VII

The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman 1919-1946

The Choice of a New College Head

After President John S. Flory informed the college's trustees, in April, 1918, of his desire to be relieved of the responsibilities of his office, the trustees appointed a committee (Hiram G. Miller, Sidney L. Bowman, and John C. Myers) "to seek out and recommend a suitable man" for the presidency of the college, and asked President Flory to work with the committee.1That committee recommended, in June, 1918, Charles Calvert Ellis, vice president of Juniata College and the head of its Department of Education, and the trustees instructed the committee to ascertain whether Dr. Ellis was available for the position.2 Because Dr. Ellis was not available, the committee, on November 12, 1918, recommended, as President Flory's successor, Paul Haynes Bowman,3a Bridgewater College faculty member, professor of Biblical literature and theology since August 1, 1918. In response to being approached on the matter, Professor Bowman stated that he was "in no sense a candidate" for the presidency, but that the position held for him "a tremendous appeal," since it offered "a large opportunity for service." He said he would consider the offer on condition that he first be elected acting president of the college "for a period of one year, more or less," before being considered for the presidency. The college's trustees agreed to that proposition and elected him acting president on November 19, 1918, "he to assume active duties at the end of the present session," and fixed his salary at $1,800 a year.4 Election to the presidency by the college's board of trustees, however, was not enough for Professor Bowman. "I am not quite satisfied to accept the office merely on the basis of a legal election," he wrote to John D. Miller, president of the board of directors of the college's alumni association. "The confidence and support of your Board is very precious to me. If you are in accord with the action of the Trustees ..., it would be a great personal satisfaction [to me] to

ITrM, April 5, 1918. 2TrM, June 18, 1918. 3TrM, Nov. 12, 1918. 4rHB, Southeast, pp. 145, 146; TrM, Nov. 19, 1918. 261 262 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

be elected also by your Board. If, on the other hand, you are not in accord with their action, I would appreciate a free and frank statement to that effect."5 In his reply, Dr. Miller stated that the alumni association's directors endorsed the action of the college's trustees, and were "willing to cooperate with you in any plan for the growth and development of the College and her constituency."6 After "prolonged and careful consideration," Professor Bowman, on February 17, 1919, informed the trustees of his acceptance of their offer of the college's presidency.7 In accepting the office, he pledged to subordinate "all personal and individual interests" to the interests of the college and the church, and he besought "the fullest cooperation" of the trustees. "I am not perfect in disposition nor infallible in judgment, as you shall learn, and consequently, I crave the wisest counsel and the frankest criticism of the Trustees at all times."8 "Dr. Bowman will bring to the presidency of the college abilities of a high order," declared the outgoing president, John S. Flory. "Richly endowed by nature, his splendid powers have been developed by careful and systematic training and by diligent application."9 "Dr. Bowman is a young man, but eminently qualified for this responsible office."10 The Philomathean Monthly predicted that "The choice of Dr. Bowman as Dr. Flory's successor will be received by all friends of the college with decided favor. Among the present student body, he has won the esteem and confidence by his personality and efficiency."11 It stated that the president-elect was "well known among the alumni of the college, and to a great extent by the [college's] entire constituency."12 Dr. Bowman's term as acting president of the college was terminated on February 18, 1921, when Bridgewater's trustees unanimously elected him president of the school "for an indefinite period of years."13

The New Leader

Paul Haynes Bowman (1887-1964), the son of Dr. Samuel J. Bowman and Susan V. (Bowman) Bowman, was a native of Jonesboro, Washington County, Tennessee. He was educated at Bridgewater College (B. A., 1910), at Crozer Theological Seminary (B. D., 1913), and at the University of Pennsylvania (M.A., 1913), where he satisfied the residence requirements for the doctorate in sociology. He served as student pastor (1910-13) and as full- time pastor (1913-15) of the Bethany Church of the Brethren, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the president of Blue Ridge College, New Windsor, Maryland, 1915-17, and professor of Biblical literature and sociology there until 1918, in which year that college conferred upon him an honorary degree, D. D. In August, 1918, he became professor of Biblical literature and theology at Bridgewater College, and in November of the same year was elected president of the college.14

5PHB to John D. Miller, Dec. 28, 1918, in AlurnM. 6FrankJ. Wright and John D. Miller to PHB,Jan. 7, 1919, in AlumM. 7TrM, Feb. 17, 1919. 8PHB, in B, April, 1919, p. 4. 9JSF, in B,April, 1919, pp. 3-4. 10Ibid., Dec., 1918, p. 3. 11PhM,Jan., 1919, p. 14. 12phM,June, 1919, p. 5. 13rrM, Feb. 18, 1921; PHB, Southeast, p. 155. 14ww (1922-23), p. 450. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 263

PAUL HAYNES BOWMAN

President of the college, 1919-46

President-elect Bowman, 31 years of age and of average height and build, was a person of great dignity and poise. Among his other distinguishing characteristics, according to a biographical sketch of him when he was a college senior, were "his erect and kingly bearing, his Apollo-like visage, his lovely speaking, flexible bass voice, ... his unpretentious goodness, ... his graciousness," and "a modest unobtrusiveness."15 He was a person of strong character and strong convictions, and one motivated always by the highest principles. He was hardworking, scholarly, discerning, and innovative. His "sound judgment and Christian patience," among other qualities, impressed his faculty colleague, J. Maurice Henry.1 6

15PhM, June, 1910, p. 57. 16J. Maurice Henry to PHB, Oct. 7, 1946, PHB Papers. 264 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

When he became Bridgewater's president in 1919, he and Mrs. Bowman, nee Flora E. Hoover, also a Bridgewater graduate (B. E., 1909), had two children. Their residence, which they rented from the college, was the former Yount-McCann house (no longer standing), which Mrs. McCann had sold to the college in May, 1919. It stood on the northeast side of East College Street, opposite Founders' Hall. The new president had a high aim, high aspirations, and a high sense of duty. ''We hold in our hands the future of a great college, the destiny of our church in this part of the brotherhood, as well as the destiny of thousands of young lives," he told the Bridgewater trustees. ''We can render no greater service to this and succeeding generations than to plan large for our college and give to it our best thought and fullest support."17 A number of problems, however, confronted President Bowman: the college's inadequate endowment fund, its indebtedness, recurring financial deficits, the meager salaries of faculty members, the need of more dormitory space for men and women, of a larger dining hall and more classrooms, of more books and larger quarters for the library, of better scientific laboratories, and of accreditation of the college by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. President Bowman was not only the college's administrative head. Throughout his period in office, he was listed in the Bridgewater catalogues as professor of philosophy. The class record books show that he usually taught one course along with his administrative work. During certain summers, he helped in the canvass for students and, during financial campaigns, he solicited endowment funds for the college.

Other Officials

The Academic Deans After Alpheus W. Dupler's appointment as academic dean of the college in February, 1919, and his resignation before assuming the duties of the office, the Bridgewater trustees, in August, 1919, offered the position to William T. Sanger, dean of the State Normal School at Harrisonburg, Virginia, and he accepted the appointment. His salary was to be "$2,250 per year, with a house provided free from rent."18 He was to serve, also, as professor of psychology and education. His catalogue title was "Dean and Chairman of the Faculty." Dr. Sanger, a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1909), was Bridgewater's first academic dean in actual service, 1919-21. As a former member of the Bridgewater faculty (1910-12, 1913-16), he had "found his way into the hearts of the students in a remarkable way."19 As dean of the Harrisonburg State Normal School, he had "demonstrated executive ability of a high order."20 His appointment was gratifying to President Bowman, who had urged the establishment of the deanship and a clear definition of its duties. The Bridgewater trustees directed that the academic dean, whose duties were "to be administrative under the general supervision of the president of the college," should enroll and classify the students, and keep their academic records, "administer the schedule of

17PHB in B,Aug., 1920, p. 6. 18rrM, Aug. 18, 1919. 19cL, June, 1912, p. 6. 20B, Oct., 1919, p. 2. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 265

THE ACADEMIC DEANS OF THE COLLEGE 1919-46

WILLIAM T. SANGER FRANKJ. WRIGHT

1919-21 1921-23, 1924-25

CHARLES C. WRIGHT FREDERICK D. DOVE

1925-28; 1929-43 Acting dean, 1928-29 Acting dean, 1923-24; second semester, 1924-25

EVEREIT R. SHOBER

Executive Secretary, 1943-46 266 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

instruction, supervise the teaching, administer the discipline of the College"; also preside at faculty meetings and at chapel assemblies when the president of the college could not attend. The president and dean together, with the trustees approving, should select the teachers, organize the faculty, and determine the general educational policy of the college.21 Dr. Sanger's successor in the deanship was Frank J. Wright, a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1908) and professor of geology at the college. He was elected to the position by the college's trustees in June, 1921, and was voted a salary of $2,500. 22 He served as academic dean (and professor of geology) from June, 1921, until February, 1925, except during the session, 1923-24, when he was on leave of absence. His older brother, Charles C. Wright, a Bridgewater faculty member since 1915, was acting dean, 1923-24, and during the second semester, 1924-25.23 Charles C. Wright, a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1918), was Bridgewater's academic dean (and a teacher), 1925-43, except during the session, 1928-29, when he was on leave of absence. Frederick D. Dove, a Bridgewater faculty member since 1925, was acting dean, 1928-29. 24 During the years 1943-46, the office of academic dean was "inoperative." During that period, an "executive secretary" of the faculty, Everett R. Shober, the college's registrar since 1936, discharged the duties of academic dean and registrar.25 In 1946, the college's trustees voted to restore the office of academic dean to its pre-war status,26 and appointed Dean Emeritus Charles C. Wright to serve as acting dean, 1946-47.27

The Business Managers and Treasurers

When Dr. Bowman became president of the college in 1919, Charles C. Wright, of the faculty, was the institution's business manager and treasurer, the duties of which office he performed, 1916-23, as had his brother, FrankJ. Wright, 1912-16. When the college's trustees appointed Charles C. Wright the acting academic dean for the session, 1923-24, they named Newton D. Cool "Purchasing and Field Agent" of the college,28 and in July, 1923, elected Mattie V. Glick the college's bursar, "to handle the running funds of the institution."29 Both Mr. Cool and Miss Glick served during the session, 1923-24. In January, 1924, the trustees appointed Mr. Cool the college's business manager and treasurer,30 and he served in that office from July 1, 1924, until June 30, 1930. 31 From 1930 to 1941, the institution's catalogues reveal, the college had one official who was business manager and another who was treasurer. The business manager throughout the period was Charles E. Shull, of the college faculty. While he was serving in that office, the following persons were the successive treasurers of the college: Newton D. Cool, 1930-35; Warren S. Craun, 1935-36; and Paul D. Horst, 1936-41.

21TrM, March 7, 1919. 22TrM, June 21, 1921. 23TrM, Sept. 18, 1923; Feb. 20, 1925. 24TrM, Feb. 20, 1925; C, June, 1929, p. 2. 25TrExComM, April 13, 1943. 26TrM, Feb. 25, 1946. 27TrExComM, March 23, 1946; TrM, April 25, 1946. 28TrM, Sept. 18, 1923. 29TrM, July 3, 1923. 30rrExComM, Jan. 31, 1924. 31TrM, June 3, 1930. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 267

In 1941, the duties of the business manager and treasurer were again placed in the hands of one official, whose title was "business manager and treasurer." Cecil C. Ikenberry was appointed to the office in 1941,32 and he served until the end of 1957.

MATIIE V. GLICK

Secretary for President Paul Haynes Bowman, 1921- 46 (except 1935-36), and for his successors in that office until 1957. She was also the college's bursar, 1923-24; the college's registrar, 1924-36; the Bridgewater College Alumni Association's secretary, 1927-31, and its recording secretary, 1931-61.

The Registrars

In July, 1919, the college's trustees, upon President Bowman's recommendation, appointed Newton D. Cool the college's registrar, in which office he served for one year.33 Mr. Cool had no immediate successor. In February, 1924, President Bowman's secretary, Mattie V. Glick, was made registrar,34 and she served in that additional capacity until 1935. She was full-time registrar, 1935-36,35

32FacM, Oct. 27, 1941; TrM, Nov. 10, 1941; B, Aug., 1941, p. 5. 33rrM, July 15, 1919; see also the listings of the college's officials in the PhM issues, Oct., 1919-June, 1920. 34rrM, Feb. 15, 1924. 35Mvc in the Bee, May 25, 1957, p. 1. 268 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

during which session (April, 1936) Bridgewater was host to the annual convention of the Association of Virginia Registrars.36 Miss Glick's successor as registrar, 1936-43, was Everett R. Shober, of the college's faculty, the catalogues reveal. In April, 1943, during World War II, the college's trustees placed the responsibilities of the registrar and the academic dean in the hands of an "executive secretary," and named Mr. Shober to the new position.37 He served in that capacity until 1946, in which year the separate pre-war offices of academic dean and registrar were restored.

Deans of Students The college official primarily responsible for the orientation and guidance of the resident female students in their social relations and activities, and the general administration of their dormitory life, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, bore the title of "social director," 1919-26; "dean of women," 1926-45; and "director of guidance," 1945-46. The corresponding official for the men in the college's dormitories was the "dean of men," first listed in the institution's catalogue for the session, 1921-22. During the session, 1945-46, however, he was called "director of guidance." In 1945, the college's trustees decided to replace the two directors of guidance with a "dean of students/' and the first incumbent in that new position, 1946-48, was Ida E. Shockley. Student organizations and regulations, as well as counseling, fell within her province; also oversight of the administration of the student dormitories by their directors, and the work of the college nurse.38 The officials in the positions just mentioned are named in an appendix near the end of this volume.

Dietitians and Chefs Mary McKee Seebert (B. S., Harrisonburg, Va., State Normal School), the home economics instructor, was the college's first professionally trained dietitian, 1920-22.39 She created "a different tone ... in the boarding department ... a better satisfied student body, better food, and a more scientific and efficient administration of the department," President Bowman reported to the college's trustees.40 Her successors are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. In the summer of 1919, Roy Anderson became the college's chef.41 He and his assistants were blacks. The college's previous cooks had been white females,42 among them Lizzie Cline.43 Roy Anderson's successor as chef, in 1937, was another black employee, Faith Hope Whitelow, who first became a worker at the college in 1924 at the age of 19, and who served

36n, Oct., 1936, p. 4. 37TrExComM, April 13, 1943. 38TrM, April 9, 1945. 39Some earlier heads of the college's "culinary department" had been Mrs. Noah F. Smith, Mrs. John M. (M. Kate Flory) Coffman, and Lula Hisey. PhM, April 1902, p. 318; FJW in BC (1930), p. 112. 4~rM, June 21, 1921. 41PhM, Oct., 1919, p. 14. 42PHB, Southeast, p. 166. 43PhM, Aug., 1896, p. 60; July, 1897, p. 48. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 269

until his death in 1952.44 The college arranged for Mr. Whitelow to spend the summer of 1937 "in special study at Tuskegee Institute," and cooperated with him in financing that special training. 45

Superintendents of Buildings and Grounds In September, 1922, the Bridgewater trustees appointed Professor Edward B. Van Pelt the college's superintendent of buildings and grounds.46 His successor was Professor Charles E. Shull, 1930-41,47 and, after him, Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1941-49.48

Engineers Homer P. Shaver continued (since 1909) to serve as the college's engineer until 1937, when Clarence Shull was named as his successor.49

Physicians Dr. John D. Miller continued to serve as the college's physician and director of the infirmary, a position he held for nearly three decades (1916-45). His successor, George S. Row, another Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1933), an M. D. of the Medical College of Virginia, served in the same capacity for nearly as long (1945-72). Those physicians had the assistance of a resident nurse at the college.

Legal Advisers George N. Conrad, Harrisonburg, Virginia, attorney and former member of the Senate of Virginia, continued (since 1919) to serve as the college's legal adviser until his death in January, 1937. His successor, appointed in April, 1939, was Lawrence H. Hoover (B. A., Bridgewater, 1927),50 a Harrisonburg lawyer, elected commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County in November, 1939.

The Students The student enrollments (as of October 1 of each year) in college-level courses for the various sessions when Dr. Bowman was president reveal an interesting fluctuation in attendance. During the period 1919-28, the sessional enrollment more than doubled: it grew from 111 to 234; but it varied little during the years 1928-36, when the average attendance was 224. It increased from 226 to 297 during the years 1936-40. Two hundred and seventy-five students were enrolled during each of the next two sessions (1940-42). Then came a

44nee, Oct. 3, 1952, p. 2. 45FacAdrnComM, May 10, 1937. 46rrExComM, Sept. 29, 1922. 47pHB, Southeast, p. 249. 48cecil C. Ikenberry to FFW. Sept 14, 1981. 49FacAdrnComM, May 10, 1937. 5C>i'rExComM, April 6, 1939. 270 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

precipitous decline in attendance during World War II (as detailed in another section of this chapter). With the session, 1945-46, a new period of growth began, when 286 students were enrolled. The enrollment figures for the various sessions appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. 51 The geographical area from which students came continued to enlarge. During the period 1919-46, twelve more states of the nation (18 states and the District of Columbia, in previous years) supplied students to the college: Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Vermont. Virginians continued to predominate, but their proportion in the student population declined from about three-fourths to two-thirds during the period under review. Rockingham County, as a source of Virginia students, continued to run far ahead of other counties in the state: in most of the sessions, it furnished one-third or more of the students. Augusta, Roanoke, Botetourt, Prince William, and Franklin counties (descending order) ranked next after Rockingham as suppliers of Virginia students to Bridgewater, 1919-46. West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee (descending order) ranked next after Virginia among the states in providing students. Marylanders outnumbered West Virginians, 1933-46 (except during the session, 1936-37), constituting at least 10 percent of the student body in nearly every session. Twenty-three Cubans were Bridgewater students during the years 1936-46. As many as eight of them were present during the session, 1938-39. All of them, but two, were freshmen who remained only one year. Two of them, the Portela brothers, Gerardo and Mario, were outstanding members of Bridgewater's tennis squad in 1939 and 1941. No explanation of the Cubans' coming to Bridgewater appears in any records found. Two other students, in 1940 and 1941, were refugees from Hitler's Germany. Both received the B. A. degree from Bridgewater in 1941. Women constituted from 35 to 40 percent of the student body during most of the sessions, 1919-46. They outnumbered men slightly during the sessions, 1928-29, 1930-31, and 1945-46, and greatly during the years 1942-45, when the nation was at war. So many women were enrolled in the fall of 1945 that Wardo Hall (previously a men's dormitory), as well as Yount Hall and Rebecca Hall, was turned over to them for the session. 52 Until 1930 (if not until some time thereafter), Miller was the most common surname of Bridgewater students, the college's alumni directory of 1930 reveals. The school's catalogue for the session, 1925-26, lists 23 Millers, seven of them in the senior class, and the catalogue for the next session lists 22, ten of them in the sophomore class. After Miller, the family names of students that appear most frequently in the aforementioned directory are Garber, Cline, Bowman, Wine, Myers, and Wampler; then Driver, Flory, Hoover, Showalter, Click, Good, Thomas, Long, Wright, Sanger, and Zigler. Sometimes more than one student had the same given name and family name. Naomi B. Miller, Naomi E. Miller, and Naomi M. Miller were classmates, 1926-28. Michael Jacob Zigler and Michael Robert Zigler were both graduated in the class of 1916. Fred Peter Myers and Fred Picking Myers were students at the college, 1910- 12. Five veterans of World War II, seeking an education under the "G. I. Bill of Rights," were admitted to the college in the fall of 1945, and 39 during the second semester of the session. 53

51The college's catalogues and official reports are the sources of data on student enrollment. 52TrExComM, Sept. 21, 1945; TrM, Nov. 1, 1945 53Newsette, Dec., 1945, p. 1; Bee, Feb. 8, 1946, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 271

A noticeable trend during the years 1919-46 was the decline in the proportion of students from rural areas and the increase in the proportion from urban centers.54 The proportion of students who belonged to the Church of the Brethren declined from about 75 percent to about 60 during the period 1919-46. Methodists, the next largest church group during the period, constituted 13 percent of the student body during the session, 1939- 40, and from 10 to 12 percent during each of six other sessions. Presbyterians, Baptists, United Brethren, Lutherans, and Reformed (descending order) ranked next in number. The student population also included Christians, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Mennonites, Mora- vians, Quakers, and other Protestant sects; also Roman Catholics, particularly during the years 1936-42.55 Male students occupied Yount Hall (a women's dormitory, 1906-46) during the spring semester, 194656 (and intermittently thereafter until the fall of 1975). About 60 percent of the st~dents, 1919-46, lived in dormitories on the campus, the academic dean's reports reveal. The non-resident "day students," living at home, walked to the college each school day, or went by automobile. Nell E. Shiplett, a music student, 1918-20, however, rode to the college on her horse from her home south of the town of Bridgewater. The college permitted the possession and use of automobiles by dormitory students only when need was clearly shown.57 During the 1920's, less than half a dozen men of Wardo Hall had automobiles at the college. The college also discouraged frequent home-going, which, it maintained, disturbed "the continuity of work."58 Students' expenses continued to increase during the period under review. Tuition for the B. A. (or B. S.) course, $40 per semester during the session, 1919-20, had risen to $90 by the session, 1945-46. The cost of a furnished room (two students in a room), board, heat, and light, ranging from $88 to $100 per semester in 1919-20, was $150 in 1945-46. Among other charges (per semester), by 1945-46, were the following: library fee, $6; student activity fee, $10; and medical fee, $3. 59 The college granted certain categories of students a reduction of tuition in the regular college course. In October, 1919, the trustees decided to allow a 50 percent discount to children of Bridgewater faculty members and, in March, 1924, the same privilege to children of all employees of Bridgewater-Daleville College.6° Beginning in 1920, they granted to ministerial students (living at home, or at the college) a discount, which, by 1943, was 33 1/3 percent (during the junior and senior years), and they accorded to children of missionaries ("in active service") the same reduction. Since 1920, they had allowed to children of clergymen a 10 percent discount. They permitted no student, however, more than one discount. 61

Financial Aids "There is perhaps no more complex problem confronting the colleges of America," President Bowman told Bridgewater's trustees in 1940, "than that of the worthy, talented, and

54PHB in B, Oct., 1934, p. 6. 55Based upon reports of the academic dean. 56rrExComM, Jan. 21, 1946. 57C, June, 1930, p. 36; June, 1946, p. 17. 58Jbid. 59c,June, 1919, p. 20;June, 1945, pp. 41, 43. 6°'frM, Oct. 3, 1919; March 25, 1924. 61c,June, 1920, p. 48; June, 1943, p. 45. 272 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

ambitious student who is without the necessary means for meeting his college expenses." "The demand for assistance is beyond our power to supply," he continued. "We have been creating limited work opportunities on the campus.... We have also established some scholarships and acquired a few loan funds for the benefit of this class of students. But with all of this we still turn away literally hundreds of students who ... deserve the advantages of higher education. Our present methods of student aid do not reach far enough."62 Besides the Missionary Society Scholarship, the Jesse E. Rolston Scholarship, and the J. A. and Kittie Danner Hoover Scholarship, established earlier, other student scholarships were publicized in the college's catalogues, 1919-46. The catalogues, 1919-27, listed the D. Milton Leidig and Esther B. Leidig Scholarship, and the catalogues, 1920-24, the Samuel S. Conner Scholarships. The Mrs. Laura Catherine Lam Craun Memorial Scholarship, established by Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Craun in 1912, was designated by Mr. Craun in 1923 as a memorial to his wife.63 The Cora Bane Martin Fund, established from the estate of Cora Bane Martin in 1929 (but withdrawn in 1937), was a source of scholarships for ministerial students.64 Samuel J. Bowman's will created the Helen and Sarah Bowman Scholarship Fund.65 The Mr. and Mrs. Daniel C. Moomaw Memorial Fund, a gift of $10,000 to Daleville College by Daniel C. Moomaw in 1921, became available to Bridgewater College in 1935 for scholarships for ministerial students of the territory of the late Daleville College.66 The Edward Lukens Scholarship Fund, established from the estate of C. Edward Lukens in 1940, provided scholarships for West Virginia students at Bridgewater.67 During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the college's trustees offered Bridgewater College Scholarships (instituted when John S. Flory was president) to honor graduates of more and more high schools within the college's territory, the high school faculties making the appointments. The college, moreover, progressively increased the value of the scholarships: from $50 to $60, in 1925; to $75, in 1929; to $100, by 1937; and to $150, in 1945.68 In 1936, the college decided to offer annually, upon the basis of competitive examination, five $500 scholarships to entering freshmen, $125 of that amount to be granted in each of the four years.69 In 1939, the college's faculty voted to grant five scholarships, $500 each, as "first awards," and five other scholarships, $200 (later, $250) each, as "second awards," the grants to be made "on the basis of comparative rating on competitive examinations," to be given in April or May each year at five locations: Bridgewater, Roanoke, Frederick (Md.), Denton (Md.), and Keyser (W. Va.). If the recipient should be a day student, he or she would receive one-half of the scholarship amount.70 In February, 1940, the faculty decided to grant, annually, two $150 music scholarships upon the basis of competitive examination at Bridgewater.71

62PHB in B,Oct., 1940, pp. 8-9. 63c,June, 1924, p. 44. 64c,June, 1931, pp. 24-25; TrM, Oct. 26, 1937. 65rrM, Oct, 8, 1934. 66rrM, Oct. 17, 1933; C,June, 1936, p. 25. 67TrExCornM, April 23, May 21, 1940; B, Oct., 1940, p. 6; C, June, 1941, p. 22. 68c, June, 1920, p. 43; June, 1925, p. 44; June, 1929, p. 48; FacAdrnCornM, Jan 25, 1945. 69FacSenM, March 13, 1936. 701bid, Jan. 16, 1939. 711bid, Feb. 19, 1940. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 273

For some years, until 1940, the Presser Foundation, of Philadelphia, granted the college $250 annually for music scholarships for worthy students.72 Acting for the General Education Board of the Church of the Brethren, the Bridgewater College trustees have administered (since 1945) the Maryland Educational Fund (originally $21,667) and the Stoner-Roop Memorial Fund (originally $20,000), both funds from the residual assets of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.). The income from the funds goes for scholarships at Bridgewater for qualified Brethren young people of Maryland. The Maryland Educational Fund honors the founders and supporters of Blue Ridge College, and the Stoner-Roop Memorial Fund honors Anna Roop Stoner and her husband, Jacob Stoner, substantial benefactors of Blue Ridge College.73 Various Church of the Brethren congregations in the Shenandoah Valley financed full- tuition scholarships for ordained ministerial students at Bridgewater College.74 President Bowman announced in June, 1920, the establishment of 22 such scholarships by congregations of the church's Second District of Virginia for the session, 1920-21.75 The college made available to students a number of jobs to help them meet expenses, but forbade a student from holding a self-help position and a scholarship at the same time, and from holding more than one scholarship or self-help position at any one time.76 The college did more. "We have admitted many young people who could not pay for their education and have helped them to lives of usefulness," President Bowman reported to Bridgewater's trustees.77 In 1940 and 1941, for example, the college and Church of the Brethren congregations bore the expense of the education at Bridgewater of two German refugee students,78 one of whom went on to become a Ph. D. of a prestigious university and to distinguish herself in her chosen field. The college considered it unwise, however, to accept and provide for any Japanese- American students during World War II, because of "some negative reaction among the [Bridgewater] students and considerable antagonism in the town."79 During the years of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal," some financial aid to students came from the U. S. government through the work-relief programs of the Civil Works Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and the National Youth Administration. "Bridgewater is now drawing $300 per month for the benefit of students in financial distress," President Bowman stated in 1934,80 and he informed the college's trustees that needy Bridgewater students had received about $3,000 in federal aid during the school year, by late February, 1935.81 Such aid continued until the early 1940's. The generosity of various individuals made loan funds, as well as scholarships, available to students. In 1919, Elder and Mrs. John L. Driver established a student loan fund, originally $1,000.82 Virginia Garber Cole, in 1921, established a loan fund (originally $1,000) in memory of her foster father, Charles Knox Cole, M. D., for the benefit especially of students planning to study

72c,June, 1940, pp. 28-29; June, 1941, p. 23; FacSenM, Feb. 19, May 20, 1940. 73-rrExComM, Dec. 10, 1945; TrM, Feb. 25, 1946; C, June, 1946, p. 39. 74c,June, 1923, p. 44; DistMM (1923), p. 12; TrM, Feb. 16, 1923. 75B, Aug., 1920, p. 4. 76c,June, 1946, p. 40. 77pHB in B,Oct., 1931, p. 6. 78DistMM (1941), p. 8; statement by PHB, May 17, 1940, PrO Papers, AMML. 79FacM, Sept. 28, 1942; TrExComM, Jan. 27, 1943. 80pHB to JWW, March 20, 1934, JWW Papers, AMML. 81TrM, Feb. 26, 1935. 82c,June, 1919, p. 13. 274 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

medicine.83 By her request, the $5,000 she had put in the fund by 1927 was transferred to the college's building fund.84 The General Education Board of the Church of the Brethren made loans ("Student Rotary Loan") available to Brethren students.85 In 1937, Mrs. Arthur B. (Lera R. Wampler) Miller established a loan fund (originally $1,000) in memory of her husband, a portion of the income to be used "to train native leaders on the foreign mission field. 11 86 Over a period of years, "small gifts from college classes, faculty members, and friends" developed a "Student Loan Fund," first listed in the college's catalogue of June, 1939 (p. 30). In 1940, Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Wampler established a loan fund, originally $1,000, but substantially increased later.87 Also in 1940, Mr. and Mrs. John F. Wampler established a loan fund, originally $1,000.88 The Stone-Watts Student Loan Fund, originally $1,000, established in 1942, honored "two worthy families which the [unnamed] donor desires to memorialize in a tangible and perpetual service to youth." In 1952, however, the donor requested the transfer of the money to the fund for the college's science halI.89 In 1942, Mrs. John A. (Lula Huff) Dove established a loan fund, originally $2,000, in memory of her husband.90 Barbara J. Miller established, in 1945, a loan fund, originally $1,000, in memory of her mother, Catherine Glick Miller.91 The college itself made loans to students at low rates of interest: in 1944, for example, at an interest rate of 2.5 percent, and at 5 percent from graduation day, or day of withdrawal from the college.92 As of June 30, 1946, the college's loan funds had a total value of $16,634.90.93

Freshmen Week

"Freshmen Week" was an innovation by the college in September, 1926. Its purpose was to give incoming freshmen the opportunity to become acquainted with one another and with faculty members, and with college procedures, facilities, and expectations before the beginning of regular college work.94 So successful did the experiment prove to be that the college adopted "Freshmen Week" as a regular policy. Bridgewater, it appears, was the pioneer among Virginia colleges in instituting such a program.

83c, June, 1921, p. 42. 84rrM, June 7, 1927. 85c, June, 1927, p. 44; and in later catalogues. 86c,June, 1937, p. 28; B, Oct., 1937, p. 6. 87c,June, 1942, p. 41; TrM, Feb. 5, 1943. 88c,June, 1947, p. 40. 89TrM, Feb. 5, 1943; C, June, 1943, pp. 39-40; TrExComM, Feb. 12, 1952. 90rrM, Feb. 5, 1943; C, June, 1943, p. 40. 9lc,June, 1946,p.39. 92TrM, Jan 18, 1944. 93C,June, 1947, p. 40. 94B, April, 1926, pp. 2, 4; Aug., 1926, p. 3; Bee, Oct. 7, 1926, pp. 1, 2. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 275

Social Regulations As might be expected, social regulations at the college underwent some change during Dr. Bowman's presidency. Regulations adopted in September, 1921, allowed boarding students, men and women, "in groups of not less than four," to go for walks on Sunday afternoons along a prescribed route, ifat least one faculty member was along.95 Before the end of the 1920's, however, men and women (with the permission of the Social Director) could walk together unchaperoned on Sunday afternoons along College Street and Main Street in Bridgewater.96 The walking area was gradually extended, so as to include other streets in the town. Beginning in September, 1937, students were allowed to go down College Street to Main Street for refreshments on Saturday evenings between 9:00 and 10:15 (later, 10:40). 97 Still, in 1946, groups of men and women leaving the college for Harrisonburg, or elsewhere, usually had to be accompanied by an official chaperon. 98 A new rule, adopted in 1946, allowed senior women (instead of faculty members or wives of professors) to act as chaperons of freshmen, sophomores, or juniors going to motion picture shows in Harrisonburg. 99

Student Capers Student antics continued during Dr. Bowman's presidency. One morning, a Bridgewater professor going to class was startled upon seeing his grave on the campus and an epitaph stating that he had died from overworking his students.100 At another time, the academic dean of the college, walking by Wardo Hall, narrowly escaped being drenched by water thrown from one of the windows. Sophomore girls, in certain years, delighted in salting the bed sheets of freshman girls in Yount Hall. Some Bridgewater athletes, being initiated into the Monogram Club, were transported, blindfolded, to the far side of Round Hill (west of the college town), were unmasked there and left to find their way back to the campus, a few miles away. 101 Some student actions, intended to be funny, caused the college embarrassment. In a U.S. presidential preference poll conducted on the campus by The B. C. Bee in the fall of 1936, the Communist Party's candidate, Earl Browder, thanks to a conspiracy of prankish students, received the second highest vote, next after that for Alfred M. Landon (the Republican Party's candidate) and greater than that for the incumbent president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. When the newspapers reported the poll, the college's trustees, acting through President Bowman, felt constrained to issue a statement. They denied "the presence of even a tinge of communistic sentiment on the Bridgewater campus."102 Cases of students disregarding the college's regulations by drinking alcoholic beverages or smoking tobacco in their dormitory rooms, men visiting in Yount Hall and women in Wardo Hall without permission, upperclassmen hazing freshmen, boarding students removing food from the college kitchen and storeroom, and other transgressions, continued to come to the

95FacM, Sept. 26, 1921. 96rhe Eagle (1929-30), p. 68. 97The Eagle (1937-38), p. 27. 98The Eagle (1945-46), p. 27. 99Bee, May 24, 1946, p. 2. 100Bee, May 4, 1945, p. 2. 10lBee, Nov. 3, 1944, p. 2. 102HDN-R, Nov. 6, 1936, pp. 1,4. 276 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

attention of the Faculty Senate during Dr. Bowman's presidency, as anyone reading the minutes of that body will discover. There were a few cases of students having firearms, and even explosives, in their dormitory rooms, and a case of the detonation of dynamite to the rear of the college buildings, near the river, and of the firing of a pistol in Wardo Hall In the most serious cases, students were expelled from the college, or suspended for a time. A transgressor voluntarily confessing his guilt, expressing contrition, and promising good behavior henceforth, however, was usually allowed to remain at the college on a probationary basis. The Faculty Senate customarily required of him or her (in writing) an apology and a "satisfactory statement" of his or her attitude toward the college in the future, recompense for anything he might have taken or damaged, and restriction to the college campus for a period of time. In addition, the transgressor (during a certain period) might be debarred from participating in student organizations and from representing the college on debating or athletic teams, or in any other capacity; and he might be required to resign any student offices or self-help work jobs he was holding.103

A Prank and a Tragedy On the evening of October 14, 1926, a student prank at the college ended in tragedy. A junior, seeking to disrupt a freshmen party in the old gymnasium, was overcome by hydrogen sulphide gas he released from a container in the chemistry laboratory in the basement of the building and was asphyxiated. Five other students were overcome, also, in their effort to rescue their fellow student from the gas-filled laboratory. A professor, with student help, opened the basement windows, turned off the gas generator, and moved the six unconscious students to the fresh air of the campus. Another student fetched an oxygen tank from the Rockingham Memorial Hospital in Harrisonburg, making the 14-mile round trip in his automobile in 20 minutes. Four physicians, with student help, labored through the night in their effort at resuscitation of the six men, two of whom did not regain consciousness until 8 o'clock the next moming.104 President Bowman lamented the "sudden extinction of a noble and promising young life," but reported that the student's death was the result of his actions alone, and not of any defective equipment or foul play.105

Student Government

Student government at Bridgewater dates from the fall of 1921.106 The elected officers of the "Men's Association," for the session, 1921-22, were H. Dewey Thompson, president; Lowell V. Sharpes, vice· president; and Charles C. Spitler, secretary. The elected class representatives who sat with the officers to constitute the first Men's Council were Jacob C. Harshbarger, senior; Jacob M. Bennett, junior; Clarence E. May, sophomore; and Emery E. May, freshman107 On March 6, 1922, the new organization adopted a constitution and by-laws, which the faculty had approved.10s

103From the FacSenM of the period. 104HDN-R, Oct. 15, 1926, p. 1; Oct. 16, 1926, p. 1. 105rHB in B, Aug., 1927, pp. 2-3. 1CJ6FacM, Sept. 26, Oct. 10, 24, 1921. HJ7PhM, Nov., 1921, p. 16 108PhM, April, 1922, p. 19; FacSenM,Jan 26, 1922. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 277

In the fall of 1921, the resident women at the college also formed a government association, electing May Hooker president and Pearle V. Cline secretary-treasurer.109 The other members of the Women's Council are not named in any records available. The women's organization also framed and adopted a constitution and by-laws, which the faculty approved.110 On September 27, 1927, after six years' operation of the dual government system, the students, at a mass meeting, voted to combine the men's and women's associations into a single organization, the "Students' Association of Bridgewater College," with R. Douglas Nininger as president, Alice L. Graybill as first vice president, Clyde L. Cline as second vice president, and C. Ruth Fike as secretary-treasurer. Until a constitution for the new association could be framed and adopted, the machinery of the old men's and women's associations continued to operate.111 The officers of the new students' association, elected under its constitution of 1928 for the session, 1928-29, were Ward R. Myers, president; C. Ruth Fike, first vice president; H. Early Beahm, second vice president; and Rebecca V. Myers, secretary-treasurer.112 Four seniors, four juniors, two sophomores, and two freshmen (as many women as men for each class), elected as class representatives to sit with the association's officers and two faculty advisers, constituted an overall student council. Below that body in the new structure were a men's council (the male student council members) and a women's council (the female student council members), over which subordinate bodies the association's vice presidents presided.113 By mutual agreement of students and faculty, student government was abandoned after the session, 1929-30, primarily because the presence of faculty advisers on the student council tended to discourage the free and frank expression of student sentiment. "With the faculty having a hand in it, do you think that the students will have as much pride and interest in the government ... ?"114 After a lapse of seven years, Edgar L. Crumpacker was elected president, and Ruth A. Lequear vice president, of the student body for the session, 1937-38. The two served as ex- officio members of the Inter-Club Council.115 James E. Solenberger was the president and Jacob S. Zigler the vice president of the student body during the next session. Available records, however, do not indicate the existence of a student council during either session. A new constitution, worked out jointly by a student body committee and the faculty and adopted in the fall of 1939,116 provided for a student council to consist of the president of the student body (the council's president), the vice president of the student body (the council's secretary), the president and secretary of each of the four college classes, and an elected representative of each of six different fields of extra-curricular activity: athletics, dramatics, forensics, music, publications, and religion. Accordingly, the membership of the student council for the session, 1939-40, was as follows: J. J. Rowland Reid (student body president); Doris V. Woodie (student body vice president); T. Garrett Jones (president) and Sara A. Wampler (secretary), of the senior class; Frederick D. Dove, Jr. (president) and Evelyn R. Suter (secretary), of the junior class; Henry C. Ikenberry, Jr. (president) and Jessie Mae Conner

Hl9FacM, Oct. 24, 1921; Ripples (1922), pp. 26, 29. 1lOFacSenM, March 21, 1922. 111Bee,Sept. 29, 1927, p. 2. 112Bee, June 5, 1928, p. 1; Ripples (1929). 113For the text of the association's constitution, see The Eagle (1928-29), pp. 37-45. 114Bee, March 28, 1929, p. 3. 115The Eagle (1937-38), pp. 8,9. 116FacM, Oct. 23, 1939; May 20, 1940. 278 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

(secretary), of the sophomore class; Ray J. Graham (president) and Lois E. Wakeman (secretary), of the freshman class; Lowell A. Miller (athletics); Thelma R. White (dramatics); John E. Bowman (forensics); Naomi I. Wolfe (music); William Z. Cline (publications); and Loren S. Simpson (religion).117 The council was to serve as an agency for presenting student opinion to the faculty. In cooperation with the faculty, it was to interpret the college's ideals and standards to the students, develop social regulations and procedures, and exercise general supervision over extra-curricular activities by reviewing budgets, considering applications for the formation of new clubs, and so forth.118

Student Publications

The B. C. Bee The B. C. Bee (1925-68), a bi-weekly student newspaper, was the successor of The Philomathean Monthly (1896-1925), a literary magazine produced and managed by the college's literary societies. The new type of publication was the result of "some agitation among the students" for such a change.119 During its first nine years (1925-34), The B. C. Bee was sponsored by the Victorian and Virginia-Lee literary societies. One year, the Victorians would choose one of their number to be the Bee's editor-in-chief, and the Virginia-Lees one of their membership to be the paper's business manager, and the next year vice versa. In 1934, however, the Bee became the publication of the student body, which henceforth elected the paper's editors and business managers.120 Prior to the 1960's, the Bee was a newspaper of four pages (five columns per page), about 18 inches by 12, except for some special issues, a few of six pages and one of ten pages. During the 1960's, however, issues of six or eight pages appeared rather frequently. The name, The B. C. Bee, was suggested by Virgil L. Mathias, a B. A. graduate in 1926.121 The first number of the Bee was dated November 6, 1925. Among its contents was an article on the naming of the paper, another on Bridgewater's renewal of intercollegiate competition in football, literary society news, and the words and musical notes of "Bridgewater Fair." M. Guy West, a Virginia-Lee society member, was the first editor-in-chief, and Earle W. Fike, a Victorian, the first business manager of the Bee. The later editors-in-chief and business managers are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. From 16 to 19 issues of the Bee appeared during the course of a school session. Four of them were class issues prepared, successively, by the freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, continuing a practice initiated by the staff of The Philomathean Monthly. An "April fool" issue first appeared in 1937; some April fool personals, however, were included in the March 28, 1929, number. Special issues on the college's history and student activities are dated May 1, 1931; April 28, 1933; and March 25, 1955.

117Bee, Oct. 20, 1939, p. 1. 1181bid., P· 3. 119PhM, May, 1925, p. 16. 120Bee, June 4, 1934, p. 1. 121Bee, Nov. 6, 1925, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 279

At the Virginia Intercollegiate Press Association conventions during Dr. Bowman's presidency, The B. C. Bee won recognition for journalistic excellence among college newspapers in Virginia published less frequently than once a week. It was judged to be the second best in its class in 1929, and the best in its class in 1930. It received second honors again in 1932, tied with American University's The American Eagle for second place in 1935, and was judged second best in 1939 and 1940.122

Ripples '!'he Bridgewater College student yearbook, Ripples, produced by the senior class with the assistance of the other classes, first appeared in the spring of 1922. Its forerunner was the June issue, during the years 1909-21, of The Philomathean Monthly, which carried photographs and sketches of the year's graduates, as well as photographs and descriptions of various student groups. The name Ripples, reminiscent of the waters of North River, which bordered the college grounds, was suggested by a Bridgewater faculty member, Edward M. Starr.123 Frank E. Williar was the editor-in-chief and H. Dewey Thompson the business manager of the first volume of Ripples in 1922. The later editors-in-chief and business managers are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. The artistic illustrations in the Ripples of 1922 (dedicated to John S. Flory, the college's president emeritus) were the work of a sophomore, Isaac J. Sanger, who later won distinction as an artist for his prize-winning woodcuts and lithographs. Ripples in 1922, 1923, and 1924 included a section on Bridgewater Academy. In 1925, Daleville Academy, of the Bridgewater-Daleville system of schools, published a yearbook called Junior Ripples, but, it appears, no sequel volumes. The Bridgewater Ripples was judged to be the best among the Class B yearbooks of Virginia colleges in 1933.124

The Eagle The Eagle, the Bridgewater College student handbook, issued at the beginning of each new session since 1926, contains useful information about student organizations, college procedures, regulations, traditions, songs, yells, and other features of college life. Prior to 1940, it was published under the auspices of the college's chapters of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.; thereafter, until 1970, under the direction of the Student Council (later, the Student Senate), in cooperation with the Dean of Students. Since 1970, it has been edited by the Dean of Students (later, the Deans for Student Development), in cooperation with the Student Senate. Raymond R. Peters was the editor and Clyde L. Cline the business manager of the first volume of The Eagle in 1926. At Virginia Intercollegiate Press Association conventions, the Bridgewater Eagle was ranked second best among student handbooks of its class in Virginia colleges in 1938 and 1939.125

122Bee, Dec. 6, 1929, p. 1; Dec. 5, 1930, p. 1; Dec. 21, 1932, p. 1; Nov. 7, 1935, p. 1; Nov. 17, 1939, p. 1; Nov. 15, 1940, p. 1. 123Ripp/es (1922), title page. 124Bee, Nov. 14, 1933, pp. 1,5; Dec. 19, 1933, p. 3. 125Bee, Nov. 18, 1938, p. 2; Nov. 17, 1939, pp. 1, 4. 280 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The Victorian and Virginia-Lee Literary Societies

The Victorian and Virginia-Lee literary societies continued to be active during the first 15 years (1919-34) of Dr. Bowman's presidency. During many of those years, the societies' memberships ranged in the 60's. The Victorians' officers in September, 1919, were Frank E. Williar, president; Aubrey W. Armentrout, vice president; Margaret S. Smucker, secretary; Olive F. Early, treasurer; Mary Miller, critic; John M. Roller, chorister; Minnie L. Sipe, pianist; and Raymond D. Cool, marshal.126 The Virginia-Lees' officers in September, 1919, were Homer C. Will, president; Russell G. West, vice president; Frances M. Dovel, secretary-treasurer; Lola A. Conner, chorister; and H. Dewey Thompson, marshal.127 The celebration of an important anniversary, the impersonation of well-known literary or political figures, a mock faculty meeting, a mock trial, the portrayal of dormitory life, or a musical miscellany was sometimes the main feature of a society program. An occasional program was impromptu. Questions debated at society meetings in the 1920's reflected problems and conditions of the time: "Resolved, That France was justified in occupying the Ruhr"; "Resolved, That the government should control the operation of the coal mines"; "Resolved, That all male citizens between 18 and 28 should have two years of military training"; and "Resolved, That Negroes should be admitted to our Southern schools with the whites."128 In 1923, the Victorian society conducted a contest among its members (past and present) for the words of a society song (the Virginia-Lees already had a song) and awarded the prize to Fred P. Myers (B. A., 1913), a Washington, D. C., attorney, for his lyric, "Victoria," set to music by a former Bridgewater music teacher, Ephraim T. Hildebrand.129 Each society had an orchestra and a male quartet during certain years. The two societies occasionally presented a public program jointly. On April 2, 1927, certain of their members acted as the League of Nations assembly in debating the questions of a particular session.130 The societies continued to compete each spring in a contest, in which gold medals were awarded to the winners. Victorians won the medals in more than two of the four literary competitions (oratory, debate, essay, and reading) in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1932, and 1934; the Virginia-Lees, in 1927, 1928, 1930, and 1931. In the contest in 1933, the Virginia-Lees were the winners in debate and essay, and the Victorians in oratory and reading.131 No record of any contests in the years 1920-23 has been found. During the early 1930's, the societies underwent "a steady, evolutionary change." For many years, their programs were "distinctly literary," but "Today," wrote an observer in 1932, "we find that the purpose of the programs is entertainment of the lighter ... type.... Many now join with no thought of participation." The old system of imposing fines for absence from meetings or failure to perform assigned duties, without valid excuse, was no longer in effect.132

126vicLitSocM, Sept. 19, 1919. 127vaLLitSocM, May 21, 1919. 128From the files of the PhM. 129PhM, March, 1923, p. 15; Jan., 1924, p. 15; VicLitSocM, April 25, 1923. l30Bee, April 8, 1927, p. 1. 1.31 From the files of the PhM and the Bee. 132Bee, April 22, 1932, p. 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 281

At a joint meeting on September 22, 1934, in the Victorians' hall, with Professor Walter S. Flory, Jr., presiding, the two societies decided to merge into one society, thus ending their separate existence since 1897.133 The final officers of the Virginia-Lee society were Robert L. Strickler, president; Massey M. Heltzel, vice president; Emelyn E. Moomaw, secretary-treasurer; Virginia M. Via, critic; Paul W. Shiflet, chorister; Mary T. Law, pianist; and William 0. Beazley, monitor.134 The final officers of the Victorian society were Huntley Kinzie, president; Martha R. Diehl, vice president; Mary H. Carter, secretary; Mildred P. Cline, critic; Olive S. Shafer, chorister; Nell Kathryn Peters, pianist; and Herman E. Cave, monitor.135

The Vic-VaLee Literary Club The Vic-VaLee Literary Club, originally called the "Bridgewater Literary Club," resulted from the merging of the Victorian and Virginia-Lee literary societies in September, 1934.136 According to its constitution (copies are in the AMML), the club's purpose was to sponsor "debate, oratory, dramatics, readings, recitations, dialogues, criticisms, short story, essay, poetry writing, and training in parliamentary order." Only college freshmen and sophomores were made eligible for membership. The new society held its first regular meeting on October 6, 1934, with temporary officers in charge.137 On November 3, it elected permanent officers: Robert B. Garber, president; Maurice K. Henry, vice president; Margaret V. Flory, secretary; Raymond M. Kinzie, treasurer; and Ira D. Layman, Jr., monitor.138 The officers' term of office was a school semester, except that the treasurer was elected for the entire school year. The club held regular meetings on Saturday evenings every two weeks. The writer has found no mention of the society's activities after the spring of 1937. The officers elected on March 6, 1937, were Robert M. Seese, president; Miriam E. Bostetter, secretary; and George V. Hannah, sergeant-at-arms.139 No minutes of the club's meetings are extant.

Debating and Oratory The direction of intercollegiate debating and oratory at Bridgewater, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, was the responsibility of the Debate Council (later, the Council on Forensics), consisting of faculty members (one of whom served as chairperson) and students. The chairpersons of that body during the period under review, the college's catalogues show, were Frank J. Wright, 1919-20; John S. Flory, 1920-25; Frederick D. Dove, 1925-28, 1929-30, and 1931- 48. Edgar S. Kiracofe was chairperson, 1928-29, when Professor Dove was the college's acting academic dean, and John W. Boitnott was chairperson, 1930-31, when Professor Dove was on leave of absence.

l33Bee, Oct. 5, 1934, p. 3. 134Bee, March 6, 1934, p. 3. 1351bid. 136FacM, Sept. 24, 1934; Bee, Oct. 5, 1934, p. 3. 137Bee, Oct. 19, 1934, p. 3. 138Bee, Nov. 16, 1934, p. 3 139Bee, March 12, 1937, p. 3. 282 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Bridgewater's first intercollegiate debate (after a lapse of several years), during Dr. Bowman's presidency, was one with her sister school, Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.), at Bridgewater, April 2, 1921, on the question, "Resolved, That the U.S. government should control the operation of the coal mines." Bridgewater's debaters, J. Quinter Miller and Edgar S. Kiracofe, upholding the affirmative side of the proposition, gained a majority vote of the judges. 140 During the next 17 years, 1922-39, Bridgewater's male debaters succeeded in gaining a majority of the judges' votes in 55 (48 percent) of the 114 contests in which they participated. They won three of their 11 debates (1922-37) with Emory and Henry College, six of their 14 debates (1924-34) with Roanoke College, eight of their 15 debates (1925-38) with Hampden- Sydney College, four of their five debates (1925-27) with National University Law School, three of their four debates (1927-36) with Elizabethtown College, one of their three debates (1928-37) with Waynesburg College, their debate (1928) with Clark University, eight of their 11 debates (1929-37) with the University of Richmond, eight of their 17 debates (1929-37) with Randolph-Macon College, seven of their 15 debates (1930-37) with Lynchburg College, their debate (1931) with Albright College, one of their two debates (1936) with Shepherd College, and their one debate with each of the following schools: Washington and Lee University (1936), St. John's College (Annapolis, Md.) (1937), University of Maryland (1938), and Rutgers University (1939). They lost their three debates (1925, 1926) with Milligan College, their three debates (1935-38) with Juniata College, and their one debate with each of the following schools: Oklahoma Baptist University (1924), Lincoln Memorial University (1928), Howard Payne College (1929), Columbus University (1931), and Lebanon Valley College (1931). Other debates were of the no-decisiOn type.141 Bridgewater women began intercollegiate debating on March 13, 1925, when Frances E. Harshbarger and Rachel E. Myers, upholding the negative side of the question, "Resolved, That the U. S. Congress should be empowered to override, by a two-thirds vote, U. S. Supreme Court decisions that declare Congressional acts unconstitutional," engaged a women's team from Des Moines University at Bridgewater, but lost the contest by a two to one decision of the judges.142 During the next 13 years, 1926-39, Bridgewater's female debaters received a majority of the judges' votes in 19 (51 percent) of the 37 contests in which they engaged. They won seven of their 11 debates (1926-39) with Farmville State Teachers College, five of their seven debates (1927-39) with Harrisonburg State Teachers College, one of their two debates (1929, 1933) with Randolph-Macon Woman's College, two of their three debates (1931, 1932) with Mary Baldwin College, three of their 10 debates (1931-38) with East Radford State Teachers College, one of their two debates (1936, 1937) with Westhampton College, but neither of their two debates (1938, 1939) with Lynchburg College. Other debates were of the no-decision type.1 43 Some of the questions debated (in the years indicated) were the following: that the prin- ciple of the open shop should prevail in all industries throughout the United States (1923); that the United States should join the League of Nations (1924); that the United States should renounce its extraterritorial rights in China (1927); that a department of education with a secretary in the President's cabinet should be established (1927); that the United States should adopt a national uniform marriage and divorce law (1928); that the present jury system in criminal trials should be abolished (1929); that the nations of the world should adopt a policy

140PhM, May, 1921, p. 41; June, 1921 (no page no.); FacM, Jan 27, March 14, 1921. 141Frorn reports in the PhM, the Bee, and Ripples. 142PhM, March, 1925, p. 16. 143Frorn reports in the Bee, and in Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 283

of free trade (1931); that the nations should adopt a policy of complete disarmament, except for police purposes (1932); that the United States should cancel all debts for money lent to its allies in World War I before the armistice (1933); that the Norman Thomas principle of social- ism is preferable to our present capitalistic economic system (1933); that industrial labor dis- putes should be settled by compulsory arbitration (1938). Two questions debated by the women exclusively (in the years indicated) were the following: that modem advertising is more detrimental than beneficial to society (1930); that the emergence of women from the home is not a regrettable feature of modem life (1931).144 In some debates, in the 1930's and 1940's, the opposing teams used the "Oregon style" of debating, in which there was cross-questioning by those on the two sides. A new method of judging debates came into use during this period: instead of decision by majority vote of three judges, it was a decision by a single judge, who gave his criticism of each debater's performance. Decision by a "critic judge" was popular during the 1930's and 1940's. A few of those who served as judges of debates at Bridgewater, during the period under review, were the following: John R. Crown, editor, Harrisonburg Daily News-Record; Sheffey L. Devier, mayor, City of Harrisonburg; Otto F. Frederikson, professor, Harrisonburg State Teachers College; Talfourd N. Haas, circuit court judge (Rockingham and Page counties, Va.); John Paul, Jr., U.S. Congressman; Clyde P. Shorts, professor, Harrisonburg State Teachers College; B. L. Stanley, principal, Harrisonburg High School; and James W. Wright, Harrisonburg clergyman. The debate with Cumberland University, March 29, 1932, initiated at Bridgewater the (infrequently used) no-decision type of debate.145 A few debates in the 1930's were broadcast by radio, beginning with the one with Roanoke College, December 7, 1932, in the studios of station WDBJ, at Roanoke, Virginia.146 As previously, the debates at home were held in the assembly room on the second floor of what is today Memorial Hall. Attendance at those affairs was generally good. More than 100 persons were present on a number of such occasions, to the amazement of some visiting contestants, accustomed to much smaller audiences. One debate, when the electric power failed, proceeded amidst "flickering candles and great shadows on the walls."147 The method of selecting debaters for intercollegiate contests underwent some change when Dr. Bowman was president. For some years, each contender read a statement of argu- ments, on one side or the other, of a designated question for debate before a few faculty mem- bers as judges. Such a tryout for the men's or women's debate teams was held early in each semester. By a new system inaugurated in October, 1932, however, the selections were made by faculty members from debates held before the literary societies. After the demise of those societies, the Debate Council (later, the Council on Forensics), acting through the Debate Club (1939-42) and its successor, the Speech Club, periodically sponsored intramural debates as the best way to discover potentially able arguers.148 A chapter of Tau Kappa Alpha, national honorary forensic society, was established at Bridgewater, November 30, 1925, with Ralph B. Shank, of Lynchburg College, in charge of the installation. Eight students and four members of the faculty were the charter members. The students were Saylor C. Cubbage, Earle W. Fike, Walter S. Flory, Jr., Lawrence H. Hoover,

144Frorn reports in the PhM, the Bee, and Ripples. l45Bee, April 8, 1932, p. 1. 146Bee, Dec. 21, 1932, p. 1. 147Bee, Feb. 27, 1936, p. 1. 148Bee, Oct. 28, 1932, p. 1; Oct. 6, 1939, p. 1. 284 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Joseph L. Kinzie, R. Douglas Nininger, M. Guy West, and M. Otto Zigler. The faculty members were President Bowman, Frederick D. Dove, John S. Flory, and Charles C. Wright They elected Joseph L. Kinzie president, and Professor Wright secretary-treasurer of the chapter.149 In cooperation with the Debate Council, the chapter sponsored intramural debates and oratorical contests. New members were inducted into the society usually once, but sometimes twice, each academic year, after their undergoing a week of "goathood" activities, principally debating ludicrous questions at the request of society members. Certain members of the Bridgewater chapter during this period served as presidents of the Tau Kappa Alpha organization in Virginia: Ward R. Myers, 1927-28; John E. Bowman, 1940-41; and Helen E. Robeson, 1942-43. In April, 1946, Sara V. Zigler was elected president for the session, 1946-47.150 Bridgewater's debate coach, Dr. Frederick D. Dove, was appointed a member of the national council of Tau Kappa Alpha in 1940, and served as governor of the Virginia state organization of the society, 1943-46.151 The Bridgewater chapter was host to the Virginia state convention of Tau Kappa Alpha in October, 1928, and again in April, 1938.152 Bridgewater men and women welcomed the advent of tournament debating and public speaking of other types in the late 1930's, and acquitted themselves well in competition. At the Dixie Tournament, sponsored by Winthrop College, Rock Hill, South Carolina, in December, 1938, the judges ranked Miriam E. Barnette among the 10 best women debaters, and John E. Bowman among the 10 best men debaters, among about 250 contestants from 35 colleges of the eastern United States.153 At the Dixie Tournament in December, 1939, Miss Barnette won first place in the after-dinner speaking contest, J. J. Rowland Reid was cited for excellence in extemporaneous debating, and Henry C. Ikenberry, Jr., and Louise Wampler were ranked in the first quartile of the best debaters.154 Bridgewater representatives also participated creditably in the fall and spring tournaments sponsored each year by the Tau Kappa Alpha chapters in Virginia and in the contests at that society's annual conventions. At the convention at Randolph-Macon College in April, 1939, Miriam E. Barnette was the winner of the women's after-dinner speaking competition and John E. Bowman co-winner of the men's. Wendell P. Flory was the winner of the men's extemporaneous speaking contest, and the team, Miriam E. Barnette and Mildred E. Hite, was co-winner in debating.155 At the convention at Roanoke College in April, 1940, Miss Barnette won the after-dinner speaking contest, she and Anna Jane Swiger won the debate competition, and Wendell P. Flory placed first in impromptu speaking.156 At a national tournament of Tau Kappa Alpha in Washington, D. C., in December, 1940, William Z. Cline was ranked among the seven best discussers of the national debate question, and at the Virginia state convention of the society at Radford College in April, 1941, he won the contest in extemporaneous

l49Bee, Dec. 18, 1925, p. 1. 150Bee, Oct. 27, 1927, p. 1; April 12, 1940, p. 1; May 7, 1943, p. 1; April 26, 1946, p. 1. 151 Bee, April 12, 1940, p. 1; March 22, 1946, p. 1 152Bee, Oct. 25, 1928, p. 1; April 22, 1938, p. 1. 153Bee, Dec. 16, 1938, pp. 1,4. 154Bee, Dec. 14, 1939, p. 1. 155Bee, April 29, 1939, p. 1. l56Bee,April 12, 1940, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 285 speaking.157 At the tournament at Natural Bridge, Virginia, in March, 1945, the team, Virginia M. Bowman and Sara V. Zigler, won top honors in debating for Bridgewater.158 At the Grand National Forensic Tournament at Mary Washington College in April, 1946, Sara V. Zigler reached the finals in after-dinner speaking.159 In 1932, Bridgewater's Debate Council voted to award a medal each year to the best debater, as judged by Tau Kappa Alpha members of the college's faculty.160 The medalists of the years prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor were the following: W. Harold Row, 1932-33; Kenneth L. Strite, 1933-34 and 1934-35; Edgar L. Crumpacker, 1935- 36, 1936-37, and 1937-38; John E. Bowman, 1938-39; Miriam E. Barnette, 1939-40; and William Z. Cline, 1940-41. The chapter designed a plaque on which to inscribe their names.161 Bridgewater representatives made a record of distinction in oratory during Dr. Bowman's presidency. Lawrence H. Hoover won the Virginia state intercollegiate oratorical contest (sponsored by the Virginia Intercollegiate Oratorical Association) in 1927.162 Paul Hoover Bowman won the contest in 1934, at Hampden-Sydney College, with his oration, "Civis Americanus Sum."163 In the first such contest in Virginia for college women, at East Radford State Teachers College in 1934, Salome Ruth Wine, speaking on "Our Heritage," won the unanimous vote of the judges.164 Bridgewater was host to the Virginia Intercollegiate Oratorical Association's convention in May, 1933, in which year the association's officers were Bridgewater men: W. Harold Row, president; Arthur H. Pursell, vice president; and Paul Hoover Bowman, secretary-treasurer.165 Bridgewater men and women acquitted themselves well, also, in oratorical contests sponsored by the Tau Kappa Alpha chapters in Virginia. Edgar L. Crumpacker won the contest for men in 1937, Grace Bowman the contest for women in 1938 (when the competition was held at Bridgewater), Miriam E. Barnette the contest for women in 1940, G. Wayne Glick the contest for men in 1941, Rachel E. Bail the contest for women in 1942, and Hazel E. Wright the contest for women in 1943.166 At the Grand National Forensic Tournament at Mary Washington College in April, 1946, Bridgewater's Gareth B. Miller was a finalist in the oratorical competition.167

Music

During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the successive heads of the Music Department were Charles W. Roller, until 1922; Nevin W. Fisher, 1922-25; and Nelson T. Huffman, 1925-28, 1929-65. John E. Stover was director of music, 1928-29, when Professor Huffman was on leave of absence.

