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Nicolae Malaxa Fondatorul Industrei Românești

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Nicolae Malaxa Fondatorul Industrei Românești Personalități - 221 - NICOLAE MALAXA FONDATORUL INDUSTREI ROMÂNEȘTI NICOLAE MALAXA FOUNDER OF ROMANIAN INDUSTRY Dr.ec. Roxana-Mirela GAZDAC Dr.ec. Georgiana-Simona OPREA Universitatea Tehnică din Cluj-Napoca Într-o perioadă în care Nicolae Malaxa remarked românii erau apreciați ca fiind himself in a time when preocupați eminamente de Romanians were rated as a sectorul agricol, avea să se nation focused on agriculture. remarce Nicolae Malaxa. Acesta One of his collaborators a fost caracterizat de un fost characterized him as “... the man colaborator ca fiind: “…omul și and the engineer who had inginerul care a avut cutezanța, boldness, skill and patriotic priceperea și simțirea patriotică feeling to show the world the să demonstreze lumii vocația industrial vocation of industrială a românilor pe care Romanians, considered or seen străinii îi considerau sau îi vedeau by foreigners as only ploughmen a fi numai plugari și păstori”. and shepherds.” Familia Malaxa a venit în Moldova la sfârșitul The Malaxa Family came to Moldova at the perioadei fanariote, prin anul 1818. Era o familie de end of Phanariot by 1818. They were an aromâni, veniți din Grecia, a căror îndeletnicire era Aromanian’ family who came from Greece, whose comerțul. occupation was trade. Viitorul om de afaceri, Nicolae Malaxa, a fost Future businessman, Nicolae Malaxa, was fiul lui Costache Malaxa și al Elenei Ruxandra, fiica son of Costache Malaxa and Elena Ruxandra, spătarului Bădărău. El a văzut lumina zilei la Huși, daughter of Spatar Bădărău. He was born in Huși, la data de 10/23 decembrie 1884. Școala primară și on a 10 [23] December 1884. He attended primary liceul le-a urmat la Iași, iar studiile superioare au fost school and high school at Iasi, he continued his continuate în străinătate, deoarece părinții își doreau higher education abroad as his parents wanted a un viitor modern pentru fiul lor. Astfel, obține modern future for their son. He gets his diploma de inginer la Politehnica din Karlsruhe, în engineering degree from the Polytechnic in Germania. Karlsruhe, Germany. Revista de Management și Inginerie Economică, Vol. 13, Nr. 1, 2014 - 222 - Imediat după Primul Război Mondial intră în Immediately after World War I enters into afaceri, dar nu-și întrerupe preocuparea pentru business, but continues to keep his concern for studiu, căutând să se perfecționeze în domeniul study, seeking to perfect in the field of cast iron. elaborării fontei. Extrem de abil, Nicolae Malaxa Very clever, Nicolae Malaxa notes that production observă că producția de material rulant ar putea of rolling stock could be strength in his area of constitui un punct forte în arealul afacerilor sale, business, as Romania was severely damaged after deoarece România era grav avariată după război și the war and had an incomplete infrastructure. Into deținea o infrastructură incompletă. În aceste these circumstances, on 3rd of August 1921, he condiții, la 3 august 1921, se hotărăște să înființeze decides to set up a workshop near Bucharest, for un atelier, în apropierea Bucureștiului, pentru the rolling stock manufacture and repair of fabricarea de material rulant și pentru repararea de locomotives and wagons. locomotive, respectiv vagoane. The same business acumen makes him notice Același simț al afacerilor îl determină să another big problem for the country, namely the remarce o altă mare problemă pentru țară și anume import of brake shoes for Romanian railways. importul de saboți de frână pentru căile ferate Ordering them from outside caused quite often române. Comandarea acestora din străinătate transport stagnation. In the first phase, the determina, nu de puține ori, stagnarea workshop worked as a small iron foundry - transporturilor. Astfel, atelierul a funcționat, într-o Nicolae Malaxa family territory, and then the primă fază ca o mică turnătorie de fontă - domeniu workshop focused on producing exclusive railway familiar lui Nicolae Malaxa și mai apoi s-a axat pe brake shoes for Romanian railways. This was the producea exclusivă a saboților de frână pentru căile moment when Nicolae Malaxa understood that no ferate române. A fost momentul în care, Nicolae partnership can be more prosperous than the one Malaxa, a înțeles că niciun parteneriat nu îl poate with the state, a steady customer and a good payer. face mai prosper decât statul, care reprezenta un Between the businessman and the Romanian State client constant și bun platnic. Între afacerist și statul there will be establish a close cooperation that will român se stabilește o strânsă colaborare, care îi va facilitate obtaining a piece of land near Titan facilita obținerea unui teren în apropierea gării Titan station and building, during 1923-1927, a rolling și construirea, în perioada 1923-1927, a unei uzine plant with sidetrack. The same partnership with de material rulant, cu linie de garare. Același the State will facilitate closing a contract with parteneriat cu statul îi va facilita încheierea unui CFR, a contract not only to