IB Psychology Course Psychologyib Introduction Tothe Introduction

IB Psychology Course PsychologyIB Introduction tothe Introduction

IB Psychology of of ethics.The content that you learn will fall under one of these three approaches. methods research. of In addition to understanding the importance and application need to have an in depth, detailed knowledge of their assumptions and preferred There are three key approaches: linked to the main inapproaches Psychology. need to know, before we launch into some research tasks course is organised and the key pieces of information you Welcome to IBthePsychology course. I thought I thought we would start with a brief overview of how the marks) marks) of overviewyour grade. experiment and formally write up researchyour study. This willform 20% (22 You willalso have to research a specific area, conduct ownyour scientific So So let’s have a look at how you will be assessedat the end theof two years. Biological, Cognitive and Sociocultural . You will

IB Psychology • • on human • • understanding of human • contestable and thattheir study requires the toleration of uncertainty • hypotheses; and interpret complex data and source material • and arguments about thenature and activities of theindividual and society • social and cultural institutions physical, economic and social environments; and the history and development of • In understand and use diverse methods of psychological inquiry behaviour learn behaviour awareness of how research findings can be appliedto better understand human The IB Diploma Course Description & Aims understand understand and use diverse methods of psychological inquiry. develop an understanding of alternativeexplanations of behavior develop an understanding of thebiological, cognitive and sociocultural influences ensure that ethicalpractices are upheld in psychological inquiry develop an awareness of how psychological research can be appliedfor the better enablethestudent to recognize that the content and methodologies are enable students to collect,describe and develop thecapacity to identify, encourage thesystematic and criticalstudy of human experience and addition, addition, the course is designed to: to understand the behaviour and explore alternative explanations of and how ethicalpractices are upheld in psychological inquiry. Programme biological, cognitive biological, and sociocultural influences behavior higher levelpsychology course aims to develop an analyse analyse critically and evaluate theories, concepts data used in studies, test behaviour . . You willalso behaviour You will on human

IB Psychology ; What does What ‘psychology’ does mean? (1596 (Eve of the of21 the (Eve Approach Biological The The Cognitive Approach Cognitive The Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroscience Cognitive Social Learning Theory Theory Learning Social (1980s onwards) (1980s Wilhelm Wundt Wundt Wilhelm Rene Descartes Descartes Rene The HumanisticThe Freud Sigmund Darwin Charles John Watson Watson John - (1809 (1632 1650) John Locke Locke John Approach (1960s) (1960s) (1950s) (1900s) (1913) (1879) - - 1882) 1704) st century) models and investigatesmodels how biological structures influence mental states. cognitivetogether and biological approaches. Cognitive neuroscience is built on the earlier computer the end of Towards this century, cognitive neuroscience emerges distinctas a discipline bringing processes. biological due to advancesis This in technology that have led to increased understanding of the brain and approach beginsThe biological establishto itself as the dominant scientific perspective psychology.in established cognitivenewly approach and traditional behaviourism. draws attentionapproach to the role of cognitive factors in learning, providing bridgea between the timethe Around of cognitivethe revolution, Albert Bandura proposes the social learning theory. This processes tomental psychology but much more ain scientific way than Wundt’s earlier investigations. for the operationsmetaphor of the human mind. The Cognitive Approach reintroduces the study of revolution The cognitive came with the introduction of the digital computer. This gave psychologists a self was determinednot behaviour by the individual. Humanistic psychologists emphasise the importance of rejectingpsychology, the views favoured by behaviourism and the psychodynamic approach that Rogers and AbrahamCarl Maslow develop the humanistic approach years. The psychodynamicapproach. and behaviourist approaches dominate psychology for the next fifty Watson writesJohn psychology as the behaviourist views andit BF Skinner establishes the behaviourist within of the mind. conflicts person emphasised theFreud influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour, alongside development of his Freud publishedSigmund the interpretation of dreams, and the psychodynamic approach is established. in its owndiscipline right. Wundt opens theWilhelm first experimental psychology lab in Germany, and psychology emerges as a value is deeplyadaptive rooted manyin areas of psychology, especially the biological approach. thatThe assumption many human behaviours, such as social behaviour, have evolved due to their are ‘weeded out’genes (survival of the fittest). and thereproduce, individuals with weaker genes do not survive and reproduce. Thus, these weaker generations,successive over so that the individuals with stronger, more adaptive genes survive and Darwin’sto Central evolutionary theory is the notion allthat human and animal behaviour changedhas and measured.observed approach behaviourist that the world can be understood by investigating external events that are beings inherithuman neither knowledge instincts.nor This view would later form the basis of the proposed empiricism,Locke the idea that experienceall can be obtained through the senses, and that hisdemonstrated own existence with the famous quote ‘I think therefore I am’. it suggestedchallenged, that the mind could be an object of study in its own right. Descartes philosophical a stance that came to be known as Cartesian dualism. Although this view has been since aDescartes, philosopher, French suggested that the mind and body are independent from each other - determination and free will. - centred therapy: psychoanalysis. He argued that physical problems could explainedbe termsin Task: Origins of Psychology – the so - called ‘third force’ in – IB Psychology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3BGRuqRceU https Helpful resources: • • • • • • following: You could your timeline break into the images only using Psychology, of development historical the to show timeline a create slide, previous the on information the Using The The Biological Approach Social Learning Theory Cognitive Approach Skinner, Watson & Behaviourism Wundt Introspection & Descartes Dualism & ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M Origins Psychologyof Continued Task: . .

