SIXTY-EIGHTH

ANNUAL REPORT

\ O F TH E

AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

FOR

FOREIGN MISSIONS

PRESENTED AT THE

MEETING HELD AT MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN,

O C T O B E R 1, 1 8 7 8 .

BOSTON: PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS, CAMBRIDGE. 1878.

ANNUAL MEETING.

T h e A m e r i c a n B o a r d o f C ommissioners f o r F o r e i g n M i s ­ s i o n s held its Sixty-ninth Annual Meeting at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in Immanuel Presbyterian Church, commencing on Tuesday, Octo­ b e r 1, at three o’clock, p. m ., and closing Friday, October 4, at about eleven o’clock, a . m .

CORPORATE MEMBERS PRESENT. Samuel G. Buckingham, n. d ., Springfield. Maine. Arthur W. Tufts, Esq., Boston William W. Thomas,Esq., Portland. Highlands. Charles C. Burr, Esq., Auburndale. New Hampshire. Rhode Island. Samuel C. Bartlett, D. D., Hanover. Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence. Vermont. Rowland Hazard, Esq., Peacedale. Thomas Laurie, D. D., Providence. George B. Saff'ord, D. D., Burlington. George L. W alker, D. D., Brattle- Connecticut. borough. John N. Stickney, Esq., Rockville. William C. Crump, Esq., New Lon­ Massachusetts. don. Mark Hopkins, D. d ., l l . d ., W il- Rev. Joseph W . Backus, Thomaston. liamstown. Jonathan N. Harris, Esq., New Lon­ Henry B. Hooker, d . d ., Boston. don. Augustus C. Thompson, d . d ., Bos­ New York. ton. Hon. William E. Dodge, N. T. City. Nathaniel George Clark, d . d ., Bos­ Zebulon S. Ely, Esq., “ “ ton. Henry M . Storrs, D. D., “ “ Langdon S. Ward, Esq., Boston. Charles P. Bush, D. D., “ “ John O. Means, D. d ., “ Samuel M. Lane, Esq., Southbridge. District o f Columbia. Edmund K. Alden, d . d ., Boston. Rev. Eliphalet Whittlesey, Wash­ Joseph S. Ropes, Esq., West Rox- ington. bury. Ohio. J. Russell Bradford, Esq., Boston. Samuel Wolcott, d . d ., Cleveland. Rev. Isaac R. Worcester, Auburn- Israel W . Andrews, D. D., Marietta. dale. William J. Breed, Esq., Cincinnati. Peter Smith, Esq., Andover. Hon. Heman Ely, Elyria. iv ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

Indiana. HONORARY MEMBERS PRESENT. Nathaniel A. Hyde, d. d ., Indianap­ olis. Maine. Illinois. Rev. William R. Stocking, Wiscag- William S. Curtis, D. D., Galesburg. set. Gen. S. Lockwood Brown, Chicago. New Hampshire. George N. Boardman, D. I>., “ Dea. C. W. Harvey, Concord. Edward P. Goodwin, D. D., “ Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Esq., Chi­ Vermont. cago. Rev. John C. Houghton, Benson. Rev. Simon J. Humphrey, Chicago. “ L. O. Brastow, Burlington. Howard Z. Culver, Esq., “ Dea Augustus Kimball, Burlington. Hon. William J. Phelps, Elmwood. J. H. Goulding, Rutland. Rev. E. N. Packard, Evanston. James W. Scovill, Esq., Oak Park. Massachusetts. Charles H. Case, Esq., Chicago. W. C. Plunkett, Adams. Martin K . Whittlesey, D. D., Jack­ Rev. Henry A. Hazen, Billerica. sonville. Charles Hutchins, Boston. Michigan. C. A. Richardson, Chelsea. Edward P. Burgess, Dedham. Philo Parsons, Esq., Detroit. R. L.- Day, South Framingham. Wisconsin. Joseph Lyman Partridge, Lawrence. Rev. John Willard, Marlborough. Aaron L. Chapin, D. D., Beloit. Eleazar Boynton, Medford. Rev. Enos J. Montague, Fort Atkin­ J. E. Porter, North Brookfield. son. ' Rev. Wilbur Johnson, lioyalston. William E. Merriman, D. d ., Ripon. “ E. E. Strong, Waltham. E. H. Merrell, d . d . “ Hon. Samuel D. Hastings, Madison. Connecticut. Minnesota. Rev. Joel S. Ives, East Hampton. Rev. Henry L. Cobb, Minneapolis. Fred. C. Jones, Farmington. Malcolm MoG. Dana, d . d ., St. Paul. Lewis A. Ilyde, Norwich. Rev. Henry A. Stimson, Minneap­ George R. Hyde, “ olis. Dea. John Waldo, West Killingly. Iowa. Rev. Ira Pettibone, Winchester. Alden B. Robbins, D. D., Muscatine. New York. Hon. John G. Foote, Burlington. George F. Magoun, D. D., Grinnell. Rev. Samuel Johnson, Sidney Rev. Henry S. DeForest, Waterloo. Plains. Ohio. Missouri. Rev. C. T. Collins, Cleveland. Truman M. Post, d . d ., St. Louis. G. H. Palmer, Defiance. Constans L. Goodell, d . d ., St. Rev. E. E. Williams, Elyria. Louis. “ Frank Russell, Mansfield. Dakota. Henry Cowles, D. D., Oberlin. Rev. Joseph Ward, Yankton. Judson Smith, D. D., “ MEMBERS PRESENT. V