157nee,Jan. 10, 1941, p. 1; May 2, 1941, p. 1. 158Bee, March 9, 1945, p. 1. 159nee, April 26, 1946, p. 1. 160oebate Council minutes, Oct. 11, 27, 31, 1932. 161Bee, June 4, 1934, p. 1. See the plaque in the AMML. l62Men ofMark, p. 197. 163nee, May 23, 1934, p. 1. 164Jbid. 165nee, April 28, 1933, p. 7; May 13, 1932, p. 1. 166Bee, May 7, 1937, p. 1; May 6, 1938, p. 1; April 12, 1940, p. 1; May 2, 1941, p. 1; Oct. 15, 1943, pp. 1, 4; HND-R, April 27, 1942. 167Bee, April 26, 1946, p. 1. 286 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Professor Fisher reorganized Bridgewater's music curriculum along the lines of that of the Peabody Conservatory of Music.168 During this period, Theodore W. Mundy, in 1930, and Albert E. Long, in 1931, were the first Bridgewater students to graduate in violin.169 The basic music groups at the college continued to be a men's glee club, a women's glee club, a men's quartet, a women's quartet, and an orchestra The combined glee clubs, which came to have as many as 80 members, usually presented at the college every year an operetta, an oratorio or cantata, and (at commencement time) a sacred concert; also concerts away from the college, usually in the Roanoke (Va.) area and in Maryland and the District of Columbia, as well as at locations nearer the college. Some of the operettas staged (in the years indicated) during Dr. Bowman's presidency, were Henry D. Coolidge's Priscilla (1921, 1930, 1945), Willard Spencer's The Princess Bonnie (1929, 1943), and the following Gilbert and Sullivan works: H. M. S. Pinafore (1928, 1940), The Pirates of Penzance (1938), Iolanthe (1941, 1946), and The Mikado (1942). A regular participant in those popular performances was Allan B. Bicknell, of the college faculty.170 Some of the oratorios and cantatas presented (in the years indicated) were Fawley's The Christ Child (1919), Peace's Darkness and Dawn (1922, 1935), Haydn's The Creation (1924), Gounod's The Redemption (1925), Gaul's The Holy City (1927, 1943), Mendelssohn's Elijah (1938), Dubois's The Seven Last Words of Christ (1939, 1945), and Handel's Messiah (1945).171 The men's and women's quartets broadcast programs over radio stations and, for about six weeks during many summers, the male quartet (of which Professor Huffman was a member) toured Virginia and adjoining states to publicize the college. On those trips, the jovial professor occasionally bewildered his fellow travelers by sounding the horn he had attached at the rear of his automobile. Students and faculty enjoyed the occasional concerts at the college given by the students' orchestra, whose successive directors during Dr. Bowman's presidency, the catalogues show, were James A. Harman, Elizabeth Trappe, Nelson T. Huffman, William G. Kinzie, Theodore W. Mundy, J. Edgar Anderson, Lucille Y. Marshall, and Alice G. Beardsley. A choir at the chapel exercises was an innovation by Professor Huffman in the fall of 1933. Its members (from 12 to 20) were chosen from the glee clubs.172 Another innovation was a student band, which provided music at athletic games beginning in February, 1944.173 The chartering of an honorary music fraternity, Societas Orphea, at the college in 1934 was a significant event for the Music Department. The founding members were Nelson T. Huffman, Ruth E. Weybright, Mrs. Frederick D. Dove, and Allan B. Bicknell, all of the college faculty.174 Olive M. Fike, Virgie Maye Fike, Chester I. Harley, Olden D. Mitchell, Emelyn E. Moomaw, Anna M. Myers, Jane Ruby Vest, and Jesse H. Ziegler were students at the college who were elected to membership in 1935. Susanna M. Flory, Clifford T. Riddel, Jr., Emma G. Seehom, Alda V. Shipman, and Joseph F. Wine were early alumni members.175

168Nevin W. Fisher to FFW, June 11, 1979. 169Bee, May 2, 1930, p. 1; May 1, 1931, p. 1. 170From the files of the PhM and the Bee. 171Ibid. 172Bee,Nov. 14, 1933, p. 1. 173Bee, Feb. 11, 1944, p. 3. 174FacSenM, May 18, 1934; Bee, April 19, 1935, pp. 1, 2. 175Bee, April 19, 1935, pp. 1, 2; May 17, 1935, pp. 1, 2. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 287

Dramatics In the fall of 1937, Mildred B. Hahn, the college's teacher of speech and dramatics, with the faculty's approval, organized the "Curtain Club of Bridgewater College," in the hope it would lead to the establishment of a chapter of a national honorary dramatics fraternity. The club's first officers were Grace Bowman, president; Neal Gordon LeBert, vice president; Vera W. Miller, secretary; Fred R. Woodie, treasurer; Robert M. Seese, historian; and Frank Moyers, sergeant-at-anns.176 The club offered experience not only in acting, but also in the direction and writing of plays, and in the art of make-up, costuming, stage management, business management, radio announcing, and lighting and sound effects. At their bi-monthly meetings, club members discussed current theatrical productions, reviewed the lives of dramatists, and noticed trends and developments in the world of the theater. By December, 1940, about 90 names were on the club's membership list.177 The group's first production, The Neighbors, a one-act play by Zona Gale, directed by Miss Hahn, and presented in Cole Hall, October 23, 1937, was "exceptionally well received." The dramatis personae were Grace Bowman, Opal L. Craun, Frances W. Crumpacker, Robert D. Hoover, Mary H. Naff, Naomi I. Wolfe, and Fred R. Woodie.178 Some other Curtain Club productions (in the years indicated) during Dr. Bowman's presidency were Eugene O'Neill's Where the Cross Is Made (1937), Sidney Howard's The Late Christopher Bean (1938), Raymond Van Sickle's Best Years (1938), William Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (1939), Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre (1939), A. A. Milne's Mr. Pim Passes By (1940), Lula Vollmer's Sun Up (1941), and Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (1942).179 Another production, a one-act play, Crooks Are Where You Find Them (1942), was written by a Bridgewater freshman, Elizabeth J. Blough.180 The Eta Upsilon Chapter of Alpha Psi Omega, national honorary dramatics fraternity at Bridgewater, was chartered on March 11, 1939. The eight charter members were Thelma R. White (chapter president), William Z. Cline (chapter vice president), Mary Margaret Friddle (chapter secretary-treasurer), Mary H. Naff, R. Eugene Ocker, Margaret L. Rowland, Professor Allan B. Bicknell, and Mrs. Frederick D. Dove (director of dramatics and chapter sponsor).181 By June, 1946, 39 more student thespians had been inducted into the chapter.182

Religious Life

"It is impossible for a student to go through the college here," President Bowman remarked in 1922, "without having the claims of Christianity indelibly imprinted into his life and thought." He elaborated as follows: At 12 o'clock five days in the week the entire school meets at chapel for Scripture reading, prayer, song service, and a short address, usually on some religious theme .... Three times a day, at each meal, gratitude is audibly expressed for food and the Divine

176Bee, Oct. 8, 1937, p. 1; Nov. 5, 1937, p. 1; Ripples (1938), p. 72; FacM, Oct. 25, Nov. 8, 1937. 177Bee, Dec. 13, 1940, p. 3. 178Bee, Nov. 5, 1937, pp. 1, 4. 179From the files of the Bee. 180Bee, March 13, 1942, p. 1. 181 Tue chapter's charter (in the AMML vault); Bee, April 29, 1939, p. 2; Oct. 20, 1939, p. 1; Ripples (1940), p. 72. 182Initiation reports to the fraternity's headquarters. 288 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

blessing invoked. Every morning, before beginning the day's work, students gather in their respective dormitories in the watch service; ... one evening in each week the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. hold devotional meetings which are well attended; one evening in each week the Volunteer Band holds a devotional and inspirational meeting which touches about 20% of the student body; every two weeks the ministerial students hold a conference to discuss religious questions; each Sunday the students attend Sunday School and at least one church service, many of them attending two church services; there are occasionally special lectures by distinguished visitors on themes vital to the religious life of young people; ... Besides these activities, there are three regular classes in Bible study embracing more than half the entire student body, and three classes in religious education which have good enrollments.183 Chapel exercises lasting usually from 20 to 30 minutes daily, Monday to Friday, until the fall of 1944, then on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday,184 continued to be held in the assembly room on the second floor of Stanley Hall (later, Memorial Hall). Male students occupied the straight-back wooden benches on the left side of the room (facing the front), and female students the benches on the right side, until the session, 1945-46, when separation of the men and women was ended.185 Until the fall of 1943, attendance was recorded.186 A faculty member, a Bridgewater alumnus, or some other visitor was often the main speaker at the exercises. Sometimes, a student organization presented a program. During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the college's Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., embracing the great majority of the boarding students, continued to promote activities "of social, moral, and religious character." They welcomed new students to the campus every year, distributed among the students every September (beginning in 1926) a handbook of useful information about college life at Bridgewater, sponsored social events, staged plays, assisted in the Sunday School work of the black people in the town of Bridgewater, entertained visiting Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. officials, and sent delegates to state, regional, and national conferences. In 1923, the Y. W. C. A. sponsored the college's first May Day festival (held on the lawn in front of Yount Hall, as were later such festivals for some years), at which Ethel M. Thomas was queen and Boyd A. Spitler was king, and it managed that event every year thereafter through May, 1940.187 During the 1920's, it supported an Armenian orphan in Armenia and a Chinese girl in a Chinese school. The Y. W. C. A. and Y. M. C. A. jointly sponsored at the college, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, four Christian education conferences (in 1928, 1929, 1931, and 1933), at which Sherwood Eddy, Robert B. Eleazer, Roy Akagi, Frederick J. Libby, and other leaders discussed problems of race relations, religion, industry and labor, and international relations.188 The college's Student Volunteer Mission Band, whose membership ranged from the 30's to the 60's during Dr. Bowman's presidency, continued to be active. It made studies of foreign mission fields and contributed funds toward the support of workers there who were Bridgewater alumni. It heard Isaac S. Long, Wilbur B. Stover, and other foreign missionaries at home on furlough tell of their work and experiences. It sent out deputation teams to present programs in churches. It sponsored conferences at the college: one for student volunteers of Virginia colleges (in 1928) and two for student volunteers of Church of the Brethren colleges (in 1933 and 1936). It sent delegates to state and national conventions and, in December, 1923,

183TrM, Oct. 20, 1922. 1B4Bee, Dec. 4, 1944, p. 2. 185Bee, Feb. 22, 1946, p. 2. l86Bee, Dec. 10, 1943, p. 2. 187PhM, June, 1923, p. 21; BC (1930), p. 146. 188From the files of the PhM, the Bee, and the FacM. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 289 to the international student volunteer convention in Indianapolis, Indiana. Three Bridgewater members headed the United Student Volunteers of the Church of the Brethren: M. Guy West, 1925-26; Edward K. Ziegler, 1927-29; and Jesse H. Ziegler, 1933-34.189 In February, 1921, the 25 student ministers then at the college organized themselves as the "Ministerial Association," with Roy E. Clarke as their president and Russell K. Showalter as their secretary-treasurer.190 They met twice a month to discuss topics of special interest and importance, often under the leadership of the college pastor, a faculty member, or a guest speaker from outside the college. In several different years, they benefited from a lecture series by President Bowman on the preparation and delivery of sermons. They responded to calls to fill pulpits on Sundays. In 1927, they adopted the name "Clericus," recommended as the standard designation for ministerial associations in Virginia colleges.191 The number of ministerial students, in a given year during the period 1919-46, ranged from 10 to 31, the college's records reveal; in 16 of the 27 years, the number was in the 20's. A division of the Brethren Young People's Department (B. Y. P. D.) was organized at the college in the fall of 1926, with Raymond R. Peters as president; Deane G. Rumburg, vice president; Alice L. Graybill, secretary; Ernest E. Muntzing, treasurer; Lois M. Ikenberry, chorister; M. Guy West, pastor; and Ada P. Kurtz, faculty adviser.192 It conducted Sunday vespers, had guest speakers, did some deputation work in nearby churches, and in March, 1932, hosted a convention at the college for the B. Y. P. D. of the church's Second and Northern Districts of Virginia.193 In September, 1934, it was reorganized and its functions extended, so that it became the major religious organization on the campus. Its mid-week worship service supplanted the separate services of the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., and the Student Volunteer Mission Band. The original officers of the reconstructed B. Y. P. D. were Robert B. Garber, president; Avis R. Mundy, vice president; Leona V. Schmick, secretary; Betty S. Long, corresponding secretary; Olive M. Fike, peace secretary; William 0. Beazley, treasurer; N. Kathryn Peters, pianist; Mary A. Hite, recreation; Warren S. Craun, faculty adviser.194 Because their objectives and work had much in common, the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Student Volunteer Mission Band, and the B. Y. P. D., in March, 1941, voted to consolidate into one organization, the "Student Christian Movement" (S. C. M.).195 In April (1941), the new inter-denominational fellowship elected its first officers, who assumed their duties in May (1941): Jessie Mae Conner and William J. Hotchkiss, co-presidents; Lois E. Wakeman, secretary; Paul W. Petcher, treasurer; Dollie V. Nedrow, publicity agent; and Marshall R. Wolfe, faculty sponsor.196 The organization functioned through its officers and three commissions (student volunteer, leadership training, and recreation), each headed by a man and a woman. It sponsored a general worship service each week, Sunday vespers, the morning watch, evening meditations, deputation trips to churches, visits to "shut-ins," guest speakers, chapel programs, occasional plays and outings, a Halloween party, a Christmas party, a "Sweetheart Party," the May Day festival, recreation during Freshmen Week, the drive for the World Student Service Fund, sending delegates to conferences, and a banquet in

189From the files of the PhM, the Bee, the FacM, and the B. 190phM, June, 1921 (no page numbers). 191 Bee,Oct.13, 1927,p.1. l92Bee, Oct. 7, 1926, p. 1. 193Bee, March 25, 1932, p. 1. l94Bee, Oct. 5, 1934, p. 1. 195Bee, April 5, 1941, p.1. For the text of the S. C. M.'s constitution, see ibid., pp. 1-3. l96Bee, April 18, 1941, p. 1. 290 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

the spring of each year. In November, 1941, the S. C. M. sponsored a conference at the college for delegates from the Church of the Brethren colleges and Bethany Biblical Seminary.197 During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the "College Sunday School," held since 1915 in the College Street Church of the Brethren building, with a student superintendent and a student secretary-treasurer, and with faculty members as teachers of the classes, continued to be conducted on Sunday mornings for students who were Brethren and students of other denominations who wished to attend. "Life Problems Week'' was an innovation in February, 1943. During the three days of meetings and personal interviews on problems confronting young people of marriageable age, Warren D. Bowman, pastor, First Church of the Brethren, Washington, D. C., was the main speaker.198 Life Problems Week is last listed on the college's annual calendar for 1949-50.199 President Bowman had to deal with criticism of the religious atmosphere and the nature of the instruction at the college. On three occasions (May 22 and November 3, 1923, and January 22, 1924), a committee representing the Northern District of Virginia of the Church of the Brethren visited the college, at the invitation of its board of trustees, to investigate charges made by congregations within that district. The committee reported that the college was exerting "a deep spiritual influence" and was endeavoring to carry out the decisions of the church's governing body; also that the Darwin theory of evolution, although discussed, had not the support of any Bridgewater teacher. The criticism of the college, the committee felt, resulted from misunderstanding, erroneous information, and ignorance. The committeemen were Charles E. Long, L. S. Miller, J. W. Myers, J. S. Roller, Peter S. Thomas, and David H. Zigler.200 President Bowman declared that the college's religious atmosphere, while not ideal ("I do not know of any college, or even any home or church, where it is"), was positive; also that the college was doing what it could to maintain its church's distinctive doctrines and practices, but that it was "necessary to be very cautious, so as not to antagonize young people who have been nagged at until they were almost ready to leave the church."201 President Bowman's own theology and his teaching of the Bible "from the modem, scientific point of view," brought him criticism,202 but the college's trustees unanimously felt such criticism was unjustified.203

The Bible (Spiritual Life) Institutes

An annual Bible institute, dating from 1892, was held at the college when Paul Haynes Bowman was president, during the years 1920-25 and 1933-46. Upon President Bowman's recommendation, the college's trustees discontinued the annual institutes after the one in 1925, because of "declining attendance and an apparent lack of interest in this work." The institutes, moreover, had "come to be almost purely local" and no longer financially feasible.204

197Frorn the files of the Bee and the B. 198Bee, Feb. 12, 1943, p. 2; Feb. 26, 1943, p. 1. 199c,June, 1949, p. 23. 20DNVaDistMM (1923), p. 27; (1924), pp. 5, 6. 201 PHB to Charles E. Long, Jan. 24, 1924, PHB Papers. 202See the exchange of correspondence between PHB and Albert D. Helser during the years 1920-23, in PHB Papers. 203TrM, June 22, 1920. 204TrM, Feb. 20, 1925; B, Dec., 1932, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 291

In response to requests, however, the college scheduled a Bible institute, on a trial basis, for February 1-5, 1933,205 and so successful did it prove to be that it was re-established as an annual event. The institutes ran for about one week, usually in January, but, in a few years (1933-35), in February. The institutes had grown from "a small beginning and lukewarm interest" until the College Street Church of the Brethren sanctuary could hardly accommodate those who came. Hundreds of people, "far and near," testified to "the inspiration and help" they had received from those sessions. 206 Church of the Brethren officials appeared on institute programs in the years indicated: John H.B. Williams, secretary-treasurer of the General Mission Board (1920); M. Robert Zigler, home mission secretary of the General Mission Board (1922); Charles D. Bonsack, general secretary of the General Mission Board (1923); John S. Noffsinger, general secretary of the General Education Board (1924); Silas S. Blough, secretary of the General Ministerial Board (1924); and Lydia E. Taylor, of the General Dress Reform Committee (1924). 207 Joseph D. Eggleston, president of Hampden-Sydney College, addressed the institute of 1920 on the question, "Why the Denominational College?" Other speakers, in the years indicated, were educators of Church of the Brethren schools: Franklin J. Byer, principal, Hebron Seminary (1920); Tully S. Moherman, president, Daleville College (1920); Charles S. Ikenberry, a Daleville College professor (1923); and J. Maurice Henry, president, Blue Ridge College, New Windsor, Maryland (1923). "The Religions of China" was the subject of three addresses at the institute in 1923, by Ernest M. Wampler, a missionary on furlough. From Bridgewater College, President Bowman and Professors Nevin W. Fisher, John S. Flory, John T. Glick, Minor C. Miller, William T. Sanger, and Frank J. Wright appeared on institute programs during the years 1920-25. When, in February, 1933, a Bible institute was held again at the college, after a lapse of seven years, it was called "Spiritual Life Institute," the title every year since 1933. The institutes were sponsored by the college for the benefit, especially, of Church of the Brethren pastors of the southeastern region (of the U. S. A.) of the church, and pastors of all denominations in Rockingham and Augusta counties (Va.), and Bridgewater College students. Their sessions were held in the College Street Church of the Brethren sanctuary, except that the chapel services and the final address of each institute were scheduled in Cole Hall on the college campus. Institute sessions continued to be open to the general public without charge for tuition, but free will offerings were lifted to help defray expenses. As much as it could, the college arranged lodging, on a complimentary basis, for pastors and their wives who applied in advance, in faculty and community homes, and the women of the College Street Church of the Brethren served meals at reasonable rates. In 1933, the main speaker at the institute was Daniel W. Kurtz, president of Bethany Biblical Seminary; in 1934, Charles C. Ellis, president of Juniata College; in 1935, Rufus D. Bowman, pastor of the First Church of the Brethren, Washington, D. C.; in 1936, Charles D. Bonsack, the Church of the Brethren's executive secretary of foreign missions; in 1937, H. Stover Kulp, missionary on furlough from Africa; in 1938, Harry N. Glick, psychologist, Massachusetts State College; in 1939, Jacob M. Blough, former missionary to India; in 1940, Vernon F. Schwalm, president of McPherson College; in 1941, Garry C. Myers, psychologist and author; in 1942, William M. Beahm, a Bethany Biblical Seminary professor; in 1943, Robert

205B, Dec., 1932, p. 1. 206B, Dec., 1918, p. 9. 207This paragraph and the ones that follow are based upon BC bulletins and the files of the Bee and the HDN-R. 292 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

H. Miller, a Manchester College professor of religion and philosophy; in 1944, Andrew W. Cordier, a Manchester College professor of history; in 1945, A. C. Baugher, president of Elizabethtown College; and in 1946, Frederick K. Stamm, Congregational clergyman and author of Chicago, Illinois. Other institute speakers, besides Jacob M. Blough and H. Stover Kulp, were foreign missionaries of the Church of the Brethren, retired or home on furlough, who told of their experiences and described the conditions of their work: in 1934, Desmond Bittinger, from Africa; in 1935, Howard L. Alley, from India; in 1937 and 1944, Ernest M. Wampler, from China; in 1939 and 1944, Minor M. Myers, from China; in 1940, Edward K. Ziegler, from India; in 1942, Frank H. Crumpacker, from China; in 1946, William G. Kinzie and Earl M. Zigler, from India, and Ira S. Petre, from Nigeria. "Social and Religious Tolerance" was the theme of the institute's program in January, 1938. Two of the speakers were Isaac Fisher, educator and editor, of Hampton Institute, and Rabbi Edward L. Israel, director of Har Sinai Synagogue, Baltimore, Maryland. Forums especially for the benefit of pastors were features of the institutes during the 1930's. Among the leaders and speakers at those sessions were President Paul Haynes Bowman and Bridgewater professors Frederick D. Dove, J. Maurice Henry, and Minor C. Miller; also Walter M. Kahle, field secretary of the Church of the Brethren's First and Second Districts of Virginia. Reviews of new books in the fields of philosophy, theology, religious education, church administration, Biblical and devotional literature were an innovation at the institute in 1940. The reviewers were Earl M. Bowman, Clarence G. Hesse, and Norman A. Seese. A speech clinic for pastors, under the direction of Bridgewater professors Nelson T. Huffman and Paul W. Keller, was a feature of the institutes in 1940, 1941, and 1942. Forums on women's work in the church were features of the institutes during the 1930's. In 1934, Mrs. Edward C. Bixler and Mrs. Desmond Bittinger were the leaders; in 1935, Mrs. Victor A. Phillips; in 1936, Mrs. Phillips and Mrs. D. C. Myers; in 1937, Mrs. Clarence G. Hesse; in 1938, Mrs. Hesse and Mrs. Marshall R. Wolfe; in 1939, Mrs. Earl M. Bowman, Mrs. Jacob M. Blough, Mrs. Rufus D. Bowman, and Miss Ruth Shriver. Among other speakers at those sessions were Mrs. Isaac S. Long, Mrs. H. Stover Kulp, Mrs. Minor M. Myers, Mrs. Ernest M. Wampler, and Mrs. Paul Haynes Bowman. Conferences for the training of officers of the Brethren Young People's Department, under the leadership of Walter M. Kahle, were features of the institutes in 1934 and 1935. An inter-denominational fellowship dinner for the active pastors of all denominations in Rockingham and Augusta counties (Va.), as guests of Bridgewater College, was an innovation at the institute in 1934, and it became an annual event. The featured speaker at the dinner, in 1934, was Frederick D. Goodwin, bishop coadjutor, Diocese of Virginia, Protestant Episcopal Church; in 1935, Strickland Gillilan, journalist and lecturer; in 1936, Charles E. Jefferson, Congregational clergyman and author; in 1937, Gerald P. Nye, U.S. Senator from North Dakota, who made suggestions as to how to minimize the likelihood of the nation's becoming involved in another world war; in 1938, Rabbi Edward L. Israel, of Baltimore, Maryland; in 1939, Bernard C. Clausen, pastor, First Baptist Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; in 1940, Bishop Edwin H. Hughes, of the Methodist Episcopal Church; in 1941, Oscar F. Blackwelder, Lutheran clergyman, Washington, D. C.; in 1942, Daniel W. Kurtz, Church of the Brethren clergyman, La Verne, California; in 1943 (Jan. 1), Bishop Hughes (again); in 1943 (Dec. 31), Bradford S. Abernethy, of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A.; in 1945, Paul M. Robinson, Church of the Brethren clergyman, Hagerstown, Maryland; and in 1946, Frederick K. Stamm, Congregational clergyman, Chicago, Illinois. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 293

Bridgewater College faculty members (beside Frederick D. Dove, J. Maurice Henry, Nelson T. Huffman, Paul W. Keller, Minor C. Miller, and President Bowman, all mentioned previously) who appeared on institute programs during the years 1933-46, were A. Olivia Cool, Newton D. Cool, D. Stanley Houser, Wilmer R. Kensinger, Morley J. Mays, Ruth E. Weybright, Marshall R. Wolfe, and Charles C. Wright. Among other institute participants, of the years 1933-46, were Paul Hoover Bowman, former relief administrator, in South America, for the Brethren Service Committee; S. Loren Bowman, pastor, Church of the Brethren, Stuarts Draft, Virginia; Warren D. Bowman, pastor, First Church of the Brethren, Washington, D. C.; A. Stauffer Curry, executive secretary of the Southeastern Region of the Church of the Brethren; John F. Locke, pastor, Bethlehem Brethren Church, Maurertown, Virginia; Raymond R. Peters, executive secretary of the Council of Boards of the Southeastern Region of the Church of the Brethren; W. Harold Row, pastor, Church of the Brethren, Richmond, Virginia; Noah M. Shideler, former principal, Hebron Seminary; Harper S. Will, pastor-designate, First Church of the Brethren, Chicago, Illinois; and M. Robert Zigler, chairman, National Service Board for Religious Objectors.

Athletics Athletics at the college were under the supervision of the Athletic Council, whose decisions, however, were subject to veto by the college's faculty and trustees. By 1946, the council consisted of a member of the college's board of trustees, the college's director of physical education, two other members of the faculty, the president and treasurer of the students' athletic association, and the president of the men's monogram club and of the women's. The council was responsible for the general management of the athletic program and the enforcement of athletic regulations. It appointed team managers and cheerleaders, approved team captains, recommended players to the faculty, approved purchases and estimates of expenditures, confirmed all contracts and schedules for intercollegiate contests, sanctioned new sports and approved athletic awards. It was responsible, also, for the supervision and care of the gymnasium, athletic equipment, and the athletic fields, and it handled any other problems (not otherwise provided for) pertaining to the athletics of the college. 208 The chairmen of the Athletic Council, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, the college's catalogues show, were the following members of the college's faculty: Allan B. Bicknell, 1919- 20; Frank J. Wright, 1920-21; Newton D. Cool, 1921-22; Frank J. Wright, 1922-23; Charles E. Shull, 1923-35; Harry R. Weimer, 1935-38; Harry G. M. Jopson, 1938-43; W. Donald Clague, 1943-44; and Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1944-46. The Bridgewater College Athletic Association, whose constitution vested "the highest governing power" in the Athletic Council, included all male and female students, beginning in October, 1920, when the women's athletic association (in existence since 1904) united with the men's athletic association (in existence since 1898), on the understanding that female members would have equal status with the male.209 President Bowman explained the college's policy concerning athletics and the duties and status of its athletic director in a letter to Joseph W. Miller, appointed director of physical education in 1928:

208constitution and By-Laws of the BC Athletic Association. 209Ath!AssocM, Oct. 4, 1920; FacM, Oct. 7, 1920. 294 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Your status is that of a regular professor. Your salary falls in the regular salary scale of the college, and your rank will be determined mainly by your post-graduate study and your years of service in this college. You are responsible not ... to the sport-loving public, but to the college administration, the general faculty, and the trustees, .... No professional coaches will be employed as your assistants. Such assistance as is needed in your department will be supplied as is done in other departments of the college. Your success ... will be measured not by your ability to train winning teams, but your ability to develop in the students of this college a sane, wholesome, and permanent interest in healthful physical exercise, and to maintain in our intercollegiate relationships the spirit of fair play .... We love victory, of course, but victory at the sacrifice of honor is regarded as defeat in this college. The buying of athletes ... with scholarships, ... secret subsidies, or by any form of special favoritism ... is not countenanced in this college. Your department is not expected to be the publicity department of the college. We prefer to be advertised by the qualities of intellectual and moral leadership which we are able to develop in our students, rather than by their ... athletic skill. Athletic schedules will be conservative and those colleges which uphold sound athletic standards will be given a place of preference .... It is necessary that you understand now that no student is eligible to represent this college on an athletic team whose moral record is questionable, and whose habits of life tend to impair his body or dull his mind. Students whose academic performance is below standard and whose spirit of sportsmanship is unsatisfactory will be promptly withdrawn from the teams . . . . this statement sets forth no new policies ..., but rather reflects what has been the athletic creed of this college ...210 Although opposed to financial favors for athletes, President Bowman did recommend to the college's board of trustees, in June, 1922, the establishment of "two tuition scholarships ... available especially for men of athletic ability, providing they measure up to all other moral and academic requirements of the college." The board did not oppose the suggestion, but did "not see its way clear to establish such scholarships at the present time."211 The college belonged, successively, to several athletic conferences during Dr. Bowman's presidency. Along with seven other Virginia colleges (Emory and Henry, Hampden-Sydney, Lynchburg, Randolph-Macon, Roanoke, William and Mary, and the University of Richmond) and two colleges in North Carolina (Elon and Guilford), Bridgewater was a charter member of the Virginia-North Carolina Intercollegiate Athletic Conference when it was formed in 1922.212 That membership, declared The Philomathean Monthly, marked "the beginning of a new era" in the history of Bridgewater athletics. "From now on, our opponents will be the best colleges in the state."213 That conference, however, became the Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference after the withdrawal of the North Carolina colleges in 1927.214 Seven years later (1934), Bridgewater became a member of the Chesapeake Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, which included the smaller colleges of Virginia. That conference having become virtually defunct, Bridgewater, in 1941, shifted to the recently formed (1940) Mason-Dixon

210rublished in the Bee, Oct. 11, 1928, pp. 1, 2. 211rrM, June 23, 1922. 212Edgar S. Kiracofe, An Historical Study of Athletics and Physical Education in the Standard Four-Year Colleges of Virginia (Charlottesville, Va., 1932), pp. 64-65; TrM, Feb. 22, 1922; FacM, Sept. 25, 1922. 213PhM, Oct., 1922, p. 20. 214Kiracofe, op. cit., p. 66. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 295

Intercollegiate Athletic Conference,215 which came to include five Virginia colleges (Bridgewater, Hampden-Sydney, Lynchburg, Randolph-Macon, and Roanoke), three District of Columbia colleges (American University, Catholic University, and Gallaudet College), seven Maryland colleges (Loyola, Mount St. Mary's, Towson State Teachers, Washington, Western Maryland, University of Baltimore, and the Johns Hopkins University), and the University of Delaware.216 The Bridgewater College Athletic Association, in January, 1923, voted to adopt the name "Eagles" for Bridgewater's athletes.21 7 Clarence E. May, a junior, suggested the designation.218 When Dr. Bowman's presidency began in 1919, the college's athletic field was the three- acre tract (enclosed by a tight board fence eight feet high) situated between Broad Street and what is today Dinkel Avenue, where Wright, Heritage, and Bowman halls stand today. On May 2, 1924, preceding a baseball game with Milligan College, a new athletic field was dedicated in the name of outdoor sports.219 It was a land tract of more than eight acres, located in the river bottom back of the older college buildings. Toward the purchase price of $4,000, the college's graduating classes of 1923-26 (inclusive) contributed $1,200. The field was graded and resurfaced with the help of students, faculty members, and nearby farmers with their teams of horses.220 The college extended the use of the field (unnamed until 1929) to high schools of Rockingham County and other counties of the Shenandoah Valley for special athletic meets, some of them of District G schools under the sponsorship of the Virginia State Board of Education. The field, however, was not always usable, because of poor drainage. Rainy spells that left it soggy sometimes necessitated the cancellation of baseball games and track meets. Not until 1971 was this condition permanently remedied. On at least three occasions, the field was flooded and damaged by eroding waters: in the spring of 1924; in October, 1942; and in June, 1949.221 In the fall of 1929, it was named "Riverside Field," and in October, 1971, it was renamed "Harry G. M. Jopson Field."222 A men's monogram club, consisting of athletic-award recipients, was formed in 1923, and a corresponding club for women was organized in 1926.223 Later, cheerleaders and outstanding performers in intramural sports were made members,224 along with varsity team players and team managers.

Football In the fall of 1925, after a lapse of 21 years, the college's board of trustees authorized the resumption of football as an intercollegiate sport at Bridgewater, "in response to an insistent demand by the student body."225 In June, 1924, it had received a student body petition, supported by "an almost unanimous vote," requesting the reinstatement of the sport.226

215FacM,Jan. 13, Feb. 10, 1941. 216Harry G. M. Jopson to FFW, May 10, 1982. 217.Athli\ssocM,Jan. 15, 1923. 218Alumni Office records. 219PhM,June, 1924, p. 13. 22°'frM, July 3, 1923; FacM, Nov. 12, 26, 1923; PhM, Dec., 1923, p. 19. 221 PhM, June, 1924, p. 14; Bee, Oct. 23, 1942, p. 2; HDN-R, June 18, 1949, p. 1. 222FacSenM, July 8, 1929; Alumnus, Nov., 1971, p. 1. 223Ripples (1923), p. 80; ibid. (1926), p. 58. 224Bee, Oct. 12, 1945, p. 4. 225B, Oct., 1931, p. 7. 226-rrM, June 3, 1924. 296 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

BRIDGEWATER'S FOOTBALL PLAYERS, FALL, 1925 (Bridgewater's First Football Squad after 1904)

Left to right. SEATED: S. Howard Garst, Wilbur S. Pence, Denver VanDevender, S. Blair Myers (captain), Samuel F. Driver, Harold M. Payne, and M. Otto Zigler. SECOND ROW: Lawrence H. Hoover (manager), Ray E. Firestone, Virgil L. Mathias, Boyd J. Glick, Dee H. Craun, J. Frank Hillyard, Lee A. Cupp, and Edgar S. Kiracofe (director of athletics). THIRD ROW: Hubert C. Shull, H. Gustavus Muntzing, Earle W. Fike, Frank P. Cline, J. Emmert Ikenberry, Cecil J. Wine, E. Vernon Gilbert, Earl M. Zigler, and Clyde L. Cline.

On October 23, 1925, an enthusiastic group of spectators witnessed the first game of football at the college since November 5, 1904. The outcome of that contest, a 19-6 victory for Bridgewater over Luray College, was pleasing especially to those Bridgewater students who had raised $500 for the players' equipment.227 In that game, marking the college's "re-entrance into the football world," the Bridgewater team members were S. Blair Myers and S. Howard Garst, tackles; J. Frank Hillyard and Denver VanDevender, guards; Dee H. Craun and M. Otto Zigler, ends; Wilbur S. Pence, center; Virgil L. Mathias, quarterback; Samuel F. Driver and Earle W. Fike, halfbacks; and Harold M. Payne, fullback. Craun, Mathias, and Payne made the touchdowns for Bridgewater.228

227AthlAssocM, Sept. 21, 1925. 228Bee, Nov. 6, 1925, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 297

From October, 1925, until November, 1937 (after which time the college again discontinued football), records229 show, Bridgewater played 70 games of football (in the years indicated) with 18 colleges (all in Virginia, unless stated otherwise), as follows: Luray, 1925; Randolph-Macon, 1926-35; Roanoke, 1926-30; Shepherd (W. Va.), 1926-30; Blue Ridge (Md.), 1927; Emory and Henry, 1927, 1931; American University (D. C.), 1927-37; Bluefield (W. Va.), 1928; Lynchburg, 1928-30; William and Mary, 1928-32; Gallaudet (D. C.), 1928-37; Catawba (N. C.), 1929-34; Hampden-Sydney, 1929-35; Baltimore University (Md.), 1931-35; Juniata (Pa.), 1934-37; New River, 1935-37; Guilford (N. C.), 1936; and Wilson Teachers (D. C.), 1936, 1937. Bridgewater achieved victory in 10 (14 percent) of the games it played, and suffered defeat in 58 others. (Two other games ended in a tie.) It won no games in five consecutive seasons, 1928-32 (inclusive), and none in the fall of 1935. In 41 of the 70 games, no Bridgewater player crossed the opponent's goal line. While holding Bridgewater scoreless, opponents scored more than 80 points in each of three games, and 95 in another. This record, which depressed the morale of the team and grated on the pride of Bridgewater alumni, was due, primarily, to the college's policies and priorities, and its sources of students. Few of the high schools from which the college drew its students, during the years 1925-37, played football; hence, many men entered the college without football experience. Bridgewater, furthermore, did not scout high schools and academies for football players; nor did it offer financial concessions to attract athletes in any sport; nor did it engage "high-powered," highly paid coaches. It did not stress football or give it "glaring publicity." Its coaching staff was small. Its director of physical education, a regular faculty member, with few (if any) assistants, undertook to coach various sports. Its football schedules, which included some colleges considerably larger and more adequately staffed than Bridgewater, and not so conservative in athletic policies, were too difficult to undertake. Certain alumni urged the college to strengthen football or abolish it.230 After two years' study of the problem by a faculty-student commission and acceptance of the commission's report by an "almost unanimous vote" at a student mass meeting, the Bridgewater faculty decided, February 28, 1938, to discontinue football as an intercollegiate sport, and to divert the funds reserved for it to "other and more desirable intercollegiate sports," and to the intramural program of physical education "in order to provide more adequately for the physical well-being of our entire student body."231 President Bowman had justified this action in the following statement to the college's trustees:

... it is our settled conviction that we can no longer continue it [football] as an intercollegiate sport without compromising our standards and ideals. In order to develop teams of sufficient strength to compete on anything like equal terms with colleges of our academic rank, we will have to resort to methods of securing football talent which are all too prevalent in American colleges. We are not in a position financially to adopt any such policy. Furthermore, we are not interested in building teams by such a method.232

Certain predicted consequences of the abolition of intercollegiate football at Bridgewater did not occur, President Bowman pointed out in a letter to the Richmond Times-Dispatch:

229The files of the Bee, FacM, and the volumes of Ripples. 230Bee, May 25, 1929, p. 2; May 16, 1930, p. 2; Dec. 19, 1930, p. 4. 231 FacM, Feb. 28, 1938; Bee, March 11, 1938, p. 1; B, Oct., 1938, p. 6. 232TrM, Feb. 15, 1938. 298 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

We were told that it would wreck our college from the standpoint of attendance. The fact is we ... experienced an increase ... in attendance for 1938-39.... We were told that we would break college morale. Instead, we have improved morale and have had a happier student body than in the days of football. It was feared that we would cripple our sports and destroy interest in physical education. Our experience has been just the opposite. We have had more money and more time for other sports, and have drawn many more students into healthful recreation .... we are rid of the interruption and distracting influence of effort and strain to build a winning team.233

The captains and managers of the college's football teams, 1925-37, are named below: CAPTAIN MANAGER 1925 S. Blair Myers Lawrence H. Hoover 1926 Samuel F. Driver Earle W. Fike 1927 Edward T. Buck Rudolph A. Glick 1928 Wilbur S. Pence H. Early Beahm 1929 C. Fred Fifer, Jr. Galen D. Wine 1930 C. Fred Fifer, Jr. Ernest D. Lewis 1931 John W. Myers James W. Moyers 1932 George S. Row John E. Teets 1933 D. Woodrow Thompson John W. Miller 1934 Paul D. Horst Ralph T. Secrist 1935 Rufus B. King R. Marcus Whitmore 1936 Warren J. Huffman Adrian B. Leatherman 1937 ' Herman W. Scott John Ward Long, Jr.234

The coaches of football during the autumn seasons, 1925-37, were Joseph W. Miller, 1925, 1926; Edward T. Buck, 1927; Joseph W. Miller, 1928, 1929; Joseph G. Kagey, 1930-32; and D. Stanley Houser, 1933-37.235

Men's Basketball Prior to the 1920's, Bridgewater played basketball with only a few colleges. Nearly all of its games, then, were with academies and other secondary schools. It discontinued scheduling games with such schools, however, after 1926, except during the World War II year of 1944. During the 27 years, 1919-46, Bridgewater played 322 games of basketball with 40 colleges and universities, 14 of them in Virginia, seven in West Virginia, six in the District of Columbia, six in Maryland, four in North Carolina, two in Pennsylvania, and one in Tennessee. It gained victories in 110 (34 percent) of those contests. Bridgewater played 195 of the 322 games with colleges in Virginia, and the results were as follows. It won its game (1920) with Shenandoah Collegiate Institute, none of its 10 games (1920-39) with Washington and Lee University, neither of its games (1920, 1945) with Virginia Polytechnic Institute, six of its seven games (1920-23) with Daleville College, 13 of its 37 games (1920-46) with Lynchburg College, six of its 20 games (1921-43) with Roanoke College, seven

233Richmond Times-Dispatch, Feb. 4, 1940. 234From the files of the Bee, FacM, and the volumes of Ripples. 235lbid. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 299 of its 32 games (1922-46) with Hampden-Sydney College, 10 of its 39 games (1922-46) with Randolph-Macon College, one of its 10 games (1922-33) with the University of Richmond, none of its 10 games (1922-33) with the College of William and Mary, three of its eight games (1924-42) with Virginia Military Institute, six of its 15 games (1924-45) with the Medical College of Virginia, and two of its three games (1926, 1946) with Union Theological Seminary. It lost its game (1921) with Emory and Henry College. Bridgewater played 127 of the 322 games with colleges not in Virginia, with the following results. It won four of its nine games (1920-30) with Blue Ridge College (Md.), one of its two games (1924, 1926) with Glenville State Normal School (W. Va.), its game (1924) with Fairmont State Normal School (W. Va.), three of its seven games (1924-30) with Shepherd College (W. Va.), its game (1925) with Lincoln Memorial University (Tenn.), two of its six games (1925- 46) with Western Maryland College, one of its three games (1926-35) with George Washington University (D. C.), seven of its 19 games (1927-45) with American University (D. C.), nine of its 19 games (1927-46) with Gallaudet College (D. C.), none of its six games (1927-33) with Elon College (N. C.), its game (1927) with St. Mary's College (Md.), its game (1928) with Concord College (W. Va.), 12 of its 18 games (1929-46) with Elizabethtown College (Pa.), its game (1929) with Bluefield College (W. Va.), two of its three games (1929-31) with Guilford College (N. C.), neither of its games (1929, 1932) with Catawba College (N. C.), its game (1932) with Columbus University (D. C.), its game (1932) with Lenoir-Rhyne College (N. C.), four of its nine games (1935-41) with Wilson Teachers College (D. C.), two of its 10 games (1936-42) with Juniata College (Pa.), its game (1939) with St. John's College (Md.), and neither of its games (1942) with Catholic University (D. C.). It lost its game (1924) with Alderson-Broaddus College (W. Va.), its game (1925) with Davis and Elkins College (W. Va.), its game (1944) with Loyola College (Md.), and its game (1945) with Washington College (Md.).236 Perhaps Bridgewater's most noteworthy basketball seasons, during the period 1919-46, were those of 1922-23, 1940-41, and 1944-45. In the 1922-23 season (of 13 wins and four losses), Bridgewater gained victories over Daleville College (twice), Hampden-Sydney College (twice), Randolph-Macon College, University of Richmond, and Roanoke College. Frank P. Cline, Orval S. Garber, Nelson T. Huffman, S. Blair Myers, and William D. Payne (chosen all- state center in 1925) were the regular team members during that season. Raymond E. Good, Paul A. Miller, and Harper S. Will were other players. In the 1940-41 season (of eight wins and seven losses), Bridgewater defeated Elizabethtown College, Hampden-Sydney College, Juniata College (twice), Lynchburg College (twice), Medical College of Virginia, and Roanoke College. J. R. Barkman, E. Keith Brake, 0. Leon Garber, Bruce M. Graham, DeWitt T. Miller, Robert E. Miller, Wayne L. Myers, John R. Nipe, Dwight H. Shull, and Carlton L. Stiteler were Bridgewater players during that season. In the 1944-45 season (of nine wins and seven losses), Bridgewater gained victories over Elizabethtown College (twice), Gallaudet College (twice), Lynchburg College (twice), Randolph-Macon College (twice), and Western Maryland College. R. Russell Bixler, Jerry D. Hicks, Ben E. Hoover, Robert E. Houff, Daniel R. Miller, Robert E. Richards, Joe G. Rieley, Jesse D. Robertson, Lester E. Rudy, Robert G. Sanger, and Earl C. Walston were Bridgewater players during that season. With 341 points in 16 games, Robert E. Houff was the highest individual scorer in Virginia college basketball during that season, in which his 21.3 point average per game was the fifth highest in the nation among college basketball players. He and his teammate, Robert E. Richards (who scored 61 points in one game), were placed on the Mason-Dixon all conference basketball team in 1945.237

236nus summary of the basketball games, 1919-46, is based on the files of the PhM and the Bee. 237Based on the files of the PhM and the Bee. 300 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The captains and managers of the Bridgewater basketball teams, 1919-46, are named below: CAPTAIN MANAGER 1919-20 Waldo B. Moyers Homer C. Will 1920-21 J. Quinter Miller John D. Kramer 1921-22 Howard S. Zigler Reuben L. Humbert 1922-23 Nelson T. Huffman Frank S. Driver 1923-24 Nelson T. Huffman Clarence E. May 1924-25 William D. Payne J. Frank Hillyard 1925-26 S. Blair Myers Earl M. Zigler 1926-27 Boyd J. Glick Joseph L. Kinzie 1927-28 Boyd J. Glick J. Emmert Ikenberry 1928-29 Wilbur S. Pence Francis F. Wayland 1929-30 Lee A. Cupp Theodore W. Mundy 1930-31 Edwin E. Will Fred L. Cline 1931-32 John W. Myers Mark E. Myers 1932-33 Galen G. Craun AlvaJ. Row 1933-34 John A. Derr Robert L. Sherfy 1934-35 William L. Brown Maurice G. Wright 1935-36 William L. Brown R. Emory Bowman 1936-37 Herman W. Scott Jacob F. Replogle 1937-38 Herman W. Scott J. Elbert Solenberger 1938-39 Lowell A. Miller and Paul R. Dixon Winfree A. Gutshall 1939-40 Paul R. Dixon Murray Faupel 1940-41 0. Leon Garber Garnett 0. Nelson 1941-42 J. R. Barkman and 0. Leon Garber Harry B. Bowman 1942-43 Robert E. Miller Samuel H. Flora, Jr. 1943-44 Samuel H. Flora, Jr. H. Gerald Guyton 1944-45 Robert E. Houff Andrew C. Hankla, Jr. 1945-46 Ben E. Hoover Charles E. Sheetz238

Bridgewater's coaches of basketball, 1919-46, were George W. Harlow, 1918-21; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1921-28; Joseph W. Miller, 1928-30; Joseph G. Kagey, 1930-33; D. Stanley Houser, 1933-42; Wesley W. Jonah, 1942-43; William F. Smith, 1943-45; W. Donald Clague and 0. Leon Garber, 1945-46.239 The basketball season, 1944-45, witnessed the debut of "The Fighting Eagles," a group of students (limited to 30) who helped the cheerleaders with songs and yells at athletic contests. In their distinctive attire, crimson and gold caps and BC sweat shirts, they made a fine showing.240

238From the files of the PhM, the Bee and the FacM; also the volumes of Ripples. 239Ibid. 240Ripples (1945), p. 73; Bee, Sept. 28, 1945, p. 4. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 301

Not only college games, but also District G high school tournament basketball games, and some games of Rockingham County high schools, were played in the Bridgewater College gymnasium during the 1920's and 1930's.