IB Psychology      and notes make the following: on revision/videos/approaches https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/psychology Watch the following clip Biological StructuresBiological Neurochemistry Evolution & Genotype Phenotype Genes The The Biological Approach Task: - in - psychology - biological/ -

IB Psychology      notes and make following: the on revision/videos/approaches https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/psychology Watch following the clip Biological Biological Structures Neurochemistry Evolution Genotype & Phenotype Genes The Biological Biological The Approach The Biological The Biological Approach Task: - in - psychology - biological/ - IB Psychology behaviour. • • • • approach to biological at The looks behaviour an forincreasingly debate area public are of line this inquiry sophisticated, of while ethics the investigate this is morebecoming relationship ever of causality. mutual one available technology The to between is behaviour complex a relationship biology The and to behaviour natural human subject Isselection genes? individual’s an case? Could their predicted frombe behaviour changes brain do in is takereversethe behaviour or place the correlate take behaviour? changes When with the place in investigation an into correlations. brain the areas of Do approach to biological The understanding behaviour is largely the role of animal research in understanding animal role human of in understanding researchthe behaviour genetics and behaviour and and pheromones hormones and brain behaviour the The Biological Biological The Approach . : ? IB Psychology • • • Assumptions: & Introduction • • • • • Behaviour: of Basis Biological The equal. areenvironment) (the nurture and (genetics) ofnature influence ( 0.5 coefficientof heritability a haveto saidis IQexample,For characteristic.ofcertaina basis biological or genetic the quantify to be can used coefficients Heritability fully. behaviourexplain to order in beunderstood must mechanisms neurochemical and neurotransmittershormones, ofgenes, actions The approach).cognitivethe by (asseparateviewed not isand brain,, the within ‘lives’ mind thethat means Thisorigin. in biological be must processescognitive and ideas thoughts, all Therefore, processes. ofup physiological made organisms biological are humans approach, biological theto According certain environmental factors, such as specific diets and pollution. and dietsasspecific factors,such environmentalcertain to exposurethrough DNA on left be can modification tail histone make individual’sgeneticalteringan without expression,gene in change a is Epigenetics ofepigenetics. influence theto due ears,or theiror piercing hair their as suchdying appearance,theiralter madeto they’ve choicespersonal due to may be This phenotype. differentbut genotypethe havesame may Twopeople behaviour. in individual resultsenvironmentthe and phenotype the betweeninteraction the Therefore, genotype. oftheir physical expressiontheis individual’sAn phenotype proteins. forspecific coding ofDNA section shorta makegenetictheiris individual’sAn genotype characteristics. aspsychological way the in same inherited are behaviouralcharacteristics which to extentthe researching behaviour.’ in crucial is genetics behavioural therefore, affectasthey insofar environmentand heredity of interaction theand behaviouritson organism’scomposition genetic ofan influencethe of study as‘the definedis genetics Behaviour - up. Epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation and methylation asDNA such markers,Epigenetic up. The Biological Approach Biological The Notes Plomin - ), and so theso and ), up, where a gene is genea where up,

