couneay of a local chieftain from Soweto. parties - the National Party or the seemed at an embartassed loss, Some pear.le have already taken Klerk ia to IUceccd in hia ltated 0b with either I very good or a very bad The party was trying hard not to ANC - has dirty hands?" Or per most of them lip-readina the worda MrMandell s Idvice and, no doubt, jective ofsecuring I aignificant pro acnae of humour, sheepishly be white and the spectacle should haps it was the assembled "new from a big screen. many more plan to: proof, after all, portion of the black vote in the donned traditional African tribal have been heart-warming. But the Nata' "rendition ofblack South Af Why were the blacks there? A that thCfe il lUcia , fh,ip,al!l ~ free ClOPliDJ all-nce c1ection.. ' dreIa. note failed to rina true. rica's traditional anthem of libera- number, judging from the ~ wjth lU~1 ., "', , i r ...iF. ap _•i!liiiR' Ii Jhif..18-ji,..'1 1,,'1h'· ~_~HE INDEPENDENT FRIDAY 4 FEBRUARY 1994 Transition to democracy Agreement on the transition to democracy in South Mrica was completed on 18 November with consensus on a transitional constitution. South Mrica will be governed under the transitional constitution after the election on 27 April until the adoption of the final constitution, which should take place within two years. A Transitional Executive Council (TEC) will in effect run the country until the elections. So far, the PAC, Conservative Party and Inkatha have refused to participate in the TEC.
• Composed of representatives Party Member Alternative member::~#.'~PQ9@m(r)i~r@()Pf. of all parties in the SA government Roelf Meyer SSvan der Merwe negotiations National Party Dawie de Villiers Leon Wessels South African government • Charged with creating the ANC Cyril Ramaphosa Mac Maharaj TBVC administrations conditions for free and fair SACP Joe Siovo Thenjiwe Mtintso Self-governing bantustans elections Transkei govt Z Titus NB Jajula Provincial administrations • Decisions taken on basis of . NTIC Pravin Gordhan C Saloojee Local governments ...__7_S_%_m_a_jo_r_ity D_e_m_o_c_ra_t_ic_p_a_rty_-C_O_Ii_n_E_g""lin "'K_e_n_A_n_d_re_w ..II f ~/~s:!!:e.;!.Ir..::::i~e~h : L _ -' Independent~~di~Comi:ilissloh>
• Composed of not more than 7 members ;~;,:y~~;:~~,~~;~;f:>:; • Chairperson will be judge or retired judge ii t!· of the South African Supreme Court Ig' 81 community • Can appoint additional domestic or ~ I·Members shall not have held public or political posts international experts I~ 18 months prior to appointment I'::c:"": • Will monitor all broadcasting services and 10. I.Sole responsibility for administration, organisation, state-financed publications to ensure I@' I conduct and supervision of free and fair elections equitable treatment of all political parties §' I·Will appoint and coordinate monitors, to observe and • Will determine times and duration of party I~ report on meetings, canvassing, advertising, etc election broadcasts ..&- _ -' L _.... • Will register and regulate observers • Has powers to impose financial penalties .... - • Responsible for mediating and resoWing disputes between and stop party election broadcasts or parties and enforcing an Electoral Code of Condud advertisements • Will certify elections as substantially free and fair
r Sub-councils
":..-. .: . statUiof::: .'., ·women :.:.:.".," Nominees
SA govr Yakoob Makda Louw Malan Brand Fourie Frances Bosman Kat Liebenberg G Rothman Theo A1ant ANC Billy (obbet Sydney Mufamadi Aziz Pahad Mavivi Manzini Joe Modl5e Alfred Nzo Tito Mboweni NP Toby Meyer Gert Myburgh leon Wessels Tersia King W Breytenbach Fanus Schoeman Gerald Morkel
In the first one person, one vote election on 27 April 1994, a single round of voting will elect the National Assembly and nine provincial legislatures
.... •. ,>··t»CONSTITlJTIO~AL.~~·~.E~ SLy,.·...·.· .... MadeupofNationarAss~mblyan~S.~liate vm,~~·.sittih~ tpge!t1eri·· ..... I Ordinary laws will be passed by a simple majority in each house. If one house rejects a bill, it must be passed by a majority of • Number of seats determined by dividing , the members of both houses combined total number of votes cast by 50,000 • No province will be allowed fewer than .·::i~~ti~~.~I~!m~!>.'J~HP~~J~F' # ,(Qri . 30 or more than 100 seats • 400 members eleded by proportional • Composed of 90 senators, elected by the representation: 200 from a national list; provincial legislatures • Empowered to draft own constitutions 200 from provincial lists • Any bill affecting the powers or fundIons provided they comply with principles • Has the power to introduce finance bills of a particular province, such as governing the national constitution such as the budget and taxation. Should boundary changes, must also be • Each provincial legislature to eled 10 the Senate reject such a bill, the NA will approved by a majority of the senators of members to the Senate have to reconsider it. that particular province
2 'SOllTH AFll/CA UPDATE D£C£MBER 1993 BOTSWANA
PRETORIA & WITWATERSRAND (PWV area) ---~
Provinces: 1 Eastern Cape 2 Eastern Transvaal 3 KwaZululNatal 4 Northern Cape 5 Northern Transvaal 6 North West 7 Orange Free State 8 PINV (Pretoria/ SWAZI WitwatersrandNereeniging) LAND 9 Western Cape
Official languages: Afrikaans, English, siNdebele, sePedi, seSotho. siSwati, xiTsonga, I 150 miles seTswana, tshiVenda, siXhosa and National Parliament, siZulu CapeTown
What the polls predict