Indiana. Rev. N. L. Otis, Crystal. “ A. H. Fletcher, Farwell. Rev. T. Lincoln Brown, Elkhart. “ J. Q. Hall, Michigan City. “ Thomas Wright, Fentonville. “ Evarts Kent, “ •“ “ G. A. Pollard, Grand Rapids. “ E. R. Stiles, Hancock, L. S. Illinois. “ George M. Tuthill, Kalamazoo. Rev. William E. Holyoke, Byron. “ Leroy Warren, Lansing. “ H. G. Pendleton, Chenoa. Wisconsin. Dr. William Converse, Chicago. Rev. Hiram Day, “ Rev. S. F. Gale, Appleton. “ Joshua Emery, “ “ H. H. Benson, Beloit. “ H. P. Higley, “ Franklin W. Fisk, D . D ., “ Rev. Simeon Gilbert, “ Prof. William Porter, “ . H. B. Humphrey,' “ Rev. C. B. Curtis, Burlington. Rev. Arthur Little, “ P. B. Richmond, Columbus. “ Norman A. Millard, “ Thomas Crane, Fort Atkinson. “ James Powell, “ Rev. D. C. Curtis, Fort Howard. E. Rathbun, “ “ William Crawford, Green Bay. Rev. G. S. F. Savage, “ “ F. J. Douglass, Geneva Junc­ “ Jotham Sewall, “ tion. . “ James Tompkins, “ H. H. Curtis, Geneva Lake. “ Edward F. Williams, “ E. R. Gardner, “ “ 11 John Bradshaw, DeKalb. Rev. James Cruickshanks, Kenosha. “ C. E. Dickinson, Elgin. “ E. Y. Garrette, La Crosse. Timothy Dwiglit, South Evanston. “ S. W. Eaton, Lancaster. Rev. John B. Fairbank, Farmington. “ Charles II. Richards, Madison. H. A. Williamson, Franklin Grove. Dr. J. E. MacNeill, Marston. Rev. Osmer W. Fay, Geneseo. Rev. S. V . S. Fisher, Menasha. “ Flavel Bascom, Hinsdale. “ William B. Williams, Mon­ “ J. W. Hartshorn, “ do vi. Eli Corwin, d . d ., Jacksonville. “ A. L. P. Loomis, Milton. D. W. Fairbank, “ “ W. Walker, “ D. R. Holt, Esq., Lake Forest. Major Joseph C. Bridgman, Meno­ Rev. W. A. Nichols, “ “ monee, Indian Reservation. “ S. R. Dole, Libertyville. Rev. E. R. Lewis, Milwaukee. “ J. C. Webster, Lisbon. L. C. Porter, Neenah. “ George Huntington, Oak Park. Rev. A. A. Young, New Lisbon. “ Henry M. Tupper, Ontario. I. Bartlett, New Richmond. “ A. Harper, Port Byron. Rev. A. E. Tracy, Oconomowoc. “ W. A. Lloyd, Ravenswood. “ E. Smith Barnes, Poynette. “ William S. Curtis, Rockford. “ G. W. Wainwriglit, Raymond. “ Hiram Foote, “ “ John P. Williams, Racine. “ S. B. Goodenow, Roseville. “ Daniel E. Bierce, “ “ Thomas G. Grassie, Sycamore. “ James Kilbourn, “ “ Lathrop Taylor, Wheaton. “ F. B. Doe, Ripon. “ S. M. Newman, Ripon. Michigan. “ James A. Towle, “ Rev. E. W . Miller, Big Rapids. “ George S. Biseoe, Shullsburg. vi ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