IB Psychology of the concordance concordance of rates the and heritability of certain psychological can whilst family studies and adoption lead to an increased understanding of basis neural behaviour. Drugs are on also then this developed basis, scans fMRI and objectively to systematically measure the or biological approach Rigour uses Scientific = & biological Methods EEG, The PET and require which willpower and regular sessions. are They non CBT,as such that is they effort require minimal on part patient. the of the of main advantage such compared to treatments, drug cognitive therapies and ventral hypothalamus striatum in the The of brains schizophrenics. action and so neurotransmission normalise dopamine reduce in the symptoms alleviate e.g.antagonists, dopamine such as Chlorpromazine, to treat directly the disorder, or may neurotransmitter alter levels to help and schizophrenia. depression These are target genes specific candidate of has to diseases led drugs development psychoactive the e.g. for of understanding processes mental which biological the health underpin in Practical of the application development drugs An = increased Strengths: Evaluation: • • • • Natural Selection and Evolution: through the through strict of and control extraneous confounding variables. This increases characteristics. the of scientific credibility Psychology, result result of physical in changes heritable or traits.’behavioural = process Evolution change by organisms which ‘The over a as time (increasing the chances of of survival their young). leaves at tops of the trees) and specific cows more producing milk of example who animal to an is better reaching adapted and eating certain individuals having longer preparedness), necks (Lamarck’s suggested stimuli prepared by Seligman’s theory of learned advantage include: avoiding fire and deep water (these are the of Examples genetically form one to generation the next (i.e. heredity). of to This due is genetic characteristics transmission the ‘beneficial’ offspring), be present in will future generations. and down onto passing allele reproducing this beneficial their advantage a selective (increasing their chances of surviving, that any genetically Selection = The Natural theory suggests mechanism The of evolution. - invasive invasive and not time The Biological The Biological Approach: - determined determined behaviour, which gives the individual Notes Notes Continued - determined determined behaviours with a selective - consuming, consuming, unlike cognitive therapies

IB Psychology moral responsibility for their actions, and so such actions cannot be cannot actions suchso and actions,for their responsibility moral taketo individuals system judicial expectscurrent economy.Thethe and system judicial the for implications serioushas However, etc.. this neurochemistry hormones,genes, ofinfluence the i.e. controlno havewe which overforces biological internal by causedis behaviour Determinism Biological Weakness: Evaluation: adopting an interactionist approach. interactionistan adopting through contexts, social for accounting without terms,genetic purely in explained benot should and cannot behaviourthat suggests this Therefore, ofgenes. 50% sharing both despite siblings, ordinary than rates concordance higherhave often twins why MZ explain may also This differences. only genetic to opposedas twins, DZ and MZ betweenratesconcordance in differencesexplainthe Thismay styles. parenting using raisedbe and experiences similar to exposed be household, same the in up likely growmore to are twins MZ genetic.arehave twins these only differences the that assumption naïve the makes this However,twins. DZ for 50% only to compared other,each with genes of 100% share twins MZ how by explained oftenis this perspective, biological a From twins. (DZ) Dizygotic to compared characteristics psychological and disordersmental forrates nurture andnature of effects the between differentiate cannot TwinStudies realsevere potentially has determinism biological such Therefore, basis.this jobson and insurance health denied may be individualssuch then public, madewere criminality or disordershealth formental coding genes about information such beifthat would impact economical The sentences.prison shorteraswellas individuals,these of responsibility’ ‘diminishedto lead could this wasdiscovered, gene schizophreniaa or gene criminal However, factors.a if,geneticon examples,forblamed entirely = Monozygotic (MZ) twins usually show higher concordance higher show usually twins (MZ) Monozygotic = The Biological Approach Biological The = The biological approach suggests that all all that suggestsapproach biological The = Notes - ie consequences.life