Women's Basketball Aside from a few games with high schools and Daleville Academy, Bridgewater women, during the years 1921-30, played 29 games of basketball with nine colleges, and gained victories in 11 (37 percent) of the contests.241 They played 18 of the 29 games with colleges in Virginia, and the results were as follows. They won none of their 11 games (1921-30) with Harrisonburg State Normal School (Harrisonburg State Teachers College, 1924-38), won their game (1924) with Daleville College, their game (1928) with Sullins College, and one of their three games (1929, 1930) with Lynchburg College. They lost their game (1928) with Radford State Teachers College and their game (1930) with Fredericksburg State Teachers College. They played 11 games with colleges not in Virginia, with the following results. They won one of their two games (1924, 1925) with Blue Ridge College (Md.) and seven of their eight games (1926-29) with Shepherd College (W. Va.), but lost their game (1927) with Western Maryland College. Their most successful seasons (January-March) were those of 1928 and 1929, in which they won six of the nine games they played with colleges. The players in those years were Dorothy L. Baker, Viola B. Click, Rachel K. Heltzel, Anna C. Huffman, Nellie R. Jones, Ruth A. Miller, Annie E. Myers, Rebecca V. Myers, Esther V. Pence, Ressie V. Showalter, Annie M. Silling, Virginia K. Stump, Alice R. Tucker, and Anna V. Will. After March, 1930, Bridgewater women played no more intercollegiate games of basketball until February, 1945. During that interval, they participated in an extended program in intramural sports, basketball prominent among them. After a few games with high school teams in January and February, 1944,242 Bridgewater women played their first intercollegiate game of basketball in 15 years when, February 15, 1945, they defeated the Elizabethtown College women's team (23-20) at Bridgewater. Rebecca Gene Bowman, Phyllis 0. Cupp, Constance M. Dewese, Jean F. Duffy, Eleanor R. Hoover, Helen E. Jordan, Zola H. Wampler, and Ava Lee Wilson were the Bridgewater players in that game.243 During the remainder of the season, however, they lost four games: two to Madison College, one to Farmville State Teachers College, and another game to Elizabethtown.244 During the 1946 season, the Bridgewater women gained victories in basketball over Elizabethtown College, Lynchburg College, and the Woodrow Wilson Hospital WACS, but lost two other games to the WACS, two games to Madison College, one to Farmville State Teachers College, and another game to Lynchburg College. Elizabeth L. Beard, Virginia F. Carter, Nancy R. Clague, Constance M. Dewese, Sara V. Eye, Betty J. Garber, Helen E. Jordan, Ina S. Mason, Margaret M. Newton, Shirley H. Petcher, and Eleanor L. Schlosnagle were Bridgewater players during that season. 245

241This paragraph and the following ones are based, mainly, upon the files of the PhM and the Bee, and the volumes of Ripples. 242nee, Jan. 14, 1944, p. 3; Jan. 28, 1944, p. 3; Ripples (1944). 243Bee, Feb. 23, 1945, p. 4. 244Bee, March 9, 1945, p. 4; March 23, 1945, p. 4. 245Bee,Jan. 25, 1946, p. 4; Feb. 8, 1946, p. 4; Feb. 22, 1946, p. 4; March 8, 1946, p. 4. 302 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The captains and managers of the women's basketball teams, 1919-30, and 1944-46, are named below: CAPTAIN MANAGER 1919-20 MargaretS.Smucker Olive F. Early 1920-21 Lola A. Conner Olive F. Early 1921-22 Effie V. Early Lola A. Conner 1922-23 Helen E. Miller Rachel E. Myers 1923-24 Helen E. Miller Rachel E. Myers 1924-25 Gladys L. Lohr Frances M. Humbert 1925-26 Frances M. Humbert Gladys L. Lohr 1926-27 Virginia K. Stump 1927-28 Rachel K. Heltzel Rebecca V. Myers 1928-29 Dorothy L. Baker Ressie V. Showalter 1929-30 Rebecca V. Myers Anna V. Hill 1930-44 No intercollegiate teams 1944-45 Rebecca Gene Bowman Margaret P. Dixon 1945-46 Helen E. Jordan Sara V. Zigler246 The coaches of the women's basketball teams, 1919-30, and 1944-46, were George W. Harlow, 1918-21; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1921-25, 1926-27, 1928-29; Virgil L. Mathias, 1926; Selma G. Grether, 1927-28; Lillian A. Biltcliffe, 1929-30; William F. Smith and Margaret P. Dixon, 1944- 45; Margaret P. Dixon (assisted by W. Donald Clague and 0. Leon Garber), 1945-46.247

Baseball Prior to the 1920's, Bridgewater played baseball with only a few colleges. Nearly all of its games, then, were with academies and other secondary schools. It discontinued scheduling games with such schools, however, after the spring of 1926, except in the World War II year of 1943. During the 27 years, 1920-46 (inclusive), the available records248 show, Bridgewater played more than 240 games of baseball with at least 43 colleges and universities, 13 of them in Virginia, six in West Virginia, six in Maryland, four in Pennsylvania, four in the District of Columbia, three in North Carolina, three in Tennessee, two in New York, one in Delaware, and one in Massachusetts. It gained victories in 113 (47 percent) of those contests. Bridgewater played 152 of the 240 games with colleges in Virginia, and the results were as follows. It won five of its 11 games (1922-42) with Roanoke College, 14 of its 19 games (1924- 46) with Lynchburg College, one of its six games (1924-29) with the University of Richmond, 13 of its 35 games (1924-46) with Randolph-Macon College, two of its 14 games (1924-41) with the College of William and Mary, 14 of its 29 games (1925-46) with Hampden-Sydney College, its only game (1926) with Emory and Henry College, 19 of its 28 games (1926-45) with the Medical College of Virginia, and one of its two games (1930, 1937) with Virginia Military Institute. It lost its game (1922) with Daleville College, its game (1931) with Virginia

246From the files of the PhM, the Bee, and FacM; also the volumes of Ripples. 247Ibid. 248The files of the PhM and the Bee. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 303

Polytechnic Institute, both of its games (1931, 1932) with Washington and Lee University, and all three of its games (1941, 1942, 1945) with the University of Virginia. Bridgewater played 88 of the 240 baseball games with colleges not in Virginia, with the following results. It won its game (1921) with Glenville State Normal School (W. Va.), its game (1921) with Gallaudet College (D. C.), four of its eight games (1921-30) with Shepherd College (W. Va.), its two games (1922) with Alderson-Broaddus College (W. Va.), six of its eight games (1922-26) with Blue Ridge College (Md.), one of its four games (1922-28) with Mt. St. Mary's College (Md.), its game (1925) with King College (Tenn.), its two games (1925) with East Tennessee State Normal School, three of its four games (1925-31) with Elon College (N. C.), three of its six games (1926-36) with Guilford College (N. C.), its two games (1927, 1928) with Potomac State College (W. Va.), one of its five games (1927-41) with Springfield College (Mass.), its two games (1928, 1941) with American University (D. C.), three of its nine games (1929-39) with the University of Delaware, one of its four games (1929-39) with Juniata College (Pa.), one of its three games (1929-31) with Catawba College (N. C.), two of its five games (1930-38) with Drexel Institute of Technology (Pa.), its game (1936) with the Johns Hopkins University (Md.), its two games (1936, 1940) with Haverford College (Pa.), its two games (1939) with Wilson Teachers College (D. C.), and two of its three games (1939-46) with Elizabethtown College (Pa.). It lost its game (1920) with Concord Normal School (W. Va.), its game (1921) with Georgetown University (D. C.), its game (1924) with Western Maryland College, its game (1924) with Milligan College (Tenn.), its two games (1926, 1929) with Davis and Elkins College (W. Va.), its game (1930) with Washington College (Md.), its game (1931) with Cornell University (N. Y.), its two games (1935, 1937) with Long Island University (N. Y.), and its game (1946) with Loyola College (Md.).249 Perhaps Bridgewater's most noteworthy baseball seasons, during the period 1920-46, were those of the years 1924, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1940, and 1941. In the spring of 1924, Bridgewater gained a victory (4-3) over the University of Richmond, after "a pitchers' duel between Kit May and Sam Creath, aces of their respective hurling staffs," after Richmond's defeat of Washington and Lee University and Virginia Military Institute.250 During the same season, Bridgewater also defeated Blue Ridge College (twice), Lynchburg College, and Randolph- Macon College. In the spring of 1926, when Mervil B. Leavell and Russell V. Long were the main pitchers, Bridgewater gained victories over seven colleges: Blue Ridge, Emory and Henry, Hampden-Sydney, Randolph-Macon, Roanoke, Shepherd, and Virginia Medical College. In the spring of 1931, when James W. Moyers, John W. Myers, and Edwin E. Will were the pitchers, Bridgewater defeated Catawba College, Hampden-Sydney (twice), Randolph-Macon, Virginia Medical, William and Mary, and the University of Delaware, and it lost to Cornell University by a narrow margin (3-2). In the spring of 1936, when James Nelson Liskey and John Ward Long, Jr., were the main pitchers, Bridgewater gained victories over Hampden-Sydney (three times), Randolph-Macon (twice), Virginia Medical, Haverford, and the Johns Hopkins University. That season (1936), Bridgewater and Randolph-Macon became the Chesapeake Conference co-champions in baseball, and Bridgewater's Warren J. Huffman was named all-conference outfielder (as he had been in 1934 and 1935, and as he was again in 1937). In the spring of 1940, when Wayne L. Myers, Herbert E. Ruby, Dwight H. ShulL and Loren S. Simpson were the pitchers, Bridgewater defeated Hampden-Sydney, Haverford, Lynchburg (twice), Randolph-Macon, Roanoke, and Virginia Medical. In the spring of 1941, when Paul H. Estep, Wayne L. Myers, and Herbert E. Ruby were the pitchers, Bridgewater

249This summary of the baseball games, 1920-46, is based on the files of the PhM and the Bee. 250PhM, May, 1924, p. 24. 304 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

gained victories over Lynchburg (twice), Roanoke, Virginia Medical, William and Mary, Springfield College, and American University.251 In a game with East Tennessee State Normal School at Bridgewater in May, 1925, Emery E. ("Kit") May, captain of the Bridgewater team, hit the first home run on Riverside Field (later, Harry G. M. Jopson Field). The ball passed over the road beyond right field.252 Bridgewater's game with American University at Bridgewater, May 12, 1928, in which the final score was 42-0 (in favor of Bridgewater), may have set some world records. Bridgewater's pitchers, Russell V. Long and Edwin E. Will, allowed only two men to reach second base. The Bridgewater batters made 32 safe hits, among them many doubles and triples and a home run. In the first inning they scored 18 runs. That half-inning, in which nearly all of the Bridgewater players got to bat three times, lasted 40 minutes.253 In May, 1942, during World War II, Bridgewater played a two-game series with a Norfolk Naval Training Base team that included some professional baseball players, among them Sam Chapman (Philadelphia Athletics), Bob Feller (Cleveland Indians), Fred Hutchinson (Detroit Tigers), and Vince Smith (Pittsburgh Pirates). The final scores of the games (both victories for the naval base) were 13-3 and 4-0. Bob Feller pitched during part of the second game, in which Wayne L. Myers pitched for Bridgewater.254 World War II, inevitably, affected baseball at Bridgewater. In the spring of 1943, Bridgewater played only one college team (Hampden-Sydney). The other games were with academies. In the spring of 1944, the Bridgewater Athletic Council decided not to schedule any baseball games, because of players being called into the nation's service, difficulties of wartime travel, and the early end of the trimester (April 25).255 Bridgewater's baseball pitchers of the years 1920-46 are named below:

Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1919-21 James Nelson Liskey, 1934-36 Boyd A. Spitler, 1920-23 John J. Dovel, 1935 Michael C. Landis, 1921, 1922 John Ward Long, Jr., 1936-38 Emery E. May, 1922-25 Loren S. Simpson, 1937-40 ErnestF.Bowman,1923, 1924 Dwight H. Shull, 1938-41 Mervil B. Leavell, 1924-27 Herbert E. Ruby, 1939-41 Russell V. Long, 1926-29 Wayne L. Myers, 1940-43 R. Carlton Cupp, 1927-30 Paul H. Estep, 1941, 1942 Edwin E. Will, 1928-31 Roy C. Francis, 1942, 1943 James W. Moyers, 1929-32 Virgil T. Huffman, 1945 Galen G. Craun, 1930-33 Herman Byrd Teter, 1945-48 John W. Myers, 1931, 1932 Whitney E. Trumbo, 1946-49 D. Woodrow Thompson, 1933, 1934 John R. Penick, 1946-48 Nelson R. Burkholder, 1934 George E. Hall, 1946256

Emery E. May pitched a no-hit game in 1922; so did Russell V. Long in 1928.257

251 From the files of the PhM and the Bee. 252PhM, June, 1925, p. 22. 253Bee, May 18, 1928, p. 4. 254Bee, May 15, 1942, p. 1. 255Bee, March 24, 1944, p. 3. 256Frorn the files of PhM and the Bee, and the volumes of Ripples. 257PhM, May, 1922, p. 23; Bee, May 3, 1928, p. 1 Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 305

The captains and managers of the Bridgewater baseball teams, 1920-46, are named below: CAPTAIN MANAGER 1920 Edgar S. Kiracofe Grant T. Moyers 1921 Edgar S. Kiracofe H. Dewey Thompson 1922 Boyd A. Spitler H. Dewey Thompson 1923 Boyd A. Spitler Willard Z. Francis 1924 Clarence E. May Frank S. Driver 1925 EmeryE. May Ralph G. Myers 1926 Frank P. Cline Joseph L. Kinzie 1927 Mervil B. Leavell S. Howard Garst 1928 Lee A. Cupp DeWitt L. Miller 1929 Russell V. Long Harold F. Swartz 1930 R. Carlton Cupp William J. Garber 1931 H. Percy Shull Edwin E. Will 1932 James W. Moyers J. Maurice Bowman 1933 Galen G. Craun Maurice F. Row 1934 John A. Derr Maurice F. Row 1935 Everette L. May Olden D. Mitchell 1936 Warren J. Huffman R. Emory Bowman 1937 Warren J. Huffman Joseph M. Kline 1938 John F. Miller Carl F. Strough 1939 EarlH. May Robert M. Seese 1940 Harold E. Skelton F. Blackburn Cosby 1941 Raye. Reed Robert E. Layman 1942 Olin Paul Siple Roger J. Barnhart 1943 Robert E. Miller Clark B. Jamison 1944 No intercollegiate team 1945 Jesse D. Robertson Winfred E. Beckner 1946 David Paul Greene Roy H. Hodge, Jr.258 Bridgewater's coaches of baseball, 1920-46, were George W. Harlow, 1918-21; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1921-24; Emery E. May, 1925; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1926-28; Joseph W. Miller, 1928-30; Joseph G. Kagey, 1930-33; D. Stanley Houser, 1933-42; Wesley W. Jonah, 1942-43; William F. Smith, 1943-45; and 0. Leon Garber, 1946.259 Some Bridgewater baseball men of this period became professional league players. Emery E. ("Kit") May (B. A., 1925) was a pitcher with Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics for two years and later played with the Memphis Chicks in the Southern Association. He "helped to pitch and bat the 'Chicks' to a pennant in 1930." Bennie F. Huffman, catcher, after two years at Bridgewater (1934-36), played baseball with the St. Louis Browns of the American League for two seasons before becoming a minor league manager and later a scout for the Chicago White Sox. Warren J. Huffman (B. A., 1937), outfielder, played for a time with the Detroit Tigers of the American League, and was runner-up for the national professional batting championship

258Frorn the files of the PhM, the Bee, and the FacM; also the volumes of Ripples. 259lbid. 306 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

in 1939. Other Bridgewater men of this period who played professional, or semi-professional, baseball were Clarence E. May (B. A., 1924), catcher; Mervil B. Leavell (B. A., 1927), pitcher and first baseman; Arthur S. Huffman (1927-31), outfielder; John Ward Long, Jr. (B. A., 1938), pitcher; Herbert E. Ruby (B. A., 1941), pitcher; Claude B. Siple (1942), infielder, who signed a contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League; and Olin Paul Siple (B. A., 1942), infielder, who later was a part-time scout for the Philadelphia Phillies and for the Pittsburgh Pirates.2ro

Track and Field "... a new sport is being introduced at Bridgewater this spring," The B. C. Bee announced in March, 1927. "Steps are being taken to start track athletics, ... A cinder track around the athletic field is now in process of construction. Several meets are being planned .... Fifteen track aspirants have responded to the call of Coach Buck and are being trained each evening."261 Interest in track athletics had manifested itself at Bridgewater as early as 1905, but not until the spring of 1927 did the college compete in that sport with other schools. During the years 1927-31, Bridgewater participated in 13 track meets with seven colleges, and it emerged the winner in four of the competitions. It was the winner (1930) in one of its four meets (1927-31) with Hampden-Sydney College, in its meet (1928) with Shepherd College, and in both of its meets (1930, 1931) with Elon College. It was the loser in its meet (1927) with Randolph-Macon College, in its three meets (1928-30) with Lynchburg College, in its meet (1929) with Roanoke College, and in its meet (1930) with Virginia Military Institute.262 Bridgewater's first intercollegiate track meet was the one with Randolph-Macon at Ashland, Virginia, April 22, 1927. Even though losing (76-50), Bridgewater men placed first in six events. Edward T. Buck won the 220-yard dash and the broad jump, J. Albert Wine the 100- and 440-yard dashes, J. Walter Kiracofe the shot put, and Frederick Holsinger the javelin throw.263 In its first track meet on its home field, May 10, 1928, Bridgewater was the winner over Shepherd College, 66-60. In that competition, its men placed first in eight events. John H. Smith won the high jump, the pole vault, and the 220-yard dash; H. Ernest Vaught the high and low hurdles; Edward T. Buck the broad jump; L. Paul Miller the mile run; and Galen D. Wine the two-mile run.264 Bridgewater's most successful season in track, during the period 1927-31, was that of 1930. Although losing to Lynchburg College and Virginia Military Institute, it was the winner over Hampden-Sydney College, 70-65, and over Elon College, 79-47. In the meet with Hampden- Sydney, Bridgewater's John H. Smith placed first in the high jump, broad jump, and pole vault, and second in the 100-and 220-yard dashes. Bridgewater's DeWitt H. Shaver won the 100-, 220-, and 440-yard dashes and placed second in the broad jump. In the meet with Elon College, John H. Smith was the winner of six events.265 The captains and managers of the track team 1928-31, are named below:

2(,()Items from the AlumBF, the Bee, and a typescript by Oarence E. May. 261Bee, March 25, 1927, p. 1. 262From the files of the Bee. 263Bee,May 5, 1927, pp. 1, 4. 264Bee, May 18, 1928, pp. 1, 2. 265Bee, April 18, 1930, pp. 1, 2; May 16, 1930, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 307

CAPTAIN MANAGER 1928 Edward T. Buck J. Omar Hartman 1929 H. Ernest Vaught L. Paul Miller 1930 Galen D. Wine Rollin H. Wampler 1931 DeWitt H. Shaver James F. Hussey266 Edward T. Buck was the team's coach in the spring of 1927. Captain Buck and J. Albert Wine were the coaches in the spring of 1928, but the team had no specified coach in 1929 and 1930. James F. Hussey was the coach in the spring of 1931.267

BRIDGEWATER'S TRACK AND FIELD MEN, SPRING, 1928

Left to right: front row: Gilmer A. Fike, Galen D. Wine; second row: Edward T. Buck, J. Albert Wine, J. Omar Hartman; third row: Rollin H. Wampler, Bernard A. Bower, H. Ernest Vaught; fourth row: John H. Smith, J. Curtis Miller, R. Douglas Nininger, Foy B. Isenberg, H. Early Beahm, L. Paul Miller, Ivan C. Yagel, Harold F. Swartz.

During the six years following the spring of 1931, Bridgewater had no track team in intercollegiate competition, for several reasons. Some regular team members-Claron E. Kline (880-yard and mile runs), Leonard Z. Myers (high jump, shot put), Miller E. Myers (low hurdles, pole vault), and Isaac J. Wine (two-mile run)-did not return to school in September, 1931. C. Fred Fifer, Jr., (javelin throw) and Frank W. Isenberg (high hurdles) were graduated in June, 1931. John W. Myers (shot put) and DeWitt H. Shaver (the sprints, low hurdles, broad jump) were drawn into baseball.

266Frorn the files of the Bee and FacM, and the volumes of Ripples. 267/bid. 308 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman 1919-1946

Upon the suggestion of the Athletic Council,268 and "under the prodding of William 0. Beazley," a senior, Bridgewater fielded a track team in the spring of 1937. Harry G. M. Jopson, the college's professor of biology and a former hurdler at Haverford College, "was conned into taking over the coaching responsibilities."269 Interestingly enough, the first meet in Bridgewater's resumption of intercollegiate track athletics was held on April 22, 1937, ten years to the day after the college's first intercollegiate track meet, and with the same college, Randolph-Macon, at Ashland, Virginia. Again, Randolph-Macon was the winner (79-47). 270 During the years 1937-46, Bridgewater won two and lost three of its six track meets (1937- 42) with Randolph-Macon College (the other meet ended in a tie). It won all six of its meets (1938-43) with Lynchburg College, six of its seven meets (1938-46) with Gallaudet College, all four of its meets (1939-46) with American University, none of its nine meets (1941-46) with Catholic University, neither of its meets (1942, 1943) with the University of Virginia, and won its meet (1943) with Hampden-Sydney College.271

COACH JOPSON'S FIRST 1RACK AND FIELD SQUAD SPRING, 1937

Dr. Jopson is standing at the end on the right side.

In six of the eight seasons during which they competed with other college teams, 1937-46, Bridgewater track and field men were winners more times than losers in the dual meets, and in four of the seasons went undefeated in those meets. In indoor meets at the University of Virginia, Bridgewater placed third (after the University of Virginia and Catholic University) in February, 1942, and fourth (after the University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and Catholic University, but ahead of the University of Richmond and Virginia Military Institute) in February, 1943.272

268FacM, Dec. 14, 1936. 269Dr. Jopson's words (1960), Physical Education Dept. records. 270Bee, May 5, 1927, p. 1; April 23, 1937, p. 4. 271 From the files of the Bee.. 272Bee, Feb. 13, 1942, p. 3; Feb. 26, 1943, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 309

In indoor meets at Catholic University, Bridgewater placed third in March, 1941, and second (after Catholic University, but ahead of Loyola College, the Johns Hopkins University, and Gallaudet College) in the sprint medley relay race in March, 1942.273 At the annual Chesapeake Conference meet in May, Bridgewater placed fourth in 1937, fourth in 1938, third (after Hampden-Sydney and Randolph-Macon) in 1939, and second (after Hampden-Sydney) in 1940.274 At the annual Mason-Dixon Conference meet in May (after shifting from the Chesapeake Conference), Bridgewater placed fifth (among 10 colleges) in 1941, a strong third in 1942, fifth in 1943, and third in 1944.275 At the Mason-Dixon Conference meet in May, 1945, Bridgewater's Robert E. Richards was the winner in six events: the low hurdles, high hurdles, broad jump, high jump, javelin throw, and pole vault.276 The best performances by Bridgewater men in the various track and field events, during the years 1937-46, are indicated in the following paragraphs. Other outstanding competitors in each event are named in the order of their attendance at Bridgewater.277 Norman A. Seese, Jr., in 1938, and Dwight H. Shull, in 1941, ran the 100-yard dash in 10 seconds. William 0. Beazley, Frederick D. Dove, Jr., Gerardo Portela, 0. Leon Garber, Mario M. Portela, Kolmer B. Spangler, Hobert V. Bodkin, George A. Julias, Gerald C. Hicks, Jerry D. Hicks. Norman A. Seese, Jr., in 1938, Dwight H. Shull and Robert F. Wampler, in 1941, ran the 220-yard dash in 22.2 seconds. William 0. Beazley, J. R. Barkman, Gerardo Portela, Mario M. Portela, Kolmer B. Spangler, Hobert V. Bodkin, Gerald C. Hicks. Norman A Seese, Jr., ran the 440-yard dash in 51 seconds in 1938. Paul R. Dixon, Dwight H. Shull, Bayard T. Keller, Jr., Harry W. Cannon, Jr., Gerald C. Hicks, Jerry D. Hicks. Lloyd G. Diehl ran the 880-yard run in 2 minutes, 6.4 seconds in 1939. Raymond N. Andes, Paul R. Dixon, J. Randolph Gambill, Jr., S. Flory Diehl, Bayard T. Keller, Jr., R. Hunter McQuain, Ralph A. Reiter, Floyd H. Mitchell, Richard W. Eller, John T. Glick, Jr. R. Hunter McQuain, in 1942, ran the mile race in 4 minutes, 43.4 seconds. Lloyd G. Diehl, Raymond N. Andes, Julian Q. Early, John H. Cook, S. Flory Diehl, Raymond W. Flory, Floyd H. Mitchell, Joseph L. Glick. Raymond W. Flory, in 1942, ran the two-mile race in 10 minutes, 37 seconds. Raymond N. Andes, Jacob C. Wine, Victor E. Glick, S. Flory Diehl, Floyd H. Mitchell, Joseph L. Glick. Robert A. Miller, in 1938, and Murray Faupel, in 1940, bounded over the 120-yard high hurdles in 15.6 seconds. Ray A. Diehl, Carl E. A. Seidler, Clark B. Jamison, Robert E. Richards, Raymond A. Bussard, Owen Shifflet. Murray Faupel, in 1940, bounded over the 220-yard low hurdles in 25 seconds. Norman A. Seese, Jr., 0. Leon Garber, Carl E. A. Seidler, Hobert V. Bodkin, Robert E. Richards, Richard W. Eller. Robert A. Miller, in 1939, high jumped 6 feet, .75 inch. William 0. Beazley, S. Flory Diehl, Gamer H. Downey. S. Cabell Shull, in 1939, broad jumped 21 feet, 8.5 inches. William 0. Beazley, Norman A. Seese, Jr., 0. Leon Garber, George A. Julias~ Robert E. Richards. Robert E. Richards, in 1945, pole vaulted 13 feet, 3 inches. T. Garrett Jones, Carlton L. Stiteler, 0. Leon Garber, J. R. Barkman, Robert E. Layman.

273Bee, March 14, 1941, p. 1; March 13, 1942, pp. 1, 4. 274From the files of the Bee, and Physical Education Dept. records. 275lbid. 276Bee, May 4, 1945, p. 4; May 18, 1945, p. 4. 277The data on track and field performances were derived from the files of the Bee. 310 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Raymond A. Bussard, in 1946, put the shot 39 feet, 10.75 inches. Winfree A. Gutshall, Francis A. Hollen, Hobert V. Bodkin, George A. Julias, Robert E. Richards. George W. Kemper, in 1939, threw the discus 125 feet, 10.5 inches. Frederick D. Dove, Jr., 0. Leon Garber, Hobert V. Bodkin, George A. Julias, Raymond A. Bussard. Hobert V. Bodkin, in 1943, threw the javelin 163 feet, 8 inches. George W. Kemper, 0. Leon Garber, Richard W. Homan, George A. Julias, Robert E. Richards, David P. Greene. Harry W. Cannon, Jr., 0. Leon Garber, Bayard T. Keller, Jr., and Kolmer B. Spangler, in 1942, ran the mile relay race in 3 minutes, 31.7 seconds. In April, 1941, Coach Jopson began entering a few Bridgewater runners in the Penn Relays at the University of Pennsylvania's Franklin Field.278 S. Flory Diehl, John T. Glick, Jr., Bayard T. Keller, Jr., and Dwight H. Shull, comprising a mile relay team, were the first Bridgewater athletes to participate in that renowned annual track and field competition.279 Harry W. Cannon, Jr., 0. Leon Garber, Bayard T. Keller, Jr., and Kolmer B. Spangler, representing Bridgewater, ran second (after the Catholic University team) in the Mason-Dixon Conference mile relay race at the Penn Relays in April, 1942.280 Robert E. Richards, for Bridgewater, placed third in the pole vault event at the Penn Relays in April, 1944, and again in April, 1945.281 John T. Glick, Jr., Gerald C. Hicks, Jerry D. Hicks, and Garland L. Reed, for Bridgewater, placed fourth in the Mason-Dixon Conference mile relay race at the Penn Relays in April, 1946.282 Existing records do not show that Bridgewater entered the relays in 1943. The captains and managers of the track team, 1937-46, are named below:

CAPTAIN MANAGER 1937 William 0. Beazley Robert B. Kadel 1938 Norman A. Seese, Jr. Robert B. Kadel 1939 Robert A. Miller Harlan M. Eye 1940 Murray Faupel J. Randolph Gambill, Jr. 1941 0. Leon Garber William G. Dusenberry 1942 0. Leon Garber William G. Dusenberry 1943 Raymond W. Flory C. Reynolds Simmons, Jr. 1946 John T. Glick, Jr. W. David Kahle283 From the resumption of track in the spring of 1937, until May, 1943, Professor Harry G. M. Jopson was the coach. William F. Smith was the coach, 1943-45, and W. Donald Clague, first semester, 1945-46. Dr. Jopson resumed the coaching of track in the spring of 1946, after returning from his leave of absence.284 A Bridgewater track man of this period, Robert E. Richards, went on to become an internationally known athlete. He possessed such drive to excel in his specialty, the pole vault, that, during his two years at Bridgewater (1944-46), he sometimes practiced vaulting in the early morning hours, before dawn, while his roommate held a light to make the crossbar visible.285 He became the national decathlon champion in 1951, 1954, and 1955; was voted the

278FacM, April 14, 1941. 279Ripples (1941), p. 87. 280Bee, May 15, 1942, p. 3. 281Bee,May 4, 1945, p. 4; Ripples (1945), p. 79. 282Bee,May 10, 1946, p. 4. 283From the files of the Bee, FacM, and FacAdmComM; also the volumes of Ripples. 284Ibid. 285A reminiscence of Donald L. Glick. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 311

American Amateur Athletic Union's prestigious Sullivan Award in 1951; and won the gold medal in the pole vault competition at the Olympic Games in 1952, and again in 1956.286 Another Bridgewater track and field man of this period, Raymond A. Bussard, became the national American Amateur Athletic Union all-round champion in 1952.287

Cross-Country Coach Jopson introduced cross-country running at Bridgewater in the fall of 1938,288 and he laid out a route for the race. In an inter-class competition over the course in November, 1938, Raymond N. Andes, a junior, was the winner. 289 Bridgewater's cross-country runners, Lloyd G. Diehl, Julian Q. Early, Victor E. Glick, Carroll S. Ringgold, and Jacob C. Wine, had their first intercollegiate competition in a triangular meet with the Haverford and Swarthmore runners at Haverford, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1938. Swarthmore placed first, Haverford second, and Bridgewater third. 290 Bridgewater gained its first victory (23-32) in cross-country in a race (over a three-mile course) against Randolph-Macon College at Ashland, Virginia, October 25, 1940. Bridgewater men crossed the finish line in the following order: Carroll S. Ringgold, first; S. Flory Diehl, third; Omer M. Long, fifth; John H. Cook, sixth; and Raymond W. Flory, eighth.29l Bridgewater won its first Chesapeake Conference cross-country championship in November, 1940, on its home course. Its score was 13; Randolph-Macon's, 30; and Lynchburg's, 35. Bridgewater runners finished the race in the following order: S. Flory Diehl, first; Carroll S. Ringgold, second; John H. Cook, fourth; and Raymond W. Flory, sixth.292 In November, 1941, the Bridgewater cross-country team gained a victory (10-30) over the Catholic University team, with Raymond W. Flory leading the way to the finish line. 293 Bridgewater won its first Mason-Dixon Conference cross-country championship in November, 1941, in a meet at American University. Among the 48 runners from seven colleges, Bridgewater's R. Hunter McQuain was the first to finish the three-mile race, establishing a course record (15 minutes, 53.4 seconds). Bridgewater's other runners, Floyd H. Mitchell, S. Flory Diehl, and Raymond W. Flory, finished third, fifth, and sixth, respectively. 294 In the cross-country competitions in the fall of 1942, Bridgewater defeated American University, 18-19; lost to the University of Virginia, 21-38; defeated Catholic University, 14-28; and placed second (Gallaudet College, 29; Bridgewater, 31) in the Mason-Dixon Conference meet in November. 295 Because of "injuries and other difficulties," Bridgewater did not enter the Mason-Dixon Conference cross-country competition in the fall of 1943,296 but did enter the competition in November, 1944, placing third. 297 It placed third again in the conference meet in November,

286Abe Goldblatt and Robert W. Wentz, Jr., The Great and the Near Great: A Century of Sports in Virginia (Norfolk, Va., 1976), p. 70. 287Ibid., p. 198. 288FacM, Oct. 10, 1938. 289Bee, Nov. 18, 1938, p. 4. 290Bee, Dec. 2, 1938, p. 4. 291 Bee, Nov. 1, 1940, p. 1. 292Bee, Nov. 15, 1940, p. 4. 293Bee, Nov. 21, 1941, p. 3. 294Bee, Dec. 5, 1941, p. 1. 295Bee, Nov. 6, 1942, p. 3; Nov. 20, 1942, p. 3; Dec. 4, 1942, p. 3. 296Bee, Nov. 27, 1943, p. 3. 297Bee, May 4, 1945, p. 4. 312 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

1945, when its runners were Joseph L. Glick, Gerald C. Hicks, Jerry D. Hicks, and Raymond Moore.298 Records299 show that Lloyd G. Diehl was captain of the cross-country team in 1938; Victor E. Glick, in 1939; Carroll S. Ringgold, in 1940; R. Hunter McQuain, in 1941; and Raymond W. Flory and S. Flory Diehl (co-captains), in 1942. Records do not reveal, however, the names of any team captains for the fall seasons of 1943, 1944, or 1945. From the fall of 1938 through the fall of 1942, Professor Jopson was the coach of the cross- country teams. William F. Smith was the coach in the fall of 1943 and 1944; W. Donald Clague, in the fall of 1945. Dr. Jopson resumed coaching the team in the fall of 1946, after returning from his leave of absence.300

Tennis

For some years, tennis was played mainly for the recreation it provided, and "no big interest was taken in it."301 Tournaments for men and, in certain years, for women were run during the fall months. During the spring months, however, most of the men were more interested in baseball; hence, men playing both baseball and tennis (as was sometimes the case) usually accompanied the baseball team on trips when they had to make a choice between the two sports. At such times, the tennis team's performance suffered. The main responsibility for the management of tennis was borne by the Tennis Club, formed in the fall of 1925.302 The club "looked after the courts, provided the equipment, conducted the tournaments, arranged the playing schedules" and intercollegiate matches (with the faculty's approval).303 Not until 1928 did the college's trustees and the students' athletic association recognize tennis as an intercollegiate sport,3°4 even though Bridgewater men had played an intercollegiate tennis match as early as April, 1916.305 In May, 1928, the Athletic Association, with the approval of the Athletic Council, awarded the first tennis monograms to Walter S. Flory, Jr., Rudolph A. Glick, DeWitt L. Miller, Ward R. Myers, and Frank A. Strickler.306 Edgar S. Kiracofe was the tennis singles champion in the fall of 1919, and J. Quinter Miller was the champion in the fall of 1920.307 In 1921, the athletic association purchased a cup on which to inscribe, henceforth, each year, the name of the tennis singles tournament winner, and the first name inscribed, in the fall of that year, was that of Repp H. Lambert.3°8 Other known names inscribed during the 1920's were the following: Raymond E. Good, in 1922 and 1923; Frank P. Cline, in 1924 and 1925; and DeWitt L. Miller, in 1926 and 1927.309

298Bee, Dec. 7, 1945, p. 4. 299The files of the Bee and the volumes of Ripples. 300/bid. 301carson L. Fifer in Ripples (1924), p. 83. 302Ripples (1926), p. 72. 303DeWitt L. Miller to FFW, April 29, 1982. 304FacM, Nov. 4, 1927; TrM, Feb. 7, 1928; Ripples (1929). 305PhM, May 1916, p. 37. 306FacM,May 14, 1928. 307PhM, May, 1920, p. 20; June, 1921 (no page numbers). 308PhM, Nov., 1921, p. 20; Oct., 1922, p. 21 309From the files of the PhM and the Bee, and the volumes of Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 313

Tennis singles tournament champions, among the women of the 1920's, were Olive F. Early (1921) and Rebecca V. Myers (1926). 310 If there were others, their names do not appear in any records found. The tennis courts for men continued to be situated, for some years, along the northeast side of East College Street, between the "White House" (opposite the present Memorial Hall) and the ''Red House" (opposite Yount Hall), neither of which buildings now stands. In 1933, however, the courts were moved to the northwest side of the old gymnasium and the college's heating plant. The women's courts, for many years to the east of Yount Hall (where Nininger Hall now stands), were moved, in 1935, to near Rebecca Hall.311 The Tennis Club sought to keep the courts in good condition in the fall and spring of each year, and established schedules for the use of the courts, so as to prevent monopolization of them by a few players. For many years, Bridgewater's tennis players had no regular coach, and operated under that disadvantage in their competition with teams of other colleges until the spring of 1934, when D. Stanley Houser, director of physical education, gave them some direction. In 1938, Rudolph A. Glick, another faculty member and a former varsity tennis player, became their coach and served in that capacity with diligence and efficiency until 1943.31 2 The available records do not show that Bridgewater played any tennis matches with other colleges between November, 1916, and May, 1923; nor during the years 1943, 1944, or 1945, when World War II was in progress; and show only one match played in the spring of 1946. Bridgewater tennis teams played more than 50 matches with 13 colleges and universities during the period 1923-46. Although having some outstanding players who usually won in singles competition, the Bridgewater teams, as such, gained victories in only about 20 percent of the matches they played. They competed (in the years indicated) with teams of the following colleges (all in Virginia, unless stated otherwise): University of Richmond, 1923, 1930; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1924-32; Blue Ridge College (Md.), 1926, 1934; Medical College of Virginia, 1926-39; Hampden-Sydney College, 1927, 1940; Lynchburg College, 1928- 46; Roanoke College, 1928-32; Western Maryland College, 1929; College of William and Mary, 1930, 1931; Catawba College (N. C.), 1934; American University (D. C.), 1936-41; Catholic University (D. C.), 1941; and Randolph-Macon College, 1939-42.313 One of the better seasons was that of 1939, in which Bridgewater, although losing to Randolph-Macon College and American University, was the winner twice over Lynchburg College and twice over the Medical College of Virginia. Its outstanding player during that season was Gerardo Portela, "the Cuban flash," who won every singles match he played, and who "on no occasion was ... forced to either extra sets or extra games to win."31 4 His brother, Mario, in 1941, was also undefeated in tennis singles competition.31 5 The captains and managers of the tennis teams, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, are named below. Available records316 do not reveal the names of any team captains for the years 1919-25, or of team captains and managers for the years 1936-39, or 1944-46, or of managers for certain other years.

310PhM,Nov., 1921, p. 20, Ripples (1927), p. 72. 311TrExComM, March 23, 1932; Bee, March 3, 1933, p. 4; FacAdmComM, March 25, 1935. 312Bee, May 23, 1934, p. 3; April 8, 1938, p. 4; April 23, 1943, p. 3. 313From the files of the PhM, the Bee, and the FacM; also the volwnes of Ripples. 314Bee, May 26, 1939, p. 4. 315Bee, May 16, 1941, p. 3. 316Tue files of the Ath!AssocM, the FacM, the PhM, and the Bee; also the volumes of Ripples. 314 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

CAPTAIN MANAGER 1922 Harper S. Will 1923 Raymond E. Good 1924 Carson L. Fifer 1925 Raymond E. Good 1926 Frank P. Cline Frank P. Cline 1927 Walter S. Flory, Jr. Walter S. Flory, Jr. 1928 Rudolph A. Glick Walter S. Flory, Jr. 1929 Ward R. Myers Warren S. Craun 1930 Albert E. Long Warren S. Craun 1931 Trenton K. Ruebush Albert E. Long 1932 John S. Flory, Jr. Robert M. Flory 1933 Paul Hoover Bowman Harold L. Garber 1934 Paul D. Horst 1935 Paul D. Horst S. Woodward Marsh 1940 Wendell P. Flory 1941 George M. Nipe Paul B. Sanger, Jr. 1942 Donald B. Eger 1943 John R. Nipe

A movement for intercollegiate competition in tennis by Bridgewater women got under way in the fall of 1939, when Louise Wampler was chosen captain and Dorothy E. Petcher manager of a tennis team, whose coach was Henry B. Cox, of the college faculty.317 Intercollegiate matches in tennis, the first for Bridgewater women, were held with Madison College, Lynchburg College, and Mary Washington College in the spring of 1941,318 but the results of those contests were not reported in any records found. There is no mention of intercollegiate competition in tennis by Bridgewater women in the years 1942-51.

Soccer During his year as director of physical education at Bridgewater, Wesley W. Jonah introduced a new sport: soccer,319 "the game of boots and off-the-head bounces." The two games played during the fall of 1942, one at Bridgewater (on October 23), the other at Charlottesville (on November 13), both with the University of Virginia, were victories for Bridgewater, by a score of 1 to 0 in each contest. Wayne L. Myers scored the goal in the first game, and George A. Julias in the second game. Leonard C. Broughrnan, Bayard T. Keller, Jr. (captain), John W. Martin, Jr., Robert E. Miller, John R. Nipe, Harold R. Petcher, Sanford M. Roberts, Jr., Jesse D. Robertson, Charles M. Roller, Robert M. Williar, and Galen W. Wolfe were other Bridgewater players.320 Records do not show that soccer was continued as an intercollegiate sport after the fall of 1942.

317FacM, Oct. 9, 1939; Ripples (1940), p. 92. 318Ripples (1941), p. 91. 3l9FacM, Oct. 12, 1942. 320Bee, Oct. 23, 1942, p. 3; Nov. 6, 1942, p. 3; Nov. 20, 1942, pp. 1, 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 315

Intramural Sports The college's Department of Physical Education offered a program of intramural sports. A beginning was made when Joseph G. Kagey was the physical education director (1930-33).321 Further development occurred under the direction of D. Stanley Houser (1933-42), Coach Kagey's successor, so that intramural athletics came to involve most of the students of the college. "Sports for sports' sake" was the paramount objective.322 The competition of teams, initiated by Coach Houser, and the special recognition given outstanding teams, aroused keen interest among the students. The B. C. Bee and the college bulletin board carried announcements about the standing and personnel of the teams. In the fall of 1933 (for example), 13 teams competed in basketball, each playing 12 games. The tournament lasted well over a month, with many games closely contested. The teams bore such names as "Braves," "Cardinals," "Giants," and "Redskins." Even a faculty team that included Coaches Houser and Jopson entered the basketball competition in 1942. Intramural competition occurred, also, in volleyball (14 teams), baseball, tennis, track, badminton, and softball. The inter-class track meets, in late April or early May, with class banners and pennants displayed, were colorful affairs. At that event, in April, 1940, Coach Jopson himself, representing the "Bridgewater Athletic Club," ran the high hurdles, taking second place (after the star hurdler of the varsity team). Intramural competition in sports was not restricted to the men. Women's teams, also, competed, especially in basketball, and they bore such names as "Turtledoves," "Hawks," "Crows," "Cranes," "Blackbirds," "Redbirds," and "Bluebirds." In women's volleyball, teams of "Katydids," "Crickets," "Hornets," "Grasshoppers," and "Locusts" competed with one another. Field hockey was another intramural sport for women, beginning in the fall of 1927. 323 The games were played on the old athletic field, between Broad Street and Dinkel A venue. Archery, at first for women, but, later, for men also, was an intramural sport that Coach Houser introduced in the spring of 1937. An archery tournament (reportedly, the first at Bridgewater) was held at the college in November, 1939. 324 The athletic association made awards to outstanding performers in intramural sports, as well as to varsity team players, managers, and cheerleaders. Intramural sports provided every student at Bridgewater the opportunity for recreation and physical exercise, and enabled coaches to discover individuals capable of becoming varsity team members.

Other Recreational Activities During Dr. Bowman's presidency, students found recreation in various other ways. At some distance from the college, they had outings at Rawley Springs on North Mountain, at Riven Rock on Dry River, and at Hone Quarry Mountain; camping atop Shenandoah Mountain, climbing Massanutten Mountain peak, and touring Grand Caverns, Massanutten Caverns, and other subterranean wonderlands of Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Near the college, they found relaxation in strolls along "The River Road," back of the athletic field, to

321 FacM, Oct. 24, 1932. 322These paragraphs are based, mainly, upon the files of the Bee. 323FacM, Sept. 22, 1927; Bee, Nov. 23, 1927, p. 1. 324Ripples (1937); Bee, March 25, 1955, p. 5. 316 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

the swinging bridge across the river; in picnics at "The Willows" by the rippling waters of the river; in visits to Riverside Park at the dam above the river bridge; and in hikes to other nearby places.325 Roller skating in the old gymnasium on Saturday evenings and ping pong tournaments were popular diversions during the 1930' s and 1940's. 326 In September, 1943, the college's trustees approved horseback riding as a new feature of the recreational program,327 but it did not begin until the spring of 1944. The riding trails led across the fields and over the hills around the college. Professor Charles C. Wright (assisted by Jesse D. Robertson and Andrew C. Hankla, Jr.) was the instructor.328 In the fall of 1943 and 1944, during World War II, when there was a shortage of labor on the farms, a number of students (and faculty members) formed an "apple-picking corps," to help harvest the crop in the Timberville (Va.) area.329 On March 13, 1926, the college began showing motion pictures for the students' entertainment,330 and in the same month decided to purchase a motion picture machine.331 In December, 1932, it began showing "talkies" (motion pictures with sound) in Cole Hall.332 Dickson's Drug Store, at the corner of College and Main streets in Bridgewater, was a favorite haunt of Bridgewater College students seeking refreshments and relaxation during this period. Its genial proprietor, J. N. Dickson, was known affectionately to hundreds of college students over a period of 30 years. Students, as well as faculty members, alumni, townspeople of Bridgewater and other communities, derived enjoyment and instruction from the college's annual lyceum course (instituted in 1906), some of whose numbers were the following (in the years indicated): plays of Shakespeare, Ibsen, Chesterton, and others, presented by the Devereux Players (1921-26); a recital by Mabel L. Pence (soprano), "The Nightingale of the South" (1925); the impersonation of frontiersmen and American Indians, and the imitation of animal calls, by Lew Sarett, Rocky Mountains ranger (1926); the music of the Hampton Institute Male Quartet (1928, 1941), the Kremlin Art Quintet (1931), the Byzantine Singers (1941), the Don Cossack Chorus (1942), and Virgil Fox, organist (1938); the travelogues of Robert E. Roth (1931); and the poetry of Michael Strange (formerly Mrs. John Barrymore) (1943).333

Other Student Organizations

Other student organizations came into being during Dr. Bowman's presidency. The "Triangle Club" (originally the ''Faculty-Senior Club," then the "Junior-Senior-Faculty Club") was formed in 1933, upon the suggestion of senior men, with the faculty's approval, to promote better understanding and closer relationship between students and faculty by informal discussion monthly (later, semi-monthly) of problems of mutual interest; also of topics of local and national importance. The organization's first officers were Guy K. Stump,

325From the files of the PhM and the Bee. 326Bee, Jan. 16, 1934, p., 1; Oct. 21, 1938, p. 1; and other reports in the Bee. 327TrExComM, Sept. 22, Nov. 29, 1943. 328FacAdmComM, Jan. 27, Oct. 30, 1944; Newsette, April, 1944, p. 1. 329FacM, Sept. 27, 1943; Oct. 9, 1944; Bee, Oct. 1, 1943, p. 3. 330Bee, March 26, 1926, p. 1. 331 FacSenM, March 17, 1926. 332Bee, Dec. 9, 1932, p. 1. 333From the files of the PhM and the Bee. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 317

president; Hollen G. Helbert, vice president; and Kathleen W. Cupp, secretary.334 No record of the club's activity after the spring of 1937 has been found. An ''International Relations Club," under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was organized among students of the college (and some faculty members) in March, 1934. Its first officers were John A. Derr, president; Cecil L. Hartman, vice president; and Margaret L. Bovey, secretary.335 Delegates attended state and regional conferences. The "Hillandale Club," for hikers, was organized in February, 1938, by the election of Lois M. Miller as president, Isaac M. Zigler as vice president, Miriam E. Holsinger as secretary, and Norman A. Seese, Jr., as treasurer. To become a member, one must have hiked at least 20 miles in one month, and to remain in the club, must hike at least the same distance (reduced later to 15 miles) monthly. The members climbed Round Hill (near Bridgewater) Mole Hill (near Dayton), Reddish Knob (in the Allegheny Mountains), and the Massanutten Mountain peak; hiked along a portion of the Appalachian Trail, and undertook other expeditions.336 Bridgewater students interested in the Spanish language and culture established an "Hispanic Center'' in November, 1939.337 Among their guests were Spanish American students who talked about their homelands; also a Bridgewater alumnus, Paul Hoover Bowman, who spoke of his experience in Spain, 1938-39, during that country's civil war.338 In the fall of 1939, the editors and business managers of the students' newspaper (The B. C. Bee), their yearbook (Ripples), and their handbook (The Eagle) formed an "Honor Society for Publications," in the hope it would lead to the establishment of a chapter of Pi Delta Epsilon, national honorary journalistic fraternity, at Bridgewater. After drafting and adopting a constitution, which the Student Council approved, they elected officers: John R. Gambill, Jr., president; William Z. Cline, vice president and historian; and Alice E. Miller, secretary- treasurer.339 A "Chemistry Club" was formed early in 1941, to notice significant current developments in the field and perform interesting experiments. Its first officers were Willard D. Boaz, president; R. Hunter McQuain, vice president; and Edna J. Hartman, secretary.340 The club's scope was broadened in 1944, so as to include students interested in various sciences: biology, chemistry, physics, geology, engineering, and medicine. 341 A "French Club" was organized in November, 1941, to promote the speaking of the language and learning more about the French people, their history and culture. The club's first officers were Robert E. Miller, president; Bruce M. Graham, vice president; and George E. Hall, secretary-treasurer.342 A home economics club, "Mu Epsilon Mu" (a Greek-letter name in honor of Mildred N. Meroney, the club's faculty adviser), was formed in the fall of 1941. It discussed practical problems in its field, invited chefs to demonstrate their techniques, sponsored fashion shows, and entertained faculty members at dinners. The club's first officers were Margaret P. Dixon, president; Hazel Dispanet, vice president; Mary E. Coffman, secretary; and Margaret S. Henry, treasurer.343

334Bee, Nov. 14, 1933, p. 5; Feb. 26, 1937, p. 3(and intervening articles); FacM, Feb. 13, 1933; Oct. 14, 1935. 335Bee, March 13, 1934, p. 1. 336Bee, Feb. 11, 1938, p. 2; Feb. 25, 1938, p. 3; other reports in the Bee. 337Bee, May 24, 1940, p. 3. 338Bee, Oct. 4, 1940, p. 1. 339Bee, Dec. 1, 1939, p. 1. 340Bee, Jan. 24, 1941, p. 3; March 14, 1941, p. 4. 341Bee, Oct. 6, 1944, p. 3. 342Bee, Dec. 5, 1941, p. 4. 343Bee, Nov. 21, 1941, p. 1; April 10, 1942, p. 1. 318 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

An honor scholarship society," Alpha Beta Kappa," was established at the college, with the faculty's approval, in the fall of 1942. Eligibility requirements, according to the society's constitution and by-laws, were a 2.2 quality point average (on a 3.0 point scale) in all college courses and candidacy for the B. A., or B. S., degree. 344 The first members of the society are not named in any records found. In December, 1937, the college's faculty began nominating annually an established quota of Bridgewater students, considered to be outstanding in scholarship, leadership in extra- curricular and academic activities, citizenship, service to the college, and promise of future usefulness to society, for inclusion in the publication, Who's Who among Students in American Universities and Colleges. The students recommended in the session, 1937-38, were Buford A. Casey, Edgar L. Crumpacker, Donald R. Gilbert, Wendell P. Glick, Vera W. Miller, and Arlene V. Ringgold .345

Mock U. S. Presidential Elections

In the national presidential campaign years of the period 1919-46, Republican Party candidates were far and away the favorites of Bridgewater students in the straw votes taken at the college. In 1920, Warren G. Harding received 111 votes; James M. Cox, 67. Whether or not a presidential preference poll was taken in 1924 was not reported. In 1928, Herbert C. Hoover received 55 votes; Alfred E. Smith, "little more than a scattering vote." In 1932, President Hoover, seeking re-election, received 146 votes; Franklin D. Roosevelt, 39. In 1936, Alfred M. Landon attracted many more votes than President Roosevelt, who was running for a second term (no accurate poll figures were reported). In 1940, Wendell L. Willkie received 168 votes; President Roosevelt, 67. In 1944, Thomas E. Dewey got 103 votes; President Roosevelt, seeking a fourth term, 34. 346

The Final Years of Bridgewater Academy

The first five years of Dr. Bowman's presidency (1919-24) were the final years of Bridgewater Academy, an affiliate of the college accredited by the Virginia State Board of Education. Graduation in the academy's regular course (1919-24), the catalogues reveal, required 16 units of credit, distributed as follows: four in English, three in mathematics, two in science, two in history, and five in elective subjects. Students desiring to enter college were advised to choose Latin as an elective. Physical education was another requirement, but it bestowed no academic credit. The academy also offered work in commercial subjects, leading to a certificate, for those desiring positions as bookkeepers and stenographers. It also offered training in music (piano, voice, and chorus). The academy's charge (per semester) for tuition, $30 during the session, 1919-20, was $32.50 during the session, 1923-24. Throughout the period, the charge per semester for

344Bee, April 10, 1942, p. 1; Dec. 4, 1942, p. 1; FacSenM, Nov. 17, 1942. 345Bee, Dec. 17, 1937, p. 4. 346PhM, Nov., 1920, p. 31; Bee, May 18, 1928, p. 1; Nov. 11, 1932, p. 1; Nov. 1, 1940, p. 1; Nov. 3, 1944, p. 1; HDN-R, Nov. 2, 1936, p. 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 319

BRIDGEWATER ACADEMY STUDENTS 1921-22

The academy's building (today, Memorial Hall) is in the background. board, room (two in a room), heat, and light ranged from $88 to $100, depending upon the room's location.347 The student enrollments (as of October 1) in the academy during the successive sessions, 1919-24, the catalogues show, were 60, 79, 75, 74, and 54. Seventy percent or more of the students in every session were Virginians and, except in the session, 1923-24, slightly more than half of them came from Rockingham County. Ten or more West Virginians were enrolled in every session, except that of 1919-20. Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee were each represented, in certain sessions, by one or two students. Women constituted nearly one-half of the student body in three of the five sessions; more than half in the session, 1922-23. The academy's teachers were a group of able and dedicated men and women under the leadership of Newton D. Cool, the school's principal, 1918-24. The instructors in Latin were Aubrey R. Coffman (B. A., M.A., Bridgewater), 1918-20; Roy E. Clarke, 1919-21; Anna Mary Dean (B. A., Williamsport Dickinson Seminary), 1920-21; Herman L. Yager (B. A., Bridgewater), 1921-22; and May Hooker (B. A., Bridgewater), 1922- 24.348 The teachers of French were Nell M. Critzer (B. S., Harrisonburg State Normal School), 1920-21; and May Hooker, 1921-24. The following persons instructed in mathematics: Newton D. Cool, 1918-24; Benjamin 0. Miller, 1920-21; Herman L. Yager, 1921-22; and Naomi R. Zigler, 1923-24.

347Academy's catalogue, June, 1919, p. 14; June, 1923, p. 35. 348Tue academy's catalogues, the TrM and appended reports are the sources of data on the teachers. 320 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The teachers of science were Mrs. George W. Harlow (BA., Bridgewater), 1919-21; Newton D. Cool, 1919-20; Anna F. Flory, 1920-21; Edgar S. Kiracofe (B. A., Bridgewater), 1921-24; and Russell K. Showalter, 1923-24. Roy E. Clarke taught biology, 1919-21, as did Oscar F. Bowman (B. A., Bridgewater), 1922-24. Joseph W. Miller instructed in agriculture, 1921-22. The teachers of English were Bertha E. Rowe, 1919-21; Nell M. Critzer and Anna Mary Dean, 1920-21; Anna C. Driver (B. A., Bridgewater), 1921-23; and Waltine E. Brower, 1923-24. Russell G. West taught penmanship, 1918-21. The instructors in history were John T. Glick (B. A., Bridgewater), 1916-22; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1918-20; J. Paul Glick, 1920-21; Anna C. Driver, 1920-23; and Waltine E. Brower, 1923- 24. Clarence E. May taught economics, 1923-24. Various persons instructed in music. Charles W. Roller taught voice and music theory and history, 1908-24. Grace Lee Berlin instructed in piano, 1914-24, as did Zula M. Gochenour, 1922-24. Mary L. Richcreek taught voice, 1918-21, and Mabel L. Pence chorus, 1919-21. James A. Harmon instructed in violin, 1915-22. Bessie W. Arnold taught art, 1916-21. The teachers of Bible courses were John T. Glick, 1916-22; Aubrey R. Coffman, 1918-20; and Newton D. Cool, 1921-24. The instructors in commercial subjects were May L. Cline (B. Accts., Bridgewater), 1918-21, and Ira F. Thomas (B. Accts., Bridgewater), 1920-24. The teachers of physical education were George W. Harlow, 1918-21; Mrs. George W. Harlow, 1919-21; and Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1921-24. Isaac J. Sanger instructed in manual training, 1920-22. During the period under review, the academy delivered diplomas to 102 graduates, distributed among the successive years, 1920-24, as follows: 5, 20, 24, 30, and 23.349 One of the graduates in 1922, interestingly enough, was Oda F. Foley, a doctor of veterinary medicine (1915) of McKillip Veterinary College.350 The officers of the graduating classes, 1921-24, are named below:

PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT SECRETARY TREASURER 1921 Charles C. Spitler Clarence J. Ford Bertha 0. Pence Bertha 0. Pence 1922 Jacob M. Garber Jonas M. Funkhouser Ruth M. Pence Goldie M. Anderson 1923 Virgil L. Mathias John B. Wampler Grace V. Densie E. Cool Rusmiselle 1924 Foster E. Arnold Edward S. Long M. Virginia Carrie M. Harman351 Manning

The graduating class of 1920, having only five members, may not have had officers. The students' literary and forensic activity centered in the ''N. D. C. Literary Society," organized in September, 1919, and named for the academy's esteemed principal, Newton D. Cool. The society, which met regularly on Friday evenings in the assembly room in Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall), did "very creditable work" throughout its five-year life span.352 Other active student organizations were the Y. W. C. A., Y. M. C. A., the Student Volunteer Mission Band, and the men's and women's glee clubs.