• The president elected at the first sitting of the National Assembly by In the run-up to the first free election in South Africa, the opinion an ordinary majority poll is quickly becoming a focus of debate. With the draft • Each party holding at least 80 seats in the National Assembly is entitled to designate a deputy president. Should no party achieve constitution now in place, the key questions are: 20% then the parties holding the largest and second largest number • Who will be in a position to nominate the second deputy of seats will each be entitled to designate one deputy president president - the National Party or the far-right alliance? • The cabinet consists of the president. deputy presidents and not • Will the ANC gain the required two-thirds victory to write the more than 27 ministers appointed by the president new constitution? • For every 20 seats held in the National Assembly, each party is • How much support does Chief Buthelezi's Inkatha really have? entitled to a Cabinet portfolio • Decisions will be reached 'in a consensus-seeking spirit' - no majorities being specified
• The National Assembly and Senate, sitting together, will constitute the Constitutional Assembly • The nevv constitution should be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Constitutional Assembly within two years. Should this not be possible. and provided there is approval for it by over half the Because o(the method.s o(sampling andlIariation o(results (eg, 'Don't know" Constitutional Assembly. a referendum will be held seeking 60% vary (rom 10-34%) this poll was compiled using selleral di((erent sources, majority support for the constitution. Should this not be successful, including Integrated Marketing Research, eommw";ty Agency (or Social a general election will be called. The newly-elected Constitutional Enquiry, Markinor (SA) and the Human Science Research Council, although Assembly will then be required to pass the constitution by a 60% the exact (igures (above) cannot be attributed to any indillidual poll. majority • Except in the above case, or unless the cabinet loses the confidence of parliament, new national elections will not be held until 1999 • Commenting on Inkatha's electoral prospects, the Democratic Party's Dene Smuts said in parliament last month: 'In April, Ulundi [Inkatha's headquarters] will turn into a pumpkin!' (SouthScan UK) • When asked, in a recent poll of all races, what the greatest •A constitutional court will mediate between centre and provinces threat facing South Africa was, the most common reply was • Bill of Rights to protect individuals from any discrimination not Inkatha, communists or right-wing extremists, but 'Satan'! (Sunday Times SA)
SOlml AFIlICA UPDATE D£CU48£A 1993 3 Who's who in the TEe
Roelf Meyer (47) is the South Mrican Joe Siovo (67), South African Communist Vakoob Makda (40), government repre government member of the TEe, and was Party (SACP) member of the TEC, has been sentativeonthe local governmentsubcouncil, thechiefgovernmentnegotiator in the multi animportantmemberofthe ANCnegotiating became deputy minister oflocal government party talks in 1993. A lawyer by training, he team. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as an in 1993. He was chief whip,of the Solidarity was deputy minister of law and order in the advocate until forced into exile in 1963. A Party in the segregated tricameral parlia mid-1980s, responsible for widespread member of the Communist Party since the ment's House ofDelegates, reserved forthose detention during the state of emergency. 1940s, he became general secretary in 1987 classified Indian. Trained as an electrical engi and chairman in 1991. He was elected to the neer, he was elected to parliament in 1989. Dawie de Villiers (53) is the NP member ANC national executive in 1985 and again and led the NP delegation at the multiparty in 1991. He is currently a member of the Mavivi Manzini (38), ANCrepresentative talks. Aformer ambassadorto Britain, philo national working committee. of the subcouncil on women, has been a sophy lecturer and captain of the Springbok member of the national steering committee rugby team, De Villiers is the provincial Thenjiwe Mtintso (40), alternative SACP of the Women's Coalition and an executive leader of the NP in the Cape. An MP since member, was part of the SACP negotiating member of the ANC Women's League. She 1972, he has served in the cabinet since 1980, team at Codesa and the multiparty talks in went into exile in 1976 and took a master's most recently as minister ofpublic enterprises. 1993, where she made an important input into the work of the gender advisory Leon Wessels (47), alternative NP member, committee. A close associate of Steve Biko holds the post of minister of manpower in in the Black Consciousness Movement of the cabinet. A former conservative student the 1970s, she suffered detention and leader who trained as a lawyer, he entered imprisonment before leaving South Africa the cabinet in 1988 and has worked closely to join the ANC's military wing, Umkhonto with Roelf Meyer in the multiparty weSizwe (MK). She became an MK com negotiations. mander and later ANC chief representative in Uganda. She completed a degree in Cyril Ramaphosa (41), ANC member of sociology in 1993. the TEC, has been the key ANCnegotiatorin the multiparty talks. Trained as a lawyer, he was general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers from 1982 until elected ANC general secretary in 1991. He suffered two spells of detention without trial in the mid-1970s. In the late 1980s he represented Soweto residents in negotiations with municipal and government departments. degree in development studies while working with the ANCwomen's section. She returned to South Africa in 1990 to work for the gender research project at the Centre for Applied Legal Studies at Wits University.