H. H. Smith, Two Rivers. Henry L. Chase, Green Mountain. Rev. Luther Clapp, Wauwatosa. A. Whitcomb, Grinnell. “ S. F. Gale, “ Rev. Charles Little, Lewis. “ G. W. Nelson, “ “ Sidney Crawford, Lyons. Dea. Joseph A. Warren, Wauwa­ “ Charles C. Cragin, McGregor. tosa. “ La Roy S. Hand, Ogden. J. T. Fuller, Watertown. “ William Henry Atkinson, Or­ Rev. Charles W . Camp, Waukesha. chard. “ George Darling, Waupun. “ E. Adams, Waterloo. “ Anson Clark, West Salem. “ B. D. Conkling, Whitewater. Missouri. “ George Smith, “ Rev. Elihu Loomis, Memphis. “ George W. Sargent, Wilmot. Kansas. Prof. William Porter, Wisconsin. Richard Cordley, d . d ., Emporia. Minnesota. Rev. James G. Dougherty, Ottawa. Rev. John 11. Chalmers, Albert Lea. Missionaries o f the Board. “ A. Morse, Austin. “ C. E. W right, “ S. R. Riggs, d. d., 1 1 . d., Dakota “ F. L. Fuller, Hamilton. Mission. R. J. Baldwin, Minneapolis. Rev. Thomas L. Riggs, Dakota Mis­ Rev. John H. Morley, Winona. sion. Isaac C. Stearns, Zumbrota. Rev. A. L. Riggs, Dakota Mission. “ C. Hartwell, Foochow Mission. Iowa. “ J. K. Kilbourn, North Mexico. Rev. William L. Bray, Clinton. “ G. F. Herrick, Western Tur­ J. G. Merrill, Davenport. , key Mission. “ A. L. Frisbie, Des Moines. “ L. Bartlett, Western Turkey “ D. D. Frost, Fairfax. Mission.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON — ORGANIZATION — REPORTS. The President, Dr. Mark Hopkins, called the meeting to order, and the Board united in prayer — led by Dr. George W. Boardman — and in sing­ ing. Rev. Edward N. Packard, of Evanston, Illinois, was chosen Assistant Recording Secretary, and the President appointed the following standing com mittees: — Committee o f Arrangements. Rev. George T. Ladd, Rev. II. T. Rose, Z. S. Ely, Esq., Dr. M. McG.- Dana, and Rev. S. J. Humphrey. Business Committee. E. W. Blatchford, Esq., Hon. Heman Ely, Hon. A. C. Barstow, Rev. Isaac R. Worcester, and J. N. Harris, Esq. Committee o f Nominations. Drs. G. S. F. Savage, E. J. Montague, and C. P. Bush. The material portions of the minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read by the Recording Secretary, after which Dr. A. C. Thompson led in prayer. Secretary Alden read most of the Report of the Prudential Commit­ tee on the Home Department; after which the assembly united in prayer, led by Dr. Thomas Laurie, of Providence, R. I., and in singing. _ A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. TU

The Treasurer, Langdon S. Ward, Esq., presented his annual report, with the certificate of the auditors, and Secretary Clark read his General Survey of the missions.

.TUESDAY EVENING. It was announced in the afternoon that Dr. J. M. Manning, of Bos­ ton, who, on default of arrangements made last year, was designated by the Prudential Committee to preach the annual sermon, had been disabled by illness, while on his way to the meeting, and could not perform the ser­ vice. By special request, therefore, Dr. Henry H. Jessup, of the Syria mission (now of the Presbyterian Board), made an address on the mis­ sionary work in Syria and Western Asia. The devotional services of the occasion were conducted by Drs. H. M. Storrs, of New York, and C. L. Goodell, of St. Louis.

■WEDNESDAY MORNING. The session was opened with singing, and prayer by Dr. F. Bascom. Secretary Alden, in behalf of the Prudential Committee, read the follow­ ing paper:—