349From the academy's catalogues, 1921-23, and commencement programs, 1923, 1924. 350Men of Mark, p. 136. 351PhM, Oct., 1920, p. 34; Oct., 1921, p. 26; Ripples (1923), p. 69; (1924), p. 99. 352PhM, Jan., 1920, p. 33; Jan., 1925, p. 7. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 321

THE BRIDGEWATER ACADEMY FACUL1Y 1921-22 322 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The academy fostered indoor and outdoor athletics. Basketball and baseball were the main sports for the men, and basketball for the women. George W. Harlow was the coach, 1918-21, and Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1921-24. Not until the fall of 1920 did the academy enter the field of inter-scholastic competition in athletics.353 The men were especially successful in basketball. During the season, 1920-21, they won five of the six games they played. During the next season (1921-22), when Jonas M. Funkhouser was captain and Jacob M. Garber was manager, the academy men won five games and lost five. During the season, 1922-23, when Virgil L. Mathias was captain and H Gustavus Muntzing was manager, the academy men played 11 games and won them all. They defeated the teams of the following high schools: Bridgewater; Centerville, twice; Linville- Edom, twice; Shenandoah City; Timberville, twice; and Weyers Cave, twice; also the Bridgewater College "Rat Reserves." During the season, 1923-24, when George A. Rusmiselle was captain and H. Gustavus Muntzing was again manager, the academy men's team won 10 of the 17 games played.354 Among the basketball players, 1920-24, besides the team captains (Funkhouser, Mathias, and Rusmiselle), were the following academy men: R. Otis Carpenter, Stanley P. Daugherty, Jacob M. Garber, H. Hays Halterman, Glade R. Hepner, Paul E. Hess, Gifford W. Joseph,J. Walter Kiracofe, Robert S. Long, Melvin Martin, Clarence S. Maxwell, H. Gustavus Muntzing, and Denver VanDevender.355 The scant information on academy baseball is presented here. The players were nearly all of the men who, in the fall and winter, played basketball, and the following: Foster E. Arnold, Albert N. Burgess, Earl D. Cline, Jerney A. Cupp, F. Wise Driver, Frank Y. Garber, J. Paul Judy, Dee F. Long, Edward S. Long, DeWitt L. Miller, Herbert B. Roy, Leo A. Shirley, Cecil 0. Showalter, Sam J. Showalter, and Roy H. Wright. During the spring of 1921, the academy team defeated Harrisonburg, Linville-Edom, Sangerville, and Timberville high schools, but lost another game with Harrisonburg and another with Sangerville. Dee F. Long was captain and Paul E. Hess manager of the team in 1922; J. Walter Kiracofe captain and Virgil L. Mathias manager of the team in 1923. 356 The academy women played basketball games with some high school teams (among them Broadway and Linville-Edom) in Rockingham County during the early 1920's, but the scores of the games do not appear in the available records. Goldie M. Anderson, Ollie F. Flory, Maude E. Hockman, Vinda E. Kibler, Mary R. McCann, Bernice M. Miller, Ruth M. Pence, Arlean R. Tanner, Ellen Geraldyn Wood, and perhaps others were academy girls who played. Ruth M. Pence was captain, and Iva P. Harman, manager of the team, 1921-22; Bernice M. Miller, captain and Mary R. McCann, manager of the team, 1922-23. Goldie M. Anderson, Ollie F. Flory, and Ruth M. Pence played on the college women's basketball team in the spring of 1921. 357 To maintain accreditation by the Virginia State Board of Education, the college, in 1922, took other steps toward the complete separation of the academy from the college by arranging for separate faculty meetings, separate organization of committees, and separate dining halis.358 The academy was already holding separate chapel services and separate graduation

353PhM, Nov., 1920, p. 38. 354PhM, Oct., 1921, p. 23; Jan., 1922, pp. 25-26; Feb., 1923, p. 24; May, 1924, pp. 30-31; FacM, Oct. 8, 1923. 355From the files of the PhM and the volumes of Ripples. 356From the files of the PhM and the volumes of Ripples. 357/bid. 358FacSenM, May 16, 1922; FacM, Sept. 16, 1922; TrM, Oct. 20, 1922. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 323 exercises. The college, furthermore, had designated Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall) as the academy's building and was issuing each year a separate catalogue for the academy. There was, however, no complete separation of college and academy students in the dormitories, and a few college faculty members were still doing some teaching in the academy. Complete separation of the college and the academy was not achieved until the consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems in 1924, and the consequent transfer of all academy work to Daleville Academy, Daleville, Virginia, after the closing of Bridgewater Academy.

The Discontinuance of Certain Other Affiliated Schools

In 1919, the college transferred the work of the Commercial School (an affiliate of the college) to the Bridgewater Academy, and in 1920, it converted the Bible School, the School of Music, and the Art Department (other affiliates) into regular academic departments of the college and the Bridgewater Academy.359 "The number of students in these departments," President Bowman reported to the college's trustees, "did not seem to justify the maintenance of separate schools."360

Certificates in Music, Commerce, Expression, and Religious Education After adopting the School of Music, the college offered courses leading to certificates and diplomas in music and (more specifically) in piano, voice, and pipe organ,361 diplomas requiring more work than certificates. During the years 1920-46, the college granted 35 certificates and 1 diploma in music, 3 certificates and 6 diplomas in piano, 5 certificates and 5 diplomas in voice, and 1 certificate and 2 diplomas in pipe organ. The number of certificates and diplomas granted year by year is shown in an appendix near the end of this volume. In 1933, the college announced a two-year course in commerce leading to a certificate,362 and during the years 1938-46, it granted 37 such certificates. Beginning in 1938, Bridgewater graduates in commerce were certified to teach the subject.363 The college also granted certificates in expression, one in 1933 and one in 1934, but no certificates in art during the years 1919-46. In view of "the present imperative need" of adequately trained leaders in the local churches, the college announced, in June, 1922,364 the offer of a certificate in religious education to any B. A. (or B. S.) course student at Bridgewater whose record, at graduation time, showed credit for 30 semester hours of specified courses in Bible, religious education, psychology, and methodology. Four graduates received such certificates on June 6, 1923. Bridgewater's first academic dean, William T. Sanger, had recommended to the college's trustees in 1919 the establishment of a department of religious education, especially for church and Sunday school leaders not able to take the full college course,365 and he had organized

3598, Aug., 1920, p. 5. 360PHB to the Tr, June 22, 1920. 361c, June, 1920, pp. 35, 65; June, 1933, p. 52; FacSenM, Jan. 20, 1937. 362c, June, 1933, p. 52; FacSenM, Dec. 20, 1932. 3638, Aug., 1938, p. 5. 364c, June, 1922, p. 32. 365TrM, Aug.-, 1919. 324 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

and taught, at Bridgewater, "probably the first religious education course to be taught in a Virginia college."366 In September, 1921, Minor C. Miller became the first regular teacher of religious education courses at the college,367 and he was mainly responsible for the faculty's decision to require a three-hour course in religious education for graduation in the B. A. degree program.368 President Bowman favored the new requirement; moreover, he was convinced that laymen needed to be instructed on how to handle business and administrative aspects of church work.369

Course Offerings for the Baccalaureate Degrees

During Dr. Bowman's presidency (1919-46), the college increased the number of semester hours of courses it offered for 'the baccalaureate degrees from 317 (session, 1919-20) to 585 (session, 1945-46).370 It nearly quadrupled the number of hours of courses offered in education and Bible; more than doubled the number in chemistry and sociology; doubled the number in art, economics, psychology, and Spanish; nearly doubled the number in English; increased by one-half the number in speech, by nearly one-half the number in history and mathematics, by one-quarter the number in philosophy, and by one-eighth the number in biology. On the other hand, during the period, 1919-46, the college reduced or eliminated altogether the course offerings in certain subjects because the need or desire for them had declined or ended. It offered no Greek or Latin after the session, 1928-29; no German beyond the second year of that language after the session, 1926-27; and no French beyond the third year of that language after the session, 1937-38. It discontinued instruction in art after the session, 1920-21, but reinstituted it in September, 1928. The college's catalogues show, also, that no work in geology was offered after the session, 1924-25 (because of the leaving of the geology professor), until the second semester, 1945-46.371 Upon the basis of Samuel M. Bowman's bequest in 1919, the college began offering during the session, 1920-21, courses in agriculture and home economics. It introduced courses in religious education (in response to the urging of the academic dean, William T. Sanger)372 during the session, 1921-22; courses in commerce during the session, 1924-25; and instruction in pipe organ during the spring semester, 1937.373 The college's course offerings (in terms of "semester hours")374 for the baccalaureate degrees, as of the session, 1945-46,375 are listed below. They are presented in the six-divisional organization of the departments of instruction adopted by the college's faculty in February, 1944.376 Most of them were one-semester (s) courses; others were two-semester (ss) courses.

366Minor C. Miller, These Things I Remember (Philadelphia, Pa., 1968), p. 146; see also William T. Sanger, As I Remember (Richmond, Va., 1972), p. 17. 367Miller, op. cit., p. 145. 368Ibid., pp. 147-50. 369PHB in B, Aug., 1928, p. 6. 370c, June, 1919, pp. 33-49; June, 1945, pp. 46-67. 371B, Oct., 1946, p. 5. 372TrM, Aug.-, 1919. 373FacAdrnComM, Jan. 26, 1937. 374Asemester hour was "one hour of recitation aweek, or its equivalent, throughout the semester." C, June, 1919, p. 31. 375c, June, 1945, pp. 46-67. 376FacM, Feb. 14, 1944. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 325

DNISION I: LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE English: 40 hours (14 s-courses) French: 18 hours (3 ss-courses) German: 12 hours (2 ss-courses) Spanish: 12 hours (2 ss-courses) DNISION II: FINE ARTS Art: 8 hours (3 s-courses) Music: 59 hours (23 s-courses) and instruction in piano, voice, violin, wind instruments, and pipe organ Speech: 18 hours (6 s-courses) DNISION III: MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES Agriculture: 2 hours (1 s-course). Biology: 36 to 40 hours (1 ss-course; 9 s-courses) Chemistry: 38 to 42 hours (4 ss-courses; 3 s-courses) Geology: 3 hours (1 s-course) Home economics: 59 hours (21 s-courses) Mathematics: 43 hours (1 ss-course; 12 s-courses) Physics: 16 hours (2 ss-courses; 1 s-course) DNISION N: SOCIAL SCIENCES Commerce: 36 hours (2 ss-courses; 8 s-courses) and instruction in shorthand and typewriting Economics: 18 hours (1ss-course;4 s-courses) Government: 6 hours (2 s-courses) History: 30 hours (10 s-courses) Sociology: 15 hours (5 s-courses) DNISION V: PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION Bible: 15 hours (5 s-courses) Philosophy: 15 hours (5 s-courses) Religious education: 21 hours (7 s-courses) DNISION VI: EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY Education: 44 hours (16 s-courses) Physical education: no degree-credit. (1 ss-course; 2 s-courses) Psychology: 18 hours (6 s-courses)

The B. A. Course During the period, 1919-46, the requirements for admission to the college, to work for the B. A. degree, underwent certain changes. Beginning in the session, 1919-20, an entering student must have completed satisfactorily at least 15 Carnegie units of work (instead of 141/2, as in 1918-19) in a standard, accredited four-year secondary school, or must show equivalent preparation upon being examined. The 15 units must include three in English, two in mathematics (instead of two and a half, as previously), two in Latin, one in history, and one in science.377 The catalogue of June, 1925 (p. 23), however, allowed a student to enter with two units of some foreign language other than Latin, and the catalogue of June, 1935 (p. 46), stated that "In special cases, students with satisfactory records may be allowed to offer other

377c, June, 1919, p. 21. 326 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946 standard units in substitution for foreign language." The catalogue of June, 1938 (pp. 41-42), announced that no more than four units of vocational subjects would be accepted for entrance. The catalogue of June, 1925 (p. 22), re-established 15 (instead of 16) as the minimum age for admission, and the catalogue of June, 1921 (p. 21), abolished conditional entrance to the college. Beginning in 1930, students from other colleges were required to present "a record of C, or better," to be admitted to Bridgewater, and must make an average of C on all work taken at Bridgewater in order to graduate.378 In the session, 1919-20, a requirement for the B. A. degree was the completion of 124 semester hours of courses "at a grade of not less than 75 percent in any course." The 124 hours must include 24 hours of foreign language, 12 of English, 16 of science, six of mathematics, six of psychology and education, six of history, six of social science, and four of Bible.379 Eighty hours in particular subjects, therefore, were required, and 44 in elective courses were allowed. There was no requirement of a major and a minor field. During the sessions, 1920-46, certain changes were made. The requirement in foreign language was reduced from 24 hours to 18 in 1921, and to 12 hours in 1929 for students entering the college with two high school units' credit in a given foreign language.380 A student entering (in 1929) with less credit must take 18 hours in foreign language to obtain the B. A. degree.381 The catalogue of June, 1921 (p. 31), stated that the requirement in science should not be taken entirely in the same branch of science, but should be in "two distinct fields," and the catalogue of June, 1925 (p. 28), announced that courses in agriculture or home economics, to the extent of four hours, could be counted toward the 16 hours of required science, if the courses involved laboratory work. The requirement of six hours of psychology and education was changed eventually (in 1926) to three hours of general psychology and three in religious education.382 The requirement in Bible was raised (in 1945) from four hours to six.383 Physical education was required of freshmen, sophomores, and juniors, 1919-22, but of freshmen and sophomores only, 1922-46.384 It carried no academic credit. Personal hygiene (one hour) was required of freshmen, beginning in the session, 1919- 20.385 Freshman Orientation (introduced in 1916-17, but not continued) was made a requirement (one hour) in 1920, but was dropped in 1944.386 A two-hour course in philosophy, also, was made a requirement for freshmen, in 1930, and a three-hour course, beginning in 1945.387 Effective in the session, 1920-21, the college established a qualitative standard (124 credits), besides a quantitative (124 semester hours of courses), for graduation in the B. A. program. A grade of C carried one qualitative credit for each semester hour of a course; a grade of B, two credits; a grade of A, three credits; a grade of D (though a passing mark), no credit. To graduate, a student must make an average grade of Con 124 semester hours of work.388

378c, June, 1930, p. 43; FacSenM, July 20, 1929. 379c,June, 1919, p. 30. 380c, June, 1921, p. 31; FacSenM, July 20, 1929. 381c, June, 1930, p. 40; FacSenM, July 20, 1929. 382c, June, 1926, p. 29. 383c, June, 1945, p. 62. 384c, June, 1919, p. 18; June, 1922, p. 29. 385c,June, 1919, p. 18. 386c, June, 1920, p. 32; June, 1944, p. 27. 387C, June, 1930, pp. 74-75; June, 1945, p. 63. 388c, June, 1920, p. 30. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 327

The system of letter grades was adopted during the session, 1919-20.389 The numerical equivalents were, approximately, as follows: A, 95-100 percent; B, 88-94; C, 81-87; D, 75-80. A grade of E (60-74), meaning conditional, entitled the recipient to re-examination in the course within a specified time, while a grade of F (below 60) meant total failure. The catalogue of June, 1929 (p. 31), introduced two more grades: I, meaning incomplete work, and W, meaning withdrawal of the student from the course. The college's catalogue of June, 1935 (p. 50), specified that the one year that B. A. candidates must spend in residence at the college must be the senior year. A new requirement for the B. A. degree went into effect in September, 1938: concentration of study in a particular field of knowledge during the junior and senior years, by taking from 18 to 24 semester hours of courses in a particular subject and 12 more hours in "cognate or closely related subjects" (freshman courses excluded). The student must choose his field of concentration during the second semester of his sophomore year, and build his program of courses in consultation with the head of the department in which he was majoring.390 Another new requirement for the B. A. degree became effective in the spring of 1946: in the last semester of work, comprehensive examinations (written and oral) covering the courses of study in the student's field of concentration, to determine knowledge and understanding of it.391 To be an "honor graduate," a student must have made an average grade of B, or have earned 248 qualitative credits on 124 semester hours of courses.392 Other requirements were added later. The college's catalogue of June, 1930 (p. 45), announced that, to graduate with honor henceforth, the student must do honor caliber work during his senior year, and the catalogue of June, 1938 (p. 45), stated that, to graduate with honor, the student must spend two years (not just the senior year) in residence at the college. The honor graduates of June, 1920, were the first to be so designated in the college's catalogue. In February, 1938, the college's faculty decided to discontinue the practice of designating a valedictorian and salutatorian among the graduating seniors, and to use, henceforth, the terms cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude for classifying the honor graduates.393 During the 27 years of Dr. Bowman's presidency (1919-46), the college conferred 890 B. A. degrees, as compared with 88 granted in the preceding years (1891-1919). The only other earned degree the college conferred after 1919 was the B. S. The number of degrees granted year by year is shown in an appendix near the end of this volume.

The B. S. Course The requirements for admission to the college to work for the B. S. degree, during the period, 1919-46, were the same as those for the B. A., except that the entrant's secondary school record must show three (instead of two) units of mathematics, and the applicant (as early as June, 1919) could substitute two years of another foreign language for Latin.394 The requirements for graduation in the B. S. program were the same as those in the B. A. program, ~xcept that the required 124 semester hours of courses must include 18 of

389FacM, Nov. 24, 1919. 390c, June, 1939, p. 46; TrM, Nov. 6, 1939. 391Newsette, Dec., 1945, p. 2; Bee, Jan. 11, 1946, p. 1. 392c, June, 1920, p. 31. 393FacM, Feb. 22, 1938. 394c, June, 1919, pp. 21-23. 328 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

mathematics (instead of six) and 32 of science (instead of 16). From 1919, only 12 hours of foreign language had to be taken, and no work in psychology, education, or social science.395 The college discontinued the B. S. degree program (for the time being) after the session, 1922-23, except that it allowed students already working for the degree until June, 1926, in which to complete requirements.396 The college conferred 10 B. S. degrees during the years 1920-24, as compared with five in the preceding years (1913-18). In February, 1937, the college's trustees authorized a program of study (130 semester hours) leading to a B. S. degree in home economics, and another (130 semester hours) leading to a B. S. in public school music.397 The college conferred the first degrees in those programs on June 5, 1939. During the years 1939-46, when Dr. Bowman was president, Bridgewater granted 31 B. S. degrees in music education and 26 in home economics.

Pre-Professional Curricula

An innovation during Dr. Bowman's presidency was the offering of pre-professional curricula. The college's catalogue of June, 1920 (pp. 33-35), described a two-year pre-medical course that would meet the requirements for admission to medical schools approved by the American Medical Association. The course, however, was not offered after 1940, presumably because the best medical schools were stressing the need of four years of preparatory work in college. The catalogue of June, 1923 (pp. 34-35), announced a two-year pre-pharmacy course, arranged in cooperation with the School of Pharmacy at the Medical College of Virginia. The catalogue of June, 1932 (p. 52), advertised a one-year pre-dental course, designed to satisfy entrance requirements of dental schools. The catalogue of June, 1937 (p. 53), however, showed that the course had been lengthened to two years. The catalogue of June, 1932 (p. 52), announced the offer of courses that would meet requirements for entrance to law schools, and others "that may be counted for advance credit" in schools of engineering. The catalogue of June, 1937 (p. 54), outlined a program of courses recommended by the American Association of Theological Schools for entrance to seminaries. The college's faculty voted, in December, 1919, to confer a baccalaureate degree upon the satisfactory completion of the first year of work at a recognized law school, or medical school, after the completion of three years of prescribed work at Bridgewater,398 and the college's catalogue of June, 1920 (p. 35), carried the announcement. Later catalogues announced the college's decision to grant a baccalaureate degree, under the same conditions, upon the satisfactory completion of the first year of work in a recognized school of technical engineering,399 or school of theology.400

395c, June, 1919, p. 31. 396FacSenM, Feb. 21, 1923; C, June, 1923, p. 29. 397TrM, Feb. 16, 1937; C, June, 1937, p. 49. 398FacM, Dec. 9, 1919. 399c,June, 1922, p. 35. 400c, June, 1932, p. 52. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 329

Authorization of Practice-Teaching In August, 1928, the college's trustees, upon President Bowman's recommendation, approved the inauguration by the college, in cooperation with Daleville Academy, of a practice-teaching program for Bridgewater students seeking certificates for teaching in secondary schools.401 The Virginia State Board of Education gave its authorization in 1929.402 In January, 1936, the Virginia State Board of Education approved Bridgewater's proposed plan for practice teaching by its students in the elementary grades,403 and the college's trustees authorized the offering of the courses necessary for the training of primary school teachers and for meeting certification requirements. 404

The Home Economics Department Upon the basis of Samuel M. Bowman's bequest in 1919, the college, in 1920, established a department of home economics, as well as one of agriculture. During the session, 1920-21, it offered two courses, "Sewing and Textiles" (the first semester) and "Foods and Cookery" (the second semester), both laboratory courses and each carrying three hours' credit. 405 Mary McKee Seebert (B. S., Harrisonburg State Normal School) taught those first courses during the sessions, 1920-22. The home economics teachers who followed her, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, are named in the section of this chapter that deals with the faculty of the college. The school's catalogue for the session, 1922-23, shows that the "Sewing and Textiles" course and the "Foods and Cookery" course had each been expanded to two semesters (three hours' credit per semester) and were to be offered in alternate years. 406 Other courses were added later: "House Planning and Furnishing" and "Horne Nursing and Child Care," in 1932-33; "Horne Management," in 1933-34; and "Nutrition," in 1937-38. All were two-hour courses.407 A still greater expansion of course offerings in home economics followed the decision of the college's trustees, in February, 1937, to offer a program of study leading to the B. S. degree in home economics, designed to prepare young women to become practical dietitians, pursue graduate work in home economics, and to qualify for a special teacher certificate in the field. The new degree-program of required work included 44 semester hours of courses in home econornics.408 The catalogue for the session, 1939-40, listed six more courses.409 By the session, 1945-46, fifty-nine hours of courses in home economics, most of them taught in alternate years, were being offered.410

401B, Aug., 1928, p. 6. 402FacSenM, Feb. 12, 1929. 403Jbid., Jan. 20, 1936. 404TrM, Jan. 30, 1936. 405c, June, 1920, pp. 62-63. 406c, June, 1922, p. 61. 407C, June, 1932, p. 69; June, 1933, p. 72; June, 1936, p. 76. 408TrM, Feb. 16, 1937; C, June, 1937, pp. 75-77. 409c, June, 1939, pp. 71-73. 410c, June, 1945, pp. 55-57. 330 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

In May, 1948, the Virginia State Board of Education gave its approval of Bridgewater College for the training of teachers of vocational home economics.411 At first, the Home Economics Department had its quarters in the "White House." In November, 1921, its work was moved to the basement of Founders' Hall, and in September, 1929, to the basement of Rebecca Hall. Its home management work was moved into the apartment in Cole Hall in the spring of 1939, into the George B. Flory house in the fall of 1940, and into the Charles W. Roller house in the fall of 1941. In the fall of 1969, the department's work was transferred to the newly opened Moomaw Hall, which was connected with Rebecca Hall.412

The Department of Agriculture and its Demise

On "College Day'' during the Bible Institute in January, 1911, Professor John C. Myers and Peter S. Thomas, a Bridgewater trustee, recommended that the college establish a department of agriculture, to teach scientific farming methods, since many Bridgewater students came from farms and many wished to live on farms.413 Such a department would make it unnecessary for young men of the Church of the Brethren who desired courses in agriculture to attend state land-grant colleges, many of which required military drill. 414 Action came nine years later. Upon the basis of Samuel M. Bowman's bequest in 1919, the college, in 1920, established a department of agriculture, to consist of a "Samuel M. Bowman Professor of Agriculture," who should serve also as superintendent of the college farm, with "a first-class farmer working under him." Beginning in the session, 1920-21, the department should offer a two-year course in agriculture, requiring for entrance a junior college certificate (or its equivalent) and leading to a B. S. degree; also another two-year course in agriculture, requiring for entrance a high school diploma and leading to a certificate.415 The equipment for the department consisted of a demonstration farm of about 100 acres, a modern barn and other buildings, horses, a dairy herd and beef cattle, poultry, and hogs, as well as laboratory facilities. The farm supplied the college kitchen with "dairy, poultry, and garden products."416 The farm, adjoining the college campus, included the land on the northeast side of Dinkel Avenue (from Third Street to College View Drive), extending back to College Woods Drive and the woods; also the greater portion of the land lying opposite, between Dinkel Avenue and East College Street, and some land between East College Street and North River and land in the river bottom.417 The college's trustees, in 1921, interestingly enough, considered allowing prospectors to drill the area for oil. 418 The college engaged Charles W. Wampler, farmer and stockbreeder, and Rockingham County's farm demonstration agent, to serve (part-time) as instructor of agriculture and general manager of the college farm, 1920-21, after Herbert C. Clauser (B. S., Albright College),

411c. Tyler Miller to John W. Boitnott, May 28, 1948, AMML. 412TrM, Oct. 14, 1921; C, June, 1922, p. 12; B, Oct., 1928, p. 6; Bee, March 3, 1939, p. 2; Oct. 18, 1940, p. 1; FacAdmComM, June 3, 1941; TrExComM, Aug. 11, 1941; Alumnus, Dec., 1968, pp. 1-2. 413cL, Feb., 1911, PP· 3, 5. 414cL, March, 1914, p. 3. 415TrM, Dec. 23, 1919. 416c,June, 1920, p. 49. 417Maynard E. Seehom to FFW, April 30, 1981, and May 13, 1981. 418TrM, June 21, 1921; TrExComM, July 14, 1921. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 331 appointed to the position,41 9did not serve. Mr. Wampler's successor was Edward B. Van Pelt, 1921-28. Joseph W. Miller instructed in agriculture, 1928-30. Later teachers of that subject (not offered every year), the catalogues show, were Walter S. Flory, Jr., 1934-35, and Harry G. M. Jopson, 1936-43. Joseph Elmer Seehorn was the manager and operator of the farm, 1928-41, and after him, Cecil C. Ikenberry was the manager (but not the operator), 1941-47, not only of the farm adjoining the college campus, but also of the Edward W. Wright farm, which the college purchased in 1939.420 I. N. Rodeffer, then Mead Hunter, were tenants of the farm adjoining the college campus during the years 1922-28, prior to Mr. Seehom's management. Russell E. Mason was the tenant, 1941-45, and after him, Harold A. Myers, 1945-48.421 The college's catalogue for the session, 1920-21, listed 30 semester hours of courses in agriculture on the following subjects: farm crops, soils, horticulture, animal husbandry, stockbreeding, dairying, farm equipment and management, and orcharding. All were three- hour courses, except farm crops and animal husbandry, six hours each. 422 New courses (in place of others discontinued) listed for the session, 1921-22, were "Agricultural Engineering" and "Feeds and Feeding," each three hours' credit; and during the session, 1924-25, "Poultry" and "Stock Judging," each two hours' credit.423 The catalogue for the session, 1926-27, however, listed only two courses in agriculture: "Soils" and "Horticulture" (each two hours' credit); and they appeared, not within a department of agriculture, but in the "Department of Biology and Agriculture." The catalogue, moreover, made no mention of the Samuel M. Bowman Foundation.424 The catalogues for the sessions, 1928-38, listed six agriculture courses (each two hours' credit), but, beginning in September, 1932, opened only one of those courses each session to student enrollment. The catalogue for the session, 1939-40, listed only one course in agriculture (horticulture, two hours' credit), to be offered every third year,425 and it remained thus, 1940-46. Because interest in agriculture did not develop as was anticipated, and because the demonstration farm ran a deficit nearly every year, the college's trustees, in October, 1925, voted to separate the farm "from the scientific and educational administration of the college," and to operate the farm, henceforth, "purely as a business proposition," and to take steps to reduce the investment in farm land by selling off building sites for residences. 426 Bridgewater hosted an agricultural and home economics institute on January 14-16, 1920; on February 15-17, 1921; on February 8-10, 1922; and on February 15-17, 1923. Among the speakers at those institutes (in the years indicated) were the state director of home economics, Mrs. Mary Moore Davis (1920, 1921); the state commissioner of agriculture, W. G. Coiner (1923); the state veterinarian, J. G. Femeyhaugh (1921); the Rockingham County farm agents, W. S. Campfield (1920) and Charles W. Wampler (1921); Grace A. McGuire, home economics instructor, Harrisonburg State Normal School (1922); Bridgewater's home economics

419TrM, June 22, Dec. 30, 1920. 42~aynard E. Seehom to FFW, May 13, 1981; Cecil C. Ikenberry to FFW, Sept. 14, 1981. 421 FacAdmComM,Jan. 22, 1922; TrExComM, Sept. 20, 1941; Maynard E. Seehom to FFW, May 13, 30, 1981. 422c, June, 1920, pp. 49-50. 423c, June, 1921, pp. 4~9; June, 1924, p. 54. 424c, June, 1926, pp. 53-54. 425c, June, 1939, p. 59; see also TrM, Feb. 13, 1939. 426rrM, Oct. 16, 1925. 332 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

instructors, Mary McKee Seebert (1922) and A. Lucile Gnagey (1923); and professors of Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1920, 1921, 1922, 1923).427 During each of the years 1940-45, the college hosted a "Rural Life Institute," because of Bridgewater's location in "one of the most favorable agricultural sections of the country."428

Extension Courses

On October 1, 1936, the college inaugurated, at Franklin, West Virginia, a series of extension courses, taught by members of the Bridgewater faculty under the direction of Dr. J. Maurice Henry: a course on rural education, by Dr. Frederick D. Dove; a course on American literature, by Lucile Long; and a course on art, by Mrs. Charles P. Graham. The courses were taught on Friday evenings, from 4:30 to 8:30, during a period of 12 weeks, and each carried three semester hours' credit.429 The college offered such courses at Franklin during three consecutive sessions, 1936-39. The courses attracted 33 students in the first semester, and 42 in the second semester, 1936-37; 27 in the first semester, and 21 in the second semester, 1937-38; and 17 in the first semester, 1938-39.430

Summer Sessions

Another innovation during Dr. Bowman's presidency was the institution of summer sessions at the college. The proximity of the Harrisonburg State Normal School (1908-24) and the Harrisonburg State Teachers College (1924-38), each of which held a well attended summer session, was the main reason why Bridgewater was slow to inaugurate a summer term. 431 In February, 1925, however, Bridgewater's trustees decided to hold a summer session, beginning in 1926, and thus comply with student requests for summer courses and provide summer employment for regular faculty members.432 Such a session would not only enable students to earn more college credits, and some to complete graduation requirements, but would also enable persons to qualify for various teaching certificates issued by the Virginia State Board of Education: the collegiate professional certificate, the collegiate certificate, the special junior collegiate certificate, and the elementary certificate.433 The first summer session, which ran for six weeks, June 21-July 30, 1926, attracted 47 students, who could earn six semester hours' credit during the term. The director of the session, John S. Flory, the college's president emeritus, pronounced the summer school "an entire success."434 Five graduates received the B. A. degree on September 21, 1926. The second summer session, which ran for nine weeks (instead of six), June 20-August 20, 1927, with Dr. Flory again the director, drew 54 students, who could earn nine semester hours'

427The institutes' programs, AMML; PhM, April, 1921, p. 26; March, 1922, p. 22; B, Dec., 1921, pp. 1-4; Feb., 1923, pp. 1-4. 428From the files of the B, the FacM, and the FacSenM. 429TrExComM, Sept. 25, 1936; Bee, Oct. 23, 1936, p. 1. 4308, Oct., 1937, pp. 5, 8; Oct., 1938, p. 9; DistMM (1937), p. 6; DistMM(1938), p. 9; TrM, Feb. 13, 1939. 431 PHB to the Tr, Feb. 22, 1922. 432TrM, Feb. 20, 1925. 4338, Feb., 1926, pp. 2-3. 434TrM, Oct. 15, 1926. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 333 credit during the tenn.435 Thirteen students, seven of them B. A. graduates of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Maryland), who wished to "standardize" their degrees, satisfied the requirements for Bridgewater's B. A. during the session, and received the degree on September 20, 1927. The third summer session, which also ran for nine weeks, June 11-August 11, 1928, with Frederick D. Dove, Bridgewater's professor of psychology, as director, attracted only 36 students,436 eleven of whom received the B. A. degree on September 19, 1928. Two of those recipients were B. A. graduates of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Maryland). The fourth summer session, which ran for eight weeks, June 10-August 3, 1929, with Professor Dove again the director, drew 58 students,437 nine of whom received the B. A. degree on September 18, 1929. Besides regular Bridgewater faculty members, who handled most of the courses offered, the following visiting instructors taught the subjects named below in the summer sessions indicated: Carl S. Driver, M.A., history and political science, 1928, 1929; Nevin W. Fisher, vocal and instrumental music, 1927, 1928, 1929; Rudolph A. Glick, B. A., mathematics, 1928; Frances E. Harshbarger, M.A., French, 1929; Clyde K Holsinger, M.A., education, 1928, 1929; Charles S. Ikenberry, B. A., B. S. L., M. R. E., religious education and public school music, 1926; Madge S. Keiter, public speaking, 1926, 1927, 1929; Homer C. Will, M.A., biology, 1926; and Frank J. Wright, Ph.D., geology, 1929.438 The college's trustees decided not to hold a summer session in 1930,439 inasmuch as the total enrollment of the four sessions (1926-29, inclusive) was only 195 students (an average of 49 per session) and all four sessions had incurred deficits which totalled $1,085.55.440 After the United States entered World War II, the college decided to re-institute a summer session, so as to accelerate the graduation of students during the war period.441 The summer sessions, 1942-46, ran for 10 weeks, beginning usually during the second week in June and ending after the middle of August, during which time a student could earn 12 semester hours' credit. The enrollments during the five consecutive sessions were 59, 55, 70, 76, and 94. Two graduates received the B. A. degree on September 30, 1942; 12 the B. A. and one a commerce certificate on August 13, 1943; nine the B. A. degree and one a diploma in piano on August 18, 1944; 10 the B. A. degree and one the B. S. in Home Economics on August 18, 1945; four the B. A. degree, one the B. S. in Home Economics, and one a commerce certificate on August 17, 1946. This information is revealed in the college's catalogues. It was decided that there would be "no additional administrative set-up to provide for the summer session";442 hence, no summer session director was named during the war years. Rudolph A. Glick, of the college faculty, was the director of the summer session of 1946.443 The following visiting instructors, besides regular Bridgewater faculty members, taught the subjects named below in the summer sessions indicated: Herbert L. Bridges, Jr., M. S., psychology and education, 1945, 1946; Alice F. Gilbert, M.A., education, 1942; A. Virginia Good, M.A., English, 1945; Herman L. Hom, M.A., education and physical education, 1944; Homer A. Humphreys, M.A., psychology, 1944; Mrs. Edith G. Kern, Ph.D., Spanish, 1946;

4358, Feb., 1927, pp. 5-6; Aug., 1927, pp. 8-9. 4368, Aug., 1928, pp. 10-11. 4378, Aug., 1929, pp. 11-12. 4388, Feb., 1926, p. 1; Feb., 1927, p. 3; Feb., 1928, p. 2; Feb., 1929, p. 5. 439TrExComM, Feb. 18, 1930. 440-rrM, July 23, 1929; PHB to the Tr, Nov. 11, 1929. 441 Newsette, April, 1942, p. 2. 442FacAdmComM, March 3, 1942. 443TrM, April 25, 1946. 334 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Ray A. Kurtz, M.A., chemistry, 1944; Daniel W. Lehman, M.A., psychology and education, 1943; Theron J. Liskey, B. A., biology, 1943; Dorothy Miller, M. S., and certificates from the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music and the Peabody Conservatory, music, 1942; Lula A. Miller, M.A., biology, 1945; Clifford T. Riddel, Jr., M.A., chemistry, 1946; Mildred L. Schmidt, B. A., home economics, 1945; Rebekah S. Sheaffer, M.A., English, 1944; Amos M. Showalter, Ph.D., biology, 1944; Bradley D. F. Thompson, M.A., history, 1946; George A. Williams, Ph.D., chemistry, 1943; and R. Lowell Wine, B. A., mathematics and physics, 1942.444 The college treasurer's reports show that the income from the summer sessions, 1942-46, exceeded operating expenses. The college has held a summer session every year since 1946.

The Faculty

During the 27 years (1919-46) of Paul Haynes Bowman's presidency, the college's catalogues reveal, 109 men and women served (full-time and part-time) on the Bridgewater faculty during the regular academic sessions. Eighteen of the 109 held the Ph. D. degree: five from the University of Virginia, two from Cornell University, two from Ohio State University, and one from each of the following universities: Brown, Chicago, Clark, Columbia, George Washington, Iowa State, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. One was a Docteur es Lettres of the University of Paris. Another was an M. D. Thirty-seven others (34 percent) held a master's degree. Forty- four others (40 percent) held only a bachelor's degree. The few who had no degrees held certificates for work completed in particular fields. Thirty-seven percent of the 109 faculty members were Bridgewater College graduates, and 25 percent were graduates of other Church of the Brethren colleges. About 50 percent of the 109 were women. The proportion of faculty members who belonged to the Church of the Brethren, 1919-46, ranged from about three-fourths to two-thirds, the church's yearbooks reveal. During the period under review, the college had no contract form for the employment of its faculty members; instead, a letter from the president specified the appointee's rank, his teaching subject(s), teaching load, salary and method of payment, and his membership in some church. The appointee responded, indicating his acceptance or declination. He taught for nine months of a year, but his salary was paid in 10 monthly installments. He was appointed for a two-year term; then, if his service was satisfactory, for three more years; then, after five years' satisfactory service, for an indefinite term, or during satisfactory service. 445 Faculty teaching loads, for full-time employees, during this period, were usually five courses, entailing three, four, or even five different preparations, the teachers' class record books reveal. During the years of World War II, some faculty members assumed somewhat heavier teaching schedules.446 The academic ranks of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, and instructor for members of the faculty were established in December, 1919. "Efficiency as a teacher and general usefulness in the institution," "ability and inclination to represent the College before the public in community service, extension work, public addresses, by literary activity and

444HDN-R, June 1, 1942, p. 2; May 25, 1943, p. 6; June, 13, 1944, p. 7; June 9, 1945, p. 8; June 7, 1946, p. 2. 445TrM, Dec. 23, 1919. 446-rrExComM, March 15, 1943. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 335

special research work" were the factors considered in making promotions in rank and increase in salary.447 When Dr. Bowman became president of the college on July 1, 1919, the highest salary paid to a Bridgewater faculty member was $1,500,448 but in December, 1919, the college's trustees adopted a new salary scale: $1,600 to $2,000 for professors; $1,300 to $1,500 for associate professors; $900 to $1,200 for assistant professors; and $500 to $900 for instructors.449 Under pressure of satisfying accreditation requirements of the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, the Bridgewater trustees, in February, 1928, decided that faculty members holding the Ph. D. degree should receive from $2,400 to $2,750, and those holding the M.A. (but not the Ph.D.), from $2,000 to $2,400.450 During the 1920's, Bridgewater faculty salaries, in most cases, increased about 100 percent, but the maximum for department heads was still "below the minimum salary of the various accrediting agencies."451 By September, 1930, the college's trustees had put six faculty members "on a minimum salary of $3,000."452 During the years of the Great Depression, full payment of faculty salaries had to be deferred, mainly because of uncollected student accounts, which amounted to $22,878 at the end of the session, 1932-33. Of that figure, $15,250 was still unpaid by February, 1934.453 Uncollected accounts amounted to $31,076 (nearly twice what was owed the faculty) by July 1, 1935.454 After discussing the financial situation with the Faculty Senate in February, 1933, the college's trustees decided that teachers' salaries be paid, as contracted, only after other bills were paid, and that any arrears be paid as collections were made on student accounts; also that 10 percent of the gross receipts during the session be diverted into a sinking fund for the purpose of curtailing bank loans, and that faculty salaries be reduced 15 percent to help create such a sinking fund.455 During certain sessions, however, faculty members whose salaries were $1,000 or less were paid in full, when their colleagues were not. 456 The faculty members accepted their lot with understanding.457 "The patience and cooperation of our teachers in this matter," President Bowman remarked, "is a source of deep satisfaction."458 The faculty members received about 60 percent of their contract salaries during the session, 1932-33 (and all but $5,035.58 by June 30, 1934); 82.95 percent during the session, 1933- 34 (and the remainder in the fall of 1936); 55 percent during the session, 1934-35 (and the rest in May, 1937); 75 percent during the session, 1935-36 (and the remainder in July, 1937); 88.2 percent during the session, 1936-37; 82 percent during the session, 1937-38 (and the rest in September, 1938); 75 percent during the session, 1938-39; 95 percent during the session, 1939- 40; and 90 percent during the session, 1941-42. They received the full amount of their contract salaries during the sessions, 1940-41, and 1942-45, thanks to the additional income from

447TrM, Dec. 23, 1919. 448TrM, April 5, 1919. 449TrM, Dec. 23, 1919. 450-rrM, Feb. 7, 1928. 451TrM, Feb. 4, 1930. 452PHB to Theodore H. Jack, Sept. 29, 1930, PrO Papers, AMML. 453PHB to the Tr, TrM, Feb. 20, 1934. 4548, Oct., 1935, p. 3. 455TrExComM, Feb. 17, 1933; TrM, Feb. 21, 1933. 4~rExComM, June 3, 1935; Sept. 25, 1936. 457warren S. Craun to FFW, April 10, 1976. 458PHB in B, Oct., 1933, p. 2. 336 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

contributions by alumni and other friends of the college, and by church conferences and congregations, in response to President Bowman's appeals.459 In February, 1946, the college's board of trustees rescinded "the 10% reserve clause" carried in the teachers' contracts since 1933, and voted to resume immediate full payment of contract salaries.460 The trustees adopted for the faculty, in February, 1940, the Virginia Education Association's salary scale (for nine months' service): $3,000 for professors; $2,500 for associate professors; $2,000 for assistant professors; and $1,500 for instructors.461 By July, 1931, the college president's contract salary was $4,000, and the academic dean's was $3,400 (for 12 months' service in each case), and those salaries were not increased during the remaining 15 years of Dr. Bowman's presidency.462 Upon President Bowman's suggestion, the faculty, in 1933, began a series of monthly discussions of problems pertaining to the teaching profession (the faculty had had such discussions occasionally as ear~y as 1902).463 Among the topics discussed during the years 1933-46 were the following: objectives of college education; trends in higher education; the new Virginia curriculum (1935) in the public schools; teaching techniques; ways of testing students' knowledge and understanding; methods of grading examination papers; the problem of the failing student; ethics in the teaching profession; the functioning of the honor system; the placement of graduates in positions; the college and the town; criteria in awarding honorary degrees. Occasionally, a guest speaker was present.464 Faculty members attended professional meetings on the state and national levels and devoted some time to research and writing in their respective fields. They were active in other ways. "Sermons, training schools, conference addresses, camp leadership, high school commencements, concerts, radio broadcasts, church boards and committees, and numerous other activities ... claim much time and energy of our teachers," President Bowman reported to the college's board of trustees.465 In January, 1920, the faculty adopted an official corporate seal for the college (shown and explained in an appendix near the end of this volume).466 Upon authorization by the college's trustees, the faculty, in 1930, began designating persons to receive honorary degrees,467 and in 1939, it set aside its rule that only Bridgewater alumni be eligible for such degrees.468 In March, 1939, the faculty decided to allow a student to obtain both a B. A. degree and a B. S. after satisfying the requirements for both degrees, taking at least 154 semester hours of courses (and earning the required number of quality points), and being in residence at the college at least five years.469 By meeting these requirements, Margaret E. West received from Bridgewater, in 1939, the B. A. degree and the B. S. in music education; Helen M. Early, the

459TrM, Oct. 8, 1934; Feb. 15, Oct. 25, 1938; Nov. 11, 1940; May 28, 1945; TrExCornM, June 6, Nov. 7, 1936; May 21, July 7, 1937; July 22, Sept. 1, 1938; July 7, 1942; June 29, 1943; B, Oct., 1933, p. 2; Oct., 1941, p. 8; Oct., 1944, p. 4; Warren S. Craun to FFW, April 10, 1976. 4~rM, Feb. 25, 1946. 461TrM, Feb. 12, 1940. 462Bus0 Papers. 463cL, Dec. 15, 1902, p. 4. 464Frorn the FacM, 1933-46. 465B, Oct., 1935, p. 4. 466FacAdrnCornM, Nov. 18, 1919; Jan., 21, 1920. 467FacM, May 29, 1930. 468FacM, March 13, 1939. 469Ibid. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 337

B. A. in 1939, and the B. S. in music education in 1940; and M. Ellsworth Kyger, Jr., the B. A. in 1941, and the B. S. in music education in 1942.470 In October, 1927, the faculty approved a design for a standard Bridgewater College ring, in response to a request of the senior class.471 The faculty had meetings normally twice a month. Its successive secretaries, during Dr. Bowman's presidency, were Professor Aubrey R. Coffman, 1919-20, and Mattie V. Glick, from September 18, 1920. From as early as 1930, student representatives sat on most of the standing committees of the faculty. The members of the faculty in the regular sessions during Paul H. Bowman's presidency (1919-46), in the order of their appointment, are named in the paragraphs that follow. Their academic credentials are presented in an appendix near the end of this volume. John S. Flory continued to be the main teacher of the English language and literature until 1946. The other instructors in that field were Anna Mary Dean, 1920-21; Nell M. Critzer, 1921- 22; Ada P. Kurtz, 1926-28; Ruth I. Cline, 1928-30; Elizabeth R. Blough, 1930-33; Lucile Long, 1933-43; Morley J. Mays, 1941-44; and Benjamin W. Fuson, 1944-46.472 Allan B. Bicknell continued to teach French until 1947. The other instructors in that language were Nell M. Critzer, 1921-22; Alice Brumbaugh (Mrs. Frederick D.) Dove, 1925-27, 1931-38, 1943-45; Selma G. Grether, 1927-28; A. Olivia Cool, 1929-30; Helen Lowe, 1930-31; L. Paul Miller, 1937-39; Henry B. Cox, 1939-41; and H. Holmes Wilhelm, 1941-43. Dr. Bicknell and Messrs. Cox, Miller, and Wilhelm instructed in German also. Greek and Latin, for some years required for Bridgewater's B. A. degree, were offered only occasionally after 1920. Aubrey R. Coffman taught Greek and Latin, 1918-20, and Wilmer R. Kensinger instructed in Greek, 1935-37. The teachers of Spanish were L. Paul Miller, 1937-39; Gerd Moser, 1939-41; H. Holmes Wilhelm, 1941-43; and John W. Basta, 1945-48. Bessie W. Arnold continued to teach art until it was discontinued in 1921. When instruction in art was resumed in 1928, Georgia R. Shrum was the teacher until 1935. Her successor, until 1959, was Olive Delp (Mrs. Charles P.) Graham. In the field of music, Charles W. Roller continued to teach voice and music theory until 1924, and again, 1930-31; Grace Lee Berlin, piano until 1924; James A. Harman, stringed and wind instruments until 1922, and again, 1927-33; and Mary L. Richcreek, piano and voice until 1921. New music teachers appointed during the period 1919-46 were Nevin W. Fisher, piano and voice, 1922-25; HesterW. Fisher, piano, 1924-25; Elizabeth Trappe, violin, 1924-27; Nelson T. Huffman, voice, 1925-28, 1929-65; Minnie Mugler, piano, 1925-27; Ruth E. Weybright, piano, organ, and music theory, 1927-79; Gladys E. Michaels, voice and piano, 1927-30; John E. Stover, voice, 1928-29; A. Olivia Cool, piano and music theory, 1929-30, 1937-40, 1942-76; William G. Kinzie, orchestra, 1931-32; Zula M. Gochenour, piano, 1931-34; Theodore W. Mundy, violin and orchestra, 1933-36; J. Edgar Anderson, violin, 1936-40; Lucielle J. (Mrs. Everett R.) Shober, voice and public school music, 1937-40, 1942-46; Lucille Y. Marshall, instrumentation, 1939-45; Galen L. Stinebaugh, public school music and violin, 1940-42; and Alice G. Beardsley, violin and piano, 1944-46.

470c, June, 1940, pp. 87, 88; June, 1941, p. 77;June, 1942, p. 69; June, 1943, p. 69. 471 FacM, Oct. 24, 1927. 472Besides the college's catalogues and other bulletins, other helpful sources on faculty appointments and tenure are the president's reports to the college's trustees and the files of the PhM, the Bee, and the HDN-R. 338 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The teachers of expression were Madge A. Stover, 1926-28; Grace Beard Young, 1929-31; Madge S. Keiter, 1930-38; Mildred B. Hahn, 1937-38; Alice Brumbaugh (Mrs. Frederick D.) Dove, 1937-40; and Paul W. Keller, 1940-42. Mrs. Dove, Miss Hahn, and Mr. Keller were instructors in dramatics also. The teachers of agriculture were Charles W. Wampler, 1920-21; Edward B. Van Pelt, 1921- 30; Joseph W. Miller, 1928-30; Walter S. Flory, Jr., 1934-35; and Harry G. M. Jopson, 1936-43. The instructors in biology were Edward B. Van Pelt, 1921-30; Lula A. Miller, 1930-31; Amos M. Showalter, 1931-34; Walter S. Flory, Jr., 1934-35; Everett R. Shober, 1935-36; Harry G. M. Jopson, 1936-43; John Woodard, 1943-44; and Frances E. Silliman, 1944-46. The teachers of chemistry were Edward M. Starr, 1920-34, 1935-37; Harry R. Weimer, 1934- 38; Frederick K. Kirchner, 1938-43; and W. Donald Clague, 1943-66. Geology was taught irregularly. The teachers were Frank J. Wright, 1919-23, 1924-25; and Harry G. M. Jopson, 1946 (spring semester)-81. The teachers of home economics were Mary McKee Seebert, 1920-22; A. Lucile Gnagey, 1922-24; Mary McKee Seebert (Mrs. Edward M.) Starr, 1924-25, 1926-27; Kathleen R. Harrington, 1925-26; Selma G. Grether, 1927-28; Manola F. Evers, spring semester, 1929; Lillian A. Biltcliffe, 1929-30; Helen Lowe, 1930-31; Georgia R. Shrum, 1931-35; Marjorie M. Bullard, 1935-36; T. Fern Shoemaker, 1936-38; Lera Wampler (Mrs. Arthur B.) Miller, 1938-41; Wanda M. Hoover, 1938-42; Mildred N. Meroney, 1939-43; Alice Freeman Hall, 1941-42; Alline Gillespie, 1942-43; Josephine R. Miller, 1942-43; Helen M. Ruby, 1943-45; Margaret P. Dixon, 1943-46; Blanche B. (Mrs. J. Lloyd) Spaulding, 1945-46; and S. Ruth Howe, 1945-71. Charles E. Shull continued to instruct in mathematics and physics until 1963. Other regular teachers of those subjects were J. Emmert Ikenberry, 1930-35; and Rudolph A. Glick, 1937-43, 1945-72. The instructors in commercial subjects were Ira F. Thomas, 1924-26, 1933-34; John J. Hartnett, Jr., 1937-40; Edith B. Barber, 1942-43; William F. Smith, 1943-45; and Ruth N. Smith, 1945-46. Those who taught commercial subjects and economics were Charles C. Wright, 1915-28, 1929-54; Newton D. Cool, 1931-49; and Warren S. Craun, 1934-36. Paul W. Keller taught economics. John T. Glick continued to teach history until 1922. After him, the instructors in that subject were Charles C. Wright, 1922-28; Minor C. Miller, 1922-26; Ada P. Kurtz, 1926-28; and J. Maurice Henry, 1928-52. The teachers of political science were Charles C. Wright, 1916-28, 1945-47, 1948-50; and J. Maurice Henry, 1928~52. The instructors in sociology were Charles C. Wright, 1919-28, and Frederick D. Dove, 1929- 30, 1931-48. The teachers of philosophy were Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-46; Wallace B. Varner, 1923- 25; and Marshall R. Wolfe, 1937-55. Those who taught Biblical literature were John S. Flory, 1919-31; Frederick D. Dove, 1925- 30; J. Maurice Henry, 1931-36; Wilmer R. Kensinger, 1935-37; Marshall R. Wolfe, 1937-55; and A. Stauffer Curry, 1943-45. Minor C. Miller taught religious education, 1921-58. The teachers of education were William T. Sanger, 1919-21; Michael J. Zigler, 1920-21; Rachel C. Laughlin, 1921-23; Edgar S. Kiracofe, 1923-28; Frederick D. Dove, 1925-30, 1931-48; John W. Boitnott, 1930-31; D. Stanley Houser, 1933-42; Charles P. Graham, 1935-36; Everett R. Shober, 1936-46; and Wesley W. Jonah, 1942-43. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 339

John W. Boitnott, Frederick D. Dove, Rachel C. Laughlin, William T. Sanger, Wallace B. Varner, and Michael J. Zigler taught psychology also. The coaches of the various sports (named elsewhere in this chapter) were instructors in physical education also.

The Faculty Senate

In October, 1919, the college's trustees authorized the organization of a faculty senate, according to a plan proposed by President Bowman. It consisted of the college's chief administrative officials, faculty members holding the Ph. D. degree and having at least 2 1 /2 years' teaching experience at Bridgewater, faculty members holding the M. A. degree and having at least five years' teaching experience at Bridgewater, and a representative of the schools affiliated with the college.473 Because it was becoming too large a deliberative body, the senate, in 1938, with the faculty's approval, restricted its membership to fewer administrative officials (the president, academic dean, registrar, business manager, and treasurer) and five faculty members elected annually in May by the faculty by secret ballot from a list of eligibles. 474 The senate studied and reported on problems referred to it by the faculty, by the college's president, and by its board of trustees, and through the senate the faculty presented recommendations to the trustee board. Student discipline problems were among the matters it considered.475 The president of the college was the president also of the Faculty Senate, but in his absence the college's academic dean, or "the ranking member of the faculty," presided at the regular monthly meetings. The senate's successive secretaries (elected annually), the minutes show, were Newton D. Cool, 1919-39; Paul D. Horst, 1939-41; and Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1941-43. After 1943, the Faculty Senate's work was assumed by the Council on Administration (established in 1919), a group of six to nine appointees of the college's president, including the institution's chief administrative officials and a few faculty members. The council, which met three or four times a month, handled routine business and financial matters and regulated student finances, activities, and conduct. Its presiding officer was (and is) the college's president (but, during his absence, the academic dean) and its secretary, 1919-57, was Mattie V. Glick.

The Council on Education

The Council on Education, established by the faculty in February, 1944, replaced its committee on credits and curriculum.476 The council, which met two or more times a month, consisted of six or seven persons, among them elected representatives of the several divisions of the departments of instruction and the academic dean, who came to be the council's presiding officer. The agency's primary function was (and is) to determine (subject to the faculty's approval) the college's educational policy concerning curriculum, instruction, credits,

473TrM, Oct. 3, 1919. 474FacSenM,l'-iov.25, 1938;FacM, J)ec. 12, 1938. 475TrM, Oct. 3, 1919. 476FacM, Feb. 14, 1944. 340 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

honors, honorary degrees, college entrance standards, graduation requirements, schedules, and related matters. The college, in 1944, became an institutional member of the American Council on Education.477

The Library During the first 10 years (1919-29) of Dr. Bowman's presidency, the library's quarters continued to be the large room that occupied the first floor of Founders' Hall (east wing of the present Flory Hall) to the left of the passageway, as one enters the building. In 1922, a newly excavated basement room of Founders' Hall was put to use as a storage area for the library,478 but its dampness proved to be damaging to the books and periodicals kept there.479 In late December, 1929, the library's quarters were moved to the basement level of the newly constructed Cole Hall, 480 where they remained until September, 1963. President Bowman suggested to the college's trustees, in 1937, that the Bridgewater library "could appropriately take the form of a separately incorporated institution.... Branch libraries could be established in the county seats of several counties near the college which would render a much needed service. The counties of Rockingham, Augusta, Page, Shenandoah, and Highland in Virginia, and Pendleton, Grant, and Hampshire counties in West Virginia could be included in such a service."481 President Bowman suggested to the trustees, also, "that we propose taking over the church [College Street Church of the Brethren building] as a library in the summer of 1941 for the sum of $20,000." After some discussion, the trustees adopted a motion "that when the Bridgewater congregation wishes to dispose of their church at a sacrifice price, the trustees will consider purchasing it.11482 In 1937, the library received a gift of books from the estate of John T. Harris, prominent lawyer of Harrisonburg, and in 1943, about 200 books, chiefly on travel and history, bequeathed by William J. Showalter, distinguished journalist and research division chief of the National Geographic Magazine. 483 The library's expenditures for books and periodicals continued to be low, as the following figures for selected fiscal years indicate: $750, in 1928-29; $400, in 1934-35; $812.50, in 1945- 46.484 The number of bound volumes (besides pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers) in the library increased from about 11,000, in June, 1919, to about 12,000, by June, 1946.485 The library's hours were gradually extended during the years 1919-46, until they ran, generally, on Monday to Friday, from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. (except for time for chapel and lunch), and in the evening, from 7 to 10; on Saturday, somewhat fewer hours in the daytime.