repair, but also to contract cu CFR, un contract nu numai pentru manufacture Romanian designed locomotives. repararea, dar și pentru fabricarea unor locomotive Under this contract, he received a major advance de concepție românească. În baza acestui contract, a from CFR, and access to loans from several banks. primit și un important avans din partea CFR, dar și The finance aid, allowed him to buy plant accesul la credite acordate de mai multe bănci. equipment, 82 machine tools bought from Ajutorul primit i-a permis utilarea uzinei cu 82 de Germany and also to employ 180 skilled German mașini-unelte cumpărate din Germania și, totodată, workers that will begin working on locomotives’ angajarea a 180 de muncitori germani calificați, manufacture. The German workers had to train pentru a începe lucrările de fabricare a Romanian workers who were due to take their locomotivelor. Muncitorii germani trebuiau să-i place. The Malaxa plants soon became the most instruiască pe muncitorii români, care urmau să le ia powerful rolling mill in Europe at that time. locul. Uzinele Malaxa au devenit în scurt timp cea The year 1928 was a reference year in the mai performantă fabrică de material rulant din history of the CFR by delivering the first steam Europa acelor timpuri. locomotive by Malaxa plant. Anul 1928 a fost un an de referință în istoria Another important year for the industrialist is CFR prin livrarea de către Uzinele Malaxa a primei represented by 1931, when he began locomotive cu aburi. manufacturing railcars Diesel traction - a Un alt an important pentru industriaș l-a European rarity at that time. Even though, Europe reprezentat și anul 1931, în care a început fabricarea was in economic crisis, The Malaxa plans, in Personalități - 223 - automotoarelor cu tracțiune Diesel - o raritate 1933, delivered locomotive with 100 number. The europeană la nivelul acelor vremuri. Deși, erau în locomotives of the series 151.001, Romanian plină criză europeană, uzinele Malaxa, în anul 1933, design, were considered among the most powerful livrau locomotive cu numărul 100. Locomotivele in Europe and experienced a resounding din seria 151.001, de concepție românească, erau commercial success at the International Fair of considerate printre cele mai puternice din Europa și Milan in 1940. This fact is reflected in the press au cunoscut un succes comercial răsunător la Târgul since. Internațional de la Milano din anul 1940. Acest fapt se regăsește și în presa vremii de atunci. Figura 1. Locomotiva Malaxa / Figure 1. Malaxa locomotive Sursa/Source: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Malaxa. Astfel, din anul 1930, în România nu s-a mai Thus, since 1930, Romania has never importat nicio locomotivă, deoarece tot necesarul imported any locomotives because everything era asigurat de către Uzinele Malaxa, sau de cele din needed was provided by Malaxa plants, or those in Reșița. Resita. La sfârșitul anilor ‘30, din concernul Malaxa In the late 30s’, there were a number of făceau parte, printre altele: uzinele Faur, Republica, plants belonging to Malaxa concern: Faur plant, Tohan Zărnești și Magazinele Unite de Fierărie din Republic plant, Tohan Zarnesti plant and Iron Galați. Unified Shops from Galati. The Malaxa’s plant Uzinele Malaxa au produs pe baza unui plan produced, based on a general national plan for general de apărare a țării muniție de artilerie, defense: artillery ammunition, weapons and tanks armament și tanchete proiectate după o concepție designed by Romanian conception. românească. One aspect to be pointed out, once again is Un aspect ce trebuie punctat, care evidențiază, that Malaxa Nicolae was a man far ahead of his încă o dată în plus, faptul că Nicolae Malaxa a fost generation and his way of thinking can be also seen un om cu mult înaintea generației sale și care se in today’s entrepreneur profile, meaning in his regăsește, totodată, în profilul antreprenorului concern for determining and realizing market zilelor noastre, este preocuparea pentru niches. We have to underline the fact that the determinarea și fructificarea nișelor de piață. Merită industrialist has always been concerned to invest in evidențiat și faptul că industriașul a fost întotdeauna human resource, due to an early understanding of preocupat să investească în resursa umană, how important this is for any business. Thus, he înțelegând de timpuriu cât de importantă este displayed a keen interest in social issues of its aceasta pentru orice afacere. Astfel, el a manifestat workers giving them some of the highest salaries in un deosebit interes pentru problemele sociale ale the country, social and medical assistance, work muncitorilor săi oferindu-le unele dintre cele mai equipment and lunch services. Revista de Management și Inginerie Economică, Vol. 13, Nr. 1, 2014 - 224 - mari salarii din țară, asistență socială și medicală, The industrialist innovative mind would build echipamente de lucru și masă la cantină. in 1945, the first prototype of the car brand Mintea inovatoare a industriașului avea să “Malaxa” that could not evolved, due to installation construiască, în 1945, primul prototip al of the communist regime.
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