IB Psychology does contribute it to our understanding of human behaviour?) I mean by that is, was this study run objectively and and scientifically how well What do you consider to be the strengths and weaknessesof this study? (What • • • • Write your notes under thefollowing headings: Investigate CONCLUSIONS RESULTS METHOD AIM Eleanor Maguire’s Black Taxi Driver study. Biological Biological Research Task Three: understanding understanding of human behaviour? technology have contributed to our Can you suggest how advances newin

IB Psychology • cognitive • cognitive cognitive The approach to understanding behaviour at looks social psychologists of as area interest an cognitive for neuroscientists as as well only studied cognitive by psychologists, not is but developing emotions emotions. cognitive of processeson influence The is processes Cognitive are complex often in ways influenced by behaviour the emergingcognitive within is approach world an to field cognitive processesmay be affectedin digitalized the modern reliable, example, for relation in and to thinking memory. How interested extent in the cognitive processes to are which cognition behaviour. may influence Researchers are also and and processing, thinking, how processing, memory behaviour focuses research areas of on such as schema processescomputer information. cognitive approach The to processors of information same much in way the a as cognitive approach The to behaviour views as beings human • • • cognitive processing in the cognitive digital world (HLonly). cognition and emotion processes reliability cognitive of The Cognitive Cognitive The Approach . processing . : IB Psychology • • • • & Introduction Assumptions: • • • Schemas • • • The Computer Analogy & Theoretical Models cognitive components, through which term memory, made up of thefollowing a diagrammatic representation of short be theWorking Memory Model, which is An example of a theoreticalmodel would analogies. better understand and modelcognitive processes, through the use of Cognitive psychologises use computer models and theoretical models to brain. The cognitive approach sees mental processes as being separate from the measurement of cognitive. Therefore, much of thework of cognitive psychologists is the indirect making inferences, based upon observable behaviours. cognitive psychologists formulate conclusions of their through workings, is possible. However, as these private processes cannot be directly observed, Assumes that thescientific and objective study of internalmental processes schema elements,and hencetheir judgements about violence vary. thesame story schema, they appear maketo different judgements on the Potter showing(2009) et al distortions due to having an already established mentalframework e.g. James However, since schemas are ‘pre overload. can process large volumes of data quickly and efficiently, thus avoiding sensory They also act as mentalframeworks, providing us with ‘mental shortcuts’ so we sophisticated through time. object or time. They are generated through experience,becoming more Schemas are ‘packages’ of ideas and knowledge about a certain person, place, cognitive psychology, as psychologists now had a metaphor for themind. The invention of thecomputer inwas crucialthe1960s in thedevelopment of comprehensible output (e.g. computer code or human language). processes: input, the use of a (e.g. processor the brain) and theproduction of a functions of the human brain. For example, both Analogies can also madebe between theof workings a computer and the Sketchpad and theEpisodic Buffer. Phonological Loop, information flows: Central Executive, The Cognitive ApproachCognitive The Visuo - Spatial tht Notes when watching TV,although viewers may share - conceived,’ they may leadto perceptual - contain series a of 3