477FacAdmCornM, Oct. 23, 1944. 478TrM, Oct. 20, 1922. 479PHB to the Tr, TrM, Feb. 19, 1926. 480rrExCornM, Nov. 24, 1929; Bee, Jan. 17, 1930, p. 1. 481PHB to the Tr, TrM, Feb. 16, 1937. 482TrM, Feb. 15, 1938. 483B, Oct., 1937, p. 5; Bee, Oct. 15, 1943, p. 1. 484The library's annual reports. 485c, June, 1919, p. 11; librarian's report, 1946-47. THE LIBRARY'S QUARTERS IN COLE HALL, 1929-63

The ground floor of Cole Hall, looking toward the entrance. In August, 1964, the Reuel B. Pritchett Museum was moved into these quarters. From 1904 until late December, 1929, the library's quarters were a large room on the left side (as one enters the building) of the hallway on the first floor of Founders' Hall (east wing of the present Flory Hall). From 1890 until early 1904, the library's quarters were a room on the left side (as one enters the building) of the hallway on the first floor of what is today Memorial Hall. From 1883 until the end of 1889, the library was housed in a room on the first floor of the school's original building on the present campus, on the site of Wardo Hall (now the west wing of Flory Hall). 342 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the successive head librarians, the catalogues show, were John T. Glick, 1916-22; Edward M. Starr, 1922-29; Agnes V. Kline, 1929-37; and J. Maurice Henry, 1937-49. Except Miss Kline, all of them were regular members of the college's teaching staff; hence, were part-time librarians. Miss Kline, a Bridgewater alumna (B. A., 1921) who received a library science degree (B. L. S.) from George Peabody College for Teachers in 1937, was the college's first full-time professionally trained librarian486 and a full-time staff member from 1929 to 1968. Students (seven in 1945-46) served as assistants in the library.

Commencements

The special events at the close of each regular college session in May or June remained generally the same throughout Dr. Bowman's presidency, except for the literary societies' contest, which, after 1930, was moved to an earlier time. The number of days allotted to those final events-the music recital, the graduating class's program, the play, the alumni association's activities, the baccalaureate and vesper services, the sacred concert, and the graduation exercises-was reduced from six to three. In each of the years of his presidency, except three, President Bowman preached the baccalaureate sermon. In 1924, 1930, and 1935, the baccalaureate speaker was the president emeritus of the college, John S. Flory. The baccalaureate services continued to be held (since 1916) in the College Street Church of the Brethren building. The practice of having a guest speaker at the graduation exercises each year (begun in 1912) was continued during Dr. Bowman's presidency. The names of the speakers appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. President Bowman's charges to the graduating classes were memorable statements, gems of wisdom and beauty.487 From 1916 through 1929, the graduation exercises were held in the College Street Church of the Brethren building; thereafter, from 1930 through 1959, in the Cole Hall auditorium. Faculty members did not wear academic cap, gown, and hood at the commencement exercises until June, 1925.488 When the senior class, in 1920, requested them to appear in academic costume, the faculty felt it not advisable to do so, since the commencements were being held in a church building.489 The seniors had been wearing academic cap and gown at their graduation exercises since 1917. The ceremony giving them "the honor of wearing hoods" was performed on Class Day in June, 1921 (if not thereafter).490 Beginning in June, 1921, also, baccalaureate-degree graduates received a new style of diploma, one printed on sheepskin and enclosed within a leather case, and using the college colors, the case crimson with gold lining and gold borders.491 The honor graduates of May 30, 1938, were the first to be classified by the terms cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude.492 In 1925, the college began conferring degrees in September (as well as in May or June), and continued to do so every September through 1942; then, for some years, in August.

486-rrExComM, April 29, 1929; TrM, July 23, 1929. 487His statements are in the PrO Papers, AMML. 488FacM, April 27, 1925. 489FacSenM,1'1ov. 17, 1920. 490FacM, June 2, 1921. 491 FacSenM, Nov. 17, Dec. 10, 1920; FacM, Dec. 14, 1920. 492FacM, Feb. 22, 1938. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 343

During Dr. Bowman's presidency, the college conferred the B. A. degree upon seven members of the David A. Cline family, of Weyers Cave, Virginia. Four sisters in that family, Grace Edith, May Lois, Pearle Virginia, and Ruth Irene, interestingly enough, were graduated on the same day, June 7, 1922; another sister, Martha Huff, in June, 1925, and another, Helen Frances, in June, 1927; and a brother, David A., Jr., in June, 1934. Seven members of another family, that of Mr. and Mrs. Ezra Fike, of Eglon, West Virginia were also graduated by the college during Dr. Bowman's presidency: Earl W. in 1927; Cora Ruth in 1929; Dove Lucille in 1932; Olive Marie and Virgie Maye in 1935; Galen E. in 1939; and Virginia Lois in 1945. All received the B. A. degree, except Virginia Lois, B. S. !he college conferred degrees upon eight sons and daughters of Professor and Mrs. Minor C. Miller, of Bridgewater, Virginia, and four of them were graduated during Dr. Bowman's presidency: Vera Winnifred, B. A. in 1938; Alice Eugenia, B. S. in 1940; Lawrance S., B. A. in 1942; and Mary Ellen, B. A. in 1945. Eleven sons and daughters of Mr. and Mrs. John T. Glick, of Bridgewater, Virginia, were graduated by the college, five of them when Dr. Bowman was president: Wendell P. in 1938; Victor E. in 1940; G. Wayne in 1941; Elizabeth C. in 1944; and Margaret V. in 1946. All received the B. A. degree, except Elizabeth C., B. S. President Bowman conferred academic degrees upon all of his children: Paul Hoover, in 1934; Grace, in 1939; John Evans, in 1941; and Rebecca Gene, in 1945. The first three received the B. A. degree; Rebecca Gene the B. S. Immediately following the June commencement exercises in 1934, 1935, and 1936, the new graduates were inducted into the college's alumni association by a ritual performed beneath the majestic oak tree that used to stand in front of Rebecca Hall. During its first 50 years, the college adhered strictly to the policy of granting no honorary degrees, but at the celebration of the semi-centennial anniversary of its founding in June, 1930, the college abandoned that policy. Since 1930, it has bestowed other such degrees (as indicated in an appendix near the end of this volume). Among the gifts presented to the college by the graduating classes during Dr. Bowman's presidency were the following: from the Class of 1920, a contribution to be used as the basis for a student loan fund; from the Class of 1921, fifteen outfits of academic caps and gowns; from the Class of 1922, the installation of a wireless receiving apparatus; from the Classes of 1923, 1924, 1925, and 1926, a contribution of $1,200 toward the purchase cost of the present athletic field; from the Class of 1927, an amount to cover the expense of erecting an entrance portico on the front side of Memorial Hall; from the Class of 1928, an amount to cover the cost of erecting brick pillars to mark the northwest entrance (on East College Street) to the college campus; from the Class of 1929, a picture (and other items) for the Rebecca Hall dining room; from the Class of 1930, the initial contribution to the Alumni Loyalty Fund; from the Class of 1931, a financial gift to be used for campus improvement; from the Class of 1934, an American (U.S. A.) flag; from the Class of 1937, a Christian flag for the college chapel; from the Class of 1945, a donation to the fund for an alumni lodge; from the Class of 1946, an amount to cover the cost of installing a drinking fountain on the lawn near the south entrance to Cole Hall. Beginning in 1930, the graduating classes made contributions to the Alumni Loyalty Fund, and some also made gifts of other kinds. 493 In 1930, the college's trustees recommended that each graduating class "establish a permanent fund to the memory of the class," rather than apply its gift to a special campus project. 494

493rtems from the files of the PhM, the Bee, the Newsette, the B, FacAdmComM, TrExComM, and the college's catalogues. 494TrExComM, Feb. 18, 1930. THE GRADUATES IN 1920

Left to right: E. DeWitt Miller, Waldo B. Moyers, Mary 0. Miller, Homer C. Will, Earl C. Holsinger, Amos S. A. Holsinger, Martha M. Bowman, Warren D. Bowman, Fleta M. Fifer, Iva M. Bowman, Frances M. Dovel, Anna L White, Mattie V. Glick, and Grant T. Moyers. Thirteen received the B. A. degree and one the B. S. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 345

Celebration of the College's 50th Year The events at commencement time, May 30-June 3, 1930, in celebration of the SOth anniversary of Bridgewater's founding and the 40th of the Daleville schools' origin, were of unusual interest and significance. One of the highlights was the historical program in the chapel in Memorial Hall on the afternoon of June 2. Eugene X. Miller, Martin B. Miller (first cousin of Daniel C. Flory), Newton A. Spitler, and Abram S. Thomas, all students at the Spring Creek Normal School during its first session, 1880-81, were present and seated on the platform, and each made a brief talk; also present was J. William Miller, a student at the school, 1881-82.495 The main speaker of the afternoon, John A. Garber, one of Bridgewater's first B. A. graduates in 1891, made a scholarly address on "The Development of Higher Education in the Church of the Brethren."496 At the graduation exercises on June 3, at which Henry Louis Smith, formerly president of Washington and Lee University, was the main speaker, the college conferred its first honorary degrees upon Walter B. Yount, Bridgewater's president, 1892-1910 (LL. D.); John S. Flory, Bridgewater's president, 1910-19 (LL. D.); William J. Showalter, National Geographic Magazine research division chief (LL. D.); and Isaac S. Long, one of Bridgewater's first two foreign missionaries (D. D.).497 Other events of the celebration were the dedication of Cole Hall on June 1, at which Carroll L. Beedy, U.S. Congressman from Maine, was the main speaker, and the dedication of Rebecca Hall at the alumni association's banquet on June 3, at which the chief speaker was William J. Showalter.498

The Alumni Association and Its Activities The alumni association continued to be active in the interest of the college during the years 1919-46. On June 1, 1920, it celebrated the 40th anniversary of the school's founding in a "Great Alumni Reunion." More than 300 of the approximately 2,400 alumni, scattered throughout the nation and the world, returned to the Bridgewater campus, among them Mrs. Jacob A. (Kittie Danner) Hoover, a member of the school's first graduating class in 1886, and the institution's first female graduate. At the literary program in the afternoon in the old gymnasium, the "Alumni Orator'' was John W. Wayland, the alumni association's first president (1899-1900), and the featured soloist was Mabel L. Pence, teacher of music in the Bridgewater Academy. At the banquet in the evening, at which John C. Myers (B. A., 1900) was toastmaster, John S. Flory, whose connection with the college extended back to 1888, reviewed the school's development since 1880, and other alumni present recalled memories of college days. Other features of the celebration were an open air concert on the lawn in front of Yount Hall and two baseball games, one between the alumni and the college faculty, the other between the alumni and the students.499 The alumni association's directors established a schedule for class reunions on the Bridgewater campus, effective in June, 1923, as follows: at the first, third, and fifth

495JWW, EvD Bk 12, p. 301. 496Printed in the B, Dec., 1930. 497B, Oct., 1930, pp. 3-4. 498 Bee, June 21, 1930, p. 1. 499AlurnM, June 1, 1920; PhM, Nov., 1920, pp. 33-35. 346 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946 commencements following graduation, and every fifth year thereafter.500 In March, 1934, however, the directors decided that, henceforth, each class should hold a reunion at the alma mater at the first, fifth, and tenth commencements following graduation, and every tenth year thereafter.501 A formal address by an "Alumni Orator" did not continue to be a regular feature of the alumni association's annual reunion activities at the college in early June, or late May. During Dr. Bowman's presidency, featured speakers were only occasional, as follows: in 1920, John W. Wayland (B. A., 1899), professor, State Normal School, Harrisonburg, Virginia; in 1928, Fred J. Wampler (B. A., 1908), former medical missionary to China; in 1930, William J. Showalter (Bridgewater student, 1894-96), National Geographic Magazine research division chief; in 1932, Horace K. Wright (B. A., 1905), Presbyterian missionary to India; in 1933, Rufus D. Bowman (B. A., 1923), general secretary of the Church of the Brethren's board of education; in 1934, John W. Boitnott (B. A., 1925), social studies department chairman, Handley High School, Winchester, Virginia; in 1935, Ernest A. See (B. E., 1915), attorney at law, Keyser, West Virginia. Two other featured speakers at the alumni association banquets were not Bridgewater alumni: J. Earl Moreland, president, Randolph-Macon College, and Gould Wickey, Lutheran Church executive, speakers in 1945 and 1946, respectively.502 At the association's banquet, May 31, 1941, George L. Brown, Jr., one of the first three Bridgewater B. A. graduates in 1891, who had returned to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his graduation, reminisced about the "founders" of the college as he remembered them.503 At the banquet, May 26, 1945, the David A. Cline and the Ezra Fike families were recognized for the fact that seven children from each of the families had been graduated by the college. 504 From 1930 through 1968, the banquets were held in the dining room in Rebecca Hall, and no longer in the ''White House" (removed in 1930). In late November, 1922, twelve Bridgewater alumni, attending the annual meeting of the Virginia Education Association in Richmond, assembled at Murphy's Hotel for a luncheon. Similar luncheon (breakfast, or dinner) reunions of Bridgewater men and women in the teaching profession were held in conjunction with the Richmond meetings of the Virginia Education Association during the Thanksgiving holidays in the years that followed. Those present at the first such reunion in 1922 were the following: I. N. H. Beahm, Martha Miriam Bowman, Mrs. Paul Haynes (Flora E. Hoover) Bowman, Ada K. Carter, Benjamin F. Crider, Luther C. Fultz, Jacob S. H. Good, Irva C. Kendrick, Lina E. Sanger, William T. Sanger (secretary, Virginia State Board of Education, 1922-25), Mrs. Sanger (nee Sylvia G. Bums), and FrankJ. Wright (Bridgewater's academic dean, 1921-23, 1924-25).505 Because of the consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems in 1924, a Bridgewater-Daleville College Alumni Association was formed (in 1928), with a board of directors of Bridgewater and Daleville alumni. 506 After the affiliation of Blue Ridge College (at New Windsor, Maryland) with Bridgewater- Daleville College in 1929, the Bridgewater-Daleville Alumni Association propose~ (in 1929) an association of the alumni of all three colleges, with five directors from the Bridgewater alumni,

500B, April, 1923, p. 3. 501 AiumM,March 16, 1934. 502Alurnni banquet programs, AlumM, and other sources. 503AlumM,May31, 1941. 504Newsette, April, 1945, p. 1. 505See the small red record book [1922-32] with the AlumM, and AlumM, Jan. 29, 1923. 506AlumM, Nov. 17, 1928. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 347

five from the Daleville alumni, and five from the Blue Ridge alumni.507 It made the same proposal in 1937,508 the final year of Church of the Brethren control of Blue Ridge College. In 1944, the year in which Blue Ridge College went out of existence, the Bridgewater-Daleville Alumni Association voted to extend to the "graduates and former students" of Blue Ridge of the years through 1936-37 (the period when their college was under Church of the Brethren control) an invitation to membership in the Bridgewater-Daleville association, on the same basis as for Bridgewater and Daleville alumni,509 so as to insure them "a living alma mater" and "to perpetuate their connection with a Christian institution of higher learning."510 Many Blue Ridge people accepted the invitation, but their alumni association never officially affiliated with the Bridgewater-Daleville association. 511 The custom of a "Homecoming Day" for alumni during the autumn each year dates from November 16, 1929,512 when a considerable number of former students returned to the Bridgewater campus for a tea in the early afternoon and a football game afterwards.513 After the nation's entry into World War II, however, the autumn homecomings were discontinued and were not resumed until the fall of 1948. In 1927, the alumni association decided to undertake the writing and publication of a history of Bridgewater-Daleville College's first half-century (1880-1930),514 and in June, 1928, appointed John W. Wayland (B. A., 1899) editor-in-chief of the projected volume.515 The other members of the editorial staff were the following alumni:· Paul Haynes Bowman, Ruth I. Cline, Frederick D. Dove, John S. Flory, Jacob A. Garber, Frances E. Harshbarger, J. Maurice Henry, Arthur B. Miller, John C. Myers, Lina E. Sanger, Norman A. Seese, William J. Showalter, Frederick J. Wampler, Charles C. Wright, and Frank J. Wright. Newton D. Cool served as business manager. Fifty Years of Educational Endeavor: Bridgewater College, 1880-1930; Daleville College, 1890- 1930, a volume of 414 pages, was published by the McClure Company, Inc., Staunton, Virginia, in 1930, in an edition of 1,000 copies. The history, chronological and topical in method, embodies much first-hand information presented by persons closely associated with the Bridgewater and Daleville schools since the 1890's. The book, however, did not get the reception it deserved, but, with the passage of time, its genuine worth has been recognized. In 1928, the alumni association decided to publish a catalogue of all students (graduates or not) of Bridgewater College and Academy and Daleville College and Academy, and put its secretary, Mattie V. Glick (B. A., 1920), in charge of the project.516 The register was published in 1930, the SOth anniversary year of the founding of Bridgewater and the 40th of Daleville. The directory listed not only the names and addresses of Bridgewater and Daleville alumni, but also the courses (if any) they had completed, the degrees (if any) they had received, the years of graduation, and (for some) the vocations they had chosen to enter. One appendix listed the Bridgewater graduates year by year, and another the Daleville alumni, not year by year, but by department or course. The roster showed that the 2,966 Bridgewater and Daleville alumni, of whom 1,386 were women, had lived, or were living, in nearly every county of

507AlumM, May 10, June 4, 1929; June 3, 1930. 508AlumM, March 20, 1937. 509AlumM, April 29, 1944. 51°'fhe words of Morley J. Mays, Aug. 5, 1944. 511 PHB, Sautheast, p. 301. 512AiumM, Sept. 30, 1929. 513Bee, Nov. 22, 1929, pp. 1, 4. 514AlumM, Dec. 17, 1927. 515AlumM, June 5, 1928; March 13, 1931; BC (1930), p. 413. 516AiumM, Nov. 17, 1928. 348 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Virginia, in practically every state of the United States, and in nearly every continent of the world, and that they had entered practically every important vocation and profession. In 1932, the directors of the alumni association decided to organize a "Gamma Gamma Club" at both Bridgewater and Daleville, to consist of students whose parents (one or both of whom) had attended the college, or the academy, at either Bridgewater or Daleville.517 Such clubs were organized during the spring of 1932. At the time, 25 percent of the student body at Bridgewater were children of alumni; hence, "grandchildren" of the college. The original Gamma Gamma Club at Bridgewater (in 1932) consisted of 30 granddaughters, 28 grandsons, and one great grandson.SIS Grandchildren of alumni in the student body were referred to as "Great Gamma Gammas." The college's records make no mention of grandson and granddaughter organizations after 1942.

THE GAMMA GAMMA CLUB IN 1939

Daughters and sons of Bridgewater and Daleville alumni in the student body in 1939.

"The Oracles at the Oak" ritual, sponsored by the alumni association, initiated the college's graduates into the alumni fellowship immediately following the June commencement exercises of 1934, 1935, and 1936. The ceremony, whose liturgy an alumnus, John W. Wayland, had written at the request of the college's president,519 the new graduates performed while standing beneath the majestic, wide-spreading oak tree, "The Old Sentinel," for many years a campus landmark, that stood in front of Rebecca Hall.520 The severe injury of the old oak by a stroke of lightning, June 3, 1936,521 however, ended the colorful induction ceremony.

517B, Feb., 1932, p. 7; AlurnM, March 18, 1932. 518B, Feb., 1932, p. 6. 519PHB to JWW, April 3, 1934, JWW Papers, AMML. 520See the B, Uune], 1934. 521 B, Aug., 1936, p. 2. Graduates performing the "Oracles at the Oak" ceremony immediately following the commencement exercises, June 4, 1934. 350 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

In April, 1936, the alumni association began publishing annually, in the college's bulletin, the names of those alumni who had died during the preceding year,52 2 and in 1939, commenced conducting an annual memorial service for them at the college. 523 For some years, that service was held on the day before Founder's Day; later, however, on the day preceding commencement day. The following remembrance of alumni of years gone by was presented at the memorial service on March 26, 1942, and at the service on June 2, 1962 (and maybe at other services):

THEIR LAMPS ALIGHT

By John W. Wayland These comrades of the cherished years have passed, without returning, But all along the paths they walked their lamps are brightly burning; And as we call their names today, we seem again united - We see them here within the glow their lives and deeds have lighted.

They gathered here with prayer and song when youth's fair morn was breaking, With minds alert, with hearts aflame, far visions in the making; With eyes aloft they viewed the stars that led and lead forever, And heard at every dawn the call that urged to high endeavor.

Along the paths of life they went, to trial and to testing; Some dreams came true, some faded out; the years sped on, unresting; But as they went their several ways, each task and trial meeting, Youth's visions rose again, renewed, with Alma Mater's greeting.

For some the way was measured long, the path led far ere ending; For others, soon the end was reached, youth's fair hopes still attending; But whether soon or late they passed within that silent portal, They strengthened well that fellowship that love doth make immortal.

And so, I ween, these comrades who have passed are still returning To join our fellowship again, in answer to our yearning; In memory we call them back - we are again united - We see them here within the glow their lives and deeds have lighted.

The alumni association initiated the movement that led to the placement of a bronze plaque (unveiled on Founder's Day, April 3, 1939) just inside the entrance to Memorial Hall, on the right-hand wall, bearing the names of "the founders and first Board of Trustees" of the institution that developed into Daleville College. 524 The association was also responsible for placing an oil portrait of Benjamin F. Nininger (1848-1924), a founder and an outstanding benefactor of Daleville College, in the chapel in Memorial Hall.525 The unveiling occurred on Founder's Day, April 3, 1940.

522B, April, 1936, p. 7. 523FacSenM, Feb. 14, 1939; Bee, March 31, 1939, p. 4. 524AlurnM, March 12, 1938; Feb. 4, 1939. 525AlurnM,Feb.4,1940. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 351

During these years, the alumni association, through its membership, played a vital role in providing the college needed funds. It was active and effective in every financial campaign for contributions for the construction of new buildings and the maintenance and renovation of old ones, and for greater endowment of the college. The year 1930, which marked the SOth anniversary of the college's founding, witnessed the beginning of the /1 Alumni Loyalty Fund" by the graduating class of that year, to serve as a reserve fund "to protect the college against emergencies," and to consist of gifts from the various graduated classes.526 Each year the alumni association chose a project to sponsor and support, and applied to it all financial gifts received during that year. In 1923, it made a contribution toward defraying the expenses of faculty members attending professional meetings.527 During the years 1923-26, its members helped to bear the cost of the college's new athletic field. With the approval of the college's trustees, the association launched, in 1935, a movement to establish a professorship of religion at the college, and appealed to the district conferences of the Church of the Brethren within the college's constituency to include the project in their budgets and to recommend similar action to the congregations of their districts.528 In 1936, it collected funds for the purchase of furniture for the guest room in the George B. Flory residence (the "Red House") on the college campus, and in 1940, collected funds for furnishing the apartment in Cole Hall. In 1945, it gave the college $6,400 toward the cost of erecting a science building. 529 In 1942, during World War II, when the college was in financial straits because of reduced enrollment, the alumni association launched an annual gift movement, the gifts to be used to set up class funds within the framework of the Alumni Loyalty Fund.530 In 1944, the association decided to place in one of the college's buildings a plaque listing the names of all Bridgewater men and women known to be in the nation's service during World War II.531 The solid mahogany plaque, the gift of Donovan R. Beachley and J. Lee Mullendore, businessmen of Hagerstown, Maryland,532 was in place on the wall inside the main entrance to Founders' Hall by early January, 1945. It bore 364 name-plates.533 Later, a supplemental list of names was posted alongside the plaque. In June, 1944, the alumni association decided to recognize, henceforth, each year during commencement week, "some outstanding alumnus by appropriate ceremony and award."534 Eminent achievement in some particular field of work and devotion to the interests of the college were to be the standards to be applied in making the award. The association's executive secretary and president and the college's president, as a committee, were to consider particular alumni and make nominations to the association's executive committee, and that committee should select two candidates, one of whom the association's directors should choose for the award.535 The first recipient of the "Alumnus of the Year'' award, May 26, 1945, was Paul Neff Garber (B. A., 1919), Duke University Divinity School dean, 1941-44, and Methodist Church bishop, 1944-68; the second recipient, June 1, 1946, was Carter V. Good

526rrExComM, Feb. 25, 1931; C, June, 1931, p. 23. 527AltunM,Jan.29,1923. 528y, April, 1935, p. 3. 529rtems from the AltunM. 530u, Oct., 1942, p. 8. 53lAltunM, June 30, 1944. 532AitunM,I\!ov. 18, 1944. 533Newsette, April, 1945, pp. 1, 2. 534AltunM, June 30, 1944. 535AltunM,I\!ov.18, 1944. 352 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

(B. A., 1918), a University of Cincinnati dean, educationist, and lexicographer.536 The title of the distinction was changed, in 1970, to "Distinguished Alumnus" award. In 1945, the alumni association decided to make the raising of funds for the construction of an "Alumni Lodge," on or near the Bridgewater campus, its project for the ensuing year,537 and collected money for such a facility during the next few years; then shifted emphasis to raising funds for the construction of Blue Ridge Hall, a new women's dormitory, in which the alumni were to have the use of guest bedrooms and a parlor. With these accommodations in prospect, the Alumni Lodge project was dropped. In 1966, the association finally agreed to merge the Alumni Lodge Fund (which had grown to $9,000) with the Alumni Endowment Fund (started by the graduating class of 1908), upon the understanding that the association, at any time in the future, might withdraw the principal of the lodge fund and use it "for project purposes in keeping with the original intent of the fund."538 The association had sold to the college (in 1923) the "Alumni House" and lot, purchased of R. J. Mason and his wife in 1916.539 In 1944, the alumni association altered its constitution so as to establish new criteria for active membership, which would depend, henceforth, no longer upon the receipt of a Bridgewater, Daleville, or Blue Ridge College degree, diploma, or certificate and the payment of fixed annual dues (25 cents, originally; later, $1.00; still later, $2.00). The revised constitution stated that, henceforth, all persons in attendance for one year or longer at any of the institutions represented in the association would be considered active members if they made a financial contribution, in any amount, to the association's project for that particular year.540 This change in membership requirements resulted in greater financial contributions by the alumni, as well as in increased active membership in the association. The years 1919-46 witnessed the formation of 14 additional chapters of the alumni association. Former students residing in the Washington (D. C.) area organized a chapter (the association's second) in 1922, and those in the Timberville (Va.) area, another chapter (the third) in 1923. By February, 1933, other alumni had established chapters at Roanoke (Va.), Chicago (Ill.), and Johnson City (Tenn.); by October, 1935, at Hagerstown (Md.) and Keyser (W. Va.); by April, 1944, in thre~ other Virginia towns: Richmond, Waynesboro, and Monterey; by August, 1944, in east Augusta County (Va.) and at Burlington (W. Va.); by May, 1945, at Westminster (Md.); and by August, 1946, in eastern Virginia.541 In 1919, John D. Miller was still the president of the alumni association, and he continued to serve in that position, by virtue of periodic re-election, until December, 1927, when he was succeeded by Oscar S. Miller542 (B. A., 1917), 1927-31. The later presidents of the association are named in an appendix near the end of this volume.543 Frank J. Wright (B. A., 1908), the association's secretary since 1914, continued in that office, by periodic re-election, until 1925, when he was succeeded by Edgar S. Kiracofe (B. A., 1921), 1925-27. In December, 1927, Mattie V. Glick became secretary544 and, re-elected periodically, served in that important post for more than 33 years. Her faithful and efficient service as

536Newsette, Aug., 1945, p. 1; Aug., 1946, p. 1. 537AlurnM, May 26, 1945. 538AlurnM,May28, 1966. 539Rco DBk 130, pp. 15-16. 540Newsette, Aug., 1944, p. 1. 541 B, April, 1923, p. 4; Feb., 1933, p. 2; Oct., 1935, p. 5; Aug., 1944, p. 4; Newsette, April, 1944, p. 5; Aug., 1946, p. 2; AlumM, May 26, 1945. 542AlurnM, Dec. 17, 1927. 543For the period between June 5, 1923, and December 17, 1927, for which AlumM are missing, the alumni association's annual reports to the SCC are the only available source of the names of the association's officers and the dates of their election. 544AlumM, Dec. 17, 1927. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 353

secretary ("recording secretary," from 1931) for a third of a century, during which time alumni association presidents, vice presidents, and treasurers came and went, made her known to hundreds of alumni, who remembered her with affection. The retirement of "Miss Mattie" in May, 1961, marked the end of a memorable era in the history of the association. The treasurers of the alumni association, during the period under review, were John C. Myers, 1914-31; Frank S. Driver (B. A., 1924), 1931-40; Joseph A. Bosserman (Business Course graduate, 1917), 1940-45; and John B. Wampler (Business Course graduate, 1923), 1945-56.545 A new officer of the alumni association, designated as "executive secretary," who acted as the association's chief agent, took office in 1944.546 The first incumbent in the new post (retained until the present time) was Morley J. Mays, whose main responsibility at the time was assisting the president of the college. As the college's director of publicity and the head of the college's Department of English, 1941-44, Mr. Mays, a graduate of Juniata College, had begun, in December, 1941, the publication of The Bridgewater College Newsette (later called The Alumni Newsette), which, appearing three times a year, served to keep the college's alumni and other friends informed of Bridgewater developments. As the alumni association's executive secretary, 1944-46,547 he continued to prepare and publish the Newsette, as well as discharge his other duties.

Vocations of the Alumni

A study made in 1946 showed that, of the 1039 degree-graduates of the college then living, 325 were, or had been, public school teachers; 67, public school principals; 10, county superintendents of public schools; 62, college and university professors and officials; 103, clergymen; 18, foreign missionaries; 49, physicians; 87, businessmen; six, lawyers; six, librarians; 27, U. S. government employees; 23, scientists; 35, farmers; and 221, in various other vocations.548 Brown, Bryn Mawr, Cincinnati, Columbia, Cornell, Duke, Emory, Johns Hopkins, Princeton, Rochester, Virginia, and Wellesley were among the universities and colleges on whose faculties Bridgewater men served during the period 1919-46.549 Ten alumni living in 1946 were, or had been, college presidents; not only I. N. H. Beahm, Edward Frantz, and Levi D. Ikenberry (all mentioned previously), but also the following: Paul Haynes Bowman (B. A., 1910), president of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.), 1915-17, and of Bridgewater College, 1919-46; Rufus D. Bowman (B. A., 1923), president of Bethany Biblical Seminary, 1937-52; John S. Flory (B. A., 1902), president of Bridgewater College, 1910- 19; J. Paul Glick (B. A., 1921), president of Blackstone College, 1936-43; J. Maurice Henry (B. A., 1909), president of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.), 1922-27; Arthur L. Maiden (B. A., 1924), president of Shenandoah College and Conservatory of Music, 1926-30; and William T. Sanger (B. A., 1909), president of the Medical College of Virginia, 1925-56. Other Bridgewater men were, or had been, college deans and business managers. 55o Abram C. Flora, president of the National Education Association, 1942-43, was an alumnus of the college (B. A., 1932; B. A., Daleville College, 1912).

545See the treasurers' record books, Alumni Office papers, AMML. 546AlumM, Feb. 5, April 29, 1944. 547AlumM, June 1, 1946. 548Newsette, April, 1946, p. 4. 549The data in this paragraph, and the following ones, are drawn from the AlumBF, WW, and other biographical directories, and from various BC bulletins. 550For biographical sketches, see WW. 354 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Paul N. Garber, the Methodist Church bishop of the Geneva (Switzerland) Episcopal Area (which embraced nine European countries and north Africa), 1944-52, was a Bridgewater graduate. Other alumni, during the period under review, became known as authors, among whom the most prominent were the following: John S. Flory, for his writings on Church of the Brethren history and personalities, and on Biblical literature; Paul N. Garber, for his writings on the Methodist Church; Carter V. Good (B. A., 1918), for his writings on methods of teaching and educational research, and his editing a Dictionary of Education and a Guide to Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools in the United States; Minor C. Miller (B. A., 1914), for his writings in the field of religion and religious education; William J. Showalter (Bridgewater student, 1894-96), National Geographic Magazine research division chief, decorated Order of Bolivar by the Venezuelan government for his writings on South America; and John W. Wayland, for his school textbooks, county histories, biographical works, and writings on Virginia.551 William J. Showalter was not the only Bridgewater man to be honored by a foreign government during this period. Fred J. Wampler (B. A., 1908; M.A., 1912), an M. D. and a medical missionary, was decorated (Order of the Bountiful Sheaf) by the government of China, in 1919, for outstanding service in combating the pneumonic plague in Shansi, a province in north China. He was decorated again, in 1922, for famine relief work in north China. His wife, Rebecca C. (Skeggs) Wampler (B. E., 1910), also received from the Chinese government, in 1919, the Order of the Bountiful Sheaf, for secretarial work during the pneumonic plague epidemic in north China. 552 Her brother-in-law, another Bridgewater man, Ernest M. Wampler (B. S., 1918), a village evangelist in north China, was honored also by the Chinese government for relief work during famines, in Shansi province in 1921, and in Honan province in 1942-43.553 Some Bridgewater alumni were legislators during the period here under review. Three were members of the Virginia House of Delegates: Jacob A. Garber (B. E., 1899), 1920-22; William C. Hoover (business course graduate, 1889), 1922-24; and Howard S. Zigler (B. A., 1922), 1932-40. Jacob A. Garber served also in the Virginia State Senate, 1944-47, and in the United States House of Representatives, 1929-31.554 H. Hoyle Sink (B. E., 1910) and Ernest A. See (B. E., 1915) were Bridgewater men who served as circuit court judges (Sink in North Carolina, See in West Virginia) during these years. Other alumni were town councilmen, town mayors, county treasurers, and commonwealth's attorneys. During this period, Isaac J. Sanger, a Bridgewater student (1920-22) who earned a degree in fine arts at Columbia University, won distinction as a graphic artist for his woodcuts, wood engravings, and lithographs. In a competition conducted by the Philadelphia Print Club in 1929, his lithograph, "The Village," and one by Rockwell Kent were judged to be equally good, so that the prize was divided between them. In 1929, and in each of the next five years, one of Mr. Sanger's works was included in the Institute of Graphic Arts' "Fifty Prints of the Year'' exhibition. Two of his prints are in the Library of Congress's permanent collection, and two of his wood engravings are in a collection published by Campbell Dodgson, sometime

551Their biographical sketches are to be found in WW and Men ofMark. 552Biue Book, pp. 392-93, 489; BC (1930), pp. 285, 413; also aconversation with Dr. Fred F. Wampler, Jan. 16, 1979. 553Newsette, Aug., 1951, p. 2. 554cynthia M. Leonard, ed., The General Assembly of Virginia, 1619-1978 (Richmond, 1978), and the Biographical Directory of the Amiercan Congress, 1774-1949 (Washington, D. C., 1950). Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 355

curator of prints and drawings for the British Museum.SSS The same artist designed the Bridgewater College coat of arms (for which the subject matter was suggested by Bridgewater Professor Clarence E. May); also the college's present seal (based on its coat of arms), the plaque on the front exterior wall of the Alexander Mack Memorial Library building, and the wood engravings that appear in this book. Ernest B. Craun, an alumnus (B. A., 1922), teaching agriculture at Weyers Cave (Va.) High School, organized the first chartered chapter (April 30, 1927) of Future Farmers of Virginia, the model for Future Farmers of America (chartered in 1928).5S6 Bridgewater alumni were prominent in the organization and leadership of the Church of the Brethren during these years. Paul Haynes Bowman, Rufus D. Bowman, and Warren D. Bowman were moderators of the church's annual conference (Paul in 1937, 1942, and 1949; Rufus in 1940 and 1947; Warren in 1945). All three were members of the church's General Education Board for some years. Many alumni during the 1920's, 1930's, and 1940's, served on the standing committee of the church's annual conference and other committees. Edward Frantz (Business Course graduate, 1890) was the editor of the denomination's weekly journal, The Gospel Messenger, 1915-42.ss7 Paul Haynes Bowman, Rufus D. Bowman, Minor C. Miller, Edward K Ziegler, Jesse H. Ziegler, and M. Robert Zigler were Bridgewater men who, during the 1940's, represented the Church of the Brethren on the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A. SSB Forty-two percent of the congregations and 52 percent of the membership of the Church of the Brethren in the southeastern region of the U.S. A., in 1946, were under the leadership of Bridgewater alumni, either as pastors or elders.ss9 Nineteen more Bridgewater alumni entered into missionary work in foreign lands under the auspices of the Church of the Brethren during the years 1919-46. Six of them went to India, eight to China, and five to Nigeria. They engaged in teaching, evangelism, medical work, nursing, administration, leadership training, and other types of service. Their names, academic degrees (or years at Bridgewater), and years of missionary service are indicated below.560

Missionaries to India

Edward K. Ziegler (B. A., 1929) and his wife, Ilda M. Bittinger Ziegler (1926-28), 1931-39. William G. Kinzie (B. A., 1932) and his wife, Pauline E. Garst Kinzie (1931-32), 1937-45; 1948-52. Earl M. Zigler (B. A., 1926). 1937-64. His wife, Rachel E. Myers Zigler (B. A., 1925), 1937-62.

Missionaries to China

Valley V. Miller (B. A., 1919), 1919-24. Minor M. Myers (B. A., 1915), 1919-43. His wife, Sara C. Zigler Myers (Th. B., 1915), 1919-41.

SSSBee, Feb. 14, 1929, p. 2; Newsette, April, 19S8, p. 1;HDN-R, April 1, 1977; and the AlurnBF. S56Alumnus, Dec., 1962, p. 16; HDN-R, Feb. 26, 1987. SS7From the AnMM of the years mentioned. S581bid. SS9B, Feb. 1946, p. 4. S60Anetta C. Mow, ed., Meet Your Missionaries (Elgin, Ill., 19SS) is the chief source of this information. 356 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Mary E. Cline (B. A., 1915), 1920-27. Carl F. Coffman (Business Course graduate, 1910), M. D., 1921-28. His wife, Ferne Heagley Coffman (B. E., 1911), R. N., 1921-25. Alva C. Harsh (Sept., Oct., 1928), 1936-37. Susie M. Thomas (1932-33), 1939-41.

Missionaries to Nigeria

Earl W. Flohr (B. A., 1916) and his wife, Ella E. Miller Flohr (B. A., 1911), 1926-29. Mrs. Paul (Naomi R. Zigler) Rupel (B. A., 1925), 1929-33. Ruth E. Utz (B. E., 1913), R. N., 1930-61. Ira S. Petre (B. A., 1937), 1939-61.

Alumni in Graduate and Professional Schools During Dr. Bowman's presidency, more and more Bridgewater alumni entered graduate and professional schools to earn advanced degrees. The names of those who received certain higher degrees appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. At least 40 Bridgewater graduates during the years 1920-46 earned the Ph.D. degree:561 13 at the University of Virginia; three at each of the following universities: Chicago, George Washington, and Yale; two at each of the following universities: Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, and Vanderbilt; and one at each of the following universities: American, Catholic, Columbia, Harvard, Illinois, New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pittsburgh, and Washington (St. Louis, Mo.). The 40 earned their doctorates in the following fields: nine in education; seven in biology; five in chemistry; four in history; three in English and three in psychology; two in economics, two in mathematics, and two in religious education; one in geology, one in political science, and one in the Romance languages. Among the 40 was Ruth Irene Cline, the first female baccalaureate degree graduate of Bridgewater College (B. A., 1922) to earn the Ph. D. degree, so far as the writer could determine. She received the degree from the University of Chicago in 1939. 562 In their graduate work, Bridgewater alumni made records which reflected credit upon their alma mater. The dean of the University of Virginia observed that " ... the students who enter this University from Bridgewater College are among the very best that we get. ... My recollection is that all of these students have made unusually good records in the work undertaken here-some of them being highly distinguished." Judging from the performance of Bridgewater students at his institution, a University of Pennsylvania professor stated there was "every reason to believe" that Bridgewater "does high grade work." The dean of the Vanderbilt University Graduate School wrote as follows: "We have found the Bridgewater College graduates one of the best groups of graduate students we have had, ... They are well prepared, they know how to work, and they are anxious to work." A Columbia University

561According to BC publications, the AlumBF, reports from university registrars, and other sources. 562The first female Bridgewater student (but not a Bridgewater degree graduate) to earn the Ph.D., it appears, was Mrs. Carl S. Driver (nee Leota V. Stultz), a student in the college's Preparatory Department, 1915-17, and in the college, 1917-19. She received the Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University in 1932. }WW, EvD, Bk, Dec. 15, 1932. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 357

professor declared that the work of a Bridgewater graduate in his courses "was of the highest quality, and not only that-he left us with an impression of gentlemanly refinement which we shall not easily forget." A biology professor at Yale University stated that the Ph. D. dissertation of a Bridgewater man in his department "was unusually well done" and had "attracted much attention since its publication." Cornell University and the University of Chicago issued similar evaluations of the work of Bridgewater graduates, some of whom were granted coveted fellowships, appointed to teaching assistantships, and elected to membership in honor societies, among them Phi Beta Kappa.563 A study of 337 colleges and universities, done by Beverly W. Kunkel, of Lafayette College, and published by the Association of American Colleges in 1941, revealed that Bridgewater College ranked fifth among Virginia colleges in the percentage of its alumni who proceeded to graduate and professional schools. Bridgewater's percentage was 15.4, as compared to 25.6 for Hampden-Sydney College, 20.4 for Randolph-Macon College, 17.4 for the University of Virginia, and 17.0 for Washington and Lee University.564 Another study showed Bridgewater as ranking fifth (per thousand baccalaureate male graduates), during the period 1924-41, among all colleges and universities in the 13 southern states of the United States, as the undergraduate college of scientists who had earned a doctoral degree. 565 During the period 1920-46, at least 47 Bridgewater alumni received the M. D. degree: 21 at the University of Virginia; 16 at the Medical College of Virginia; four at the University of Maryland; three at the University of Pennsylvania; and one at each of the following universities: Duke, Louisville, and Northwestern. 566 Bridgewater graduates gave a good account of themselves in medical school. The dean of the Medical College of Virginia informed President Bowman, of Bridgewater, that "... all of the students who have come to us from your college have done unusually well." The dean of the University of Virginia Medical School, writing to President Bowman in 1943, stated that Bridgewater graduates "... for the past twenty years have, without any exception, so far as I can now recall, done work of distinguished quality."567 Bridgewater men studying medicine at the University of Virginia, 1920-46, won their share of honors. Carson L. Fifer was elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa in 1928, the same year in which a Bridgewater alumna, Frances E. Harshbarger (B. A., 1925), was elected a member from the university's graduate school. Edgar L. Crumpacker, Carson L. Fifer, and Albert E. Long were made members of the university's Raven Society, as was another Bridgewater alumnus, Trenton K. Ruebush, of the university's graduate school. Edgar L. Crumpacker stood at the head of his class in scholarship during each of his four years (1938-42) in the university's medical school, and two other Bridgewater men in the same class, Richard C. Shrum and Isaac M. Zigler, were among the first 10 in academic standing at graduation time in 1942.568 The academic records made at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine by Willard D. Boaz, Frederick D. Dove, Jr., and J. J. Rowland Reid during the early 1940's prompted the dean of that medical school to express to President Bowman, of Bridgewater,

563From letters among the PrO Papers, AMML. 564B. W. Kunkel, 'The Representation of Colleges in Graduate and Professional Schools of the United States," Association of American Colleges Bulletin, Oct., 1941, pp. 465, 467, 470, 472. 565R. H. Knapp andH. B. Goodrich, Origins of American Scientists (University of Chicago Press, 1952), pp. 325, 331, 352. 566Sources: BC publications, the AlumBF, university catalogues, and reports from medical school registrars. 567statements in the PrO Papers, AMML. 568From Corks and Curls (1928-42) and the AlumBF. 358 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, .1919-1946

the hope that " ... the Army and Navy will send you some students for pre-medical training, because I feel sure you can give such students a very satisfactory course."569 Omega L. Miller (B. A., 1919) became a doctor of osteopathy in 1925, upon his graduation from the Andrew I. Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery, and William S. Lineweaver (B. A., 1913) a doctor of chiropractic in 1922, upon completing his course at the Universal Chiropractic College. At least eight other Bridgewater alumni received the D. D.S. degree during the years 1920- 46, seven at the Medical College of Virginia and one at Washington University (St. Louis, Mo.). One of the eight, Dwight H. Shull, ranked first scholastically in his graduating class at the Medical College of Virginia. 570 The study of the law, as of dentistry, attracted only a few Bridgewater alumni during the years 1920-46, probably because, until after World War II, a majority of the Bridgewater students were members of the Church of the Brethren, which for many years disapproved of litigation in the courts. Even so, at least 10 Bridgewater graduates (besides some non- graduates) earned degrees at law schools during the years 1920-46. One of them was Lawrence H. Hoover, who, in 1930, received the LL. B. degree from the University of Virginia, where he distinguished himself in intercollegiate debating. In his first year at the university, he was elected captain of the debaters' squad and was given the best debater's award. During his debating career, he was on the losing side only once.571 At least 70 Bridgewater alumni, during the period 1920-46, received degrees from theological seminaries of various denominations: 48 from Bethany Biblical Seminary (Church of the Brethren); five from Crozer Theological Seminary (Baptist); five from Yale Divinity School (interdenominational); five from Bonebrake Theological Seminary (United Brethren); one from Princeton Theological Seminary (Presbyterian); one from Lutheran Theological Seminary (Gettysburg, Pa.); one from Union Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; Richmond, Va.); one from Union Theological Seminary (interdenominational; New York, N. Y.); and one from each of three other schools.572

The Board of Trustees

When Dr. Bowman became Bridgewater's president in 1919, the college's board of trustees consisted of 16 members. Five Church of the Brethren districts were represented: the Second, the Northern, and the Eastern districts in Virginia, and the First and Second districts in West Virginia. Four trustees represented the Second District, four the Northern District, and two the Eastern District in Virginia, while one trustee represented the First District and one the Second District in West Virginia. The four other trustees represented the college's alumni association. All trustees were elected by their respective church districts.573 The town of Bridgewater lay within the Second District of Virginia. After the church's districts in southern Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida decided, in 1924 and 1925, after the consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems, to join in the ownership and control of the college

569william Pepper to PHB, Feb. 24, 1943, PrO Papers, AMML. 570Newsette, Dec., 1944, p. 4. 571Men ofMark, p. 197. 572Bc publications; the AlumBF; and seminary catalogues. 573Tr By-Laws (1919), Article I. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 359

(when invited to do so),574 the Bridgewater-Daleville board of trustees came to represent 10 (instead of five) church districts, located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. A. That great extension of the college's territory was "the consummation of a long cherished plan on the part of the college and its friends."575 The 10 districts enlarged the trustee board from 16 to 27 members. The affiliation of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.) with Bridgewater-Daleville College, 1929-37, added the Eastern, Middle, and Western districts of Maryland (of the Church of the Brethren) to the college's territory and brought five more trustees to the board.576 The addition to the college's territory in 1944 of a 14th church district, the Mardela District (in Maryland and Delaware), added yet another trustee to the board.577 During Dr. Bowman's presidency, changes were made in the basis of representation on the board of trustees and in the method of election. A one district, one trustee, system of district representation, instead of district representation according to Church of the Brethren membership strength, went into effect in 1932, after the church districts then owning and controlling the college approved a trustee board recommendation for such a change.578 The board itself (by a revision of the college's charter in 1924) elected eight other trustees, five of them representatives of the Bridgewater and Daleville alurnni.579 The size of the board in 1933, accordingly, was 21 members: 13 district trustees and eight trustees chosen by the board itself. On November 6, 1939, the board of trustees, for the first time, elected as trustees of the college some persons not members of the Church of the Brethren: John B. Dillon, of Bassett, Virginia, a Baptist and a former Botetourt Normal College student; Leta M. Hiner (who did not serve), of Doe Hill, Virginia, a Methodist and a former Bridgewater student; and Edgar A. Leatherman, of Rada, West Virginia, a Presbyterian and a Bridgewater alumnus.580 The college's charter, as amended in 1924, had eliminated the requirement (since 1894) that all trustees of the school be Brethren; henceforth, only four-fifths need be.58l This change, and the fact that more than 40 percent of the Bridgewater students (in the late 1930's) and many loyal Bridgewater alumni were non-Brethren, led President Bowman to suggest the election of some non-Brethren trustees, so as "to give official recognition to the interest and patronage of other churches." Such trustees could render "a distinct service to the college."582 During Dr. Bowman's presidency (1919-46), 82 persons served as trustees of the college, and 68 of the 82 were elected to the board during that 27-year period. Their names, years of service, and type of representation are indicated in an appendix near the end of this volume. One of the trustees of this period was Mrs. Harry M. (Virginia Garber Cole) Strickler, of Luray, Virginia, the first woman to serve on the board (1936-53). Another trustee (1932-38), William Harold Row, was a Bridgewater College student at the time of his election. President Bowman recommended to the board of trustees, in 1928, the establishment of a sabbatical leave policy for Bridgewater faculty members. "I consider it a good investment for the college," he remarked, "to allow our professors one year in seven for rest, travel, and

574TrM, Oct. 16, 1925; Bee, Nov. 20, 1925, p. 1. 575Bridgewater Times, Nov. 13, 1925. 576EMdDistMM (1929), pp. 11-14;MMdDistMM (1930), pp. 2, 11. 577TrM, Nov. 17, 1944; B, Oct., 1945, p. 4. 578TrM, Oct. 20, 1931; DistMM (1932), pp. 4-5; B, Oct., 1932, p. 3. 579Tr By-Laws (1924), Article I. 58CJ.rrM, Nov. 6, 1939. 581Charter 584, and appended papers, sec. 582B, Oct., 1930, p. 11; Oct., 1932, p. 9; TrM, Feb. 13, 1939. 360 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

study at at least half salary."583 The board considered the matter, but for financial reasons, postponed the adoption of such a policy. President Bowman proposed, also in 1928, the establishment of a pension system for Bridgewater and Daleville faculty members during their retirement years,584 but the trustees felt that the cost of such a system would be prohibitive at that time.

THE COLLEGE'S TRUSTEES IN 1923

Left to right. SEATED: Solomon I. Bowman, Peter S. Thomas, John H. Hoover, Hiram G. Miller (president), John C. Myers, Daniel L. Evers, George S. Arnold, Samuel D. Miller. STANDING: Paul Haynes Bowman (ex officio), Charles P. Harshbarger, A. C. Auvil, John D. Miller, Sidney L. Bowman, Elijah E. Blough, Ezra Fike, William H. Sanger, and John S. Flory (not a trustee; secretary of the board of trustees). I. N. H. Beahm is missing.

The trustees, however, did establish, during the session, 1928-29, a system of group insurance for the faculty.585 In January, 1936, the trustee board adopted the policy of requiring faculty members to retire at the age of 65, with the understanding they might be invited to remain until the age of 70; also the policy of requiring the college's administrative officers to retire after 10 years' service ("unless extended by the board"), with the understanding that those qualified be allowed to serve as full-time teachers until the age of 65. 586

583B, Aug., 1928, p. 6. 584Jbid., P· 7. 585B, Aug., 1929, p. 4. 586rrM, Jan. 30, 1936. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 361

After adhering for 50 years to the policy of authorizing no honorary degrees, the trustees, in February, 1930, voted to allow the faculty to designate persons to receive honorary degrees at the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the college's founding in June, 1930,587 and in January, 1936, they authorized the faculty to nominate "a limited number of candidates" in each session for honorary degrees, "upon conditions to be worked out by the faculty and approved by the Board."588 On February 7, 1928, the trustees approved a recommendation of its committee on memorials that a future project be the placement of a tablet in the second-floor assembly room of Memorial Hall to commemorate the college's conferring there its first B. A. degrees on May 27, 1891.589 Although the committee repeated the recommendation on February 21, 1933,590 the board, strangely enough, has had no such plaque erected. The trustees agreed to lend President Bowman to the Church of the Brethren Service Committee for six months, January 18-July 1, 1941, with no compensation to the college, to superintend the establishment of a program of alternative service for men conscientiously opposed to military combat in wartime,591 and decided to distribute some of his duties, during his absence, among certain members of the administration and faculty.592 From time to time during Dr. Bowman's presidency, the trustees' minutes show, the board named a person to represent the college on the board of directors of Bethany Bible School (Bethany Biblical Seminary, 1931-63; Bethany Theological Seminary since 1963): John A. Dove, 1925-30; John S. Flory, 1930-46. The officers of the trustee board continued to be a president, a first vice president, a second vice president, a secretary, and a treasurer. Only the president and the vice presidents had to be board members. All officers, except the treasurer, were elected annually by ballot at the board's June meeting. The successive presidents of the board, during Dr. Bowman's presidency of the college, were Hiram G. Miller, of Bridgewater, Virginia, 1909-24; John A. Dove, of Cloverdale, Virginia, 1924-31; and John C. Myers, of Broadway, Virginia, 1931-47. The other officers and their terms of office are indicated in an appendix near the end of this volume. The death of Hiram G. Miller in 1928, after 22 years' service on the board, prompted the trustees and faculty to adopt resolutions, which referred to him as "an able executive," "a just and courteous presiding officer," "a wise counsellor," an "esteemed friend," and "a generous supporter" of the college, whose service "in the cause of Christian education will always linger with us as a sacred memory."593 When John D. Miller retired from the board in 1946 after 29 years' service as chairman of the board's general executive committee and of its committee on instruction for a number of years, and service in other capacities, the board's secretary, John S. Flory, wrote to Dr. Miller, recognizing his "contribution of lasting value" to the college and his "useful service unselfishly rendered."594

587TrM, Feb. 4, 1930. 588TrM, Jan. 30, 1936. 589TrM, Feb. 7, 1928; Bee, Jan. 12, 1928, p. 3. 5~rM, Feb. 21, 1933. 591TrExComM, Jan. 4, 1941. 5921bid., Jan. 13, 1941. 593TrM, Aug. 7, 1928. 594JSF to John D. Miller, March 2, 1946, in the TrM. 362 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

PRESIDENTS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1909-47

Hiram G. Miller John A. Dove 1909-24 1924-31

John C. Myers 1931-47 Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 363

The Church's 14 Districts Having Representatives on the College's Board of Trustees by 1946 The map that follows is based upon Church of the Brethren district maps (in the AMML) and upon a map in DHZigler (opposite p. 160). THE VIRGINIA DISTRICTS The Northern District included the Virginia counties of Frederick, Clarke, Shenandoah, Warren, Page, and most of Rockingham; also adjacent West Virginia territory. The Second District included a small portion of Rockingham County and the Virginia counties of Augusta, Highland, Bath, and most of Rockbridge; also adjacent West Virginia territory. The Eastern District was the territory east of the Blue Ridge Mountains and north of the James River. The Northern, Second, and Eastern districts (all established in 1910) had constituted the church's original Second District in Virginia (formed in 1866). The First District, along the West Virginia border, included the Virginia counties of Alleghany, Craig, Giles, Bland, and most of Tazewell; also the counties of Botetourt, Bedford, Roanoke, and Montgomery; also the cities of Lynchburg and Roanoke and adjacent West Virginia territory. The Southern District bordered the First District on its south side. It embraced the Virginia counties of Appomattox, Charlotte, and Halifax, and westward to the southwestern corner of the state; also some North Carolina territory. The First and Southern districts (both established in 1913) had constituted the church's original First District in Virginia (formed in 1866). THE WEST VIRGINIA DISTRICTS The First District, in the northern part of the state, included Morgantown, Keyser, Petersburg, and other congregations. The Second District included Elkins and other congregations farther south and west. THE NORTH CAROLINA-SOUTH CAROLINA DISTRICT also included some Virginia territory.

THE TENNESSEE-ALABAMA DISTRICT also embraced some Virginia territory.

THE GEORGIA-FLORIDA DISTRICT included congregations in Florida, none in Georgia.

THE MARYLAND DISTRICTS The Eastern District, extending westward from Chesapeake Bay, included Baltimore, Westminster, Union Bridge, New Windsor, Frederick, Thurmont, and other congregations; also Washington, D. C. The Middle District embraced Hagerstown, Sharpsburg, and other congregations in Maryland; also Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and Martinsburg, West Virginia. The Western District included Frostburg, Westernport, and other congregations. THE MARDELA DISTRICT embraced Delaware and Maryland east of Chesapeake Bay. 364 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

0£L.

TENN.