THE PROCLAMATION OF CHRIST AMONG ALL NATIONS, A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. Every individual who receives the gospel, receives it in trust to be by him communicated to all mankind. He -who said to his disciples, “ If ye love me, keep my commandments,” has relieved no disciple from account­ ability in some measure for the fulfillment of the last command. As speedily as possible to’every people under heaven must he borne the gra­ cious annunciation: “ God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto him­ self, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word o f reconciliation.’’ This is both the sacred trust and the sublime honor conferred by the Exalted Head of the Church upon the members of his body, while they abide for a little season his visible representatives on earth. Other honors and other trusts, we know not what, shall be theirs along the successive heights of their glorious immortality. But only once in their history, and that only for the brief period of then- sojourn here below, will the privilege be theirs to be themselves the messengers of salvation to their perishing fellow-men. Well may every disciple bow his head in lowly gratitude, as from the outstretched hands, once uplifted for his redemp­ tion upon the cross, now uplifted in blessing, he receives the great com­ mand with the great promise annexed, and then rises up for his life’s work, an “ ambassador for Christ,” to bear the message to the ends of the earth. But whither shall he go ? And how shall he, with his one feeble voice, in his one frail body bear the good tidings to every nation and tribe, to “ every creature ” among the fourteen hundred millions of the men of his own generation ? Doubtless it is true, as more than once remarked, that “ the Christians of each age are to give the gospel to the people of that Vili ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD. age.” As expressed by one of our missionaries many years ago, “ It is with the present generation of heathen, our brothers and sisters and neigh­ bors, whose cries ring in our ears, that we have to do...... Remember that they are your cotemporaries, and that you and they will stand side by side at the day of account.” The sober, practical inquiry follows, How is this immense work of proclaiming Christ to our own generation to be accomplished ? One man cannot acquire all languages, or traverse all continents. And if he could, and could multiply himself by a thou­ sand, to overrun a country, shouting a proclamation, is not to subdue a peo­ ple to Christ. Not thus easily are the stoutly-entrenched systems of hoary and defiant idolatry and superstition to be overthrown. No “ fiery cross ” waved for a little time on the mountain top as a signal, or borne from hand to hand by swift messengers, is to conquer proud human hearts, fortified in their unbelief. That cross must be planted as a permanent “ tree of renown; ” the lands must be taken possession of and firmly held; those strongholds must be besieged and assailed until they fall; and the enthralled multitudes must be personally redeemed. It is surely one of the gravest problems, How far are we personally re­ sponsible for such a work as this V You may reply, “ To the utmost of our ability.” But the question returns, How far does that ability extend? We are certainly limited in many directions. My entire energies I can ex­ haust within a very narrow circle of influence, and yet die with the work unfinished. Upon what principle shall I enlarge that circle and diffuse that influence ? “ Beginning at Jerusalem,” I shall not go through all its streets, visit all its inhabitants, cleanse all its impurities, and make it “ a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord,” even if I devote my whole life­ time to Jerusalem, and never venture beyond its walls. And in the mean time, what has become of Samaria V And how have I witnessed for Christ “ unto the uttermost parts of the earth ? ” You may reply, “ Let Samaria and the uttermost parts of the earth wait a generation or two, until Jeru­ salem is thoroughly evangelized.” But what has become of the present generation of men dwelling in those less favored regions, to wliotn I have sent not even information of the good tidings of salvation, while the men of Jerusalem have heard it a thousand times V How long shall we abide at Jerusalem before we make proclamation in Samaria? And how long in Samaria before we move on to Antioch, and Ephesus, and Thessalonica, and Rome ? « These are not questions to be flippantly answered. Our most serious perplexities in the conduct of the moral life, some one has suggested, are not those which require a decision upon questions of absolute right or wrong, but those which arise from the apparent “ conflict of itaties.” It is my duty to bear witness to Christ “ in Jerusalem and in all Judea.” It is my duty to bear witness to Christ “ in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth.” How am I to fulfill these colemporaneous duties in my own time for my own generation? Who shall define the limitations of personal responsibility ? Who shall teach the primal obligation V If to any degree we are responsible for the universal spread of the gospel, we may well pause a little and soberly inquire, How far are we thus respon­ sible? A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. i x

This is an inquiry preeminently appropriate for the deliberations of this Ameritan Board. More than forty years ago, at our annual meeting held in Hartford in 1836, after prayerful consideration it was “ Resolved, In view of the signs of the times and of the promises of God, that the day has arrived in which the work of converting the world to God should be undertaken with a definite scheme of operations based upon the expecta­ tion of its speedy accomplishment.” A nd seventeen years later, at our first meeting west of the Alleghanies, a quarter of a century ago, our public declaration is recorded, “ We have undertaken, and from the undertaking we cannot draw back, to do our share towards giving the gospel to all our brethren of mankind.” What “ our share ” is, as these momentous decades of years roll on, is a subject worthy of our frequent and most se­ rious consideration. As helpful in this discussion we beg leave to call attention to certain facts which have become conspicuous in the history of missions. I. The Divine call to the missionary work is sometimes definite, in an intense form , to individuals. The Holy Ghost did not address the church of Antioch, saying : “ From the number of your prophets and teachers, se­ lect two of your ablest men for a foreign mission; ” but the Holy Ghost said, “ Separate me Barnabas and Saul, for the work whereunto / have called them.” They had already received their Divine appointment. It is for the church of Autioch to recognize it and send them forth. When our Lord, having compassion upon the multitudes 11 because they fainted and were scattered abroad as sheep having no shepherd,” commanded his disciples to intercede in order that laborers might be provided, the precept does not read, “ Pray ye the Lord of the harvest that he will give you wis­ dom to select the laborers,” but “ Pray ye the Lord of the harvest that he will send laborers into his harvest; ” and in answer to this prayer he himself the next morning chooses twelve. It was not “ The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowl­ edge " which selected David Brainerd, and urged him to become a mis­ sionary to the Stockbridge Indians. David Brainerd was already selected and sent forth, urged by an inward divine force; and his Scottish friends only came in as a cooperative agency. Otherwise, when lying upon the ground floor of the uncomfortable hut where he lodged, he would not have written the words: “ For the conversion of the heathen I long and love to be a pilgrim. I would not exchange my present mission for any other business in the world.” It was no Prudential Committee of the Eng­ lish Baptist churches which summoned William Carey and sent him out as their “ chosen vessel ” for the proclamation of Christ in India. Had they undertaken the task, the “ consecrated cobbler,” as he was jeeringly called by Sydney Smith, would not have been the man selected. “ The Lord knoweth them that are his;” and he sometimes chooses “ things which are not, to bring to nought things that are.” The first record of the first meeting of the American Board, after giving the names of the five persons who were present, is a copy of the statement made to the General Association of Massachusetts by four young men of the Divinity College at Andover, declaring that “ their minds have X ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