IB Psychology 3. 2. 1. neuroscience is detailed below: A brief history of the emergence of cognitive mental processes.’ connections in the brain which are involved in a cognition, with a specific focus on the neural biological processes and aspects that underlie field scientific concerned with the study of the Cognitive neuroscience is defined as the ‘the The Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience reasoning reasoning (involving the ventral striatum). autism, and also the neural basis of moral dorsal hippocampus), the neurological basis of model Current research focuses on the neural basis of Current Focuses of Cognitive Neuroscience = area being activated during a reading task. activated during a task listening and found evidence of Wernicke’s area being example, using PET scans, Peterson et al (1988) which coincide with specific brain functions. For measure and observe the neural processes meant that was it possible to systematically Theory in the =1970s Advances in technology Objectively Investigating Brain Localisation must be involved in language comprehension. (Wernicke’s), inferred that suffered from the same type of aphasia damage to a specific area of the brain and all based on case ofstudies patients who all had Brain Mapping in the = 1870s Carl Wernicke, - based planning (including the role of the The Cognitive Approach Approach Cognitive The Notes Continued Notes Broddman’s Broca’s area 22 E cn hwn lbl pai in aphasiaglobal showing scanPET Wernicke’s area Wernicke’s

IB Psychology ‘cognitive ‘cognitive system,’ and so adopts a soft deterministic approach. This is more and make conscious decisions within the limits of what they know or their Soft Determinism seen in the real world. reading ability. Therefore, the impact of cognitive neuroscience is increasingly performance in phonological to tests serve as a more accurate prediction of their areas. For example, in education, cognitive neuroscientists can study a child’s the neural processes underlying cognition have proven to be useful in many Practical Applications of Cognitive Neuroscience underlying cognition, as seen in PET, CT, MRI and fMRI scans. reliable collecting data through direct observation of the neural processes to that of the natural sciences. This is due to the emphasis on objectively substantially increased the scientific creditability of psychology, bringing it closer Methods Scientific & Rigour Strengths EVALUATION theoretical. potential practical applications of cognitive research, as it remains mainly evidence of such mechanisms being observed. Therefore, this reduces the psychology may seem too abstract and not having enough supporting empirical behaviour. However, this reliance of inference means that some ideas in cognitive and analogies as ways of studyingindirectly and interring the cognitive basis of Overly Weaknesses: behaviour than behaviourism. differentiates us from animals, and so provides a explanationbetter for human humans to have some conscious insight into their behaviour: a complexity which thanflexible the behaviourist hard determinism stance because it allows for - Abstract Concepts : The Cognitive Approach Approach Cognitive The = The cognitive approach humanssees as being able to reason Notes Continued Notes = psychologyCognitive makes extensive use of schemas = the ofemergence cognitive neuroscience has firing firing theat moment We can see Wethesee part can of his brainhis ofthat is = An increased understanding of

IB Psychology Explain demonstrates study his Explain Theory how Schema Reproduction Reproduction &Make notes Repeated Serial on • • • • sub Writestudy the following the up under Warstudy.the using Ghostsof memoryThe Research Bartlett how investigated reconstructive EVALUATION (strengths Weaknesses) & CONCLUSIONS RESULT METHOD AIM TASK: RESEARCH RESEARCH WAR OF GHOSTS THE STUDY BARTLETT’S - headings: (1932)

IB Psychology to do with Schema Theory? Theory? with Schema to do have illusions following the think you What approachwould explain differencesthe old or the young young the or old Do you see the the see you Do Can Can youhowCognitive the suggest lady first? lady that see? people THE COGNITIVE COGNITIVE THE APPROACH TASK: VISUAL ILLUSIONS & Whatdo you rabbit or a see see first, a duck?