The Financial Problem As one would expect, the financial state of the college fluctuated considerably during the 27 years of Dr. Bowman's presidency, which began soon after World War I and continued during the turbulent 1920's, the Great Depression, and World War IL The treasurers' reports for Bridgewater College (as distinguished from those for Daleville Academy) show an excess of expenditures over income during the following sessions: 1919-23, 1926-27, 1928-30, 1933-35, 1936-37, and 1941-42.595 The industrial depression in the country during the early 1920's caused parents to fall behind in paying student fees for their sons and daughters. President Bowman, keenly aware of the situation, addressed the college's trustees, in July, 1923, as follows: Our financial problem must be solved. We cannot continue to pile up deficits year after year.... We must promptly devise some way of administering this college within its income. We have neglected the care and upkeep of our buildings and are scarcely able

595For the treasurers' figures, session by session, see the pertinent appendix near the end of this volume. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 365

to hold our teachers on our present salaries. Our expense budget is at the lowest minimum.... Our problem, therefore, is not one of reducing expense; it is one of increasing income .... The small church college is facing a tremendous crisis in this hour of high standards, limited finances, and keen competition with state schools. The issue is clearly a life and death issue.596 In an effort to prevent recurring annual deficits, the college resorted to various measures. It raised the tuition charge per semester from $40 to $50, beginning in September, 1923, and from $50 to $60, beginning in September, 1924.597 It also assessed an emergency fee of $12.50 per semester on students of the session, 1923-24.598 In October, 1925, the college's trustees decided to use endowment earnings to help meet the operating expenses of that academic session.599 By September, 1933, they had increased the tuition charge per semester to $90, at which level it remained until September, 1946. 600 During the Great Depression years, the faculty members absorbed, to a great extent, the college's deficits by receiving, in certain sessions, less than their contract salaries, on the understanding they would be paid in full later, after the collection of accounts due the college.601 In 1931, the Second District of Virginia of the Church of the Brethren, acting through its annual meeting, contributed to the college $1,000,602 and in 1934, it placed the college in its budget for annual financial support.603 This action induced some other district conferences within the college's territory to do the same. Further aid came from the Church of the Brethren's General Education Board, which made financial grants to the college, as follows, during the years of the Great Depression and World War II: $5,000, in 1931-32; $3,664, in 1933-34; $5,081, in 1934-35; and $5,000 during each of the years 1942-46.604 In July, 1945, the Church of the Brethren's annual conference voted to place the church's colleges in its budget for annual financial support.605 During the second semester, 1935-36, the trustees began operating the college on a cash basis, inasmuch as economic conditions in the country had improved.606 In 1937, the college offered an advisory service in the writing of wills and the making of bequests, and offered to act as executor, or administrator, in the settlement of estates.607 In 1943, the Bridgewater trustees decided to "cultivate the field of large gifts from estates" of persons of means and without heirs. President Bowman believed that real estate gifts would prove to be "a fruitful field" for increasing the college's resources. The college, for example, might offer to accept a farm property as a gift to become effective upon the death of the donor, who would retain his farm homestead during his remaining years, while having the college manage it on a share basis.608

596PHB to the Tr, TrM, July 3, 1923. 597c,June, 1923, p. 48; June, 1924, p. 49. 598TrM, July 3, 1923. 599TrM, Oct. 16, 1925. 600c,June, 1933, p. 54; June, 1945, p. 41; June, 1946, p. 41. 601TrExComM, Feb. 17, 1933; TrM, Feb. 21, 1933. 602DistMM (1931), p. 19. 603DistMM (1934), p. 6. 604TrExComM, Jan. 30, 1931; July 5, 1945; B, Oct., 1935, p. 3; Oct., 1943, p. 3; Oct., 1944, p. 4; Oct., 1945, p. 4. 605TrExComM, July 5, 1945. ~rM, Jan. 30, 1936. 607TrM, Feb. 16, 1937. 608TrM, Feb. 5, 1943; Nov. 17, 1944. 366 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Into the final year of Dr. Bowman's presidency, the college was burdened with indebtedness, which, thanks to special contributions by the college's alumni, church congregations, and the church's district and annual conferences, was progressively reduced and finally paid off. The indebtedness, $34,901.16, by February, 1924,609 was reduced to $21,950, by June 30, 1936; to $12,000, by February, 1940; to $2,100, by November, 1945, which amount was paid off before the end of the session.610

Campaigns for Endowment and Other Purposes

The drive for endowment funds continued during Dr. Bowman's presidency. President Bowman himself did solicitation in 1919 and 1920, and in later years. The college's trustees again pressed John T. Glick into service as solicitor after the close of the session, 1918-19, relieving him temporarily of his teaching duties.611 He had met with "eminent success" as a fund-raiser in 1918. He was "popular with all classes of people," and was "able to present the interests of the college in a clear and intelligent manner."612 By September, 1919, the college had succeeded in raising its general endowment fund to $200,000, thus satisfying a new accreditation requirement of the Virginia State Board of Education.613 In October, 1919, the college's trustees set $500,000 as the new endowment fund goal, and at the same time, decided to appeal to the Rockefeller Foundation for a contribution. 6l4 By March 10, 1920, when the college suspended its endowment solicitation, out of deference to the Church of the Brethren's financial campaign in connection with the church's "Forward Movement" (begun on January 1, 1920), President Bowman and Professor Glick had succeeded (since January, 1919) in adding nearly $158,000 to the college's general endowment fund, whose total now stood at nearly $235,000. 615 The college resumed its canvass for endowment funds during the spring and summer of 1925, with Elder C. B. Smith as field secretary, but the results were disappointing.616 On December 10, 1926, at a banquet at the Stonewall Jackson Hotel, Staunton, Virginia, the college officially launched its "Semi-Centennial Campaign," to raise, in five years (1926-31), an additional $250,000 for the institution's endowment fund and $250,000 for the construction (at Bridgewater and Daleville) of new buildings and the renovation of old ones. Jacob A. Garber (B. E., Bridgewater, 1899), Rockingham County (Va.) treasurer, served as chairman of a 10- member steering committee, which organized a booster "Committee of 100" alumni, each of whom agreed to secure nine other alumni, so as to create a "Committee of 1,000," each member of which would contribute $100 or more during the five-year period of the campaign.617 With the slogan, "We're in debt to the old school-let's pay up," the fund-raising was begun in 1927. Among the solicitors were President Bowman; Principal Roy D. Boaz, of Daleville Academy; DeWitt H. Miller (B. A., 1917) and Joseph L. Kinzie (B. A., 1927).618 By

609TrM, Feb. 15, 1924. 61~rM, Nov. 13, 1936; Feb. 12, 1940; Nov. 6, 1945; B, Oct., 1946, p. 6. 611 B, Aug., 1919, p. 8. 6l2B, Dec., 1919, p. 13. 613JSF in B, Oct., 1919, p. 6. 6l4TrM, Oct. 3, 1919. 615B, Aug., 1920, pp. 8, 15. 61~rM, June 1, 1925; DistMM (1925), p. 7. 617Bee, Dec. 17, 1926, pp. 1, 3; Dec. 31, 1926, pp. 1, 4. 618TrM, June 7, 1927; Bee, Feb. 25, 1927, p. 1; Sept. 29, 1927, p. 1; B, Aug., 1929, p. 5. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 367

November, 1928, they (and others) had obtained $131,256.51 in gifts and pledges.619 Mr. and Mrs. Leland C. Moomaw, of Roanoke, Virginia, made the initial gift ($4,000) in the campaign for a greater endowment fund. Benjamin Cline, of North River, Virginia, and Virginia Garber Cole, of Pomona, California, were substantial donors to the building fund. Even though the campaign fell far short of its objective,620 because of the coming of the Great Depression in 1929, it resulted in the erection of Rebecca Hall in 1928-29 and Cole Hall in 1929. In 1931, the college's trustees endorsed a "Ten-Year Movement" (1932-42), to raise $545,000, in anticipation of the college's needs in endowment, buildings, campus improvements, and scholarships during the next decade, and it engaged Elder Isaac S. Long, a missionary returned from India, as a special field man to work in the campaign.621 The drive was suspended, however, in 1936, because of unfavorable economic conditions. 622 In October, 1937, Bridgewater's trustees, with the approval of the Church of the Brethren's district conferences within the college's constituency,623authorized a long-range "Bridgewater College Expansion Movement," to raise funds for the institution's operating expenses, the full payment of faculty salaries, greater endowment, needed buildings, and student scholarships. A special project was the endowment of a "John Kline Chair of Religion," in memory of the Brethren churchman (1797-1864) martyred during the American Civil War. Howard S. Zigler (B. A., Bridgewater, 1922), a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, served as chairman of the campaign's 12-member steering committee.624 The movement, actively launched on September 1, 1938, went forward under the immediate direction of Ralph E. White, President Bowman's assistant in public relations,625 and, after his resignation late in 1939, under the leadership of President Bowman himself until November, 1940.626 World War II inevitably retarded the campaign, but in December, 1943, President Bowman's new assistant, Morley J. Mays, renewed the drive for funds for a science hall, which fund exceeded $51,000 by February, 1946.627 Other elements of the Expansion Movement were the free-will offerings in the Brethren church congregations within the college's constituency on "College Day'' in the fall each year, the appropriation of funds to the college by the church's annual conferences and its district conferences within the college's territory, and the annual gift movement begun by the Bridgewater-Daleville Alumni Association in 1942.

The Endowment Fund

The various components of the college's endowment fund, as of June 30, 1946, are mentioned in the paragraphs that follow. The S. N. McCann Memorial Fund ($69,000). The fund was raised during the summer of 1917, and dedicated to the memory of Samuel N. McCann, former Bridgewater College faculty member, fund-raiser, missionary, and Biblical scholar. 628

619Bee, Nov. 22, 1928, p. 1. 620PHB, Southeast, p. 169. 621TrExCornM, July 13, 1931; B, Dec., 1931, pp. 3-5; Bee, March 11, 1932, p. 1. 622DistMM (1936), p. 5; B, April, 1936, pp. 9, 10. 623DistMM (1937), pp. 7,8. 624TrM, Feb. 15, 1938; B, April, 1938, p. 3; Bee, Nov. 18, 1938, p. 1. 625B, April, 1939, p. 5. 626-rrM, Feb. 12, Nov. 11, 1940. 627TrExCornM, Dec. 11, 1943; TrM, Feb. 25, 1946. 628c, June, 1920, p. 44. 368 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The S. M. Bowman Fund ($139,942.69). The fund came from the estate of Samuel M. Bowman, a substantial benefactor and former trustee of the college, in 1919.629 The General College Endowment Fund ($184,676.74). The fund was raised, principally, during the spring and summer of 1919, by gifts from the members of the Bridgewater, Summit, Pleasant Valley, Timberville, and Mill Creek congregations of the Church of the Brethren in Virginia.630 Rebecca M. Driver Memorial Fund ($1,000). The fund was established in 1919 in memory of Mrs. Driver.631 Sarah Catherine Driver Memorial Fund ($600). The fund was established in 1919 by Elder John F. Driver in memory of his wife.632 Hattie Susan Good Memorial Fund ($500). The fund was established in 1919 by Mr. and Mrs. D. M. Good in memory of their daughter. 633 David Howard Myers'Memorial Fund (originally $1,000). The fund was established in 1919 by Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Myers in memory of their son.634 William Long Sanger Memorial Fund ($2,000). The fund was established in 1919 by Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Sanger in memory of their son.635 Roy Samuel Smucker Memorial Fund ($3,000). The fund was established in 1919 by Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Smucker in memory of their son. 636 Effie L. and Margaret B. Yount Memorial Fund ($1,000). The fund was established in 1919 by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Yount in memory of their daughters, the income to be used for the benefit of the Music Department. 637 Mr. and Mrs. John Bane Memorial Fund ($1,000). The fund was established in 1927 by John and Oliver Bane in memory of their parents.638 Robert LeRoy Kendig Memorial Fund ($500). The fund, established in 1919 by Elder Emanuel D. Kendig in memory of his son, came into the full possession of the college in 1935.639 Mr. and Mrs. Daniel C. Moomaw Memorial Fund ($10,000). The fund, a gift to Daleville College by Daniel C. Moomaw in 1921, became available to Bridgewater College in 1935.640 Elder John Kline Memorial Fund ($5,252). The fund, honoring "a great minister, missionary, leader, and martyr" of the Church of the Brethren, was established in 1939 by the church's congregations within the college's constituency for the support of a chair of religion at the college. 641

629Ibid.; C, June 1946, p. 35. 630Ibid. 631c,June, 1942, p. 38. 632c,June, 1920, p. 45. 633Ibid. 634Ibid. 635Ibid. 636Ibid. 637C,June, 1919, p. 13. 638C,June, 1928, p. 46. 639c,June, 1936, pp. 24-25. 640.rrM, Oct. 17, 1933; C,June, 1936, p. 25. 64lc,June, 1940, p. 26. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 369

Alumni Loyalty Fund (about $4,600). The fund, founded in 1930, and consisting of gifts from the college's alumni, is a reserve fund to be used for emergency needs.642 The college's trustees decided, in January, 1946, not to give "special recognition in the catalogue" to funds amounting to $100 or less, but to describe them "in some appropriate manner in the college records."643 By June 30, 1946, when President Bowman left office, the college's endowment fund had grown (from $245,043.22, in 1919) to $397,902.95; by the same date, Daleville Academy's endowment fund totalled $110,217.74.644 Until 1946, the two funds, by agreement, were kept separate, but after 1946, in which year the Daleville property was sold, the Daleville fund was included in the college's endowment fund.

Accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Gaining membership for Bridgewater College in the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools was one of President Bowman's major objectives. "Our rating among the schools of the country and the reception which our students receive at the universities," he stated, "are determined largely by this membership. 645 The college applied for membership in December, 1921, a year after its academic dean, William T. Sanger, attended the association's meeting to learn first-hand more about membership requirements and the application procedure.646 The association's commission on accrediting colleges pointed out that Bridgewater's endowment fund and salary scale were considerably below those required, and that "the training and inbreeding" of its faculty were "somewhat in question." Insufficient laboratory equipment, faulty financial administration, and the incomplete separation (in teaching and administration) of the academy and the college at Bridgewater were other criticisms. The thoroughness of the college's work, the care the college took of its students, its "emphasis upon moral and religious realities," and "the spirit of the institution," however, received favorable comment. 647 In December, 1922, the association placed Bridgewater on its "B list" of accredited colleges, which entitled the school's degree-graduates to teachers' certificates in the southern states without examination, but did not carry any recommendation to university graduate schools. 648 The Southern Association elected Bridgewater to full membership on December 4, 1925, at its Charleston, South Carolina, convention. Such accreditation enabled Bridgewater degree- graduates to enter graduate schools "without having any of their work discredited."649 (The University of Michigan had accepted Bridgewater's B. A. degree as early as 1901.)650

642TrExComM, Feb. 25, 1931; C June, 1931, p. 23. 643TrExComM, Jan 21, 1946. 6448, Aug., 1919, p. 7; Oct., 1946, pp. 11, 14. 6458, Aug., 1920, p. 6. ~rM, Dec.30, 1920. 647TrM, Feb. 22, Oct. 20, 1922; TrExComM, Dec. 20, 1922. 648FacSenM, Jan. 17, 1923; TrM, Feb. 16, 1923. 6498ee, Dec. 18, 1925, p. 1. 650cL, Nov. 15, 1901, p. 1. 370 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The admission of Bridgewater to membership in the Southern Association, its executive secretary informed President Bowman, was "a victory for honesty and veracity." The association's examiners had found that Bridgewater had understated its case. 651 The college celebrated its admittance into the association at a special convocation in the chapel in Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall) on December 22, 1925. William T. Sanger, president of the Medical College of Virginia, was the main speaker, and Mabel Pence, Bethany Bible School music teacher, was the featured soloist. Charles C. Wright, Bridgewater's academic dean, read letters of congratulation from other colleges and from Bridgewater alumni.652 When the college was re-examined by the association in 1928, in 1931, and periodically thereafter prior to 1939, it was given conditional approvaI.653The basic reason was inadequate finances during the Great Depression years. In 1931, the association's criticisms ran as follows: "The library, in general, is not up to the requirements. The training of teachers is below par; the educational expenditures are low, and the use of endowment money as collateral for making loans for current expenses is regarded as bad practice. The greatest difficulty, however, is with your endowment and church support."654 Indebtedness "to your endowment fund and the generally bad condition of some of these funds ... the need of a more careful handling of your notes and accounts receivable," as well as the need of higher salaries for faculty members and administrators, were other criticisms.655 In March, 1939, the Southern Association's Commission on Higher Education again approved Bridgewater for "unconditional membership," thus removing the college from the starred list of institutions whose accreditation was in jeopardy656

The Kelly Survey

In 1932 and 1933, the Association of American Colleges, at the request of the Church of the Brethren's General Education Board, made a survey of the Brethren colleges in the U.S. A., to evaluate their work and to make recommendations "in the light of the needs, resources, and current trends in the field of higher education." The study, financed in part by a grant of $2,000 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York,657 was made by Robert L. Kelly, executive secretary of the Association of American Colleges, and his staff. Among the criticisms and recommendations pertaining to Bridgewater College that emanated from the survey were the following: the lack of an adequate statement of the college's objectives; the absence of an adequate church constituency to provide students; the need of higher scholastic standards for the admission of students; the below-standard quality of some of the teaching; the need of higher salaries for administrators and faculty members, and of a larger library staff and greater expenditures for library books; also the need of a more effective student health service, greater social and recreational facilities, and more contacts with scholars and artists from the outside world.658

651 PHB, Southeast, p. 156. 652HDN-R, Dec. 23, 1925, p. 1. 653TrM, Feb. 19, 1932; Feb. 16, 1937; B, Oct., 1935, p. 6; Oct., 1938, p. 7. 654PHB to the Tr, TrM, Feb. 19, 1932. 655TrM, Feb. 16, 1937. 656Bee, March 31, 1939, p. 1. 657TrM, Feb. 21, 1933. 658Based upon Robert L. Kelly and staff, "A Survey of the Colleges Operated under the Auspices of the Church of the Brethren" (typescript), New York, N.Y., 1933. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 371

The Question of Relocating the College Other problems, besides those connected with academic accreditation, faced the college during the early 1920's. A major one emanated from the college's widely scattered and inadequate church constituency as the main source of students. Another resulted from the proximity of a competing educational institution, the State Normal School at Harrisonburg (State Teachers College, 1924-38; Madison College, 1938-77; James Madison University since 1977), which offered education at a lower cost. "This school, in the heart of our constituency," President Bowman declared, " ... will be a perpetual consideration for Bridgewater College." The poor railroad transportation to and from Bridgewater presented another problem. "Our railroad is steadily declining," President Bowman reported, "and we have poorer and poorer connection with other railroad lines." He concluded his statement of stem realities by saying: "Our town is non-progressive and has little or nothing to offer the college beyond good will. ... These facts are unpleasant, I know, but we should face them as men who are responsible for the future of our college."659 President Bowman was clearly disheartened. "I have now given five of the most arduous years of my life to Bridgewater," he told the college's trustees in 1924, "and I am not satisfied with the results. The problems of enrollment and financial resources, our two greatest problems, are still unsolved.660 He opened his heart to the trustees: I am conscious of my limitations. I am not as capable as some of you think. My interest and, I think, my chief ability is in the classroom, rather than the executive office. I want to do what is right and what is best. I do not want to occupy any position one hour longer than is best for the institution which I serve. College trustees should be good enough and frank enough to tell the men whom they employ the truth about themselves. The trustees, however, unanimously, expressed "unqualified approval" of his adminis- tration of the college. 661 President Bowman believed that two courses of action might be considered: "change the location of the college, or accept our limitations and make the best of a bad situation." He continued, as follows:

If we were located at Harrisonburg, it would put us on a better footing in relation to the Normal School, give us better and more perma,nent railroad facilities, put us on one of the greatest auto thoroughfares in the South, give us a city constituency, ... and put us in closer touch with students and wealth outside the church [of the Brethren] without breaking any of our denominational contacts. The city of Staunton or Waynesboro would also offer similar advantages .... in my judgment, such a course of procedure would be for the highest and best interests of the college.662 Some business and church leaders in the Roanoke, Virginia, area "proposed a magnificent free site within the city limits" for the college, and "a gift of $250,000 toward a new college plant." The idea, however, was abandoned because "the investment in the old plants [at Bridgewater and Daleville] was considered too great and the sentiment clustering around them too strong" to warrant such a change of location. 663

659PHB to the Tr, TrM, Feb. 15, 1924. 660Jbid. 661/bid. 662/bid. 663PHB, Southeast, p. 159. 372 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The Bridgewater Times, the town's newspaper, expressed concern at the suggestion of moving the school, declaring it was "a conceded fact" that the college was "the first gilt-edge asset" of the town.664 The movement to relocate the school, however, was short lived. Although convinced that "from a purely business standpoint" it would be advantageous to move the college to, or near, a larger town, President Bowman became convinced by 1925 that ... from the standpoint of service to the church, the sentiment of alumni, the traditions of the college, and perhaps the social, moral, and academic atmosphere of the college, I consider it best to settle this question finally in favor of our present location .... If this be our policy, then we have no alternative but to ... seek to overcome the handicaps of our location by increasing our ... financial resources.665 To overcome the college's handicaps, President Bowman suggested tapping more effectively the "great reservoir of strength and vitality" in the school's alumni, increasing publicity of the college, engaging expert service in student recruiting (instead of "depending wholly upon our faculty for this service"), and exploring "the large possibilities" offered by adult education.666 In 1927, the college began sponsoring radio broadcasts of programs by faculty members and students over station WDBJ, at Roanoke, Virginia, and later over station WRV A, at Richmond, Virginia, and station WSVA, at Harrisonburg,667 in addition to publicity in other ways. In April, 1944, the college began hosting the annual Southeastern Region Youth Roundtable of the Church of the Brethren,668 which has attracted to the Bridgewater campus for two days in every spring (except in 1945, because of travel difficulties during the war) hundreds of high school students (over 700 in 1944), some of whom returned later to enroll as students in the college. Those annual youth assemblies have publicized Bridgewater in an effective manner over a large geographical area.

The Affiliation of Hebron Seminary

On August 8, 1921, the trustees of Bridgewater College and of Hebron Seminary, meeting in joint session in Front Royal, Virginia, voted for the affiliation of their schools. Henceforth, their trustee boards were to be "interlocked to the extent of three members." The two boards were to meet jointly at least once a year to determine policy, and, in emergencies, might act through an executive committee of seven members representing the boards. Each school should hold its own funds intact for its own use, but the two schools should conduct future financial campaigns jointly, "on a basis to be mutually agreed upon." Hebron's principal should be responsible for the interests of Bridgewater College in eastern Virginia, especially in the matter of canvassing for students. Graduates of Hebron's college preparatory course were to be admitted, without examination, to the freshman year at Bridgewater College, or at Daleville College. Hebron Seminary (not an accredited educational institution) should bear

664Bridgewater Times, Nov. 6, 1925. 665PHB in B, Aug., 1925. p. 6. 666PHB in TrM, Nov. 11, 1940. 667Bee, March 11, 1927, p. 4; May 16, 1930; p. 1; B, Oct., 1938, p. 6. 668Bee, April 7, 1944, p. 1; B, April, 1944, pp. 1, 5. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 373

"the same general relation to the college [Bridgewater] as that borne by the Bridgewater Academy."669 The affiliation of Hebron with Bridgewater was the first step in the achievement of President Bowman's objective of closer cooperation and federation of the Church of the Brethren schools in the southeastern region of the United States. 670 Hebron Seminary (1909-24), a co-educational denominational school (having a primary department as well as a college preparatory), located at Nokesville, a village in Prince William County, Virginia, 41 miles southwest of the nation's capital, was "the lineal descendant and rehabilitation" of the Prince William Normal School (1897-1905), a private school established at Brentsville, Prince William County, by the initiative and leadership, mainly, of a Church of the Brethren clergyman and educator, Isaac Newton Harvey Beahm (1859-1950). The Prince William Normal School had been closed in 1905, and its buildings sold. Hebron Seminary came into existence in 1909, with I. N. H. Beahm as its principal, when some citizens of the Nokesville vicinity pressed for the establishment of a school in their community after the discontinuance of the county high school at Brentsville, the former county seat.671 The student enrollment in Hebron's college preparatory course during the session, 1921- 22, was 37; during the next session, 21; and during the session, 1923-24, it was 29. The enrollments in the primary department during the same successive sessions were 23, 29, and 23.672 Most of the students lived in Nokesville and its environs, but others, from greater distances, were dormitory residents on the third floor of the Hebron Seminary building. Most of the students came from Church of the Brethren families of eastern Virginia. The seminary forbade the use of tobacco on the campus, the use of intoxicating liquors, and the possession or use of firearms. It prohibited, also, "card-playing, gambling, unbecoming language and conduct, and dancing."673 The school required boarding students to attend all religious services regularly held in the seminary building: a chapel worship service in the morning and a prayer meeting in the evening of each school day; Sunday School and preaching service each Sunday morning and a Christian Workers' meeting each Sunday evening.674 The students' literary and forensic activity centered in the Nicol Literary Society, named after Judge C. E. Nicol. The offer of annual awards by friends of the school stimulated achievement: a gold medal to the best debater, a prize to the student exhibiting the best delivery in an oratorical contest, a gold coin for the best essay, and a prize for the best recitation675 The students' athletic association encouraged participation in baseball, basketball, and tennis, and sponsored contest games with near-by schools. Basketball was the only inter- scholastic sport of the Hebron girls. 676 Bridgewater College granted a $50 scholarship annually to the Hebron Seminary graduate having the best scholastic record.

669TrM, June 21, Aug. 8, Oct. 14, 1921, and appended papers. 670See PHB to Tr, Feb. 16, 1923, in the TrM. 671 Hebron Seminary catalogue, July 1923, p. 5. See also Sharp Ed Hist CB, pp. 205-16. 672Hebron Seminary catalogues, 1922-24, and the EVaDistMM (1924), p. 14. 673Hebron Seminary catalogue, July, 1923, p. 9. 674lbid.,]uly, 1921, p. 7. 675Ibid., July, 1923, pp. 8, 11. 676Ibid., P· 9. 374 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Hebron had a small group of able and dedicated teachers. During the years of its affiliation with Bridgewater, the instructors in Latin were Ada S. Cassel (B. A., Juniata College), 1921-22; Baxter M. Mow, a Rhodes Scholar (B. A., University of Idaho; B. A., Oxford; B. D., Bethany Bible School), 1922-23; and William H. Sanger (B. A., Bridgewater), 1923-24. The teachers of mathematics were Ada S. Cassel, 1921-22, and William H. Sanger, 1921-24. Irvin J. Gibson (B. A., Mt. Morris College) taught science, 1920-22, as did Baxter M. Mow, 1922-23, and William H. Sanger, 1922-24. The teachers of English were William H. Sanger, 1921-22; Manola F. Evers (B. A., Bridgewater), 1922-23; and Mrs. Walter R. Shively, 1923-24. Irvin J. Gibson taught history, 1920-22, as did Baxter M. Mow, 1922-23, and Walter R. Shively (B. A., Manchester College), 1923-24. The teachers of Bible were Irvin J. Gibson, 1921-22; Mrs. Baxter M. (Anna Beahm) Mow (B. A., Manchester College; B. D., Bethany Bible School), 1922-23; and Walter R. Shively, 1923-24. Mrs. Irvin J. Gibson (B. A., Mt. Morris College) instructed in home economics, 1920-22, as did Manola F. Evers, 1922-23, and Mrs. Walter R. Shively, 1923-24. William H. Sanger taught commercial subjects, 1921-23. Lottie A. Maupin had charge of the primary grades (one through seven), 1921-22, as had Olive B. Bagwell, 1922-24.677 The seminary's catalogues, although describing work offered in voice, chorus, piano, and organ, list the names of no teachers of music for the years 1921-24. A number of students, however, took music lessons from Mrs. V. W. Zirkle, of Nokesville, and others, Mae Walter among them.678 In Hebron's four-year college preparatory course, seven students were graduated in 1922, one in 1923, and nine in 1924.679 Among those graduates of the years of Hebron's affiliation with Bridgewater, the following received B. A. degrees from Bridgewater in the years indicated: Murray Guy West (1926), of Stuart (Va.); John M. Kline, Jr. (1927), of Manassas (Va.); Samuel A. Harley (1928), of Manassas; and Henry Early Beahm (1929), of Nokesville. Hebron's principal, 1921-24, was William H. Sanger, a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1904), who had taught at Elizabethtown College, 1904-5, and at Bridgewater College, 1905-6. 680 The seminary operated under the direction of the Church of the Brethren in eastern Virginia, acting through a board of trustees of nine members, two of whom, Elijah E. Blough (of Manassas) and William H. Sanger, were also members of the Bridgewater College board of trustees. A third member of the Bridgewater trustee board from eastern Virginia (Hebron's territory), during the period under review, was I. N. H. Beahm, of Nokesville. The president of Hebron's board of trustees during these years (1921-24) was Elijah E. Blough; the secretary was Benjamin F. Glick, of Nokesville, and the treasurer was Amos K. GraybilL also of N okesville. 681 Hebron Seminary, however, did not long endure. A private school whose charge (session, 1923-24) for its college preparatory course was $234 for a boarding student and $72 for a day student,682 Hebron was at a distinct disadvantage in competing for students with the tax- supported public high schools being established, during the 1920's, in more and more eastern

677From Hebron Seminary catalogues, 1921-24, and WHS, Diary. 678EVaDistMM (1924), p. 14; also conversation with WHS and M. Guy West, April 6, 1977. 679WHs, Diary, June 7, 1922; May 30, 1923; May 30, 1924; also Hebron Seminary catalogues, 1922-24. 680-rhe earlier principals of the seminary were I.N.H. Beahm, 1909-11; Walter A. Myers, 1911-12; Lewis B. Flohr and Amos K. Graybill (co-prin~pals), 1912-13; I. N. H. Beahm, 1913-15; H. Sherfy Randolph, 1915-16; Noah M. Shideler, 1916-18; Franklin J. Byer, 1918-21. PHB, Southeast, p. 79. 681 The names of Hebron's trustees of the years of the seminary's affiliation with Bridgewater (1921-24) appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. 682Hebron Seminary catalogue, July, 1923, p. 13. STUDENTS AND FACUL1Y OF HEBRON SEMINARY, 1923-24 Photograph by the courtesy of Ruth E. Sanger, of Bridgewater, Virginia 376 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

William H. Sanger, Principal, Hebron Seminary, 1921-24

Hebron Seminary building

Photographs by courtesy of Ruth E. Sanger, of Bridgewater, Virginia Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 377

Virginia towns (Nokesville among them). Hebron, furthermore, never succeeded in achieving accreditation as an educational institution, because of its meager financial resources and the rising Virginia state requirements. Having become convinced that continued operation of the school was impracticable, Hebron's trustees recommended to the seminary's sponsor, the district meeting of the Church of the Brethren in the Eastern District of Virginia, in August, 1924, "that it be authorized to close the school," and the meeting granted the request.683 In 1927, three years after Hebron's closing, the trustees sold the school's property to the Nokesville congregation of Brethren,684 which had been using the seminary's building for its Sunday meetings.685

The Consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville School Systems

The consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville systems of schools, so as to eliminate Bridgewater Academy and Daleville College and concentrate college work at Bridgewater and academy work at Daleville, was one of the notable accomplishments during Dr. Bowman's presidency. The Daleville school system had had its beginnings in a private school a Brethren educator, I. N. H. Beahm, conducted for the instruction of the children of Benjamin F. Nininger and George G. Layman at Daleville, Botetourt County, Virginia, in 1890-91. In October, 1891, I. N. H. Beahm (principal), Joseph C. Beahm, Charles E. Arnold, and D. Newton Eller opened at Daleville the "Botetourt Normal School," which the Virginia legislature incorporated as "Botetourt Normal College" in 1892. Theodore C. Denton, John A. Dove, D. Newton Eller, Michael Graybill, Levi D. Ikenberry, Benjamin F. Nininger, and Samuel L. Shaver constituted the school's original board of trustees. A charter amendment in 1910 authorized the institution to grant the B. A. degree, and changed its name to ''Daleville College." In 1912, the Virginia State Board of Education accredited the school, but because of difficulty in meeting the requirements for senior colleges, Daleville's trustees discontinued the junior and senior years of college work after the session, 1915-16, and operated the school henceforth as a junior college until its consolidation with Bridgewater in 1924. The institution's successive administrative heads (until 1924) were I. N. H. Beahm, 1891-93; D. Newton Eller, 1893-96; Levi D. Ikenberry, 1896-99; James Z. Gilbert, 1899-1902; D. Newton Eller, 1902-11; and Tully S. Moherman, 1911-24. During the years 1912 to 1916, the Church of the Brethren districts embraced within Daleville's territory (in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida), at the request of Daleville's trustees, became the joint owners of the college. Theodore C. Denton and Benjamin F. Nininger were the institution's greatest benefactors.686 The consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville educational systems, effective in June, 1924, was the result of various factors. Such an arrangement, advocates declared, would make for greater economy and efficiency in operation, and would end duplication of work at Bridgewater and Daleville and end any competition between the two denominational school

683EVaDistMM (1924), p. 2. 684EVaDistMM (1927), pp. 2, 4. 685In 1948, the building was torn down and removed, and on its approximate site was erected the present sanctuary of the Nokesville congregation of the Church of the Brethren. From H. Early Beahm, April 1, 1977. 686Based upon Charles S. Ikenberry's sketch in DHZigler, pp. 321-28; Sharp, Ed Hist CB, pp. 168-83; the chapters by J. Maurice Henry, Norman A. Seese, and Frederick D. Dove in BC (1930), pp. 161-222; and PHB, Southeast, pp. 48-59, 175-96. Certain Daleville records are among the PrO Papers. 378 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

systems. Although causing disappointment and sacrifice to many, the closing of the academy at Bridgewater and the junior college at Daleville was in conformity with the judgment of Church of the Brethren leaders who felt that the church had more colleges and academies in Virginia than it needed and more than it could adequately support. The consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems, advocates maintained, would develop "a denominational solidarity" in the schools' constituencies and promote "greater unity in the program of the church." Furthermore, elimination of Bridgewater Academy, in which some Bridgewater College faculty members did some teaching, would enhance the college's chances of accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. The inability of Bridgewater, as well as of Daleville, to separate completely its academy from its college was also jeopardizing the accreditation of each of those schools by the Virginia State Board of Education. Complete separation of the academy from the college at Bridgewater and at Daleville would have necessitated the erection of additional buildings, as well as the employment of more teachers, at both places, expansions which neither Daleville nor Bridgewater could afford. 687 The Bridgewater-Daleville consolidation won the approbation of educators. Harris Hart, Virginia's superintendent of public instruction, declared it to be "quite in line with educational tendencies," and with his department's "policy of fewer and better schools."688 Dr. Daniel W. Kurtz, chairman of the Church of the Brethren's General Education Board and president of McPherson College, considered it "very wise" to put all the church's schools in Virginia in one system, so as to have one standard college and the other schools coordinated with it.689 Dr. John S. Noffsinger, who had made a careful study of the Brethren colleges throughout the country,690 congratulated the Bridgewater and Daleville trustees upon their "sound educational statesmanship" in making their schools, henceforth, "supplementary rather than competing institutions" in a coordinated educational system. 691 The Bridgewater-Daleville system of schools evolved from discussions extending back to 1918, but immediately from a series of meetings between representatives of Bridgewater and Daleville colleges in 1923. At the second meeting, in Basic City (today, a part of Waynesboro), Virginia, on March 9, delegates of the two schools drafted and adopted a definite plan for the merging of their institutions and for the administration of the new school system "under one general charter and one general board of trustees." The trustee board, to consist of not less than 15, and not more than 30 members, should be elected, very largely, by the Church of the Brethren districts (Second, Northern, and Eastern in Virginia, and the First and Second in West Virginia) owning and controlling Bridgewater College and by the Church of the Brethren districts (First and Southern in Virginia, and the districts in Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida) owning and controlling Daleville College. Each district having a Church of the Brethren membership of 1,000, or less, should choose one trustee; each district having from 1,001 to 3,500 should elect two trustees, and any district having more than 3,500 should choose three trustees.692 The trustee board itself should elect to its membership eight other trustees: four from Bridgewater's territory and four from

687PHB to the Tr, April 5and 6, 1923, in the TrM. 688Quoted in B, Dec., 1923, p. 4. 6B9Ibid., p. 5. 690A Program for Higher Education in the Church of the Brethren, with Special Reference to the Number and Distribution of Colleges. , ., published by Teachers College, Columbia University, in 1925. 691Quoted in B, Dec., 1923, p. 5. 692District representation was eventually changed to one trustee per district, regardless of the number of church members in adistrict. TrM, Oct. 20, 1931. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 379

Daleville's; and in doing so should give "due recognition" to alumni representation.693 Henceforth, the dividing line between the Bridgewater and Daleville territories should be wiped out, and the two territories combined and worked jointly, reserving, however, the Eastern District of Virginia for Hebron Seminary. Finally, Bridgewater and Daleville should each keep intact "its present holdings," including "equipment, endowment, and indebtedness."694 After the Bridgewater and Daleville trustees and the several church districts (acting in district meetings) had given their approval of the proposals stated in the preceding paragraph, the Bridgewater and Daleville trustees, meeting in joint session at Bridgewater, November 23, 1923, adopted unanimously a resolution for consolidation-for merging "our two schools into one system," their "territories, constituencies, and resources" to be "held in common and utilized to the highest and best interests of the church and the young people whom we seek to serve." The consolidation was to become effective on June 4, 1924. 695 The Bridgewater and Daleville trustees jointly petitioned the State Corporation Commission of Virginia for an amendment to the Bridgewater College charter that would change the institution's name to "Bridgewater-Daleville College," and on July 15, 1924, that agency did certify, to the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the change of name requested.696 The trustees' application for the charter amendment specified "that the majority of the faculties of the institutions of learning conducted under this charter shall be members of the Church of the Brethren," and that "at least four-fifths of the institution's board of trustees" should also be members of that church.697 After voting for consolidation of their schools, the Bridgewater and Daleville trustees proceeded on the same day (November 23, 1923) to effect a tentative organization (which they confirmed and made permanent, June 3, 1924). They elected the president of the Daleville College trustee board, John A. Dove, of Cloverdale, Virginia, president of the new Bridgewater-Daleville College trustee board, and made the president of the Bridgewater College trustee board, Hiram G. Miller, of Bridgewater, president-emeritus of the new board. They elected the first vice president of the Bridgewater board, John C. Myers, of Broadway, Virginia, first vice president of the new board, and made the vice president of the Daleville board, William P. Crumpacker, of Roanoke, Virginia, second vice president of the new board. Finally, they elected the secretary of the Bridgewater board, John S. Flory, of Bridgewater, secretary of the new board.698 At the same meeting, November 23, 1923, the Bridgewater College president, Paul Haynes Bowman, and the Daleville College president, Tully S. Moherman, offered their resignations. The Bridgewater and Daleville trustees then elected Dr. Bowman president of Bridgewater- Daleville College. 699 At later meetings, the trustees elected the dean of Bridgewater College, Frank J. Wright, dean of Bridgewater-Daleville College, and chose Roy D. Boaz to be principal of Daleville Academy, after John T. Glick, of Timberville, Virginia, withdrew his name from consideration. They made Newton D. Cool (principal of Bridgewater Academy, 1918-24) business manager of Bridgewater-Daleville College and treasurer of its board of trustees. They elected Luther C.

693"Due recognition" came to mean five alumni representatives. 694TrM, Jan 22, April 6, 1923, and appended papers. 695TrM, Nov. 22, 23, 1923, and appended papers. 696See the papers with Charter 584, sec. 697TrM, June 3, 1924. 698rrM,Nov.23, 1923. 699/bid. 380 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

TITLE PAGE OF THE FIRST CATALOGUE OF THE BRIDGEWATER-DALEVILLE SYSTEM OF SCHOOLS

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JUNE, 1925 No. IA. IVol. I.

Bridgewater College

Of The Bridgewater-Daleville System

CATALOG NUMBER 1925

Bridgewater-Daleville College Bulletin Published Bi-Monthly by the College Bridgewater, Virginia

Entered a~ Second-Cla" Matter, al the Pool Office al Bridgewater, Virginia, u11der

j,_ --·- - • ' th.Ad ef A"'"' 24,_'.~~. -- -·-- ,._. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 381

Coffman (business manager of Daleville College and treasurer of its board of trustees) business manager of Daleville Academy and assistant treasurer of the Bridgewater-Daleville College trustee board.700 Upon the recommendation of its trustees701 and the approval of its faculty, the college offered to confer Bridgewater's B. A. degree upon any of the 15 B. A. graduates of the late Daleville College "as have taken enough additional work in standard institutions to give them sufficient credit or a standard college course."702In June, 1927, the college conferred Bridgewater's B. A. degree upon two of those graduates: A. Burman Hurt (B. A., Daleville, 1916) and Charles S. Ikenberry (B. A., Daleville, 1914); and in April, 1932, upon another Daleville graduate, Abram Cline Flora (B. A., 1912).703 The Bridgewater-Daleville consolidation brought about a vast and permanent extension of the college's territory. It added to the Church of the Brethren's Second, Northern, and Eastern districts in Virginia and its First and Second districts in West Virginia, the following church districts: the First and Southern in Virginia, and the districts in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The consolidation, accordingly, enlarged considerably the college's patronage and its reservoir of friends and supporters. The official seal of the new educational institution, adopted by its board of trustees in 1924,704 was, in actuality, a double seal, the Bridgewater and Daleville seals joined (shown and explained in an appendix near the end of this volume). "Bridgewater-Daleville College" remained the legal title of the school for some years, even after the closing of Daleville Academy in 1933. Not until the college's charter was amended in 1951 was the institution's corporate name changed back to "Bridgewater College."705

Daleville Academy, 1924-1933

During the years of the Bridgewater-Daleville consolidation, the successive principals of Daleville Academy were Roy D. Boaz, 1924-28; Norman A. Seese, 1928-30; and Frank E. Williar, 1930-33. Charles S. Ikenberry was vice-principal, 1924-25, and Raymond R. Peters was assistant principal, 1930-33. No assistant principals for the other years are listed in the academy's catalogues.706 The academy's successive business managers during this period were Luther C. Coffman, 1920-26; Ira F. Thomas, 1926-30; and Frank E. Williar (assisted by Lois A. Eller), 1930-33. The academy's pastors during the same period were Walter M. Kahle, 1921-26, and Ernest F. Sherfy, 1926-33. The academy's enrollments (as of October 1) during the successive sessions, 1924-33, the principals' reports reveal, were 90, 79, 97, 69, 48, 56, 69, 83, and 69. At least 75 percent of the students, in nearly every session, were Virginians, and most of them came from three counties: Botetourt, Franklin, and Roanoke (descending order). Next to Virginians, West Virginians were most numerous in every session; then North Carolinians, except that in the

7

PRINCIPALS OF DALEVILLE ACADEMY

RoyD. Boaz Norman A. Seese 1924-28 1928-30

Frank E. Williar 1930-33 Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 383

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sessions, 1930-32, Marylanders equaled or outnumbered North Carolinians. In every session, from two-thirds to four-fifths of the students were members of the Church of the Brethren. Methodists and Baptists stood next in number among the denominations represented. The school stood against the use of tobacco and intoxicating liquors, the use of profane language, the possession or use of firearms, hazing in any form, and the organization of, and membership in, secret societies. 707 The student literary societies, the Columbian and the Aristotelian., fostered debate, oratory, essays, music, and dramatics at their bi-weekly meetings, and in the spring each year engaged in an inter-society contest. 708 The Daleville Church of the Brethren and the Brethren Young People's Department were primarily responsible for the religious life of the school, especially on Sundays. The Young Men's Christian Association and the Girl Reserves met on Wednesday evenings for worship programs and for discussion of current problems. The Student Volunteer Mission Band met on Tuesday evenings to discuss activities and needs in foreign mission fields.709 The students' athletic association encouraged participation in baseball, basketball, tennis, football (1931 only), and, under faculty supervision, sponsored games (except in tennis) with near-by schools. Basketball was the only inter-scholastic sport of the Daleville girls. 710 Hiking to Haystack Rock on Tinker Mountain (west of Daleville) for picnics was a favorite recreational activity. Those musically inclined found enjoyable diversion, also, in the girls' and boys' glee clubs.711 The academy had a group of able and dedicated teachers. In the area of foreign languages, Luther C. Coffman (B. A., Daleville) taught Latin and French, 1913-27; Flora Mae Nininger (B. A., Randolph-Macon Woman's College), Latin, 1924-26; Effie V. Early (B. A., Bridgewater), Latin, 1926-28, and 1930-31; Mrs. Cecil C. Ikenberry (nee Effie V. Early), Latin, 1931-32; Alice Kathryn Eller (B. A., Bridgewater), French, 1927-30; and Mrs. Raymond R. Peters (nee Alice Kathryn Eller), French, 1930-33.712 The teachers of mathematics were Orval S. Garber (B. A., Bridgewater), 1924-28; J. Emmert Ikenberry (B. A., Bridgewater), 1928-30; Walter H. Boone (B. A., Bridgewater), 1930-32; and Cecil C. Ikenberry (B. A., Bridgewater), 1932-33. The following persons taught in the field of the natural sciences: Orval S. Garber, 1924-28; Carrie F. Click (B. A., Bridgewater), 1925-27; Effie V. Early, 1926-28, and 1930-31; Boyd J. Glick (B. A., Bridgewater), 1928-30; J. Emmert Ikenberry, 1928-30; Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1930-32; Mrs. Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1931-33; and Earl M. Zigler (B. A., Bridgewater), 1931-33. The instructors in English were Flora Mae Nininger, 1924-26; Effie V. Early, 1926-28, and 1930-31; Hattie B. Wampler (B. A., Bridgewater), 1927-30; and Mrs. Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1931-33. Roy D. Boaz (B. A., University of Pittsburgh; M. A., Roanoke College) taught history and government, 1924-28, as did Norman A. Seese (B. A., Bridgewater; M.A., University of Virginia), 1928-30, and Raymond R. Peters (B. A., Bridgewater), 1930-33. In the field of music, Harry A. Figgat instructed in violin, 1924-26; Major F. Holroyd (certificate, Royal Academy of Music, London), in stringed instruments, 1926-30; William G. Kinzie (B. A., Bridgewater), in wind and stringed instruments, 1929-30; Vera Mae Hoover (B. A., La Verne College), in piano and voice, 1924-25; Ellen Geraldyn Wood (teacher's

707Daleville Academy catalogue, April 1, 1932, p. 17. 70Bibid., p. 12. 709Ibid., p. 13. 710Ibid., p. 14; and conversation with Earl M. Zigler. 711funior Ripples (1925), p. 62. 712For the appointments of teachers, see the TrM and appended papers. The memories of certain teachers still living have also been helpful. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 385

certificate, Peabody Conservatory of Music), in piano, 1925-27; Helen Hiatt, in voice, 1926-27; Alice Kathryn Eller (who became Mrs. Raymond R. Peters in 1930) was director of music and instructor in piano and voice, 1927-33. Charles S. Ikenberry (B. S. L., and B. A., Daleville; M. R. E., Boston University) taught Bible and religious education, 1910-30, as did Frank E. Williar (B. A., Bridgewater), 1930-33. Cecil C. Ikenberry taught Bible, 1930-33. The instructors in commercial subjects were Mrs. Elsie H. Webb, 1924-25; Earl Coffman (graduate, Columbia Business College), 1925-26; Ira F. Thomas (B. A., Bridgewater), 1926-30; Hilda M. F. Kaylor, 1930-32; and Lois A. Eller, 1932-33. Leona Esther Scaggs taught home economics, 1923-25, as did Carrie F. Click, 1925-27. No teachers of that subject for later years are listed in the academy's catalogues. Physical education and men's athletics (baseball, basketball, tennis, and, one season, football) were under the direction of Orval S. Garber, 1924-28; Boyd J. Glick, 1928-30; Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1930-31; and Earl M. Zigler, 1931-33. Effie V. Early (who became Mrs. Cecil C. Ikenberry in 1931) coached the women's athletic teams (basketball), 1926-28, and 1930-33. 713 During the period of the Bridgewater-Daleville consolidation, the academy delivered diplomas to 171 graduates, distributed among the successive years, 1925-33, as follows: 26, 18, 24, 21, 12, 20, 13, 19, and 18.714 Forty Daleville students (all but six of them Virginians) of the years 1924-33, the catalogues show, later received degrees from Bridgewater College, in the years indicated: Adeen A. Adams (1933), of Sago; J. Maurice Bowman (1932), of Callaway; Galen G. Craun (1933), of Bridgewater; Edgar L. Crumpacker (1938), of Roanoke; Frances W. Crumpacker (1939), of Roanoke; Ruth E. Crumpacker (1941), of Roanoke; John A. Derr (1934), of Monrovia, Maryland; Raymon E. Eller (1937), of Salem; Lester S. Evans (1933), of Laureldale, West Virginia; Kermit P. Flora (1936), of Boones Mill; Leah Flora (1939), of Sago; Evelyn V. Garber (1929), of Mt. Jackson; Mary M. Garber (1930), of Mt. Jackson; Louise E. Garst (1949), of Salem; Maurice K. Henry (1936), of Bridgewater; Dorothy L. Ikenberry (1932), of Daleville; John W. Ikenberry, Jr. (1935), of Daleville; Richard C. Kinzie (1937), of Cloverdale; William G. Kinzie (1932), of Salem; Ira D. Layman, Jr. (1938), of Daleville; John C. Layman (1928), of Troutville; Orion R. Layman (1934), of Cloverdale; John Curtis Miller (1931), of Burlington, West Virginia; Olden D. Mitchell (1935), of Wirtz; S. Earl Mitchell (1932), of Wirtz; Vera J. Mitchell (1937), of Wirtz; Ernest E. Muntzing (1931), of Maysville, West Virginia; N. Kathryn Peters (1937), of Wirtz; Ira S. Petre (1937), of Hagerstown, Maryland; Emma G. Seehorn (1932), of Daleville; Evelyn E. Shaver (1933), of Daleville; Kathryn Shaver (1941), of Daleville; Hope E. Sherfy (1932), of Daleville; Robert L. Sherfy (1934), of Daleville; A. Ray Showalter (1930), of Weyers Cave; Cecil 0. Showalter (1930), of Weyers Cave; Flora K. Spigle (1931), of Troutville; Elizabeth E. Vest (1932), of Floyd; Ella A. Vest (1931), of Floyd; and Carl H. Welch (1933), of Warrensville, North Carolina. All received the B. A. degree, except Ruth E. Crumpacker and Louise E. Garst, both B. S. graduates. But all did not go well with the academy. Its student enrollment declined from 90 (session, 1924-25) to 56 (session, 1929-30), largely because of the establishment of tax-supported public high schools in the regions from which Daleville was drawing its students. By the session, 1932-33, the academy's tuition fee (per semester) had risen to $35, and its charge (per semester) for room, board, heat, and light was $96. The economic depression which settled

713The compensation of full-time teachers (session, 1924-25) ranged from $1,050 (for nine months' service) to $900, "and living." TrM, Oct. 17, 1924. 714The academy's catalogues; also B, April, 1933, p. 6; Oct., 1933, p. 2. THE STUDENTS AND FACULTY OF DALEVILLE ACADEMY, 1932-33 Photograph by the courtesy of Earl M. Zigler, of Bridgewater, Virginia Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 387 over the nation, beginning in 1929, was, of course, another factor affecting enrollment. Annual deficits plagued the academy. By June, 1930, its indebtedness had grown to more than $50,000.715 Unwilling to run the risk of incurring greater indebtedness, the Bridgewater-Daleville trustees decided to close the academy, and announced that decision regretfully in June, 1930, at commencement time.716 In this crisis, some Daleville alumni and friends came to the rescue. Benjamin R. Ikenberry, Charles S. Ikenberry, and Ernest F. Sherfy (all of Daleville, Virginia), Walter M. Kahle (of Troutville), William M. Shickel (of Roanoke), and Henry C. Eller (of Boones Mill) leased the Daleville Academy plant and equipment from the Bridgewater-Daleville trustees for a period of three years (1930-33).717 The six lessees agreed to operate the academy "as a part of the Bridgewater-Daleville system." They employed the school's administrators and teachers and paid them, paid all taxes on the academy's property, the cost of insurance on buildings and equipment, and all other expenses incident to the operation of the school. The Bridgewater-Daleville trustees, however, decided the academy's graduation requirements and authorized the awarding of graduation certificates.718 A board of directors, nominated by the lessees and approved by the college's trustees, served as an advisory body to the lessees. All 16 of the original directors were residents of Botetourt, Franklin, and Roanoke counties, Virginia, and nine of them were Daleville alumni. The president of the college and the principal of the academy were ex-officio members of the board of directors.719 After operating the school under this arrangement for three years, with Frank E. Williar as the principal and Raymond R. Peters as assistant principal, Daleville Academy's managers decided, March 18, 1933, not to apply for a renewal of the lease of the school's plant, inasmuch as the academy's indebtedness had continued to increase.720 Convinced that further operation of the academy under existing conditions was impractical, the Bridgewater-Daleville trustees requested of the Church of the Brethren's district conferences within the college's territory authority to discontinue Daleville Academy, and to "dispose of, convert, transfer, or otherwise arrange to use the plant and equipment at Daleville to serve such interests of the church and community as may be discovered in cooperation with other boards, committees, or officers of the church, subject to the final approval of the district conferences" of the college's territory.721 The district conferences gave their approval and, accordingly, Daleville Academy was discontinued after the end of the session, 1932-33.722Suggestions to convert the school's plant into a regional church headquarters, or a regional church home for retired pastors and missionaries, or a regional church orphanage723failing, the Daleville plant was finally sold, in 1946, for $17,000, to two Daleville business men, Lawrence Garst and Karl Ikenberry, who converted the buildings into residential apartments.724

715PHB, Southeast, p. 192. 711J.rrM, Feb. 41930; PHB to Theodore H. Jack, Sept. 29, 1930, PrO Papers. 7l7B, Oct., 1930, p. 6. 718The contract (dated July 1, 1930) between the trustees and the lessees is in the TrM. 7l9B, Oct., 1930, p. 12. 720B,April, 1933,p.3. 72lIbid., pp. 3, 4. 722TrM, Oct. 17, 1933. 723B, Oct., 1933, pp. 5-6; Oct., 1934, p. 7. 724TrM, Dec. 9, 1946; Cecil C. Ikenberry to FFW, July 20, 1977. 388 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Daleville College Song725 Used by Daleville Academy, 1924-1933

THE BLUE AND THE GOLD

Sing to the colors that nature holds dear, To them we'll ever be true In old Virginia, with waters so clear, Daleville, they brighten for you Blue are the mountains that 'round thee arise Golden the sun as of old Evening doth scatter the stars in the skies Mingling the Blue with the Gold.

Dear is the school that we all love so well, Decked in these colors so grand, Praises and honor of her we will tell Fairest of all in our land Come, let us gather around one and all, 'Round us her banners enfold Echoing voices shall fill ev'ry hall Hail to the Blue and the Gold.

Time passes on, but we faithful will be, Our Alma Mater we'll praise; Where' er we roam and thy colors we see Songs in thy honor we'll raise. May old Virginia thy service now bless Surely the half is not told, Fortune smile brightly and crown with success Daleville, The Blue and the Gold.

Chorus: Daleville, Daleville, with her Blue and Gold . Where our hearts abound with joys untold Now and evermore honor and adore The Blue and the Gold.