been long impressed with the duty and importance of personally attempt­ ing a mission to the heathen.” One who both previously and subse­ quently was associated with them, refused what seemed to his friends an imperative call to remain in Connecticut, declaring that the voice of his departed Lord called him so definitely to a foreign field that “ he was de­ termined to work his passage to Asia, if he could not go otherwise. ” The personality of the missionary call has been emphasized by this Board throughout its history. “ It is a fundamental principle,” testifies Dr. An­ derson, “ that the missionary goes on his mission in the discharge of his own personal duty ; not as a servant of the churches, and not as a ser­ vant of the missionary society. The churches and the missionary society are his helpers to carry out his own benevolent purpose.” “ In the order of time,” as expressed in one of our annual reports, “ the impulsive feeling to go takes precedence of that to send. It was so at the outset, it probably will always be so.” Hence one of the initial questions put to each candidate for foreign service is, “ What leads you to desire missionary employment V ” Not always with ardent enthusiasm, — that depends somewhat upon natural temperament, — but always with clear convictions of personal duty, so designated by both the Providence and the Spirit of God, this question is answered. Sometimes the summons calls a man from urgent invitations to positions of largest influence in the established churches or educational institutions of the East; and sometimes from the more urgent necessity of frontier home-missionary churches or educational institutions of the West. You and I for the moment may wonder that he goes so promptly and energetically from so pressing a work at home, to an apparently uncertain work abroad. But there is no un­ certainty to his vision, clarified by having seen his Lord. He replies calmly and decidedly, “ Think not that I love dear New England, or the broad missionary work of the West and the South less than you who remain; but my call, clear and distinct, is to what appears to me the more needy and vaster regions beyond.” And we, none of us, doubt the call. Whatever may be our speculative theories, whatever our cool reasonings, we cannot doubt that the Divine call to the missionary service is sometimes intensely personal. But this introduces a second considera­ tion. II. A definite personal missionary call to some, seriously affects the per­ sonal responsibility o f many. When that little company of young men whose hearts the Lord had touched, having conferred and prayed together, laid their statement before their elders, to whom they appropriately looked for counsel, then the question of personal missionary responsibility took serious hold of a larger circle. The Massachusetts General Association, as re­ lated to missionary responsibility, was a different body after that state­ ment was presented from what it was before. A new factor was now in­ troduced into the missionary problem. Here were young hearts, moved by the Spirit of God, which were burning with the desire to go and pro­ claim Christ to the perishing heathen. What did that fact mean for fathers and mothers, for kindred and friends? What did it mean for in­ structors and fellow-students ? What did it mean for pastors and churches ? A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. x i

If four felt this burning impulse, anil it was a divine impulse, why might not the number increase, as suggested by the London Missionary Society to which application for assistance was first made, to “ forty ’' ? If forty are called to go, at least forty times forty are called to sustain them with sympathy, and prayer, and generous gifts. Who can tell into what a broad field this opening door may conduct ? Prom the hour that it is clearly seen that certain individuals have received a definite personal call to be them­ selves messengers of Christ to the heathen world, the personal responsibil­ ity of the entire body of Christ at home is seriously affected. Those young men are either called by God, or they are utterly deluded. This great for­ eign missionary advance is something to which Christ is now imperatively summoning his entire church, or it is a wild fanaticism. Upon this orave question, the professors of the Divinity College at Andover, the ministers of the Massachusetts General Association assembled at Bradford, the churches which they represent, and to which they send out their public appeal, must make a decision. From this hour personal responsibility, as to the foreign missionary work, touches every individual, and he cannot escape it. From this hour there will be men and women whose hearts will be all aglow with missionary fire. The number of messengers will in­ crease. The two names, for a time omitted lest the application of so large a number as six might alarm the churches, will be appended. The six will become ten, and the ten twice ten; for man and woman here, as in every forward Christian work, will stand side by side. Samuel J. Mills will not himself forget, and will remind others, that his mother was be­ fore him in the consecration; and the name of Harriet Newell will be­ come immortal. The ancient house in Salem will perpetuate in memory the timely gift of Mrs. Xorris, as well as the wise counsels of Samuel Worcester. And the succession shall go on of elect spirits, chosen by God and ordained, around whom shall gather a great company consecrated to the same great work. One of the young missionaries of this Board, sent out during the past year to his chosen field in Northern China, is the only son of his mother, and she a widow. He is a native of one of these Northwestern home- missionary States. Why did he not remain and preach Christ in his own State, where not only is the work urgent, but at the same time he could be near his home ? How could such a mother in her solitude surrender such a son ? That very inquiry, one of your Secretaries gently put, a few months ago, to that mother herself. And she calmly replied, “ From the hour my prayer was heard, and my boy became a true disciple of Christ, I plainly saw that the type of his spiritual life was such that he would probably become a foreign missionary. I could not ask for a dif­ ferent type of spiritual life, and I have freely surrendered him to his mis­ sionary work.” Is not that mother included in the missionary consecration of that son V And the sister who remains with the mother, and cares for her in her declining years, is she not also included in the same V May not the members of the missionary church who set him apart, and of the churches of the home-missionary State, who rejoice in him as one of their representatives across the seas, be also included ? Let us not forget that XU ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