Fanus Schoeman (49), NP representative on the intelligence subcouncil, has been deputy minister offoreign affairs since 1991. He has an arts degree from the University of Pravin Gordhan (45), NatalfTransvaal Natal, was priv·ate secretary to the minister Indian Congress (NTIC) member on the of finance from 1972-80, and was elected to TEC, was co-chair of the multiparty nego parliament in 1985. He was chair of the NP tiations forum. Active in a local housing study committee on foreign affairs between action committee in Durban in the 1980s, he 1990 and 1991. spent a number of years in detention during the state of emergency. He is a member ofthe Joe Modise (64), ANC representative on SACP and the southern Natal regional the defence subcouncil, has been commander executive of the ANC. of MK since 1965 when he went into exile. Elected to the ANC national executive in Mac Maharaj (58), alternative ANC Colin Eglin (68), Democratic Party member 1991, he has been active in negotiating the member, was a member of the ANC of the TEC, was active in the DP team at integration of the SADF and MK. negotiating team in 1993. Trained as a Codesa and the mu Itiparty talks. Trained as lawyer, he completed degrees in science and a quantity surveyor, he first entered party Wynand Breytenbach (58), NP repre administration while serving a 12-year politics as a provincial councillor for the sentative on the defence subcouncil, has been sentence on Robben Island (1965-1977). He United Party in 1954. In 1958 he became an deputy minister ofenvironmental affairs since left South Africa in 1977 to work with the MP but a year later left the UP to join the 1992. Trained at the Military Academy in ANC and SACP in exile. He served on the Progressive Party, precursor of the DP. He Pretoria, he worked as a pilot before Politico-Military Council from 1985 and was party chair from 1971-78 and from becoming an MP in 1981. He entered the returned secretly to South Africa in 1987. 1986-88. He has been an MP since 1974. cabinet in 1986 as deputy minister of defence.
.. sourn AnlCA U'DAn: D£C£MB~ 1993 p------Spymaster General
N HIS heyday as a party orga· lives down the road from the late for' whatever reason," says General niseI' back In the fifties. Walter Oliver Tambo's family house in the Coetzee, "is a nail in your coffin." ISisulu appeared in the Treason spacious Johannesburg suburb of As pressure on South Africa Trial. which ended with the acquit· Sandhurst. He talks defiantly of the mounted in the eighties. state assas· tal ofall 156 leftwingers. In the same future. "I don't have to make peace sination became a habit without trial a young police stenographer, with the ANC. I've got no fear of reaching Argentine "desaparacido" Johan Coetzee, testified on speeches them. Not of its leaders. If someone levels. Coetzee speaks ofan ongoing he had noted down at political ral· decides to kill me one day, then I and unresolved debate in the upper lies (Pitman's speed 300 wpm). In think anybody. them as much as we. reaches of government about the time Coetzee became a consummate has got that to fear." merits of the "Argentinian route". Were Coeace (left) and his team involved in the death oCSteve B~o? spymaster, South Africa's Smiley, After returning home he was For his part, Williamson says infiltrating his charges Into the blamed for many of the bad things bluntly: "If you want an Argentina. McGiven defected from BOSS and ning" of the liberation struggle still heart of"enemy" territory. , happening In South Africa. He gave fine. Take two weeks and kill every· sold his story to the Observer. Wil· galls Coetzee. "You committed a His most daring operative was evidence In a series of trials in which body in the ANC. And then what? liamson's reports to Coetzee were technical breach of the security Craig Williamson. who rose to dep activists who had thought he was one Might give you another 10 years." routed via BOSS. where McGiven laws. and three. four, five advocates uty director ofthe International Uni· of them were sent down for lengthy Williamson was recruited into the was in communications. The two would appear, Often the prosecuting versity Exchange Fund, which edu periods. There was the London police on leaving school. then posed had been fellow agents on the uni· counsel was not competent. or did cated thousands of black refugees. bomb. and other. more sinister as a radical at Witwatersrand Uni versity executive council. not think it important enough." In Geneva. at the pit face of the in charges - someone shot by an W)' 'versity, where he was one of four Williamson: "Some bright spark In He told Williamson he wanted ternational anti·apartheid struggle. known hand or blown to pieces by a spies on the same students execu counter·intelligence found out he "very close co-operation with the Williamson wrought havoc as spy parcel bomb. He denies all. I tive. The route to Geneva involved