725Sara K. Dove wrote the words, and Oiarles S. Ikenberry set them to music. Both received the B.A. degree from Daleville College in 1914. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 389

The Affiliation of Blue Ridge College The affiliation of Blue Ridge College, a co-educational junior college at New Windsor, Maryland, with Bridgewater-Daleville College in 1929, was another accomplishment during Dr. Bowman's presidency. Blue Ridge College had had its beginnings in 1899 at Union Bridge, Maryland, in the "Maryland Collegiate Institute," an educational institution in the hands of a stock company incorporated in 1900 by the Maryland legislature and controlled by members of the German Baptist Brethren Church (today, Church of the Brethren). Its incorporators were William E. Roop, John E. Senseney, Ephraim Stouffer, Amos Wampler, and John S. Weybright. A charter amendment in 1910 gave the school the authority to offer college work (as well as college preparatory) and to confer degrees, and changed the institution's name to ''Blue Ridge College." In 1912, the college was moved from Union Bridge to New Windsor, Maryland, to escape the noise and dust of a cement plant constructed adjacent to the school's campus. In 1927, the trustees decided to discontinue the junior and senior years of college work and to operate the school henceforth as a junior college. 726 The affiliation of Blue Ridge College with Bridgewater-Daleville College, coming as it did after the affiliation of Hebron Seminary with Bridgewater in 1921, and the consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville educational systems in 1924, was another step in the achievement of President Bowman's objective of closer cooperation and federation of the Church of the Brethren schools in the southeastern region of the United States.727 Representatives of Bridgewater and Blue Ridge had attempted, without success, to effect a consolidation of their institutions in 1912 (see Chapter VI). The affiliation of Blue Ridge with Bridgewater-Daleville College resulted from a series of conferences between certain trustees of the two schools during the years 1924 to 1929, and the approval (in 1929) of a recommendation for affiliation by the trustee boards of the two colleges, by the General Education Board of the Church of the Brethren, and by district conferences in the several church districts owning and controlling the two schools. 728 The affiliation agreement specified that the student territory of Blue Ridge College (the three Church of the Brethren districts covering the state of Maryland) be added to the territory of Bridgewater-Daleville College (Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida); that the Maryland districts (Eastern, Middle, Western) be granted representation on the Bridgewater-Daleville board of trustees on the same basis as the districts comprising the Bridgewater-Daleville territory, and that the Blue Ridge College board of trustees be accorded the privilege of electing to its membership representatives from the Bridgewater-Daleville territory, should it desire to do so; that the two colleges ''be separate and independent in their business and financial operations, and that in matters of policy and program the trustee boards function as they now do, except for mutual advice and friendly cooperation"; that any financial campaigns that might be undertaken ''be made as cooperative movements," upon some basis to be agreed upon by the boards of trustees of the two colleges; that Bridgewater-Daleville College recognize Blue Ridge College degrees (of the years 1910-27, when Blue Ridge was a four-year college) and admit Blue Ridge graduates to all Bridgewater-Daleville alumni privileges; that Blue Ridge degree-graduates, so

726on the early years of the school, see Edward C. Bixler's account in Sharp, Ed Hist CB, pp. 229-46; on the later years, especially, see PHB, Southeast, pp. 83-98, 197-244. Three volumes containing minutes of meetings of the stockholders and trustees of the Maryland Collegiate Institute (1899- 1910) and Blue Ridge College (1910-37) are among the PrO Papers. 727PHB to Edward C. Bixler, Jan. 1, 1929, PrO Papers. 728TrM, Jan. 28, 1929; BRC TrM, Feb. 11, 1929; Edward C. Bixler to PHB, April 25, 1929, PrO Papers. 390 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

desiring, be allowed to "standardize" their degrees by qualifying for Bridgewater degrees through summer study at Bridgewater;729 that the two colleges coordinate their course offerings and requirements for the freshman and sophomore years, so as to facilitate the completion of degree-requirements by Blue Ridge students transferring to Bridgewater. 730 Since 1927, Blue Ridge and Bridgewater had had a "tentative program of cooperation" for the "standardization" of Blue Ridge degrees through summer work at Bridgewater, and during the summer of 1927, Blue Ridge graduates began to avail themselves of that opportunity.731 Under that arrangement, the following Blue Ridge B. A. graduates (of the years indicated) received Bridgewater's B. A. in September, 1927 (all were Marylanders, except one): Mildred Bittinger (1927), of Hagerstown; John M. Dunn (1925), of Baltimore; Maynard K. Hoke (1926), of Roanoke, Louisiana; Jacob H. Hoover (1927), of Fruitland; Donald R. Miller (1926), of Baltimore; Joseph F. Swartz (1926), of Denton; and Elizabeth Weigle (1923), of Westminster.732 Other Blue Ridge B. A. graduates (of the years indicated) who standardized their degrees by study at Bridgewater and received Bridgewater's B. A. in 1928, were Steven A. Gerlock (1927), of Mt. Union, Pennsylvania; John L. Palmer, Jr. (1925), of Myersville, Maryland; and Ruth Utz Wilson (1921), of Taneytown, Maryland.733 In 1927 and 1928, 15 other students from Blue Ridge went to Bridgewater, three for their senior year, 12 for their junior and senior years of college work, and received Bridgewater's B. A. degree in the years indicated (all were Marylanders, except three): Andrew M. Adams (1929), of Fannettsburg, Pennsylvania; Alice Bittinger (1929), of Hagerstown; Clarence R. Bowman (1929), of Union Bridge; Amos S. Crouse (1929), of Denton; Georgie E. Hough (1928), of Boyds; Dalton B. Howard (1928), of Hebron; Raymond W. Kaetzel (1928), of Gapland; George A. McDaniel (1930), of Denton; Nina L. Miller (1930), of Burkittsville; Evelyn M. Roop (1930), of Union Bridge; Pauline P. Rowland (1930), of Hagerstown; Edwin F. Shumaker (1929), of Fort Hill, Pennsylvania; Ames Six (1930), of Union Bridge; John T. Watt (1930), of Burke, Virginia; and J. Robert Yingling (1930), of Baltimore. A few other students at Bridgewater from Blue Ridge did not graduate.734 The catalogues of the two colleges also show that 24 of the graduates in the junior college course at Blue Ridge during the years 1929-37 (the period of the Bridgewater-Blue Ridge affiliation agreement) went to Bridgewater for their third and fourth years of college work, and received a bachelor's degree there in the years indicated (all were Marylanders, except those designated otherwise): Roy E. Bowman (1936), of Troutville, Virginia; S. Loren Bowman (1934), of New Windsor; Galen G. Craun (1933), of Bridgewater, Virginia; Mary E. Dixon (1940), of Denton; Samuel S. Ensor (1937), of New Windsor; Murray Faupel (1940), of Frederick; Ruthanna Foard (1940), of White Hall; Murrell K. Glover (1933), of Accident; Thelma E. Hobbs (1934), of Mt. Airy; Miriam E. Holsinger (1939), of Ridgely; Samuel D. Lindsay (1932), of Timberville, Virginia; W. Raymond Long (1938), of Williamsport; Marshall A. Morningstar (1939), of New Windsor; Clarence E. Pickett (1935), of Mt. Airy; Jacob F. Replogle (1937), of Washington, D. C.; Harry L. Scharon (1938), of Randallstown; Mable D.

729Biue Ridge College was not accredited by the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland. The University of Maryland, however, accepted the work of Blue Ridge graduates in all courses in which the grade was "C" or better. BRC C, 1935-36 (1936-37], p. 15. 730-ihe text of the agreement is in the EMdDistMM (1929), pp. 11-14; it is also with the TrM,Jan. 28, 1929. 731PHB to Edward C. Bixler, April 12, 1929, PrO Papers. 732C,June, 1928, p. 77. 733c,June, 1929, pp. 83, 84. 734Mary Thelma Pyle, of Baltimore, had entered Bridgewater from Blue Ridge in 1926, and graduated B.A. from Bridgewater in September, 1927. BLUE Rir:x:;E COLLEGE GRADUATES May 31, 1937

Courtesy Baltimore Sun

Back Row:-Miriam Holsinger, Anna Hull, Annabelle Price, William Durrett, George Fluharty, Ray Riley, Marshall Morningstar, Roger Crum, Ruth Ann Nusbaum, Mary Gumm and Diana Curley. Middle Row:-Doris Harrison, Rosa Wagoner, Ruth Parlett, Evelyn Barnes, Norman Ford, Doris Prout, Edythe Bowman, Alice Beard, and Doris Woodie. Front Row:-Paul Bowman, Harry Porter, Fred Woodie, and Edgar Faulkner. 392 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Schlosnagle (1936), of Accident; Emory C. Smith (1948), of Baltimore; Kenneth L. Strite (1935), of Hagerstown; Frances M. Utz (1933), of Taneytown; Rosa A. Wagoner (1939), of Mt. Airy; Doris V. Woodie (1940), of Hagerstown; Fred R. Woodie (1939), of Hagerstown; and John D. Young, Jr. (1938), of Westminster. All received the B. A. degree, except Mary E. Dixon and Ruthanna Foard, who graduated B. S. Edward C. Bixler was the acting president of Blue Ridge, 1927-28, and the president, 1928- 37.735 Marshall R. Wolfe was the vice president, 1929-37. Berkley 0. Bowman was the secretary, 1929-36, and the secretary-treasurer, 1936-37. The college's treasurer was Anna E. Roop, 1928-30, and J. Walter Speicher, 1930-36. The registrars were John J. John, 1928-30; Berkley 0. Bowman, 1930-31; and Anna E. Roop, 1931-37. The student enrollments in the junior college course at Blue Ridge during the successive sessions, 1929-37, the school's catalogues reveal, were 61, 65, 69, 72, 65, 52, 50, and 43. The aggregate enrollments in the college business, music, and art departments during the successive sessions, 1929-36,736 were106, 123, 126, 131, 122, 85, and 74. All of the students were Marylanders, except an occasional one or more from the District of Columbia and from some or all of the following states: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia. Four Cubans were in the student body during the session, 1930-31. Decidedly less than a majority of the college students during the period under review were members of the Church of the Brethren. Among the 69 regular college students of the session, 1931-32, for example, were 16 Brethren, 32 Methodists, seven Lutherans, four Presbyterians, three Baptists, two Catholics, two Christians, one Episcopalian, one Reformed, and one Church of God adherent.737 The female students who resided on the school's campus occupied Windsor Hall, and the male students, Becker Memorial Hall. The enrollment in the academy affiliated with the college, as high as 107 during the session, 1919-20, was 19 in the session, 1925-26; nine in the session, 1930-31; three in the next session; and one in the session, 1932-33; thereafter, the academy was non-existent. Competition of the New Windsor High School, which used rented quarters in the Blue Ridge College buildings, brought about the academy's demise. Among the student organizations were a Young Men's Christian Association, a Young Women's Christian Association, a college chorus, a dramatics club, a debate club, and an athletic association. The B. R. C. Reflector, the students' newspaper, reported regularly on the various campus activities.738 Baseball, basketball, soccer, and tennis were the intercollegiate sports for men during the years 1929-37. Basketball and tennis were the main sports of the Blue Ridge College women.739 Among the student awards made at commencement time were the Stoner Oratorical Prize, the Graybill [recitation] Prize, the Margaret Nusbaum Prize (to the best all-round college woman), an award to the best all-round college man, and another to the best all-round commercial student.740

735The earlier presidents of the school, the catalogues reveal, were William E. Roop, 1899-1901; William M. Wine, 1901-12; John J. John, 1912-13; Charles D. Bonsack, 1913-15; Paul Haynes Bowman, 1915-17; Frank F. Holsopple, 1917-1919; Ross D. Murphy, 1919-22; and J. Maurice Henry, 1922-27. William M. Wine, Paul Haynes Bowman, and J. Maurice Henry were Bridgewater alumni, and John J. John was a graduate of Botetourt Normal College at Daleville, Virginia. 736:rne total enrollment figure for 1936-37 is not available. 737Edward C. Bixler in BRC B, Dec., 1931, p. 2. 738BRC C, 1935-36 [1936-37], p. 13. 739Ibid., pp. 8, 36. 740Jbid., p. 14. THE BLUE RIDGE COLLEGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS

AUDITORIUM-GYMNASIUM WINDSOR HALL OLD MAIN BECKER MEMORIAL 394 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Able and dedicated men and women constituted the Blue Ridge faculty.74 1 Edward C. Bixler (B. A., M.A., Western Maryland College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) taught ancient languages and education, 1913-37. The instructors in French were Grace Lee Rinehart (B. A., M.A., Western Maryland College), 1900-32, 1934-36; A. Olivia Cool (B. A., Bridgewater), 1932-34; Matilda T. Pugsley (B. A., Western Maryland College), 1935-36; and Margaret Tribble (B. A., Winthrop College; M.A., Columbia University), 1936-37. The teachers of German were Orpha Wellman (B. A., M.A., University of Illinois), 1928-32; Marie M. Fricke (B. A.), 1932-33; and Helen E. Slabaugh (B. A., Manchester College), 1933-37. Berkley 0. Bowman (B. A., Blue Ridge; M.A., West Virginia University) taught physics, 1929-37; John Woodard (B. S., M.A., University of Missouri; Ph.D., University of Chicago), biology and chemistry, 1929-30; and Harold L. Eaton (B. A., Hanover College; M. A., Ball State Teachers' College), biology and chemistry, 1930-37. The instructors in mathematics were Clyde S. DeHoff (B. A., Western Maryland College), 1928-30, and Berkley 0. Bowman, 1929-37. Elizabeth R. Blough (B. A., Juniata College) taught English, 1926-30, as did Orpha Wellman, 1928-37. Orpha Wellman also taught dramatics, 1932-33, and Grace Beard Young (graduate, Ralston University), expression, 1923-29, and 1934-35. The instructor in art was Grace Lee Rinehart, 1900-36. The teachers of history were Edward C. Bixler, 1928-30; Margaret J. Snader (B. A., Western Maryland College), 1929-30; and Marshall R. Wolfe (B. A., Blue Ridge; B. D., Bethany Bible School), 1928-37. Professor Wolfe also taught the sociology courses, 1929-37. Various persons (trained at the schools indicated) instructed in music. Nevin W. Fisher (Blue Ridge, Peabody Conservatory of Music, and the Eastman School of Music) taught voice and "musical sciences," 1925-36. His assistants in teaching piano were Ellen Geraldyn Wood (Bridgewater, Blue Ridge, and Peabody Conservatory), 1927-30; A. Olivia Cool (Peabody Conservatory and the Johns Hopkins University), 1930-34; and Sarah K. Stafford (Peabody Conservatory and the Johns Hopkins University), 1935-36. Philip Royer (Peabody Conservatory) instructed in violin, 1921-30; Mary M. Malcolm (B. A., Blue Ridge), in public school music, 1927-30; and Margaret Tribble, in piano, 1936-37. The teachers in the accountancy and shorthand course were W. Glenn McFadden (B. A., Manchester College), 1929-30; Elmer S. Johnson (B. A., Gustavus Adolphus College), 1930-31; Orville E. Pugsley (B. A., Northwest Missouri State Teachers College), 1931-36; and J. Bryce Sardiga (Pd. B., Western Reserve University), 1936-37. The instructors in typewriting (and the schools where they had studied) were Anna E. Roop (Blue Ridge, Johns Hopkins University, Temple University, University of Maryland, and the University of Virginia), 1921-30, and 1931-37; and J. Walter Speicher (Blue Ridge), 1926-29, and 1930-31. The following persons taught home economics: Gertrude I. Jamison (B. A., Hood College), 1929-30; A. Olivia Cool, 1931-32; Marie M. Fricke, 1932-33; and Helen E. Slabaugh, 1933-37.

741The BC Registrar's Office has a complete file of the BRC catalogues. More than a dozen Bridgewater alumni, the catalogues reveal, had served on the Blue Ridge faculty in previous years. William M. Wine and Samuel D. Zigler were two of the four original faculty members of the school when it was located at Union Bridge, Maryland. Isaac S. Long and Charles W. Roller joined the teaching staff there in 1900, as did Edward D. Naff in 19U3, Cora A. Driver and William Z. Fletcher in 1905, Horace K. Wright in 1907, and Earl W. Flohr in 1922. Paul Haynes Bowman and J. Maurice Henry, also, were professors at Blue Ridge while serving as presidents of the school. Mrs. Earl W. (Ella E. Miller) Flohr, Frances E. Harshbarger, Joseph W. Miller and his wife (nee Waltine Brower), during the 1920's, taught in Blue Ridge College's preparatory school. Edward C. Bixler, Nevin W. Fisher, Mrs. William Z. (S. Marie Myers) Fletcher, Ephraim T. Hildebrand, William I. T. Hoover, William E. Roop, and Walter B. Yount were Bridgewater College faculty members.who later taught at Blue Ridge. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 395

EDWARD C. BIXLER

President, Blue Ridge College, 1928-37 Professor at the college, 1913-37

THE BLUE RIDGE COLLEGE FACULTY, 1936-37

Left to right. Kneeling: J. Bryce Sardiga, Berkley 0. Bowman. Standing: Helen E. Slabaugh, Margaret E. Tribble, Harold L. Eaton, Edward C. Bixler, Marshall R. Wolfe, Nevin W. Fisher, Orpha Wellman, Anna E. Roop. Identification of the teachers by the courtesy of the late Jacob F. Replogle, of Bridgewater, Virginia. 396 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

J. Walter Speicher was the director of physical education and the coach, 1929-36, as was Harold L. Eaton, 1936-37. The Blue Ridge College board of trustees, the catalogues show, represented the three Church of the Brethren districts in the state of Maryland and the college's alumni association. By virtue of the affiliation with Bridgewater-Daleville College, the Blue Ridge board included, also, a representative elected by the Bridgewater-Daleville trustees: John A. Dove, of Cloverdale, Virginia, 1929-33; John S. Flory, of Bridgewater, 1933-37; and John C. Myers, of Broadway, Virginia, elected on February 16, 1937.742 By virtue of the affiliation agreement, also, the three church districts in Maryland, acting in their annual meetings, placed representatives on the Bridgewater-Daleville board of trustees: Edward C. Bixler, of New Windsor, and John A. Garber, of Washington, D. C., for the Eastern District of Maryland, 1929-33; Aaron M. Horst and Harry R. Rowland, both of Hagerstown, for the Middle District of Maryland, 1930-37; and Henry Speicher, of Accident, Maryland, for the Western District of Maryland, 1929-37.743 John A. Garber, a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A., 1891), was president of the Blue Ridge board of trustees, 1925-37. His successor, Charles E. Resser, of Washington, D. C., was elected by the board members on January 9, 1937, the trustees' minutes reveal. The successive vice presidents of the board during this period were J. Walter Englar, of New Windsor, 1926-31; Marshall R. Wolfe (the college's vice president), 1931-36; Charles E. Resser, 1936-37; and R. Paul Smith, of Hagerstown, elected on January 9, 1937. Jesse P. Weybright, of Detour, Maryland, was the board's secretary, 1922-37, and Edward C. Bixler, the college's president, was the board's treasurer, 1921-37.744 The life member of the Blue Ridge board of trustees, Mrs. Jacob (Annie Roop) Stoner, of Union Bridge (later, of New Windsor), Maryland, was the college's chief benefactor. Toward the support of the school she contributed $300 annually, 1912-33, and at her death in 1933, left to the college a dwelling in New Windsor and two farms embracing 3181/4 acres.745 The affiliation of Blue Ridge College with Bridgewater-Daleville College, however, was short lived. Beginning in 1929, it ended in 1937. Blue Ridge's heavy indebtedness, accumulating over the years, was a major reason. The church districts in Maryland, whose financial support of the college was far from adequate, were not willing to assume the financial burden, and the Bridgewater-Daleville trustees were in no position to do so. Declining student enrollment at Blue Ridge, due to competition of the less expensive state schools and the proximity of Western Maryland College (only seven miles eastward), was another reason. Blue Ridge's continuing inability to meet all the accreditation requirements of the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland was another reason for discouragement. For all of these reasons, but mainly to liquidate the institution's indebtedness and preserve intact its endowment assets, the trustees, in 1937, decided to sell the college's plant and grounds,746and on May 29 of that year, voted to rescind

742TrM, July 23, 1929; Oct. 17, 1933; Feb. 16, 1937. 743EMdDistMM (1929), pp. 11-14; MMdDistMM (1930), pp. 2, 11. 744The names of the board members of the years 1929-37, when Blue Ridge was affiliated with Bridgewater-Daleville College, appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. 745BRC Reflector, Oct., 1933, p. 1; Westminster (Md.) Times, Sept. 8, 1944, p. 1; PHB, Southeast, p. 202. 746EMdDistM (1937), pp. 10-13. The trustees sold the school's plant and grounds to the Ridge Foundation (of New Jersey citizens, mainly), but transferred the college's other properties to the trustees of the Eastern District of Maryland of the Church of the Brethren (a corporation). In September, 1937, Blue Ridge College, under its new management, reopened, but as a non-sectarian, four-year liberal arts college. In September, 1944, however, the college plant and grounds were sold again, this time in bankruptcy proceedings, under order of the Maryland Court of Appeals, at public auction, to the Church of Brethren Service Committee, which renovated the plant and designated it as the Brethren Service Center for Church World Service, for the distribution of food, Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 397

their resolution of February 11, 1929, for the affiliation of Blue Ridge with Bridgewater- Daleville College. 747 The rescission notwithstanding, Maryland remained a part of the Bridgewater-Daleville College student territory. The addition of Maryland to Virginia, West Virginia, and the other states farther south further extended the patronage of the college and its reservoir of friends and supporters. The residual assets of Blue Ridge College ($41,667), to be used for student scholarships, came under the management of the board of trustees of Bridgewater-Daleville College in December, 1945, by decision of the General Education Board of the Church of the Brethren.748

Blue Ridge College Song749

AMICI

Our strong band shall ne'er be broken, Formed in Blue Ridge dear; Far surpassing wealth unspoken, Sealed with song and cheer.

Chorus: Amici, usque, ad aras, Deep graven on each heart, Shall be found unwavering true When we from life shall part.

Mem'ry's leaflets close shall twine Around our hearts for aye, And waft us back o'er life's broad track To pleasures far away.

College life is swiftly passing, Soon its sands are run; Then pledge the heart's deep loyalty, Each stalwart Blue Ridge son.

clothing, livestock, and other items "to needy nations of the world." PHB, Southeast, pp. 237-43; Westminster (Md.) Times, Sept, 8, 1944, p. 1. 747BRC TrM, May 29, 1937. The Blue Ridge College president, Edward C. Bixler, had been "somewhat cold" toward the affiliation, which he felt conferred "no direct benefits" upon his college, more of whose graduates in the junior college course transferred to Maryland senior colleges than to Bridgewater. Edward C. Bixler to PHB, Feb. 10, 1937, PrO Papers, AMML. 748rrM, Feb. 25, 1946; C, June, 1946, p. 39. 749No information on the author of the words or on the date of authorship is available. Some years later, someone (name unknown) wrote the words (set to music by Nevin W. Fisher) for a new Blue Ridge College song, but Professor Fisher stated, "the song never took hold and was by default not accepted." Nevin W. Fisher to FFW, June 11, 1979. 398 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Properties Acquired Between June 30, 1919, and June 30, 1946, the period of Dr. Bowman's presidency, Bridgewater College acquired various properties in its vicinity. It purchased of W. N. Garber, by deed made on July 1, 1919, and payment of $3,645, a land tract of 18 acres and 36 poles, situated along the northeast side of Dinkel Avenue (Virginia state highway 257), Bridgewater, Virginia.750 Today, College Woods Drive, the faculty houses bordering it, and Wakeman Hall are on that land,751 a portion of which is still included in the college farm. The college acquired from Mr. and Mrs. William H. Huffman, by deed also made on July 1, 1919, and payment of $5,600, a land tract of 15 acres, 2 roods, and 9 poles (which the Huffmans had acquired from W. N. Garber), extending from Dinkel Avenue to East College Street, opposite the purchased Garber land. Today, Dillon Hall and Strickler Apartments stand on that tract.752 By deed made on July 1, 1919, also, Dr. and Mrs. John S. Flory conveyed to the college, for $9,322, a land tract of 42 acres, 2 roods, and 6 poles (which the Florys had acquired from Gertrude Dinkel and others), situated along the northeast side of Dinkel Avenue and adjacent to the purchased Garber land. 753The college farm house, barn, and other buildings mark that tract today. The Garber, Huffman, and Flory land tracts, thus purchased, constituted about 75 percent of the college's approximately 100-acre farm of the 1920's. By deed made on September 22, 1919, Mr. and Mrs. George B. Flory conveyed to the college, for $6,250, a house and lot (one acre, 14.5 poles) along the northeast side of East College Street, opposite Yount Hall.754 The dwelling, called the ''Red House," was the home of the college's academic dean, William T. Sanger, and Mrs. Sanger, 1919-21, and the residence of the retired foreign missionaries, Elder and Mrs. Isaac S. Long, and their family, 1929-34. Thereafter, the building was used, at times, as a women's dormitory. At other times, it housed college parlors and guest rooms for alumni and later, administrative offices. The college purchased of Elizabeth G. (Mrs. Samuel N.) McCann, by deed made on June 23, 1920, and payment of $4,000, a land parcel of two acres, one rood, and 21 poles, situated between Dinkel Avenue and Broad Street and adjoining the southeast end of the college's old athletic field.755 Today, it is a portion of the college campus between Bowman Hall and Blue Ridge Hall. By deed made on July 12, 1920, Grace Lee Berlin transferred to the college, for $2,000, one acre of land (which she had purchased of William H. Huffman), situated on the northeast side of East College Street, opposite the residence today of the college's president.756 On that tract the college erected an apartment house (since removed) in 1920-21. The college acquired from Jacob H. Wynant, by deed made on July 2, 1923, and payment of $4,000, a land tract of 8 acres, 1 rood, and 3.2 poles, situated in the river bottom back of the old college buildings.757 Harry G. M. Jopson Field lies in that area today.

750Rco DBk 113, pp. 470-71. 751 RCo DBk 234, p. 527. 752Rco DBk 113, pp. 471-72; DBk 346, pp. 85-86. 753Rco DBk 116, pp. 184-85. 754RCo DBk 115, pp. 39-40. 755Rco DBk 118, pp. 27-28 756RCo DBk 119, pp. 422-23. 757RCo DBk 126, PP· 434-35. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 399

By deed made on September 29, 1923, the Bridgewater College Alumni Association conveyed to the college, for $2,250, a house and lot (.788 acre), situated on the southwest side of East College Street, in front of the present college gymnasium.758 The building, used as a faculty (sometimes, sh1dent) residence, was called the /1 Alumni House" until its removal in August, 1958.759 The college acquired from Mrs. Elizabeth G. McCann, by deed made on May 2, 1928, and payment of $4,000, another parcel of land, 2.04 acres, along the southwest side of Dinkel A venue.760 Daleville Hall, Blue Ridge Hall, and Rebecca Hall stand on that land today.761 By deed made on April 21, 1931, Gertrude F. (Mrs. Charles W.) Roller conveyed to the college, for $4,000, a house and lot (4 poles wide and 20 deep), situated on the northeast side of East College Street, opposite the residence today of the college's president.762 Until 1941, it was used as a faculty (sometimes, student) residence; from 1941 until 1969, as the Home Management House of the Home Economics Department; then, as the Philosophy and Religion House. Mrs. Mary F. (Miller) Early deeded to the college, June 6, 1931, her house and lot (.25 acre), situated on the south side of East College Street, next to the college campus,763 on the understanding it would be a home for foreign missionaries on furlough. The college came into full possession of the ''Missionary House" upon the donor's death in 1934. The building was modernized in 1937, upon the basis of a gift from Lera Wampler (Mrs. Arthur B.) Miller.764 By deed made on July 7, 1936, the Rev. and Mrs. Arthur B. Miller conveyed to the college, for $150, a lot (.39 acre) on the west side of East College Street, adjoining the south side of the Bicknell House property.765 The town of Bridgewater deeded to the college, June 15, 1937, for $1.00, two parcels of land, the closed portion of Broad Street (from Third Street to Rebecca Hall) and old Fourth Street,766 both thereby becoming portions of the Bridgewater campus. By deed made on March 27, 1939, Mr. and Mrs. Edward W. Wright conveyed to the college, for $13,600, a tract of land and appurtenances thereon, known as the ''John Zimmerman Farm," 204 acres and 21 poles, located about one-half mile south of Spring Creek, Virginia.767 In 1944, the college sold the property to Charles S. Estep, W. T. Meyerhoeffer, and J. S. Meyerhoeffer.768 Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Rhodes transferred to the college, by deed made on April 8, 1940, a land tract (and appurtenances thereon) of 94 acres, 3 roods, and 2.5 poles, to cancel an indebtedness of $10,643.43. The farm, situated on both sides of Dry River, lay partly within and partly without the town of Bridgewater.769 In 1941, the college sold the farm to Joseph W. Miller.77°

758Rco DBk 130, p 15. 759TrExCornM, June 18, 1958. 760Rco DBk 141, pp. 311-12. 761 RCo DBk 346, p. 86; TrExCornM, March 15, May 17, 1928. 762RCo DBk 149, p. 281. 763Rco DBk 149, pp. 568-69. 764TrExCornM, Feb. 24, 1937; B, Oct., 1937, p. 6. 765Rco DBk 166, P· 196. 766RCo DBk 171, pp. 151-52. 767Rco DBk 176, pp. 341-43. 768RCo DBk 192, pp. 380-81. 769Rco DBk 179, pp. 394-95. 770Rco DBk 185, pp. 6-7. The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946 400

Major Land Acquisitions that Constituted the College's Campus and Adjoining Farm by 1946

Based upon an examination of deeds in the Rockingham County (Va.) courthouse, a U.S. Department of Agriculture map, and information supplied by Maynard E. Seehorn. The names of the sellers of the land tracts, the acreage (A.), and dates of sale are indicated. The James K. Wright tract was a gift, not a purchase.

:r. H. W11\ant -,. (1'U3) -- Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 401

The college purchased of Charles C. and Frank J. Wright and their spouses, by deed made on November 15, 1940, and payment of $3,500, the "Robert J. Wright Cottage" and lot, situated on the north side of East College Street at its intersection with Third Street.771 For many years, it was a faculty (sometimes, student) residence. By deed made on February 3, 1942, Anna H. Early, deceased (President Bowman acting as her executor), conveyed to the college, for $1,750, her property on Second Street (between East College Street and Broad Street) in Bridgewater.772 The college purchased of Laura P. Sutton and Hunter A. Thomas and their spouses, by deed made on January 14, 1943, and payment of $400, two land parcels (one of one acre; the other of one acre, one rood, and six poles), adjacent to each other on the north side of Mt. Crawford Road in Bridgewater. 773 From those tracts (formerly the property of Dora M. Smith) the college made lots for home sites available to its black employees, and cooperated with them in the construction of houses. In 1944, it sold a lot to Faith H. Whitelow, the college chef, and another to Harry S. Temple.774 Mr. and Mrs. Leland C. Moomaw deeded to the college, in 1946, their farm (42.5 acres), the dwelling and other buildings thereon, situated just beyond the corporate limits of Roanoke, Virginia.775 Previously, they made other gifts to the college. The college's academic dean, William T. Sanger, suggested to the Faculty Senate, in 1920, that the college purchase, for advertisement purposes, a plat of ground on Round Hill (west of the town of Bridgewater), on which to locate a huge B that would be visible from the Valley Turnpike (U. S. route 11),776 but to no avail.

New Buildings Erected and Old Ones Renovated A committee of the college's board of trustees, consisting of Paul Haynes Bowman, Daniel L. Evers, John S. Flory, John H. Hoover, and John C. Myers, appointed after hearing a report by President-elect Bowman on needed buildings, outlined, in July, 1919, an ambitious, comprehensive program for the college's future development. A larger dining hall, a larger and better equipped kitchen, another women's dormitory, a "model barn" for the new Department of Agriculture, and a building for the Bridgewater Academy were structures considered to be "in immediate demand." Buildings "of more remote demand" were a science hall, an administration, classroom, and chapel building, another men's dormitory, a library building, a music and art building, a "theological building," a president's house, a dean's house, and cottages for professors.777 The trustees proceeded to plan the construction of a new women's dormitory. Benjamin Cline, of North River, Virginia, made a generous contribution toward the cost of such a building, and the trustees, after accepting the plan of an architect, appointed a committee to receive bids and let a contract. But on December 30, 1920, the trustees decided to postpone the erection of the dormitory because of the failure of the canvass to provide adequate funds. 778

77l RCo DBk 181, pp. 519-20. mRco DBk 186, pp. 130-31. mRcO DBk 189, pp. 336-38. 774frExComM, Feb. 5, 1943; May 22, 1944. 775Newsette, Aug., 1946, p. 3. 776FacSenM, Oct. 13, 1920. 777rrM, June 17, July 21, 1919. 778rrM, Feb. 20, April 16, Dec. 30, 1920. 402 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The trustees, however, carried out plans for the construction of certain other buildings: a new central heating plant for the college, completed at a cost of $50,329.80, and put into operation in February, 1921;779 a 20-room apartment house, completed and occupied in 1921,780 and situated on the northeast side of East College Street, opposite the present residence of the college's president; and a modern dairy barn on the college's farm, completed during the summer of 1921.781 Besides erecting these structures, the college made renovations in some of the old buildings, among them the old gymnasium (near Wardo Hall). In the fall of 1920, a balcony, with two stairways, was built along three sides of the basketball court,782 and during the summer of 1929, the court was lengthened by removing the stage at the north end of the building, and a balcony was built along that side of the basketball court.783 In 1920, quarters for the chemistry department (laboratory and classroom) were established in the basement of the old gymnasiurn,784 where they remained until the end of 1926, when they were moved to the basement of Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall). After that move, facilities for visiting athletic teams were installed in the basement of the old gymnasium. 785 In 1921 and 1922, a basement was excavated under Founders' Hall to provide space for a home economics laboratory and for the storage of library books.786 The building underwent further renovation during the summer of 1941.787 In 1946, President Bowman suggested the construction of a two-story addition to Founders' Hall that would connect it with Memorial Hall, to provide more office space and quarters for the biology and physics departments until the erection of a science building,788 but no such connection was built. During the summer of 1926, Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall) was moved back about 30 feet, so as to put its rear wall in line with that of Founders' Hall.789 In 1926 and 1927, the building itself underwent renovation. It was given new floors, and its assembly room on the second floor was enlarged. Its exterior walls were given a veneer of red brick, and on its front side was built an entrance portico. Its basement (excavated in 1926) was made into a chemistry laboratory, to replace the crowded, poorly ventilated laboratory in the basement of the old gymnasiurn.790 The cost of moving and remodeling the building was about $10,000.791 Rebecca Hall, the first of the Semi-Centennial Campaign buildings, a two-story red brick structure with a basement, facing the southeast end of Broad Street, was constructed in 1928 and 1929, on land purchased from Mrs. Samuel N. (Elizabeth G.) McCann. The ground- breaking ceremony took place on May 21, 1928, and the building was ready for use by September, 1929. Its construction was not let to general contract; instead, a foreman was engaged to superintend the work. The cost of the building and fixtures was $77,232.45. Harrisonburg business firms contributed materials for the dining hall draperies; faculty

779TrM, June 22, 1920; June 23, 1922; PhM, March, 1921, p. 29. 780DistMM (1921), p. 2; TrM, June 21, 1921. 781TrM, June 21, 1921. 782TrExComM, Sept. 29, Oct. -1920. 783Bee, Sept. 27, 1929, p. 1. 784PhM Oct., 1920, p. 25. 785TrM, June 1, 1926; Bee, Sept. 29, 1927, p. 2. 786-rrM, Oct. 14, 1921; Oct. 20, 1922. 787TrM, Nov. 10, 1941. 788TrM,Feb.25,1946. 789TrM, June 1, 1926; Bee, Oct. 7, 1926, p. 1. 790Bee, Oct. 7, 1926, p. 1; Dec. 2, 1926, p. 1; Sept. 29, 1927, p. 2; TrM, Feb. 18, 1927; B, Oct., 1927, p. 2. 791 TrM, June 3, 1930. Stanley Hall (built in 1890) remained in its forward position until the summer of 1926, when it was moved back and put in line with Founders' Hall. In 1926-27, the frame structure was brick veneered, and an entrance portico was added. In 1928, Stanley Hall was renamed Memorial Hall. 404 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

women made the draperies and contributed flowers and plants; and alumni donated funds for dining room chairs.792 Intended, originally, as a memorial to "the great and good women of the Church of the Brethren in the South," Rebecca Hall, ultimately, was made a memorial to Rebecca Driver Cline, whose husband, Benjamin Cline, of North River, Virginia, contributed $10,000 toward the structure's cost. Situated today between Blue Ridge Hall and Kline Campus Center, the building's front section measures 114 feet by 44, and its wing 56 feet by 42. The dining hall, kitchen, and food department on the first floor, superseding those facilities in the old 'White House," were used as such until Kline Campus Center became operative in 1969. The dormitory rooms, lounge room, infirmary, private dining room, and apartment for employees on the second floor were used as such for many years. The building's basement provided not only storage space, but also larger and better quarters for the Home Economics Department until the construction of Moomaw Hall in 1969.793 Superseded by Rebecca Hall, the old 'White House," standing since 1888 on the northeast side of East College Street opposite Memorial Hall, was removed during the summer of 1930.794 Cole Hall, the second of the Semi-Centennial Campaign buildings, was constructed by the Harrisonburg Building and Supply Company in 1929, at a cost (including fixtures) of $76,512.22, and was opened for public use in December, 1929. Intended to be the auditorium section of a future administration building, it measured, originally, 117 feet from front to back, and 54 feet across the front. The structure stood along old Fourth Street (no longer open), on land given to the college by James K. Wright in 1916.795 Cole Hall, a red brick building facing the Alexander Mack Memorial Library, was a much needed facility. Its attractive, well equipped auditorium was a great improvement over the assembly room in the old gymnasium, used since 1913. The building's ground floor became the new and larger quarters for the college's library, accommodated, since 1904, on the first floor of Founders' Hall. Cole Hall was named for Charles Knox Cole (1852-1920), prominent physician and surgeon, the foster father of Virginia Garber Cole (1887-1953), who married Harry M. Strickler, lawyer and historian, of Luray, Virginia, in 1934. Mrs. Strickler, whose gifts to Bridgewater College totalled nearly $115,000,796 defrayed the expense of Cole Hall, her filial tribute to Dr. Cole, whose bronze bust is in the foyer of the building. In appreciation of Mrs. Strickler's benefactions to the cause of education, a pipe organ, financed by Bridgewater alumni, faculty, and students, was installed in Cole Hall and, on December 18, 1936, with Carl Weinrich as guest organist, was dedicated to her. The organ's chimes, amplified, could be heard over the town of Bridgewater and its environs.797 Wardo Hall, the men's dormitory, underwent renovation during the summer of 1941, at a cost of $12,519.69: new floors, new plumbing, new electric wiring and fixtures, new heating system, replastering, repainting, tile walls and floors in the bathrooms, double closets built in each room. So extensive was the renovation that the executive committee of the college's board of trustees suggested the rededication and renaming of the building.798

792TrExComM, March 15, May 3, 28, 1928; report with TrM, Feb. 19, 1932; Bee, June 5, 1928, p. 1; Oct. 25, 1929, p. 1. 793Bee, June 5, 1928, p. 1; B, Oct., 1928, p. 7; TrM, Oct. 20, 1931. 794Bee, Sept. 26, 1930, p. 1. 795TrExComM, March 19, May 29, 1929; Bee, Dec. 20, 1929, p. 1; report with TrM, Feb. 19, 1932. 796PHB, address at BC, March 28, 1956, PHB Papers; Newsette, April, 1956, p. 5; Aug., 1956, p. 6. 797TrExComM, Dec. 9, 1936; Bee, Dec. 18, 1936, p. 1; Mrs. Ruth W. Stauffer, reminiscences. 798TrExComM, July 10, 1941; TrM, Nov. 10, 1941. COLE HALL REBECCA HALL Built in 1929, it is a memorial to Charles Knox Built in 1928-29, it is a memorial to Rebecca Driver Cole, foster father of Virginia Garber Cole. Cline, wife of Benjamin Cline. 406 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Because of the urgent need of more dormitory space for men, the college's trustees, in the spring of 1946, engaged the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, to build a temporary "barracks type," one-story, L-shaped dormitory of cinder blocks, to house about 60 students.799 The building, with its own heating system, was constructed during the summer at a cost of $29,043, and was ready by September, 1946. That facility, "North Hall," which its denizens dubbed the "Cinder Block Country Club," on the site of Heritage Hall, at the corner of Dinkel Avenue and Third Street, remained in use until the summer of 1963.800 In August, 1946, 14 trailers (each capable of housing four persons), allotted to the college by the Federal Housing Authority as additional dormitories for the burgeoning student population, were stationed on the southwest side of East College Street, in front of, and on the site of, what is today Nininger Hall,801 where they remained until June, 1956.802 During Dr. Bowman's presidency, other buildings were planned and steps were taken toward their construction. In November, 1941, President Bowman urged the college's trustees to undertake the erection of another women's residence hall "to relieve our dormitory situation," and he suggested that "our constituency in Maryland provide this building," pointing out that, since 1937, Marylanders had made up about 11 percent of Bridgewater's student body.803 In June, 1946, he reported the near completion of the architect's plans for the proposed dormitory; also the receipt of substantial contributions toward the expense of erecting such a building. 804 President Bowman suggested, also, in November, 1941, the construction of a science hall.805 Such a building would release the basement and four classrooms in Memorial Hall and space in Founders' Hall (being used for the teaching of the natural sciences) for other purposes. By February, 1946, $51,049.58 in gifts and pledges was available for the construction of a science building.806 The executive committee of the college's board of trustees, in January, 1946, decided to take steps to build a new gymnasium and to organize a financial drive for such a facility. 807 President Bowman suggested that the building be made a memorial to Bridgewater men and women who had served the nation during World War 11.808 As early as 1934, President Bowman recommended to the college's trustees the construction of "a well equipped student center."809

Street Changes and Campus Improvements The 1920's witnessed the gradual improvement of the roadway from the town's Main Street through the college campus, East College Street, a dirt road deeply muddy in wet weather and highly dusty in dry times. With the aid of farmers' teams and wagons, the road

799TrExComM, April 25, 1946; TrM, June 3, 1946. 8~rExComM, Nov. 8, 1946;Partners, June, 1963, p. 3. 801TrM, Feb. 25, 1946; B, Aug., 1946, p. 4. 802TrExComM, June 29, 1956. 803TrM, Nov. 10, 1941. 8~rM, June 3, 1946. 805TrM, Nov. 10, 1941. 8~rM,Feb.25,1946 807TrExComM, Jan 21, 1946. 808PHB to JCM, March 11, 1946, PrO Papers, AMML. 809B, Oct., 1934, p. 5. BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS IN 1936 This map, and later such maps in this volume, are extensions of a campus map made by R. Kermon Thomasson, a Bridgewater student during the 1950's. The years indicate the time of construction or acquisition.

1919

Athletic Field 1904-24 (3 acres) 1914 College Street Church of the Brethren

New Athletic Field 1924

1"'1.12..,_,; College Heating Plant 1921 408 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

was surfaced, in 1921, with cinders from the college's heating plant.810 In 1922, it was macadamized, thanks to funds provided by adjacent property owners, the college, and the town.811 Eventually, the road was included in the state highway system. The cement walks built across the street in front of Wardo Hall and Stanley (today, Memorial) Hall, in 1910, had added "much to the convenience of pedestrians."812 The white picket fence along both sides of the road, in front of the college buildings, had been removed in 1911.813 By mutual agreement of the Bridgewater town council and the college's trustees, street changes were made. In 1935, a new street, today's Third Street, along the northwest side of the College Street Church of the Brethren building, was opened, and Fourth Street, a dirt road from East College Street to Dinkel A venue that ran in front of Cole Hall and Rebecca Hall, was closed.814 A new Fourth Street was opened back of Cole Hall and Rebecca Hall, from East College Street to Dinkel Avenue. Broad Street was terminated at its intersection with Third Street, and was eventually extended to the town's Main Street, in the hope of making Broad Street the main approach to the college campus.815 To "give nature a chance to become a greater ally in our educational and cultural task," as President Bowman put it, more trees and shrubs were planted on the campus. In April, 1930, for example, students and faculty members, on a holiday declared for the purpose, set out 75 trees and shrubs.816 Alumni, returned to the college for class reunions, also made plantings from time to time. American elm, dogwood, redbud, poplar, walnut, sycamore, ash, and maple were some of the varieties of trees that were set out.817

Founder's Day Activities

The college's observance on "Founder's Day" dates from 1920. The practice resulted from the trustees' approval of a faculty recommendation that the college recognize April 3, the birthday of the school's founder, Daniel C. Flory, with appropriate exercises each year.818 At the first Founder's Day observance, held in the assembly room in Stanley Hall (today, Memorial Hall) on April 3, 1920, the college's president, Paul Haynes Bowman, traced briefly the history of the school from its beginnings at Spring Creek in 1880, and Henry C. Early, a former Bridgewater trustee, made an appropriate address.819 I. Harvey Brumbaugh, president of Juniata College, was the main speaker at the college's observance on Founder's Day on April 3 and 4, 1921. Other speakers were John C. Myers, Rockingham County's superintendent of public schools, and President Bowman, who reminded his audience of Bridgewater's "unnamed and unknown benefactors."820

810PhM,Jan., 1921, p. 24. 81 lTown CM, Oct. 12, 27, 1922; PHB, Sautheast, P. 154. 812cL, Nov., 1910, p. 6. 813PhM, Oct., 1911, p. 20. 81 4TownCM, July 12, 1934; TrExCornM, May 3, 1934; TrM, Feb. 26, 1935; FacAdrnCornM, March 11, 1935. 8l5TrExCornM, Oct. 10, 1932; B, Aug., 1935, p. 6; TrM, Feb. 26, 1935; PHB, Southeast, p. 153. 816B, Oct., 1930, p. 4; PHB, Sautheast p. 171. 817PHB, Southeast, p. 171. 818FacM, Nov. 17, 1919; TrM, Feb. 20, 1920. 819PhM, May, 1920, pp. 27-28. 820pro Papers; HDN-R, April 2, 1921, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 409

On Founder's Day, April 3, 1922, Henry D. Campbell, Washington and Lee University's academic dean, was the featured speaker. A bonfire on the college's athletic field, songs, and games ended the day's celebration by students and faculty members.821 Elder John A. Dove, president of Daleville College's board of trustees, paid tribute to Daniel C. Flory and other early figures in Bridgewater's history on Founder's Day in 1923.822 John A. Garber, of Washington, D. C., one of Bridgewater's first B. A. graduates (1891), made the main address on Founder's Day in 1924, after devotions conducted by George B. Flory, brother of the college's founder. The afternoon was declared a holiday.823 The Rev. Byron M. Flory, son of Bridgewater's founder, was the chief speaker on April 3, 1925. Again, the afternoon was a holiday.824 The college decided (for a reason not stated) not to have a formal program on Founder's Day in 1926, but to allow the usual "half holiday."825 William J. Showalter, assistant editor of the National Geographic Magazine, was the main Founder's Day speaker in 1927.826 The Founder's Day exercises on April 3, 1928, were unusually noteworthy. A bronze plaque bearing the names of the institution's original trustees and the oft-quoted inscription, "They builded better than they knew,"827was unveiled just inside the entrance to Stanley Hall. On the same day, Stanley Hall (originally College Hall) was rechristened "Memorial Hall" and, by decision of the college's trustees, the old chapel on the second floor of the building was designated and dedicated as a center of the college's "history and tradition," and was made a repository for memorials "associated with the founding and development of the college."828 On the same day, also, Daniel C. Flory's sons and daughters presented to the college, at exercises in the chapel, an oil portrait of their father, and it was placed at the center of the wall back of the chapel platform. The Rev. D. L. Blakemore, a Spring Creek Normal School student, 1880-81, made the main address of the day. Among those present was Emanuel D. Kendig, one of the two surviving original trustees of the college.829 Founder's Day, April 3, 1929, was another memorable day. At exercises in Memorial Hall, Mrs. Samuel D. (Anna Rebecca Wampler) Bowman presented to the college an oil painting she had made of the building used by the Spring Creek Normal School; John W. Wayland, representing the donors, presented to the college an oil portrait of Walter B. Yount, Bridgewater's president, 1892-1910; and J. Carson Miller, the Virginia Normal School's principal in 1886, paid tribute to the school's early leaders and its notable alumni.830 Founder's Day, April 3, 1930, is also noteworthy. At exercises in Memorial Hall, Newton D. Cool, treasurer of the college and of its board of trustees, presented to the college the pulpit that Daniel C. Flory used at the Spring Creek Normal School, and Professor Frederick D. Dove, of the Bridgewater faculty, presented to the college an oil portrait of D. Newton Eller

821PhM,May, 1922, p. 19 822phM,May, 1923,p. 14 823PhM, May, 1924, p. 16. 824PhM, April, 1925, p 19. 825FacAdmCornM, Feb. 23, 1926. 826Bee, April 8, 1927, p. 1. 827The inscription was suggested by John W. Wayland in response to President Bowman's request for an appropriate statement. PHB, address, May 7, 1949, PHB Papers. 828TrM, Oct. 14, 1927; Feb. 7, 1928; Bee, Jan 12, 1928, p. 3. 829Bee, April 21, 1928, p. 1. 830Bee, April 11, 1929, pp. 1, 4. 410 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

(erstwhile president of Botetourt Normal College and Daleville College), the gift of Mr. Eller's family and friends. The Rev. Clarence G. Hesse, of Roanoke, made the main address.831 At the Founder's Day exercises on April 2, 1931, Elder Henry C. Early presented to the college an oil portrait of Theodore C. Denton, an original trustee and an outstanding benefactor of Daleville College, as the gift of Mrs. Denton. D. Price Hylton, a Roanoke, Virginia, banker, was the main speaker of the day.832 April 3, 1932, was another memorable Founder's Day. Abram C. Flora, superintendent of schools, Columbia, South Carolina, was the main speaker at the morning exercises. At a luncheon in Rebecca Hall, the name of that building was officially announced, and a bronze plaque in memory of Mrs. Benjamin (Rebecca Driver) Cline, for whom the building was named, and in tribute to her husband, the chief contributor to the building's cost, was unveiled just inside the middle front entrance to the building. On that same occasion, Mrs. Samuel D. Bowman presented to the college an oil portrait she had made of Samuel M. Bowman, one of Bridgewater's great benefactors, and it was added to the portrait collection in Memorial Hall.833 At the morning exercises on Founder's Day, April 3, 1933, Professor Walter S. Flory, Jr., of Greenbriar College, was the main speaker. At a luncheon in Rebecca Hall, three bronze tablets were unveiled in the dining room: one to the memory of Elizabeth Cline Evers (1869-1905), one to the memory of Diana Miller Glick (1853-1918), and another to the memory of Sallie Garber Myers (1846-1912). Those memorials were established upon the basis of substantial gifts made by the families of the honorees toward the cost of constructing Rebecca Hall.834 The Founder's Day program, April 3, 1934, dealt with the progress of music education at Bridgewater since its beginning in 1882. Professor Nelson T. Huffman made an address on the subject, and President Emeritus John S. Flory spoke on George B. Holsinger, Bridgewater's music teacher, 1882-98. The new chapel hymnals, donated by Professor Holsinger's students and by churches in which he conducted music institutes, were dedicated to his memory. Members of the Gamma Gamma Club presented fragments of the college's history.835 The Founder's Day activities on April 4, 1935, honored especially John S. Flory for his 41 years' connection with the college. Jacob I. Baugher, superintendent of schools, Hershey, Pennsylvania, was the main speaker at the morning exercises, at which an oil portrait of Dr. Flory was presented to the college, for addition to the portrait gallery in Memorial Hall. A testimonial luncheon in honor of Dr. Flory followed. 836 On Founder's Day, April 3, 1936, the college bestowed honorary degrees on two of its alumni: Guy N. Hartman (L. H. D.), division superintendent of schools, Somerset County, Pennsylvania; and John W. Wayland (LL. D.), historian, educator, and author. Mr. Hartman was the main speaker at the morning exercises.837 The college conferred honorary degrees on three other alumni, Rufus D. Bowman (D. D.), Clyde K. Holsinger (L. H. D.), and M. Robert Zigler (D. D.), at its Founder's Day exercises on April 1, 1937, at which Mr. Holsinger, a superintendent of public schools, was the main speaker. At the exercises, also, the college's alumni association presented to alma mater a life- size copy of Hoffman's painting, "Christ in the Temple."838

831Bee, April 4, 1930, pp. 1, 4; B, Oct., 1930, p. 4. 832Bee,April2, 1931,p.1. 833TrExComM, Dec. 9, 1931; Bee, April 8, 1932, pp. 1, 2. 834rrM, Feb. 21, 1933; Bee, April 14, 1933, pp. 1, 2, 4. 835HDN-R, April 4, 1934, p. 1; Bee, April 3, 1934, pp. 1, 3. 836Bee,April 10, 1935, pp. 1, 4, 837B, April, 1936, p. 10. 838B, April, 1937, p. 9. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 411

Dr. Warren D. Bowman, pastor of the Washington, D. C., Church of the Brethren, was the Founder's Day speaker on April 3, 1938.839 The Founder's Day activities on April 3, 1939, were of unusual interest. A bronze plaque bearing the name of "the founders and first Board of Trustees" of the institution that developed into Daleville College was unveiled just inside the entrance to Memorial Hall. William T. Sanger, president of the Medical College of Virginia, made the main address of the morning in Cole Hall, and the college conferred upon him an honorary degree (L. H. D.). In the evening, at a dinner (in the Kavanaugh Hotel in Harrisonburg) for a number of Bridgewater's supporters, the college conferred an honorary degree (L. H. D.) upon Harry F. Byrd, U.S. Senator from Virginia, following which he made an address.840 The dinner was an innovation841 that (with some exceptions) became a regular feature of the college's annual observance on Founder's Day. April 3, 1940, was another memorable Founder's Day. At the morning exercises, at which Carter V. Good, professor of education, University of Cincinnati, was the featured speaker, an oil portrait of Benjamin F. Nininger (a founder and an outstanding benefactor of Daleville College), the gift of his descendants, was presented to the college. Also, Bridgewater conferred honorary degrees (D. D. and LL. D., respectively) upon two of its former administrative heads: J. Carson Miller, principal in 1886, and Eugene M. Crouch, principal, 1888-90. At the dinner in the evening for the college's supporters, Eugene M. Crouch was one of the speakers.842 At the morning exercises on Founder's Day, April 4, 1941, at which Horace K. Wright, Presbyterian missionary on furlough from India, was the featured speaker, the college conferred upon him the L. H. D. degree and upon Charles C. Ellis, president of Juniata College, the LL. D. In the evening, President Emeritus John S. Flory, intending to retire from full-time teaching at the end of the session, was honored at a testimonial dinner.843 The Founder's Day celebrations during the war years were simpler. In 1942, the featured speaker was J. Paul Glick, president of Blackstone College; in 1943, Paul M. Robinson, pastor of the Church of the Brethren, Hagerstown, Maryland, who spoke in the morning, and John T. Glick, of Bridgewater, who spoke in the evening; in 1944, Charles C. Ellis, president emeritus of Juniata College; in 1945, Henry H. Sweets, executive secretary, Department of Christian Education, Presbyterian Church, U.S. A.; in 1946, Vernon F. Schwalm, president of Manchester College.844

Some Other Eminent Visitors Various persons of distinction, besides those mentioned previously, came to the college when Dr. Bowman was president. Some will be noted here. Douglas W. Johnson (of Columbia University), a member of the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, spoke at the college, November 30, 1919, about his work with the "Big Four'' in the making of the Treaty of Versailles. 845

839HDN-R, March 31, 1938, p. 2. 840HDN-R, April 4, 1939, pp. 1, 8. 841 PHB to JWW, March 24, 1939, JWW Papers, SwemL. 842HDN-R, April 4, 1940, p. 1. 843B, April, J941, pp. 5, 6. 844HDN-R, 'tfarch 28, 1942, p. 1; April 2, 1943, p. 9; April 3, 1944, p. 6; April 7, 1945, p. 7; Bee, April 12, 1946, p. 1. 845n, Dec., 1919, PP· 10-13. 412 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Samuel A. Mitchell, world-renowned astronomer, of the University of Virginia, lectured at the college on eclipses, May 16, 1923.846 Martin G. Brumbaugh, former governor of Pennsylvania, former president of Juniata College, and distinguished author, was a lyceum speaker at the college, May 7, 1924.847 George Fulk, a U.S. delegate to the first and second Hague peace conferences (1899, 1907), was a chapel speaker at the college, November 25, 1925.848 Homer A. Rodeheaver, song writer and musical director with "Billy" Sunday in his evangelistic campaigns, sang his famous song, "Brighten the Corner Where You Are," in five different languages at the college's chapel exercises, May 12, 1926.849 Sherwood Eddy, author and international figure in Y. M. C. A. work, spoke at the college on three consecutive days, February 15-17, 1928.850 George Washington Carver (of Tuskegee Institute), world-famous chemist, producer of products from the peanut and the sweet potato, talked at the college in the spring of 1928.851 Harry W. Laidler, eminent economist, known for his History of Socialist Thought and other works, was a speaker at the college in February, 1931. 852 Hamilton Fish, Jr., a U.S. Congressman from New York, spoke in Cole Hall, January 8, 1932, on communism in the United States. 853 Bishop James M. Cannon, Jr., militant prohibition leader of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, spoke at the college, October 4, 1934, under the auspices of the Anti-Saloon League of Virginia.854 Jeannette Rankin, the first U.S. Congresswoman and (in 1941) the only member of Congress to vote against war with Japan, spoke at the college in 1936, on the futility of warfare.855 Gerald P. Nye, a U.S. Senator from North Dakota, in an address at the college in January, 1937, made suggestions as to how to minimize the likelihood of the nation's becoming involved in another world war.856 H. Augustine Smith (of Boston University), famous editor of hymnals, lectured at the college, November 15, 1937.857 Harry E. Edmonds, founder of the "International Houses" (as residences for students of various nationalities), was a speaker at the college in October, 1938.858 Louis Fischer, famous foreign correspondent, writer, and authority on the Soviet Union, was a lyceum lecturer at the college, February 11, 1944, speaking on "The Shape of the Peace to Come."859 In 1914, the college scheduled U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, three times a U.S. presidential candidate, as a lyceum speaker,860 but the duties of his office prevented his