there is a type of personal consecration to the Lord Jesus Christ which will inevitably include a definite surrender to the work of preaching Christ in heathen lands. We cannot doubt whence it is. And since the Lord hath sent it down into his churches, and of late years is intensifying it all over the land, it is the Lord’s own summons, which in some form is laying personal missionary responsibility upon every church and every disciple. III. The Divine call to the missionary work is sometimes as definite to lo­ calities as it is to individuals. Paul was in Jerusalem praying in the tem­ ple— Jerusalem not yet thoroughly evangelized — when in a trance the Lord appeared unto him, and said, “ Depart: for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles.” From that hour it was the Apostle’s glad song, “ Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints, is this grace given, that I should preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ.” But whither shall he direct his steps? The same Lord who selected the person, selected the place. Upon one occasion the story of the divine guid­ ance is minutely given, suggestive of what may have occurred more than once. Having with his associates passed through Syria and Cilicia, then on to Derbe and Lystra, and still farther throughout Phrygia and the re­ gion of Galatia, they were “ forbidden of the Holy Ghost ” to preach the word in what was then the narrow province of Asia, and so moving on to Mysia, they “ assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not,” the reason unexplained until, reaching Troas, the eight-vision de­ clares it, “ There stood a man of Macedonia and prayed him saying, Come over into Macedonia and help us.” Westward, across the iE^ean to Eu­ rope, God was thus giving the definite call. Too late now to begin to ar­ gue, and to say that Asia is not yet evangelized, and we must keep all our forces at home. God has given the imperative summons to Macedo­ nia, and to Macedonia they must go. By and by another vision will ap­ pear to Paul, and the same Lord will say unto him, 11 Thou must bear witness also at Rome.” The important principle here suggested is, that in the honest endeavor to obey the foreign missionary call the definite locality will be assigned us. One of the most interesting chapters in our own missionary history is that which records the Providential manner by which our missions have been located. We “ assayed to go” into Lower Canada, and “ voted that this Board will pay particular attention to the condition of the Cagh- nawaga tribe of Indians, and. establish as soon as practicable a mission among them; ” we “ assayed to go ” into South America, and “ voted that the Prudential Committee be directed to make inquiry respecting the set­ tlement of a mission at St. Salvador, Brazil;” we “ assayed to go” to the islands east of Africa, and voted that the same Committee be “ di­ rected to make inquiry respecting the settlement of a mission at Port Louis, in the Isle of France, and on the Island of Madagascar; ” but the Spirit and Providence of God “ suffered us not.” 1 When India fixed our vision, as on the whole the most favorable opening in the East, we “ assayed to go” into Burmah; but the very Providence, which perplex- J Madagascar was to be reserved as one of tlie bright jewels of the London Mission, ai'y Society. A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. x iii ing for the moment, suffered us not to go, was an unexpected trumpet voice to the American Baptist churches,1 saying, “ Come ye promptly to Burmah; ” and thither they promptly went, with what results let the songs of twice ten thousand redeemed Karens testify. But to us, by ihe same Lord who giveth to every branch of his own one Zion, “ severally as he will,” were assigned the Mahrattas of Western India, and the Tamil peo­ ple of Jaffna and Madura. One of the instructive documents of our first decade is the reply of our missionaries in Ceylon to the sarcastic letter of the English Lieutenant-Governor, suggesting that “ the British Govern­ ment was'abundantly able to Christianize its own heathen subjects, and that American missionaries would be better employed in attemptin'* to con­ vert the heathen upon their own Continent.” It gave our missionaries the opportunity of emphasizing the fact, that at that time, in 1820, the missionary efforts for the benefit of the American Indians were “ greater in proportion to the heathen population by forty to one, than all the Chris­ tian world was making for British India; ” also, that “ the American Con­ tinent, with about one sixteenth of the heathen population of the globe, had more than half the missionaries of the world.” They then set forth the cogent reasons why the American mission was established in Ceylon, and contrasting the condition of a Christian with a heathen land, exposed the Honorable Lieutenant-Governor’s sophistry in these respectful but in­ cisive words: “ Since to give even the native subjects of His Majesty in India the same advantages for religious instruction as are enjoyed by the inhabitants of England, and no greater, would require not less than thirty thousand missionaries, or nearly five times the number of regularly or­ dained clergymen in England and Wales, they would express their fears that much time must elapse, and many generations must go down to the grave, before an adequate supply of such missionaries can be obtained.” Hence they ask to be " permitted to be humble coadjutors in a work which is very dear to their hearts.” Tins document is not only an honor to the six men by whom it is signed, and whose names are now house­ hold words, Richards, Meigs, Poor, Winslow, Spaulding, and Scudder, but it is a valuable state paper suggestive of the fundamental basis of foreign missionary work as having its own imperative claim, eoteinpora- neous with our home missionary work, definite, also, in its divinely ap­ pointed localities abroad. We were summoned by God jiot only to send certain of his own ordained messengers, but to send them to particular islands of the sea, and to particular lands beyond the sea. At the right hour, and by special Providences in each case, the persons were selected and the places as well. A sacred trust was thus put upon the ministry and the churches at home. They could not decline it and turn aside to any other duty, however imperative, without being derelict to a more im­ perative Divine call.