was gay. After that they abused him. lOAF". Ifit could be shown to be the and agent provocateur. until Coetzee But a question mark does hang befriending influential members of said he was a security threat and source of the legal fees, many de was forced to bring him in from the O\'er his indirect role in the death of the ANC. On a student visit to Eng· were going to do this and that to him. fence lawyers would face prison and cold to a white hero's return. Steve Biko, the Black Consciousness land in 1975. he took time off to learn He packed a suitcase of documents expulsion from their profession. But These days. in the twitchy inter· leader murdered by the security the art of bomb-making from Ronnie including stuff relating to our opera the spy was unable to break in. regnum between apartheid and police. Williamson was by then "an Kasrils of the London committee or· tions - and flew to London. The lOAF, he found. was "run like the people's rule. spymaster and spy OK guy" In Geneva. It was known in ganising underground resistance in worst thing was they didn't tell me." Communist Party. on a cell and bide their time. General Coetzee. se very restricted exile circles in South Africa. The chemistry lesson The Observer article made no men need·ta-know basis." His !>ete noire. curity chief then Commissioner of August 1977 that there were plans was "schoolboy stuff'. recalls Kas tion of Williamson and the IUEF. but Phyllis Altman. deputy to the direc Police. lost his job amid whisperings for Biko to leave SOllth Africa clan rils, "potassium permanganate with Coetzee decided to pull him out. The tor. Canon Collins. saw through Wil that he was a "liberal". These days destinely for a meeting with the charcoal and sulphur." Williamson panic was unnecessary. "It tran· liamson and refused to deal with he is principal of the non·racial ANC and the Pan·Africanist. Con took back ANC leaflets for copying spired that McGiven didn't know him. She was so mindful of eaves Police Academy in Graatr-Reinet gress in West Africa. Coetzee recalls and they were scattered to the winds about the operation." says Coetzee. dropping that discussions in her and remains close to the security es the spy reporting that Biko would from buckets prepared by an "We could have left him there." office would often be conducted by tablishment. Is there a future for take part. Williamson is more cagey. "armed propaganda cell". which he After the revelations the IUEF col· exchanging slips ofpaper. him under an ANC·led government. He cannot recall whether he tipped ran. His "political action cell" also lapsed. but it was the International Soon after his return. an inter· despite reports that he had popped 011' Pretoria. but admits "we knew smuggled out activists. "There were Defence and Aid Fund which cepted letter was put on William champagne corks when the Ebera· about it the whole time. I just kept 20 of us in the two cells," says Wil· bothered South Africa more. Wil son's desk at Compol. security police lion movement's London offices on telling them what was going on." liamson. "all police spies." liamson calls it one of the few headquarters in Pretoria. ..It was were blown up in 1982? Had the Port Elizabeth security Once installed in the IUEF office effective anti-apartheid organisa· from an old friend. Hugh Lewin. to Williamson quit the security police been instructed to find Biko in Geneva. Williamson copied the tions. "using the money it was get· someone else., Hugh wrote that his police several years ago. though he and lock him up? The files are no key to the director's safe and sent ting in a way that had a definite im daughter had asked whether Uncle too remains in touch. After an acri· doubt in shreds. but the fact is that back a stream of documents to Pre pact on the South Africall state and Craig was now 'a bad man·." That monious foray into politics. he now Biko was arrested at a road block toria. Despite suspicions about him, the security forces." The miliions se will have hurt more than the news docs business with Mozambique and and effectively prevented from going he worked craftily with most anti creted through cu' 'Juts and bogus ofthe death ofSteve Biko. Angola. countl'ies ruinously destabi ,abroad. The details of his death apartheid agencies. though without trusts saved untol. prisoners from Used by South Africa. His interests. . revealed at the inquest raised the perhaps having penetrated the ANC the gallows. and thousands from Denis Herbstein was a consultant on he says. cover air charter. commod· world's awareness of apartheid by as deeply as he claimed. The end conviction or lenGthier prison White Lies (Thursday. Channel •• 9pm). ity exports and fishing boats. He scveral notches. "A martyr caused came in January 1980 when Arthur terms. This "financial underpin- © All Rights Reserved
GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL Tuesday January 251994 .