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Internationalsiaiton of Higher Education in Russia

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Internationalsiaiton of Higher Education in Russia Internationalisation of higher education in Russia: Looking East Dina Uzhegova orcid.org/0000-0003-3947-5954 Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 Melbourne Centre for the Study of Higher Education Melbourne Graduate School of Education The University of Melbourne ABSTRACT Internationalisation has become central on the agendas of higher education institutions and national governments across the world. Despite the increasing number of countries engaged in the process of internationalisation, to date, most of the research on this phenomenon has been dominated by developed Anglophone nations. Higher education institutions in these countries act as global knowledge centres and are arguably well- placed to advance their internationalisation goals (Altbach, Reisberg, & Rumbley, 2009; Klemenčič, 2017), whereas higher education institutions situated in the academic periphery, face numerous challenges in internationalising their institutions. While there has been a slowly growing body of research on internationalisation of higher education in emerging economies, few studies have examined factors influencing the internationalisation process of universities located in the academic periphery. Considering that internationalisation is influenced by the local contexts in which higher education institutions are situated, examining the internationalisation process of universities in peripheral regions can provide different perspectives and contribute to existing understandings of higher education internationalisation more broadly. This study investigated internationalisation of higher education in a less explored context of the Eastern part of Russia, more specifically Siberia and the Far East. Drawing upon Klemenčič’s framework for internationalisation of higher education institutions in the periphery, the study examined factors influencing internationalisation in all seven leading universities in this region that were identified by the Russian government as part of the state initiatives to modernise national higher education sector. Through document analysis of institutional strategic development plans and a series of semi-structured interviews with administrative leaders engaged in the international activities, the study sought to provide insights into how internationalisation is framed at the institutional level in response to government policies and what factors influence how internationalisation goals are realised in regional universities. The study found that inherited factors such as geographic location, history, culture and tradition influence how internationalisation plays out in higher education institutions. i The findings highlight the need for more diverse policies on higher education internationalisation that recognise specific regional factors, as well as long-term institutional strategies that help create a culture supportive of internationalisation. For universities in the academic periphery, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to developing their international profile and strategic international collaborations. More specifically, the study argues that rather than continuing to focus on the European West, Russian universities would benefit from ‘looking East’ and pursuing opportunities to collaborate with universities in the Asia-Pacific region. ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that i. the thesis comprises only my original work towards the degree of PhD; ii. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used; iii. the thesis is fewer than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors Associate Professor Chi Baik and Dr Victoria Millar for their support and advice that have made it possible for me to arrive at this stage. A special thanks to Chi who has agreed to supervise my research project and has provided me with invaluable guidance throughout these years. I am also grateful to all my MCSHE colleagues for their collegiality and willingness to share their knowledge and expertise. I am particularly grateful to Dr Nora Abdul Aziz and Dr Douglas Proctor for their generous friendship. Beyond the University of Melbourne, I would like to thank administrative leaders in the leading universities in Siberia and the Far East who gave up their time to be interviewed and who shared their perspectives on higher education internationalisation in Russia. This thesis would not have been possible without their cooperation. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Professor Tamara Kostyuchenko who has sparked my interest in international education and who has always encouraged me in my studies. My final words of gratitude are to my family for always keeping me on the right track, especially to my father, Mikhail, to whom this thesis is dedicated. Dina Uzhegova iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................i DECLARATION ............................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................. ix ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. x CHAPTER 1. Introduction .................................................................... 1 1.1 Higher education internationalisation in Russia ......................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Regional differences ................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Looking East .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 The study ............................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Research setting ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Terminology and definitions ................................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Scope and limits ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Structure of thesis ............................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. Internationalisation of higher education in an uneven world ...............16 2.1 Understanding higher education internationalisation ........................................................... 17 2.1.1 National and institutional motives to internationalise .................................................. 22 2.1.2 Strategic institutional internationalisation ....................................................................... 26 2.2 Internationalisation contexts ........................................................................................................ 32 2.2.1 The regional dimension of internationalisation .............................................................. 33 2.2.2 The ‘centre’ versus the ‘periphery’ ..................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 Possible risks of internationalisation in the periphery .................................................. 40 2.3 An integrated approach to internationalisation in the academic periphery ................... 44 2.3.1 Priority internationalisation gears ....................................................................................... 45 2.3.2 The importance of a supportive environment ................................................................. 48 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 49 CHAPTER 3. The internationalisation of higher education in Russia ......................51 3.1 Historical perspectives on Russian higher education ............................................................. 51 v 3.1.1 Soviet higher education ......................................................................................................... 53 3.1.2 Higher education in post-Soviet Russia ............................................................................. 56 3.1.3 Recent higher education reforms........................................................................................ 59 3.2 Internationalisation of higher education in Russia ................................................................. 65 3.2.1 Project 5-100 ............................................................................................................................. 69 3.2.2 Regional dimensions of higher education internationalisation .................................. 72 3.3 Siberia and the Russian Far East................................................................................................... 76 3.3.1 Russia’s turn to the East ........................................................................................................
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