1 “ The change of sentiment in Messrs. Judson and Rice was just the event which was required to awaken the dormant energies of the Baptists in America, and con­ centrate them all, in every part of our country, upon one object trulv Christian in its essence, and yet denominational in its form.” — Dr. Wayland’s Memoir o f Dr. Judson. ♦ xir ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

Looking at the two hemispheres spread out before us upon the map, studying the geography of our own land and of other lands, it might be difficult at first to select the particular fields which seem peculiarly to fall to us, q,s our part of the great field, which is the world. Speculating over the missionary problem, in a critical way, we might, perhaps, write a vol­ ume as one good man has done, and take the same title, “ Wrong Mis­ sions in wrong places by wrong hands.” But should we make the same selection with him of the “ wrong missions” in the “ wrong places,” we pronounce the entire missionary work among the North American Indians, the entire missionary work upon the Pacific islands, as well as the Mora­ vian work in Greenland and Labrador, stupendous blunders. John Eliot and David Brainerd, well intentioned men, wasted their lives! Titus Coan is a failure! So was the saintly Bishop Patterson ! “ Noble labor misdirected I ” The more than seventy thousand souls gathered from the Hawaiian islands, twelve thousand of the number received into the Chris­ tian church by Mr. Coan alone, the ten times ten thousand saved from the once barbarous and cannibal tribes of the South Seas, singing in heaven, as only those who have been redeemed from such degradation can sing, are forgotten. Forgotten also is that marvelous work especially committed to our own trust, and which just now stands up so prominently before the whole world, the grand contribution of the churches of America, su­ perior to the wisest diplomacy of Europe for the permanent “ settlement of the Eastern question.” % • Let us be grateful that the localities of our special foreign missionary trust have been determined for us, not by speculative theories, but by the Providence and Spirit of God himself. We did not deliberately choose, in the year 1819, as our most accessible missionary field, the Sand­ wich Islands, at that time distant from us, around the Cape, eighteen thou­ sand miles, a voyage o£ over one hundred and sixty days; nor did we de­ liberately select Constantinople as a great missionary center for a new work in the Orient, when the same year Fisk and Parsons were set apart in the Old South Church of Boston as missionaries to Palestine; and yet we none of us doubt to-day that it was the voice of God — interpreted partly through the tears of an orphan Hawaiian boy, sitting in his lonely exile ten years before upon the threshold of the college buildings in New Haven,1 interpreted partly through a peculiar interest felt at the same time in New England in behalf of the Lord’s ancient Israel, — plainly we perceive now it was the voice of God ringing forth as though it spoke from heaven, saying to the little flock here in the wilderness of this New World, “ Come ye and share in the great harvest of souls which is to be gathered to my honor in the Pacific isles : ” “ Come take upon you also the broader work, which in due time is to be accomplished through your instrumentality, not in Syria alone, but among the Nestorians of Persia, among the Greeks and Armenians o£ the Ottoman Empire; and the day