846PhM, June, 1923, p. 22. 847PhM, June, 1924, pp. 13-14. 848Bee, Dec. 4, 1925, p. 1. 849Bee, May 21, 1926, p. 2. 850Bee, Feb. 23, 1928, pp. 1-3. 851 Bee, May 3, 1928, p. 3. 852Bee, Jan. 16 , 1931, p. 1. 853Bee, Jan. 15, 1932, p. 1. 854Bee, Oct. 19, 1934, p. 1. 855Bee, Dec. 4, 1936, p. 1. 856Bee, Jan. 8, 1937, pp. 1, 3. 857Bee,Nov.19, 1937,p.1. 858Bee, Nov. 4, 1938, p. 1. 8S9Bee, Feb. 11, 1944, pp. 1, 2. 860PhM, Oct., 1914, p. 40. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 413

coming. However, when Mr. Bryan spoke on "Brother or Beast" in the New Virginia Theater in Harrisonburg, October 24, 1921, some Bridgewater College students and faculty members went to hear him. The next morning, a vigorous discussion of his address took place in Professor Minor C. Miller's religious education class.861

The Dames Club

At a tea given by Mrs. Frederick D. Dove, October 6, 1937, the Bridgewater College female teachers and administrative staff members, and wives of teachers and administrative staff members, formed the ''Dames Club of Bridgewater College" (renamed "Bridgewater College Women" in 1973) for the purpose of serving the college in special ways and promoting cultural and educational activities. They elected Mrs. Arthur B. Miller, the dean of women, president of the club; Mrs. Dove, teacher of French, speech, and dramatics, vice president; and Mrs. Marshall R. Wolfe secretary-treasurer. Mrs. Everett R. Shober, teacher of voice and public school music, was put in charge of the club's social activities; Mrs. Allan B. Bicknell, in charge of its educational work; and Mrs. Paul H. Bowman, in charge of its fund-raising. The new organization decided to meet once a month. 862 After Mrs. Miller, early presidents of the club were Mrs. Paul H. Bowman, 1938-39; Mrs. Shober, 1939-40; Mrs. Frederick K. Kirchner, 1940-41; and Mrs. Harry G. M. Jopson, 1941- 42. The names of the other officers for those years and of the officers for the years, 1942-46, are lacking because the club's minutes for those periods are missing.863 During the remaining years of Dr. Bowman's presidency (1937-46), the club equipped the college chapel (in Memorial Hall) with Venetian blinds, Wardo Hall lounge with draperies, Rebecca Hall dining room and parlor with draperies, and Yount Hall parlor with Venetian blinds and draperies, and slip covers for the furniture.864 It served teas for important college events and sewed dresses for Maypole dancers. It furnished and arranged flowers for baccalaureate and commencement exercises and for the alumni association's banquets; sponsored social events for the faculty, the administrative staff, and their families; and provided glassware and silverware for its teas and for the social functions of other college organizations.865 It raised money for its projects by having pastry and candy sales, and by staging plays, in which club members and their spouses were the actors. 866 In March, 1939, the club sponsored an illustrated lecture on "Rome, the Eternal City" by Dr. John A. Sawhill, of Madison College. 867 The club's charter members are named below: Mrs. Allan B. Bicknell Mrs. Pearl S. Hoover Mrs. John D. Miller Mrs. Paul Haynes Bowman Mrs. Paul D. Horst Mrs. Minor C. Miller Miss A. Olivia Cool Mrs. D. Stanley Houser Mrs. Everett R. Shober Mrs. Frederick D. Dove Mrs. Nelson T. Huffman Miss T. Fem Shoemaker Mrs. John S. Flory Mrs. Harry G. M. Jopson Mrs. Harry R. Weimer

861Minor C. Miller, These Things I Remember (Philadelphia, 1968), p. 150. 862Bee, Dec. 3, 1937, p. 3. 863Mrs. Raymond N. Andes was particularly helpful in providing information relating to the Dames Oub. 864Bee, Oct. 6, 1939, p. 4; Oct. 4, 1940, p. 3; Jan. 15, 1943, p. 1. 8658, Dec., 1941, p. 2. 866Bee, Dec. 3, 1937, p. 3; Feb. 11, 1938, pp. 1, 3; Feb. 3, 1939, p. 1. 867Bee, March 31, 1939, p. 3. 414 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

.rvlrs. Ethell-I.(;eorge Miss Madge S. Keiter Miss Ruth E. Weybright Miss Mattie V. (;lick Miss Agnes V. Kline .rvlrs. Marshall R. Wolfe .rvlrs. Charles (;raham Miss Lucile Long .rvlrs. Charles C. Wright Miss Mildred B. l-Iahn Mrs. Arthur B. Miller Miss Vernie Wright Mmes. Newton D. Cool, J. Maurice 1-Ienry, and Charles E. Shull were inactive members.868

Town and Gown The relationship between the college and the town of Bridgewater was one of harmony and mutual helpfulness. The two cooperated during the 1920's in effecting the improvement of East College Street.869 The college granted requests of townsmen for the use of the college's athletic field for baseball games and other purposes, among them a horse show sponsored by the Bridgewater Rotary Club in 1940; also requests of Bridgewater 1-Iigh School for the use of the college's gymnasium for basketball games. The college made a contribution to Bridgewater 1-Iigh School's building fund in 1922, and made donations, from time to time, to the Bridgewater Fire Company.870 Bridgewater townspeople showed their interest in, and appreciation of, the college's offerings. Many enjoyed its lyceum course numbers and benefited from its annual Spiritual Life Institutes. Many attended public programs of the college's Music Department, of its literary societies, and of its religious organizations. Many supported the college financially during drives for funds for endowment, buildings, and other purposes. College faculty members and administrators, on the other hand, were active in the organization and leadership of town churches, and in civic and business organizations. They were speakers at high school graduation exercises and other occasions; they served as interim pastors and in other capacities. College students presented programs in town churches and instructed in Sunday School. In 1942, the college, under the direction of Professor 1-Iarry c;, M. Jopson, organized some units of reserve forest fire-fighters among Bridgewater College men, in response to the request of Abner Casey, the (;eorge Washington National Forest ranger stationed in the town of Bridgewater, the units to be ready for dispatch to points of fire in Rockingham and Augusta counties.871 Five Bridgewater College faculty members served at various times during Dr. Bowman's presidency (1919-46) on the Bridgewater town council, that body's records show: J. Maurice 1-Ienry, John D. Miller, Charles E. Shull, Edward M. Starr, and Charles C. Wright. Six other town councilmen during those years had been Bridgewater College students: Joseph A. Bosserman, Frank P. Cline, c;, Elmer Myers, Clifford T. Riddel, John A. Shickel, and Robert E. Lee Strickler. No Bridgewater faculty member or administrator during Dr. Bowman's presidency was the town's mayor, but former students of the college were, the town's records reveal: Oathor A. Arey, 1924-26; Walter S. Flory, 1930-34; Fletcher L. Pope, 1934-38; and Clifford T. Riddel, 1942-48. Oda F. Foley, a Bridgewater Academy graduate (1922), was mayor, 1938-42, after

868c,June, 1937, pp. 3, 7-11; Ripples (1938). 869TrM, April 16, 1920; TownCM, Oct. 12, 1922; June 10, 1926. 87~rM, May 29, 1919; June 23, 1922; TrExCornM, Aug. 26, 1940; FacAdmComM, June 26, 1946. 871 FacSenM, Feb. 16, Oct. 14, 1942; Bee, March 13, 1942, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 415

having been a Bridgewater town councilman for six years and the town's treasurer for two years. For some years, the college's grounds lay outside the town's corporate limits, but were within its boundaries by 1906.872

The War Years, 1941-45

"This generation of college youth will never know another day like this," President Bowman told the student body and faculty in chapel on December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor naval base in the Hawaiian Islands. "Such days occur only now and then in the history of nations and peoples."873 The United States' entrance into World War II confronted Bridgewater with a special problem, because the religious denomination in control of the college unequivocally opposed military conflict. The church's "peace position" and the criticism, pressure, and tension it produced placed the college administration in a delicate situation during the war years. But among the Church of the Brethren students, who constituted about 60 percent of the student body when the United States Congress declared war on Japan and Germany in December, 1941, there were divergent convictions concerning the duties of citizenship. Not all were "conscientious objectors" to military service. As President Bowman reported to the college's trustees, Some of our people were able to waive the official pronouncements of the church on peace and accept full-fledged participation in the war; others were able to serve conscientiously in the non-combatant services of the Army, while others could find no grounds of cooperation with the government in the war, and were therefore compelled to reject military service in all of its forms. There was, however, in all of this confusion, a common bond of unity-each sought to follow the inner light of his own conscience, and each respected the other, in spite of conflicting convictions and divergent choices.874 As to be expected, Bridgewater's student population declined markedly during the course of the war. In October, 1941, the enrollment was 275, of whom 157 were men and 118 were women.875 The session of 1942-43 began with an enrollment of 248, but ended with an attendance of 175. The session opened with 139 men enrolled, but closed with only 79. The men were called into the nation's service mainly during the months of February, March, and April, 1943. Within the course of a single week in February, more than 20 men were called.876 During the fall of 1943, when the college's enrollment was 152, women constituted nearly two- thirds of the student body, "a complete reversal of our usual situation."877 During the fall of 1944, 190 students (66 men and 124 women) were in attendance. 878 The male students at the college, 1943-45, fell mainly into four categories: those under draft age, those physically unfit for military service (IV-F), those preparing to enter certain

872vaActs, 1912, Chapter 112, p. 193; also see map of Bridgewater surveyed and drawn in 1906 by J. D. Bucher and D. 0. Bucher, found in RCo DBk 98, p. 266 1/2. 873PHB in B, XXI, No. 3(Oct., 1945), p. 11. 874PHB in B, XXI, NO. 3-A (Oct., 1945), p. 5. 875B, Oct., 1942, p. 3. 876B, Oct., 1943, p. 3. 877B, Oct., 1944, p. 3. 878B, Oct., 1945, p. 3. 416 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

professions needed in the war (II-A), and pre-theological students (IV-D). The 54 men in the student body, as of January 18, 1944, were classified as follows: 19 under 18 years of age, 12 in IV-F, 14 in II-A, eight in IV-D, and one in I-A (men eligible to be called into military service).879 Exactly how many Bridgewater men and women (students and former students) were in the nation's service during World War II may never be determined with any certainty. The names of 440 (426 men and 14 women), however, appear in the college's records and publications.880 Approximately one-fourth of the 440 were students in attendance at the college when they were called into service, or when they enlisted. About 44 percent of the 440 were residents of Rockingham County and the city of Harrisonburg. A few of the 440 had served in World War I: Reuben L. Humbert, Arlie E. Kiser, Leonidas L. Koontz, and Walter S. Thomas. John E. Hoover (1941-43),881 of Timberville, Virginia, was one of those who enlisted in the U. S. Army in 1943. Selected by the Army, he entered the U. S. Military Academy in 1944, after passing the qualifying examinations, and he graduated in 1947, ranking high in his class. 882 In 1978, he retired from the Army as a major general, after 35 years of service. 883 During the war, Bridgewater men served in all branches of the nation's service. They served on land, on the sea, and in the air. They were to be found on Pacific Ocean islands and on the continents of Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, as well as on the seas. They held ranks ranging up to colonel and lieutenant commander. Many received decorations and citations for outstanding performance of duty and heroic action. Some suffered wounds in battle, others were taken prisoner, and some lost their lives. Some did non-combatant service in the armed forces, and others did civilian public service of national importance. Certain Bridgewater women, also, offered their services, both at home and abroad, to the government during the war. Of the 440 Bridgewater men and women known to have been in the nation's service during the war, 289 are known to have served in the U. S. Army, 72 in the U. S. Navy, 12 in the U. S. Marine Corps, and 51 in the Civilian Public Service. 884 Richard M. Whitmore (B. A., 1936), with the combat engineers, spent a year helping to repair and rebuild the defenses at Pearl Harbor on Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands, after the Japanese attack there, December 7, 1941.885 Among Bridgewater men in the Philippine Islands in 1942 was Paul H. Miller (Commercial Course graduate, 1940), private first class in the Army Finance Department. He was among the beleaguered Americans and Filipinos on Corregidor in Manila Bay, under the command of Lieutenant General Jonathan M. Wainwright, when they surrendered to the Japanese, May 6, 1942, and he participated in the infamous 85-mile Bataan "death march" to prison camps. Before his capture, he helped in the burning of $50 million of United States money, to keep it from falling into Japanese hands. 886 Susie M. Thomas (1932-33), who had gone to China in 1939 as a teacher-missionary, was interned by the Japanese in December, 1941. Later transferred to the Philippine Islands, she

879TrM, Jan. 18, 1944. 88CJ.nie names constitute an appendix near the end of this volume. 881If an academic degree is not indicated, the years of attendance at BC are given. 882HDN-R,June27, 1944;June3, 1947. 883HDN-R, March 30, 1978. 884PHB in B, Oct., 1945, p. 5. 885Newsette, April, 1945, p. 4. 886converse, pp. 133, 381. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 417

was freed after the American forces under General Douglas MacArthur took Manila in February, 1945.887 Minor M. Myers (B. A., 1915), a missionary in China, was also interned by the Japanese for a while in Peking.888 Harry B. Dilworth (1937-38), a first lieutenant (later, captain) in the Army Air Force, participated in flight missions against the Japanese in the southwest Pacific area. For "extraordinary achievement," he received, in 1943, the Distinguished Flying Cross. He received, also, the Air Medal, and his aircraft crew, a Presidential Unit Citation.889 Otho Leon Garber (B. A., 1942), lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps, was in action against the Japanese on Bougainville and New Georgia in the Solomon Islands in 1943, on Guam in the Mariana Islands in 1944, and on Iwo Jima in the'Volcano Islands in 1945. For valor in detecting and removing mines endangering American tanks and infantry, he was awarded the Silver Star Medal. His contingent received a Navy Presidential Unit Citation.890 First Lieutenant Beverley D. Appleton (B. A., 1942), of the U.S. Marine Corps, was another Bridgewater man in action on Bougainville and, in 1945, on Luzon in the Philippines.891 Richard M. Whitmore participated in the capture of the Japanese-defended K wajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands in 1944, for which his amphibious force received a Distinguished Unit Citation.892 Douglas H. Layman (1941-42), corporal in the U.S. Marine Corps, aided in the taking of Saipan in the Mariana Islands in July, 1944, and Private First Class Marvin B. Miller (1942-43) participated in the assault, under General MacArthur, against the Japanese on Leyte in the Philippines in October, 1944.893 Major Cecil E. Hinkel (B. A., 1936) was one of the Marine Corps commanders in the fierce fighting on Iwo Jima in 1945, and one of the witnesses of the Marines' triumphal raising of the Stars and Stripes on Mt. Suribachi. His command received a unit citation. Previously, Major Hinkel was cited for his service on Saipan and Tinian.894 Another witness of the historic flag-raising on Mt. Suribachi was Lieutenant Richard A. Jackson (B. A., 1935), serving aboard a Navy destroyer that was shelling Japanese mortar and infantry positions on Iwo Jima.895 His vessel supported, also, the assault on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands in June, 1945.896 Among other Bridgewater men aboard ships in the Pacific during the war was Lieutenant James Nelson Liskey (B. A., 1936), whose vessel supported the invasion of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands in 1943, and the assault on Iwo Jima and on Okinawa in 1945.897 Another Bridgewater man on active duty in the Pacific area (after service in the Atlantic theater) was Lieutenant (later Lieutenant Commander) Henry C. Ikenberry, Jr. (B. A., 1947), who commanded a vessel during the Philippine campaign in 1944, and during the assault upon, and occupation of, Okinawa.898

887Newsette, April, 1945, p. 4. 888B, Dec., 1943, p. 1. 889HDN-R, Nov. 5, 1943, p. 2; Converse, p. 235. 890Newsetle, April, 1945, p. 5; Bee, March 8, 1946, p. 1. 891Newsette, Aug., 1945, p. 3. 892Newsette, April, 1945, p. 4. 893Bee, Dec. 15, 1944. 894cecil E. Hinkel to FfW, Feb. 8, 1979. 895HDN-R, April 18, 1945, p. 5. 896Richard A. Jackson to FfW, Jan. 2, 1979. 897James N. Liskey to FfW, Jan. 3, 1979. 898Henry C. Ikenberry, Jr., to FfW, Nov. 6, 1979. 418 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

Among those on land who participated in the invasion of Okinawa was Bernard St. Clair Logan (B. A., 1938), a first lieutenant in the Marine Corps, whose command received a Navy Presidential Unit Citation.899 Bridgewater men were also on the islands of New Guinea and New Caledonia, and in Australia and India. In the North African campaign, 1942-43, Corporal Norman M. Humberson (1933-36) was with Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery's Eighth Army in its drive westward from El Alamein to Tunisia in pursuit of the Germans under Field Marshal Erwin RommeI.900 Bridgewater men also participated in the Sicilian and Italian campaigns, 1943-45. Among them were Staff Sergeant Victor E. Glick (B. A., 1940), who wrote interesting letters to President Bowman; Ensign William J. Hotchkiss (B. A., 1942), awarded the Distinguished Service Cross "for valor under Nazi bombardment during the amphibious operations in Italy;" Lieutenant Richard A. Jackson, whose vessel supported the assault on Sicily; Corporal George A. Julias (1942-43), awarded a Bronze Star Medal for intelligence work in Italy and Greece; Captain Lowell A. Miller (B. A., 1940), of the Army Engineer Corps, awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Silver Star; Sergeant Robert S. Miller (Commerce Course graduate, 1942), of the Army Air Force; and Lieutenant Paul F. Myers (B. A., 1935).901 While on a bombing mission in November, 1944, First Lieutenant Norman D. Smith (1941- 43) and his crew were forced to bail out over the Brenner Pass in northern Italy. For 99 days they were in German-occupied territory, but succeeded in evading capture. During that time, they crossed the Alps, some of the distance in waist-deep snow, traversed northern Italy down to Zara, Yugoslavia, whence, with the help of Marshal Tito's patriots, they were flown to the U.S. Air Force base at Bari, Italy.902 Bridgewater men participated in the invasion of the Normandy coast of France on D-Day,

June 61 1944. Among them were Sergeant Murray A. Faupel (B. A., 1940), whose regiment received a Presidential Unit Citation; John B. Gentry, Jr. (B. A., 1935), whose medical company, landed by glider, was cited for "extraordinary heroism"; Private Harry M. Hahn, Jr. (1942-43), an Army infantryman; Captain Luther A. Hausenfluck, Jr. (1932-35), who was wounded and who was cited for "extraordinary heroism and outstanding performance of duty" on that historic day; W. Bernelle Hill (B. A., 1942), a Navy man, also wounded; and Bayard T. Keller, Jr. (1940-43), a machinist's mate.903 In the drive eastward across France after D-Day, Corporal Dillard E. Armentrout (B. A., 1939), of the Armored Infantry, was captured by the Germans and held prisoner at Freising, Germany, until his liberation by an American army on April 29, 1945.904 The "extraordinary achievement" of First Lieutenant Ernest W. Spitzer (1940-43) as pilot and co-pilot on bombing missions over Germany and German-occupied countries, in 1944 and 1945, won for him the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and four oak leaf clusters.905 Frank S. Driver (B. A., 1924), a Bridgewater College trustee on leave of absence, served as a special agent in the Counter Intelligence Corps attached to the Third Army, commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr. Prior to D-Day, he did plain clothes duty in English Channel ports, safeguarding military information and invasion plans.906

899Bernard St. Oair Logan to FFW, Feb. 12, 1979. 900Newsette, April, 1945, p. 4. 901 Items from the Bee, the Newsette, theHDN-R, Converse, Richard A. Jackson, Lowell A. Miller, and Robert S. Miller. 902HDN-R, April 21, 1945; Converse, pp. 153, 469. 903Items from the Newsette, the Alumnus, the HDN-R, and Converse. 904HDN-R, May 26, 1945, p. 6; Converse, pp. 148, 162. 905HDN-R, April 3, 1945; Newsette, Dec., 1945, p. 4. 906Newsette, April, 1945, p. 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 419

Major Arlie E. Kiser (Commercial Teachers' Course graduate, 1914), of the Army Air Force, was provost marshal of the Army Transport Command, South Atlantic Division, at Natal, Brazil.907 Colonel Leonidas L. Koontz (1907-11), also of the Army Air Force, was the commanding officer at Harding Field, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 908 A number of Bridgewater alumni who were physicians served in the medical corps of the armed forces in the American, European, and Pacific theaters of the war. Others, not physicians, served as technicians in medical units in England, Belgium, France, and the Philippine Islands, along the supply route to Burma and China, and elsewhere. 909 Colonel Otis W. Snyder (1931-33), M. D., was chief of the Medical Personnel Section of the U. S. Eighth Army in the Philippines in 1945. 910 Captain Garland M. Wright (B. A., 1932), M. D., received a Bronze Star Medal "for heroic action," March 24, 1945, in giving medical aid to wounded Americans near Wesel, Germany.911 Other Bridgewater men served in the Army Dental Corps. Major Willard H. Humbert (B. A., 1924) was the American National Red Cross field director in the Hawaiian Islands, 1944-45.912 Kenneth L. Strite (B. A., 1935) and his wife directed the Kahului U.S. 0. (United Service Organization) Club on Maui, in the Hawaiian Islands, to brighten the off-duty hours of service men.913 Some Bridgewater men were chaplains during the war. Among them were Ensign Robert E. Layman (B. A., 1943), aboard a ship in the south Pacific; Lieutenant Edwin F. Shumaker (B. A., 1929), chaplain to the "Sea Bees" in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska and later senior chaplain to the U. S. Coast Guard, Fourth Naval District, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Captain Harold E. Skelton (B. A., 1940); and Lieutenant Colonel Walter S. Thomas (1905-11), post chaplain at Camp Lee, Virginia, and later at Harmon General Hospital, Longview, Texas.914 Fifty-one of the 426 Bridgewater men in the nation's service during the war were permitted, under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, to do civilian work of national importance, instead of serving in the military. Some were stationed in C. P. S. (Civilian Public Service) camps, while others were assigned elsewhere, to special projects under the direction of various agencies. Some worked in general hospitals and in institutions for the mentally ill. One did soil analysis and research at the University of Maryland; others, soil conservation and land reclamation, and work for the development and protection of the national forests and for the development of the dairy industry. Others served as guinea pigs in nutritional experiments, and some did relief and rehabilitation work. 915 Paul Hoover Bowman (B. A., 1934), S. Loren Bowman (B. A., 1934), and Samuel A. Harley (B. A., 1928) were Bridgewater alumni who, during the war years, served as directors of

9Cfllbid. 908lbid., Aug., 1942, p. 3. 909Iterns from the Bee, the Newsette, the AlurnBF, and Converse. 910Newsette, Dec., 1945, p. 4. 91lAlurnBF. 912Newsette, Dec., 1944, p. 3. 9l3Jbid., April, 1945, p. 4. 914Bee, April 20, 1945, p. 2; Newsette, April, 1945, p. 3. 915Frorn reports published in the AnMM, 1941-46. 420 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

C. P. S. camps in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Virginia for the Church of the Brethren Service Committee. Samuel A. Harley was a regional supervisor, 1944-46.916 Paul Hoover Bowman was a war relief administrator in Spain, 1938-39, and in Paris, 1939- 40, for the American Friends Service Committee; representative to Ecuador and Peru, 1942-43, for the Brethren Service Committee; agent of the U.S. State Department in the cultural relations program in Bolivia, 1943-44; and director of relief training for the C. P. S. unit at the University of Minnesota in 1945. Ernest M. Wampler (B. S., 1918) and Wendell P. Flory (B. A., 1940) did relief and rehabilitation work in China for the Brethren Service Committee. Rufus B. King (B. A., 1936) was director of the Martin G. Brumbaugh Reconstruction (C. P. S.) Unit (Brethren, Friends, and Mennonites) in Puerto Rico, 1943-47.917 After President Bowman (on loan from Bridgewater College to the Church of the Brethren Service Committee, January 18-July 1, 1941)918 had begun the establishment of the C. P. S. camps, another Bridgewater alumnus, M. Robert Zigler (B. A., 1916), served as the national C. P. S. director for the Brethren Service Committee, 1941-42, and, after him, William Harold Row (B. A., 1933) until 1946.919 Throughout the war, M. Robert Zigler, executive secretary of the Brethren Service Committee, was the chairman of the National Service Board for Religious Objectors, whose headquarters were in Washington, D. C,920 Another Bridgewater alumnus, Bayard M. Hedrick (Business Course graduate, 1901), served as campaign manager, 1942-46, in raising funds for United China Relief. 921 The 14 Bridgewater women known to have offered their services to the nation during the war did various types of work at various locations in the United States and in foreign lands. 922 Ruth F. Borden (1937-38) served in the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps, 1944-46, rising to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). She was stationed at Bethesda, Maryland, and at Terminal Island, California. Mae E. Diehl (1941-43), an administrative technician and occasional chauffeuse in the WAC (Women's Army Corps), 1943-46, was stationed at Frankfurt, Germany. She became a sergeant and received the Good Conduct Medal. Monelle D. Feaga (1934-37), R. N., a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, did psychiatric and surgical nursing during the war in the southwest Pacific area (Australia, New Guinea, Philippine Islands), 1941-46, often during Japanese bombing attacks. She received various decorations for her service, among them the Bronze Star Medal and the Good Conduct Medal. Esther V. Flory (B. A., 1943) served with the American National Red Cross at an army hospital in England during the war. Frances W. Garber (1926-29), R. N., a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force Nurse Corps during the war, was stationed in a hospital in the Hawaiian Islands. Trene R. Heltzel (1927-28), a lieutenant (junior grade) in the WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), U.S. Navy, was a supervisor at stations in Rhode Island and Maryland, 1942-45.

9l6CB Yrbk (1942), p. 6; (1943), p. 7; (1944), p. 9; (1945), p. 9. 917Paul Hoover Bowman to FFW, Sept. 22, 1981; Ernest M. Wampler to FFW, Aug. 22, 1975; Rufus B. King to FFW, March 19, 1983;AnMM(1946),p.32. 918TrExCornM, Jan. 4, 1941; AnMM (1941), p. 37. 919AnMM (1942), p. 31. 920Leslie Eisan, Pathways of Peace: A History of the Civilian Public Service Program Administered by the Brethren Service Committee (Elgin, Ill., 1948), pp. 36, 389, 457. 921Newsette, April, 1946, p. 3. 922Tue data on Bridgewater women came from questionnaires; also from the HDN-R and the Newsette. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 421

Helen D. Kahle (1932-33), R. N., served in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps. Mary S. Long (1939-40), an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve Nurse Corps, was stationed at St. Alban's Naval Hospital, Long Island, New York, 1944-46. Elizabeth Catherine Marsh (1933-35), a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army Medical Department's Hospital Dietitian Corps, was the dietitian at the 1,200-bed Moore General Hospital (for tropical diseases; later, tuberculosis), Swannanoa, North Carolina, 1944-46. Rebecca V. Myers (B. A., 1930) was a field director in the Military Welfare Service of the American National Red Cross, 1942-49. She received a Meritorious Personal Service Award from the Red Cross for her work at hospitals in Indiana, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Gladys V. Sanger (1925-27), a corporal in the WAC, was a photo laboratory technician, 1943-45, at the Las Vegas, Nevada, Air Base. Leona V. Schmick (B. A., 1937) served in the WAVES, U.S. Navy, 1942-47, and 1948-49, and attained the rank of lieutenant commander. She worked in the secret code room (Washington, D. C.), using her expertise in decoding messages. With others in her field hospital unit, Marie J. Showalter (1927-28), who attained the rank of major in the U. S. Army Nurse Corps, landed on Omaha Beach on the Normandy coast of France soon after D-Day (June 6, 1944). For service in France, Belgium, and Germany, she received campaign stars, and her group a Distinguished Unit Citation. Andra M. Wright (B. A., 1932) served in the WAVES, U.S. Navy, 1944-45. She was a pharmacist's mate at the Navy Yard Dispensary, Washington, D. C.; a physical therapy worker at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and an instructor at the U. S. Naval Training School at Hunter College, New York, New York. The college sought to keep in touch, so far as possible, with its "sons and daughters" who were in the nation's service. President Bowman and his secretary, Mattie V. Glick, sent them letters periodically. "I present to you, on behalf of your teachers and fellow students, a message of good cheer as you leave the campus for service of great importance to your country and to the world," wrote President Bowman to a new group of draftees in February, 1943. "... you are in our thoughts day by day. We pray for your safety and protection, and look forward eagerly to the time of your return .. ,"923 Some of the recipients made acknowledgment. "It was a great satisfaction to know that those among whom I once lived and studied have not forgotten me," wrote Lieutenant Harry B. Dilworth on May 10, 1942, "for in these times to be forgotten is more lonely than to be dead." From "Somewhere in England," Lieutenant Luther A. Hausenfluck, Jr., wrote to President Bowman on December 27, 1942, as follows: "Your Christmas card ... touched me very deeply. The remembrance alone was very gratifying."924 The college sent its student newspaper, The B. C. Bee, and its alumni bulletin, The Bridgewater College Newsette, to the men and women in the service. Early in January, 1945, the college's alumni association placed on the wall inside the main entrance to Founders' Hall a large plaque bearing the names of all Bridgewater men and women then known to be in the nation's service, and later a supplementary list of names beside the plaque. Stars designated those persons who had given their lives for their country. 925 During the course of the war, 17 Bridgewater men lost their lives.

923The letters are in the AMML. 924From the letters in the AMML. 925Bee, Jan. 12, 1945, p. 2. 422 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

The first to suffer death was Carmon B. Boone (1936-37), of Wirtz, Virginia, a captain in the U. S. Army Air Force, killed in action in Tunisia, February 2, 1943. Two weeks earlier, on January 15, he shot down four of 10 attacking German planes, for which feat General Dwight D. Eisenhower awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross. The French government bestowed upon him the Croix de Guerre, with the Palm Order of the Army. 926 The first Bridgewater graduate to lose his life during the course of the war was Second Lieutenant Roy H. Andes (B. A., 1937), of Harrisonburg, Virginia, an Army Air Force pilot, killed February 24, 1943, in a plane crash in Louisiana.927 Trenton A. Strole (1938-39), of Harrisonburg, a sergeant in the Army's Medical Department, lost his life when the ship he was aboard was attacked from the air and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Algeria on November 26, 1943. 928 On the same day, November 26, 1943, Ralph S. Coffman (1940-41), of Keyser, West Virginia, a second lieutenant in the Army Air Force, was killed in an airplane accident over the Gulf of Mexico.929 Benjamin Allen Myers (B. A., 1937), of Bridgewater, Virginia, a staff sergeant in the Army Air Force and a radar operator, lost his life when his Liberator plane was shot down April 12, 1944, during a night bombing raid over a strongly defended Japanese naval base in the Truk Islands in the Pacific. 930 Thomas C. Pappas (1941-42), of Hagerstown, Maryland, a second lieutenant in the Army Air Force, lost his life April 20, 1944, when his plane was shot down in the South Pacific combat zone. He was buried in the Arlington (Va.) National Cemetery.931 Garnett 0. Nelson (B. A., 1941), of Circleville, West Virginia, a second lieutenant in the Army Air Force, was killed May 12, 1944, when his plane was shot down over Brux, Germany. He was awarded the Air Medal; also the Good Conduct Medal and the Purple Heart.932 Harry M. Hahn, Jr. (1942-43), of Brunswick, Maryland, a private in the Infantry, U.S. Army, was killed in action in France, June 23, 1944, as the Allies drove eastward after the D- Day landings along the Normandy coast.933 Paul H. Miller (Commerce Course graduate, 1940), of Bridgewater, Virginia, a private first class in the Army, captured after the American surrender of Corregidor, died of illness in a Japanese prison camp on October 24, 1944.934 Luther A. Hausenfluck, Jr. (1932-35), of Harrisonburg, an Army captain in the Infantry, was killed at Engelsdorf, Germany, November 21, 1944. He had participated in the assault at Omaha Beach on D-Day, at St. Lo in July, 1944, and at Brest in September, and had received two Presidential citations. He was buried in the American military cemetery at Margraten in the Netherlands.935 Carl H. Leap (1935-36), of McGaheysville, Virginia, a sergeant in the Army (Medical Records Division), was killed in southern England, December 6, 1944, by a Nazi robot bomb, and was buried in the American military cemetery at Cambridge, England. 936

926Newsette, April, 1943, p. 3; April, 1945, p. 5. 927HDN-R, Feb. 26, 1943. 928converse, pp. 141, 481. 929Newsette, April, 1945, p. 5. 930converse, pp. 134, 395. 931George Pappas to FFW, Jan. 4, 1979. 932ruchard W. Homan to FFW, Dec. 30, 1978. 933Millard F. Hahn to FFW, Feb. 22, 1979. 934converse, pp. 133, 151, 381. 935HDN-R, May 23, 1945, p. 6; Converse, pp. 124, 291. 936converse, pp. 131, 348. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 423

Samuel Woodward Marsh (1933-35), of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (formerly of Bridgewater, Virginia), an Army captain in the Armored Infantry, was killed in Belgium on December 22, 1944, in the Battle of the Bulge. For heroic action in that battle, in extinguishing an enemy-set fire on a vehicle laden with mines and ammunition, he was awarded, posthumously, the Bronze Star Medal.937 Orville Lee Cupp (1936-37), of Dayton, Virginia, a private first class in the Infantry, was killed in action in Germany on February 15, 1945.938 Gladstone W. Donovan (1938-39), of Harrisonburg, a private first class in the Infantry, was killed in action in Germany on March 15, 1945, and was buried in France.939 Edgar Orlin Kersh (1939-40), of Harrisonburg, a first lieutenant in the Infantry, was killed by a Japanese sniper on Okinawa on May 13, 1945, after leading his platoon in an attack on an enemy-held ridge and routing the Japanese "from well-prepared positions."940 Benjamin W. Prichard (1942-43), of Harrisonburg, a corporal in the Army Air Force, was another casualty of the war. After his plane was disabled over Nagoya, Japan, while on a bombing mission from Tinian (in the Mariana Islands) on May 14, 1945, he was captured, tried in a Japanese military court, sentenced to death and executed, July 12, 1945. He had engaged in bombing raids on Saigon, Rangoon, and Singapore from a base in India, and in raids on Manchuria and Japan from a base in China. He was awarded the Air Medal and other decorations.941 Clarence A. Claybrook (B. A., 1937), of Harrisonburg, lieutenant (junior grade) in the Navy, died of Hodgkins disease in the Philadelphia Naval Hospital, August 16, 1945.942 After V-E Day, May 6, 1945, some Bridgewater men were assigned to the military government established over Germany by the victor nations. Among them were Bayard T. Keller, Jr. (1940-43), who later was an interpreter at the war crimes trials at Nuremberg, 1945- 46; Captain J. Osborne Renalds (1934-37), a military governor in southern Bavaria, 1945-47; an,d First Lieutenant Layton W. Yancey (B. A., 1936), of the Army's Finance Division and holder of a Bronze Star Medal.943 After V-J Day, August 14, 1945, a Bridgewater alumnus, Dr. Willard H. Humbert (B. A., 1924), was a civilian with the Department of the Army during the United States' occupation of Japan.944 President Bowman suggested, in 1946, the construction of a new physical education building as a memorial to the Bridgewater men and women who had served their country in World War II, "to the end that we may have 'One World,' where men live together in peace and harmony." He suggested, also, that the project might be financed by gifts of government war bonds. "It is possible," he stated, "that the Bridgewater community might be convinced that their community memorial could be appropriately merged with this project."945 During the war, the college had to face "the ordeal of faculty resignations, requests for leaves of absence, and the inevitable curtailment of faculty positions in several departments." Shortly before the opening of the session, 1942-43, Professor Paul W. Keller (speech and dramatics) and Professor Galen L. Stinebaugh (music) were called into the nation's service

937Mrs. S. H. Marsh to Morley J. Mays,-, 1945, Alumni Office Papers, AMML. 938converse, pp. 116, 221. 939Ibid., pp. 117, 237. 940Ibid., pp. 128, 327. 941Ibid., pp. 136, 415. 942Ibid., p. 205. 943Frorn letters in the Archives Room, AMML. 944AiurnBF. 945PHB to JCM, March 11, 1946, PrO Papers, AMML. 424 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. At the close of the session, the college granted leaves of absence to the following faculty members: Rudolph A. Glick (mathematics), who went to West Virginia Wesleyan College; Wesley W. Jonah (physical education); Harry G. M. Jopson (biology), who became an executive officer in the United Seamen's Service; Frederick K. Kirchner (chemistry), who went to the Winthrop Laboratories; and Lucile Long (English). At the end of the same session (1942-43), the following staff members resigned for various reasons: Mrs. Edith B. Barber (commerce); Alline Gillespie (home economics); Sara K. Hertzler, the college nurse; Mildred N. Meroney (home economics); Josephine R. Miller, the college dietitian; Ethel V. Sipe, acting dean of women; and H. Holmes Wilhelm (modem languages).946 Faculty members who remained assumed some of the work of staff members who had gone on leave of absence or had resigned, and course offerings were somewhat curtailed. Certain positions left vacant, however, had to be filled, and that task proved to be "a night and day burden" for President Bowman during the summer of 1943.947 Although the war years caused "inevitable frustrations for the college," they did not disturb its sense of direction. The Bridgewater faculty, in a statement it drafted and adopted, resolved to hold "a steady course" during that critical period, to continue to be "a college of the liberal arts and sciences serving the fundamental needs of society," making "whatever adjustments and modifications are necessary and justifiable to serve the country in the present emergency."

We believe it to be our patriotic duty as teachers [the statement continued] ... to keep liberal education strong and virile for the sake of the future leadership of church and state.... We regard the basic curricula of the American college ... as essential to the stability of our national life and to American leadership in world affairs .... We shall maintain our standards for entrance to college, for continuance in college, and for graduation from college.948 The college followed the policy of supplying the facts concerning students to Selective Service Boards and of refusing to ask for deferments, "except when it seemed absolutely necessary to preserve vital educational values." It gave such aid as it could to Bridgewater men "in connection with deferments." It assisted men who chose to enlist in the armed forces and those called under the Selective Training and Service Act by providing needed instruction in mathematics and the sciences "and in such other particulars as was possible." "Boards and officials have generally been courteous and fair in cases coming under our observation," President Bowman reported to the college's trustees.949 Because the college was owned and controlled by a church opposed to military combat, it sought no government contracts for military units and declined to accept any that were offered.950 The college sought to make it possible for students to get a baccalaureate degree in three years. It reinstituted a summer session (discontinued after 1929) in June, 1942, and beginning on August 30, 1943, it inaugurated a year-round calendar of trimesters, one of 16 weeks beginning in September, another of 16 weeks beginning in January, and one of 10 weeks beginning in June. New students could enroll at the beginning of any trimester.951

946B, Oct., 1943, p. 2; Newsette, Aug., 1943, p. 4. 947Newsette, Aug., 1943, p. 3. 948lbid., April, 1943, p. 5. 949TrM, June 30, 1943. 950PHB in B, Oct., 1942, p. 5. 951TrM, Feb. 5, 1943. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 425

The college also decided to increase its loan funds to help students remain in college until completing degree requirements. Certain college courses were modified so as to give special attention to the causes of the war, the issues over which it was being fought, the fundamental principles of democracy and freedom, and the problems of post-war peace-making and reconstruction. The prime objective was the development of greater understanding of nations and international relations. The college offered to the public, as well as to its students, a program of emergency education for civilian defense in war time. It had certain faculty members conduct, on and off the campus, short courses and forums designed to give training in administering first aid to injured persons, typing persons for blood transfusions, contributing blood for blood reserves, inoculating against common epidemics, constructing bomb-proof shelters, disposing of bombs, and evacuating people from schools, public places, and towns. It held community forums and institutes, also, on problems in food and nutrition and on reconstruction in the post-war era. 952 President Bowman summarized the college's services during the war years in the following statement to the Bridgewater trustees: We have trained men for service as chemists, mathematicians, physicists, statisticians, economists, administrative assistants, chaplains, physicians, pharmacists, dentists, engineers, relief and reconstruction workers. The college has made contributions in the local community in Red Cross work, in contributions to blood reserves, in first aid courses, in fire-fighting reserve, in farm labor, in institutes and conferences on nutrition, relief, peace and reconstruction, in lectures and addresses in churches, in schools, in clubs, in civilian public service camps, and in many other relationships. We have offered our services in the selling of government bonds and Brethren Service Certificates.953 On May 1, 1944, the college's trustees authorized its treasurer to purchase up to $15,000 in U.S. government bonds. By July 1, 1945, the trustees had invested $25,100 in U.S. bonds, Series G, and by November, 1945, $10,000 more.954 The U. S. government approved the college as a center for the training of enlisted men (classified in IV-E) for relief and reconstruction work in foreign countries after the war's end. Under the plan, men would be assigned to colleges of the historic peace churches for training of a special character, and would remain in college until the completion of their course of study. Bridgewater had indicated its willingness to cooperate.955 President Bowman was keenly cognizant of the need of dealing with the "very great problem to education" presented by the returning war veterans and C. P. S. men. 956 Following the recommendations of the American Council on Education, the college decided to allow credit toward a baccalaureate degree for courses of study conducted in the various branches of the nation's service during the war period, if administered "under circumstances comparable to standard college practices."957 The college's trustees voted to grant a 50 percent discount "in regular college tuition," for as many years as they served during the war, to C. P. S. men; also to men in the U. S. armed forces "not otherwise provided for."958

952Newsette, April, 1942, pp. 1-2. 953rrM, Feb. 5, 1943. 954rrM, May 1, 1944; Nov. 6, 1945; B, Oct., 1945, p. 10. 955rrM, Feb. 5, 1943. 956rHB in TrM, Nov. 17, 1944. 957B, Oct., 1945, p. 6. 958rrM, Nov. 6, 1945. 426 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

To reduce administrative overhead expense, the college, in 1943, merged, for the duration of the war, the offices of academic dean and registrar into a new office, that of "executive secretary," and appointed Registrar Everett R. Shober to the position. Dr. Charles C. Wright, academic dean since 1925, again became a full-time member of the college's teaching staff.959 A financial crisis confronted the college during the war years because of reduced student enrollment and reduced income, increased taxes, the rising cost of goods and services, declining interest rates on investments, and the competition of publicly-supported colleges. The college's deficit of $2,670.27 at the close of the session, 1941-42, however, was absorbed because it was assessable against the faculty salary item in the school's budget. The deficit was "covered largely by a 5 percent curtailment of faculty salaries."960 The next session, 1942-43, precipitated a new and greater crisis because of greater decline in the student population. President Bowman appealed for funds to Church of the Brethren congregations within the college's constituency and, through the church's General Education Board, to the church's annual conference, as well as to the college's alumni generally and other friends. "The crisis of the college," he declared, "is a challenge to the church." He suggested that buyers of government war bonds give bonds to the college, that profit-makers during the war share their profits with the college, that persons having estates to leave to posterity "apply them to the cause of Christian education," and that income-tax-payers "include the college in their 15% charitable exemption." Above all, he urged Church of the Brethren parents to enroll their children at Bridgewater.%1 His appeal did not go unheeded. From the various sources, the college received during the session, 1942-43, about $24,000, of which amount $4,260.48 came from Church of the Brethren congregations within the college's constituency and $5,000 from the church's annual conference. With that help, the college was able to close its session "with all accounts balanced and a small surplus in reserve for the session, 1943-44." Faculty members, consequently, were paid their full contract salaries. With the utmost gratification, President Bowman declared that "Financially, the year 1942-43 was for Bridgewater College a marvel of alumni and church loyalty."962 The treasurer's report on the college's operating expenses for the session, 1943-44, showed a deficit of $2,242.51, but the college's summer session, 1943, produced a net gain of $3,175.30, resulting in a surplus for the fiscal year. Faculty members again received their full contract salaries. During the fiscal year, $3,792.07 came from Church of the Brethren congregations of the college's constituency, $1,600 from the church's district meetings, and $5,000 from the church's annual conference. 963 The college closed its fiscal year, 1944-45, also, with a balanced budget and a small surplus, thanks to stringent economies by the college's administration and the generous response of alumni and other friends to appeals for supplementary income. District conferences of the Church of the Brethren contributed $4,170.38, the church at large $5,000, and other sources $1,300. Faculty members again were paid in full. 964

959TrExComM, April 13, 1943; Newsette, Aug., 1943, p. 1. 960B, Oct., 1942, p. 5; TrM, Feb. 5, 1943. 961PHBin B, Oct., 1943, p. 5. 962Ibid., p. 6; TrExComM, June 29, 1943. 963Newsette, Aug., 1944, p. 5; B, Oct., 1944, p. 4. 964rrM, May 28, 1945; B, Oct., 1945, p. 4. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 427

The fiscal year, 1945-46, ended with "an excess of income over expense of $6,582.58." Church district conferences contributed $4,164.59, and the Church of the Brethren's annual conference again appropriated $5,000.965 Not only was the college able to close each of the war years with a balanced budget, so far as operating costs were concerned, but it was able, during those same years, to reduce progressively the college's indebtedness, until all outstanding indebtedness was liquidated.966

President Bowman's Resignation

President Bowman wrote to John C. Myers, chairman of the college's board of trustees, on June 14, 1944, as follows:

It is my desire to be relieved of administrative responsibility at the college in the near future. The demands of the college on energy and endurance in the years ahead are more than I should continue to carry. I have no plans for the future and shall not force the trustees into a hasty choice of a president, but I believe that the college should come under new leadership at least with the upturn in its development following the war. I shall be prepared to submit my resignation at such time as you may consider it most appropriate and advantageous.967 Upon learning of President Bowman's desire, the board of trustees, November 17, 1944, appointed a committee (Charles W. Wampler, Malcolm A. Long, and Warren D. Bowman), which conferred with the president and informed him that the trustees knew no reason why he should retire at that time.968 About five months later, on April 9, 1945, Dr. Bowman, at the age of 57, formally resigned from the presidency of the college, "to take effect on June 30, 1946, or as soon thereafter as possible." I am taking this action [he stated in his letter to John C. Myers] for no other reason than that I have served more than a quarter of a century in this position and I prefer to give the remaining years of my active life to pursuits other than college administration. I am now serving the college to the limit of my energy and endurance, and I am quite aware that the years ahead will demand more, not less, of those who occupy positions of leadership in colleges and universities. This statement is submitted with a consciousness of having done less for the college than was in my heart to do. But I have a conscience which is clear on the point of having sought to the limit of my strength and of my ability to do what was right and best for Bridgewater College.969 President Bowman had resigned two times before: on November 23, 1923, when the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems were consolidated, so as to give the trustees a free hand in choosing the president of Bridgewater-Daleville College;970 and on February 19, 1932 (after 13 years in office), so as to give the trustees an opportunity to replace him, should they see fit to do so. In re-electing him in February, 1932, the trustees expressed "complete

965B, Oct., 1946, pp. 5, 6. 966Ibid., p. 6. 967PHB to JCM, June 14, 1944, in TrM. 968TrM, Nov. 17, 1944. 969PHB to JCM, April 9, 1945, in TrM. 970yrM, Nov. 23, 1923. 428 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

confidence" in his "ability to continue to administer the college in a satisfactory manner," and asked him "to go on with the plans you have been developing for the enlargement and perfection of the institution."971 In response to President Bowman's offer to continue to serve the college in some helpful way after his retirement, John C. Myers informed him of the trustees' desire "that you devote such time as your plans will allow to some phase of our work which appeals to you most." He continued, as follows: One of our biggest and most immediate needs is financial. We should raise a large sum for building purposes within the next year .... your knowledge of the college constituency and influence and standing with our people will enable you to do us a great service in heading up a canvass for funds. It is our thought that you be employed at a salary agreeable to you, for a period of one year, and that you have sufficient help in giving publicity and in the canvass for money.972 President Bowman, however; declined to lead in such a canvass, citing the need of "relief for a time from responsibility such as your letter implies." He might, however, "give some help in the financial campaign next fall on a week by week basis, if that would be of interest to the college."973 Dr. Bowman was honored for 25 years of service as Bridgewater's president at a testimonial dinner at the college in Rebecca Hall, April 1, 1944, two years before his retirement. Among the speakers on that occasion were Dr. David W. Peters, president of the Association of Virginia Colleges; Dr. Charles C. Ellis, speaking for the Church of the Brethren colleges; Ruth E. Shriver, representing the officials of the Church of the Brethren; John C. Myers, chairman of Bridgewater's board of trustees; and Dr. J. Maurice Henry, speaking for the Bridgewater faculty. A representative of each of the classes graduated at Bridgewater, 1920-44, was present. At that affair, Bridgewater conferred upon President Bowman an honorary degree, LL. D. He was the recipient, also, of an album of testimonial letters, and he and Mrs. Bowman were presented a chest of sterling silver flatware. 974 The student body honored President and Mrs. Bowman at a dinner in Rebecca Hall in May, 1946, and presented to them a pair of silver candleholders. 975 When President Bowman retired from office, the college's trustees adopted a statement that recognized his valuable services to the college.976 Other expressions of appreciation came in later years. An oil portrait of Dr. Bowman, the gift of Bridgewater alumni and faculty colleagues, was unveiled at the college on April 4, 1949, and was added to the portrait collection in the chapel in Memorial Hall.977 Bridgewater's board of trustees, in November, 1950, made Dr. Bowman president emeritus of the college and an ex-officio member of the board, and voted him a pension of $500 a year, effective January 1, 1951.978 Bridgewater's alumni association bestowed upon him in 1955 its "Alumnus of the Year" award, in recognition of his forthcoming book, Brethren Education in the Southeast. 979

971TrM, Feb. 19, 1932. 972JCM to PHB, March 11, 1946, in TrM. 973PHB to JCM, March 13, 1946, in TrM. 974HDN-R, April 3, 1944, pp. 1, 5. 975Bee, May 10, 1946, p. 1. 976rrM, Dec. 9, 1946. 977HDN-R, April 5, 1949, p. 1. 978rrM, Nov. 13, 1950. 979Newsette, Aug., 1955, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 429

Juniata College had conferred upon President Bowman the D. D. degree in 1925, and Roanoke College the LL. D. in 1940.980

Observations on President Bowman and His Administration The presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman covered a long and eventful period of more than a quarter of a century (1919-46). It began soon after the close of World War I, and continued during the turbulent 1920's and the years of the Great Depression, the era of Franklin D. Roosevelt, World War II, and the beginning of the post-war period. Coping with the college's problems during those 27 years was a task that President Bowman tackled with courage, determination, and discernment. He saw situations clearly, faced facts squarely, however unpleasant they were, and sought practical solutions. He made bold suggestions he believed would bring improvement. He handled difficult situations with adeptness and discretion, and he showed unusual respect for the opinions of others. He demonstrated, during his tenure of office, marked executive ability. His administration is noteworthy for various reasons, as follows. The standards for admission to college work and for graduation were elevated. The curriculum was strengthened by the reorganization of old courses and the addition of new ones. Practice- teaching programs for prospective teachers were instituted. Pre-professional courses for the fields of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, law, engineering, and theology were offered. An orientation program for freshmen, prior to the opening of the regular session in September, was inaugurated. A summer session was established. The offices of academic dean and registrar, and other new administrative positions, were made operative. The college's endowment fund was increased from $245,043 (June 30, 1919) to $397,903 (June 30, 1946). The college's assets were more than doubled: from $402,939 (June 30, 1919) to $996,645 (June 30, 1946).981 Loans and scholarships for students were greatly increased. A plan for the future development of the college plant (new buildings and their location) was adopted. A larger auditorium, a larger dining hall, a new and better equipped kitchen and food department, more dormitories for men and women, larger quarters for the library, a new heating plant, and a larger, better ventilated chemistry laboratory were provided. Improvements in Stanley (today, Memorial) Hall, Founders' Hall, and Wardo Hall were made. Some funds were raised for the construction of a science hall and a new women's dormitory. A new, larger athletic field was acquired and put into use, and an expanded program of intercollegiate and intra- mural sports was developed. The college's land holdings were increased from about 31 acres to about 125. The geographical area of the college's constituency was enlarged from two states to 10: from Maryland and Delaware, on the north, to Alabama and Florida, on the south. His administration is noteworthy, also, for the affiliation of Hebron Seminary with Bridgewater College, 1921-24; for the consolidation of the Bridgewater and Daleville school systems in 1924; and for the affiliation of Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.) with Bridgewat8r-Daleville College, 1929-37. The closer cooperation of those Church of the Brethren schools, the result, primarily, of President Bowman's statesmanship, leadership, and patient negotiations, did much to "unify the energies and resources of the Brethren people" in the southeastern part of the U. S. A. and, President Bowman stated, "made possible continued

980 WW(1940-41), p. 385. 9818, Aug., 1919, p. 7; Oct., 1946, pp. 10, 12. 430 The Presidency of Paul Haynes Bowman, 1919-1946

progress and perhaps the very survival of higher education" under Church of the Brethren auspices in that region. 982 It was during President Bowman's administration, also, that the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, in 1925, granted Bridgewater College full accreditation. Finally, when Dr. Bowman left the presidency in 1946, the college was free of financial indebtedness for the first time in a number of years. President Bowman was active in educational circles. On three occasions, he addressed the Association of Virginia Colleges. At its meeting in Roanoke, February 10, 1934, he spoke on the subject, "Good Teaching from the Point of View of the College President," suggesting that "good teaching holds for us greater possibility as a builder of school morale than any other single factor in college life."983 At the meeting in Richmond, February 10, 1940, he spoke on "Standards for Accrediting Colleges in Virginia," stating that the work of a college "must be measured not by what it possesses, but by what it imparts."984 In his presidential address at the meeting in Richmond, February 20, 1942, he pointed out the need of "a more constructive policy" in higher education in Virginia, and urged "a program of sensible and friendly cooperation" and sharing of resources, in place of competition.985 President Bowman's extensive acquaintance throughout Virginia and other states, and the high regard in which he was held, made Bridgewater College widely known, and known to its definite advantage. He was a speaker of unusual ability and cogent thought; hence was much in demand. During the session, 1935-36, for example, he made, away from the college, 37 addresses and preached 23 sermons.986 He had a "quiet yet marvelously impressive manner of speaking.11 987 He was a prominent and influential figure in his denomination (Church of the Brethren), serving as moderator of its annual conference three times and, for some years, as a member of its policy-making body and its General Education Board. He recruited young men of ability of his denomination for the Christian ministry and "inspired them with a sense of mission."988 He was a spokesman for his denomination on important questions of the years just preceding and during World War II. On February 12, 1937, and again on January 10, 1940, he and six other leaders of the "peace churches" (Friends, Mennonites, and Brethren) were received by President Roosevelt in the White House and given the opportunity to present their proposal for alternative service, in time of war, for men conscientiously opposed to military combat.989 In September, 1939, President Bowman wrote to U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd to object to the repeal of the arms embargo clauses of the nation's Neutrality Act of 1937.990 On July 30, 1940, he was permitted to present a statement to the U.S. House of Representatives's committee on military affairs in support of the amendment to the Burke- Wadsworth Bill that would give special consideration (on grounds of religious conviction) to men opposed to military combat. At the meeting of the Association of American Colleges in Atlantic City, New Jersey, January 10, 1945, he presented arguments against the nation's adopting a policy of universal military training, which Congress was then considering.991

982PHB, Southeast, p. 161. 983Association of Virginia Colleges Bulletin (1934), pp. 71-72. 984Ibid. (1940), p. 47. 985Ibid. (1942), pp. 5-10. 986B, Oct., 1936, pp. 3-4. 987wilmer R. Kensinger to PHB, March 8, 1944, PHB Papers. 988TrM, Dec. 9, 1946. 989PHB et al. to Franklin D. Roosevelt, Feb. 12, 1937, and Jan. 10, 1940 (copies), PHB Papers. 990PHB to Harry F. Byrd, Sept. 27, 1939 (copy), PHB Papers. 991statements in PHB Papers. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 431

Following his retirement from the presidency of Bridgewater College in 1946, he became the Church of the Brethren's official representative in the nation's capitaI.992 President Bowman was a participant, also, in local civic and philanthropic enterprises. He was a member of the board of directors of the Rockingham Memorial Hospital. He was a charter member of the Rockingham Public Library Association (incorporated in 1928), its vice president, 1928-48, and its president, 1948-53; and he was a charter member of the Rotary Club in the town of Bridgewater.993 When he retired from the presidency in June, 1946, Dr. Bowman made the following statement to the college's trustees: My chief satisfaction is that, in spite of mistaken judgments at times, our purposes and intentions were unwavering toward what we believe to be the truth and the right .... My chief reward has been the steady growth of the college in the confidence of the educational world and in the faith and good will of the Church of the Brethren and other religious bodies which place values of character and personality above all other treasures."994

992Newsette, Aug., 1946, p. 1. 993Men of Mark, p. 47; Florence B. Yoder to PHB, Jan. 28, 1954, and Joseph A. Bosserman to PHB, March 15, 1944, PHB Papers. 994PHB in B, Oct., 1946, p. 9.

The Central Building at Daleville College and Academy, Daleville, Virginia. A wood engraving by Isaac]. Sanger.