IB Psychology of social and cultural influences in shaping thinking and human and human in thinking and cultural shaping of influences social approach sociocultural to The identities identities and • behaviours • • • The acculturation understanding of intergroup as of as relations processthe well researchqualitative methods better order a to getin groups. and cultural Social psychologists are also now using interaction the processesseen may between in cultural be intergroup we startrelations, can to understand same the that however,cognitions, in studying by acculturation terms of context behaviours, identities, attitudes influences and favoured experimental to understand methods social how social psychology modern Keyfield the of in figureshave often and integration rise.the are on world issuesglobalized modern related where to migration behaviour. human and complexity of This is in important the for of background understanding morea variety the nuanced research studies Theories, and concepts the field. the provide contemporary of psychologists debate among topic in working cross of informedculturally increasing research body made has mostthe three behaviour the and recent is to of the influence influence the globalization of on individual attitudes, cultural influences on attitudes,individual identity and cultural behaviour of origins and individual the and the The Sociocultural Sociocultural The Approach Sociocultural Sociocultural - cultural cultural . psychology psychology cultural well as as psychology a behaviour. approach to understanding behaviour looks at: looks behaviourunderstandingto approach group behaviour behaviour investigates cognition emerge. An the role the role

IB Psychology Principle Principle 1 There are three key principles that underpin the sociocultural level of analysis. psychology and its synthesis with sociology and anthropology. The sociocultural emergence arisen has from therapid development of from from different groups. different groups, along with in aspects of human behaviour. SIT helps to us understand conflict between needconnect to with others in social groups is a powerful influence on many influential approach that you meetwilllater in thecourse. SIT argues that the seen today date back to that period. operating during this vital hunter Evolutionary psychologists argue that thehuman mind was shaped by processes ancestors and to social networks in the face most peoplehave an inner circle of around 150 contacts, in similar a way to our Facebook that,shows while people may have thousands of Facebook ‘friends’, psychologist Robin Dunbar. Traffic data from social networking sites like relationships with around 150 people; calledthe ‘Dunbar number,’ after the Despite thereasons being slightly different we tendto still maintain social hunting and gathering, and this was more successful when working in groups. ago we livedin groups of around 150. The tasks were essentially for survival Humans are social animals. Evolution claims thatup until years about 10,000 others. Principle and early 70s. bound and culture assumptions applied universally. This lead to claims of psychology being culture societies such Northas America, northern Europe and Australia, with their Up tomost thelate1960s, research was carried out in Western industrialised and to60s cultural differences today. from the atrocities of 1939 Over the twentiethcentury, there was a growing interest in social influences facilitation.’ not beenasked to race with each other. Triplettcalled this effect ‘social manual of task (winding a fishing alonereel) inor pairs, even though they had social psychology’s earliest experiment, by asking children to completea simple training in pairs than alone. Triplettinvestigated this what in is thought to be Triplett who noticed(1898), that racing cyclists produced faster lap timeswhen The study of social psychology is thought to have originated with the work of behaviour The Sociocultural Sociocultural The Approach 2 : : We want connectedness with, and a sense of belonging with, The social and environment cultural influences individual - blind, thus cross – 1945, group 1945, and crowd behaviour during the 1950s - group group favouritism and prejudice against people - gatherer period; human traits and behaviours - cultural studies flourished in the late1960s Tajfel’s - to social identity theory is (SIT) an - face world. – IB Psychology - theself is complex and multifaceted (Phoenix, Most 2007). people present self and is based on social constructionism. According to social constructionism, The third principle of thesociocultural perspective refers to development of the them. themselves with other peopleand see how others treatthem and respond to which is commonly known as self throughout adolescence and adulthood. contains It an evaluative component, ‘self.’ The self The way peopleview themselves is referred to as theself How would you describe yourself to someone who didn’t know you? Principle 3 children use inform to their cognitive abilities. claims that thereare threecultural tools which differences with regards to learning. Vygotsky testing, which can often fail to account for cultural intelligencethan through the standard academic the ZPD was a far better way to gauge. abilityto learn and grow. Vygotsky believed that Proximal Development is a way to gauge a child’s Commonly abbreviated ZPD, as the Zone of a Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach is his idea of theface of thefield developmental psychology and helped to change Vygotsky Soviet psychologist A pioneer of the sociocultural approach was the peoplein everyday interactions using language. not ‘natural’ but are constructions. They are created or constructed between sociocultural level of analysis: theways in which we understand the world are connected to social groups. This illustrates an important principle of the and competition. Collectivistsocieties view people interdependentas and Western views of the self broadly favour individual achievement, independence people around and thewider social setting. The self is highly social and the version that is ‘constructed’ is influenced by the different aspects of themselves when at school, work and with friends or family. Zone of Proximal Development The Sociocultural Sociocultural The Approach (1896 : We construct our conceptions of the individual and social self. - concept develops in early childhood and continues to be refined - 1934), 1934), who became interested in . . One Lev Lev Semyonovich key element of - . esteem, this develops childrenas compare A child’s - concept or simply the

IB Psychology psychology. These tightly controlled laboratory settings enabled researchers to and the1960s 70s when scientific, experimental methods dominated social Milgram’s obedience and Zimbardo’s deindividuation studies were carried out in cognitive science. Many of the classic studies; Pavlov dogs, Skinner’s rats, technologies are influencing the study of brain inprocesses neuropsychology and experimentation with manipulation of variables and high levels of control. New theuse of highly scientific methods of investigation; emphasising The previous two approaches; biological and cognitive, draw your attention to RESEARCH METHODS & ETHICAL ISSUES However, the sociocultural methods stillinvolve ethicalconsiderations. not be permitted today under the British Psychological Society’s (BPS) guidelines. capacity to kill another human if told to do by so an authority figure. This would example, Milgram’s study left some participants realising that they had the lack of informed consent and psychological harm to those who took part. for A of lot theearlier and 1960s research 70s involved ethical issues; deception, orientation, marital familyor status and socio education, ethnicity, gender, language, nationalorigin, race, religion, sexual individual should respected;be particularly those pertaining to age, disability, shopping centres). In addition, localcultural values and the privacy of the being studied would reasonably expectbe to observed by strangers (e.g. consent, but should restrictedbe to those places or situations where the people The BPS EthicalPrinciples suggest observations can take place without informed are generally highervalidity. in researcher intervention and are preferred over laboratory experiments, as they without manipulation. Quasi experimental studies in which the independent variable occurs spontaneously Sociocultural continuepsychologists to use experiments but prefer quasi theuse of content analysis. discourse or thematic analysis or even converted to quantitative data through obtain rich, qualitativedata thatcan analysed be using techniques such as: Unlikeexperimental methods which produce quantitativedata, these methods Other methods include interviews, focus groups and case studies. environment and culture they are studying (see Margaret Mead’s Study). type of observation in which researchers immerse themselves in the thereal This leda turn to more to naturalistic methods, where behaviour was studied in environment to a controlled laboratory. thesocial world of its richness and complexityand reduce thesocial and cultural laboratory experiments in studying complex behaviours; they was said to strip The behaviours, such as pressure to conform to an authority figure. tease out casual relationships and see toexactly which factors influenced social paradigm shifted inPsychologists the1980s. pointed out thelimitations of - world, world, using different forms of observation and ethnography; (a specific The Sociocultural Sociocultural The Approach - experimental studies often involve minimal - economic status. -

IB Psychology • • • WEAKNESSES: • • • STRENGTHS: EVALUATION not preach confidentiality. questionnaires, naturalistic observations or archival research The APA guidelines suggest consent can be dispensed withanonymous in minor. research; either directly if over 18 years of or age theby legalguardian if a emphasise theneed gain to thefully informed consent of those takewho part in In RESEARCH METHODS & ETHICAL ISSUES CONTINUED common with the BPS theAmerican Psychological Association (APA) It It is often certain individuals were ableto disobey an authority figure. well theas demands of thesituation. The study doesn't investigate why obedienceto authority could have been influenced personality by factors as where approximately of 1/3 participants did not continue to 450 volts, expectedin any given social situation. For example, Milgram's in study, in The Social Approach underestimates the influence of individualdifferences down and there isn't a structure clear in place Haslam's study suggests that tyranny is likelyto arise when groups break SPE) guards, then we can take steps to prevent it. For example, can understand the causes of It helps us understand extreme human prodded, they obeyed commands against their own wishes. and a For example, Milgram's study thatshows the presence of an authority figure understand that people's other people, and thesituation they find themselves helps in. It us This approach helps us understand how guards so that they better understand the needto be more assertive. For example, The Social Approach is considered useful; has it many practical applications. study study were not aware they were observed. being had ethical problems. For example, the is a weakness because it means that many social psychological studies have social research is often conducted without theparticipant's knowledge. This Another weakness of this generalise took place on the New York system, subway so the findings may not approach may not behaviour The Sociocultural Sociocultural The prestigous criticised beyond - Reicher Approach itdoesn't explain why some peoplediffer from the norm environment can influence people's generalise the USA. for for being ethnocentric, meaning thatresearch from this and Haslam's and Haslam's study has been used to train prison behaviour approacch across across cultures. For example, behaviour may may change theirif situation changes. is is that in order to obtain valid results, behaviours travellers behaviour (such (such as power abuse by prison . on theinsubway ; this is good because if we can be influenced by behaviour – when when data does Piliavin's Reicher - when Piliavin's study study and

IB Psychology approachwould explain illusions. these Now considerhowSocio the TASK: VISUAL ILLUSIONS & THE SOCIO THE There aredrawn.Therenotriangles APPROACH - elephant have? elephant How many legs legs many How Do you see the the see you Do CULTURAL - What do you you do What Cultural faces or the the or faces vase first? vase does the the does see?

IB Psychology       are: keyconsiderationsethical The • and • to Relevant here.advantage Psychology,will an have GCSEyou studiedhave you Ifcourse. IB the ofaspects analysis and application evaluation,the within part play hugea considerations Ethical Privacy Confidentiality Deception data) their and themselves (both towithdraw Right harm psychological and physiological of Protection consent informed Fully behaviourthat of investigation inthe considerationsEthical behaviour human tounderstanding used methods research of contributionThe all the topics are: the topics

IB Psychology experiments https Theory Learning Social al(1963): et Bandura Martin A. Henry development L. Robert Leon recall memory affecting John and Loftus Elizabeth ( ElliotJane guidelines:ethical Society’s BritishPsychologicalthe to adhere they whether on notesmake studiesand following outthe Check ://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/influential Festinger Seligman (1967): HelplessnessLearned (1967): Seligman Landsberger Fantz 1968): Iowa classroom Iowa 1968): / and James and (1961): (1961): TASK: RESEARCH ETHICAL 15) TeHwhre Effect HawthorneThe (1955): Fantz’s Palmer (1974): QuestionsLeading (1974): Palmer Carlsmith Looking – (1957): Cognitive (1957): learning affects prejudice how Chamber – infant - psychological Dissonance - IB Psychology The BBCAllin the Mind series site psychology/default.aspx The APA podcasts site good!) Crash Course Psychology (the presenters speak very fast, but the content is Films and Recordings The Psychologist< Simply Psychology< digest/research BPS Research Digest< TodayPsychology blogs< Psychology Today< Journals Then are there the following: < Quizlet http://www.tutor2u.net/#psychology Tutor2u, lots of A levelresources, and more IB resources every day Holah http://www.holah.co.uk/page/home/ Holah Vassarstats The free area of http://psychologyhacked.com/ Some good online sites research are: https://quizlet.com/subject/Psychology , , for info (not IB, but stilla good site): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M - for the stats for the HL IA posted differentby people, but content seems pretty good , , for understanding the stats: - InThinking digest http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/ http://www.psychologytoday.com/ http://www.simplypsychology.org/ http://www.bps.org.uk/publications/research > http://www.apa.org/research/action/speaking http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/index http://www.thinkib.net/psychology/ Useful Useful Resources http://www.holah.karoo.net/stats.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/aitm - http://vassarstats.net/index.html IB/ > > > > - > - of - IB Psychology