1 “ What does this mean? Shall he be sent back unsupported to attempt to reclaim his countrymen ? Shall we not rather consider these Southern islands a proper place for the establishment of a mission?” — Letter o f Samuel J. Mills to Gordon H ciU , December 20, 1809. A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY. x v shall come when it shall include both Ottoman .and Muscovite.” W e need not enlarge upon that definite call which came to us at a particular junc­ ture, to Papal Lands, or upon the loud, continuous, and sometimes pierc­ ing call to Africa, to China, and to Japan. The point we desire to make emphatic is, that whatever may be our trust in other directions, a grave responsibility has been definitely placed upon us which we cannot evade if we would, to prosecute in our own time a vigorous and efficient work in foreign lands. On account both of its proximity and its magnitude, the several depart­ ments of our home missionary work, East, West, and Soulh, press upon us heavily. Not one of these forty-five millions must be allowed to go down to death uninstructed in the way of salvation through Jesus Christ. Be he native-born or an immigrant, be he under the bondage of Papal superstition, or the severer thraldom of infidel free religion, be he Indian or African, be he European or Chinaman, shame upon the more than seven million members of Evangelical Christian churches in the United States of America, sacramentally set apart to the express work of personally la­ boring for the salvation of all who are brought within their reach, if any one on these shores fail to hear of the riches of grace provided for every man 1 What means the declaration that “ in the city of New York there is a larger Evangelical agency at work than all the messengers of all the foreign missionary societies of the world,” and what mean our more than seventy thousand church organizations, and our more than fifty thousand Evangelical ministers of the gospel, if we do not flood this land through­ out its length and breadth with a light from heaven which shall shine into every darkened heart ? But at the same time, during this same generation, God has laid upon us the broader, and equally imperative trust of proclaiming Christ to that portion of the far more needy human family in other lands, especially committed to us. Some of our choicest sons and daughters have heard the call. They have gone and are going from New England and the West alike, cheerfully and courageously to the front. And from their several fields of difficult but successful toil, they send back to us each year a new summons, laying upon us new responsibility. W e call it our “ annual report ” from the North American Indians and from Mexico, from Spain and Austria, from the Pacific Islands and Africa, from Turkey and India, from China and Japan. It gives the names of some who are veterans, and of some who are just enlisted for the service. It tells of hard-fought bat­ tles and of victories not yet won, waiting for the reinforcements which alone can secure the ground already gained. It tells of some overbur­ dened by labor, falling by the way, pointing with their last expiring strength to fields whitened for the harvest perishing for lack of reapers. It is no mere “ report ” from the missionary messenger, thrilling as that may be, it is the reiterated summons of the Lord himself presiding over the entire field, suggesting his continuous “ survey” both of the missions abroad and of the churches at home, and giving solemn emphasis to our inquiry, as it isolates us one by one beneath his eye, How far are we per­ sonally responsible for this great work ¥ x v i ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

If the foreign missionary call is definitely given'in an intensive form to some who make haste to obey; if this definite call to some affects the personal responsibility of many, friends, kindred, acquaintances, fellow- disciples in the ministry, in the churches, in associated churches entering into the trust of a missionary board; if the call to localities is definite as is the call to persons, so that particular tribes and peoples have thus been specially committed to us, numbering at least one hundred millions in our own generation, who must receive the word from our hands or perish, and if the principle tersely expressed by John Foster, which none of us can question, is true, that “ power to the last particle is duty,” then well may we seriously consider the immense power, and therefore the immense re- iponsibility, which has been placed upon this highly-favored American people to be preeminently a missionary people. “ Who knoweth whether ” we are “ come to the kingdom for such a time as this ” ? What if it should be true of us in the nineteenth century as it was of the ancient Jews in the first century, that we have our one grand foreign-missionary opportu­ nity? What if it should be true of us, as it was of them, -that our own existence as a nation depends upon the manner in which we execute this sacred trust1!1 Alas, what if it should be true also of us that we know not “ the day of our visitation,” and that endeavoring in the self-seek­ ing of our own pride to exalt our own Jerusalem, and refusing to carry the good tidings promptly to others, we prove ourselves destitute of the essential life of Christianity, and so lose everything, our pwn Jerusalem included:1 The God of our fathers teach us, as he taught them, the broader and the wiser lesson recorded nearly fifty years ago in one of the official documents of this Board from the pen of Jeremiah Evarts, that ‘‘ there is no way in which we can so powerfully aid the cause of God in our own land as by doubling and quadrupling our sacrifices for the sal­ vation of distant pagans 1 ” Let this enlarged spirit be poured upon us in full measure, so that the spread of the gospel in our own time throughout the world shall be our preeminent aim, to which all else is subordinate, and the very nobility of this broad missionary type of Christianity, adorning and dignifying every­ thing it touches, shall give to our American Zion its immortal glory — the glory o f a people who exalting not themselves but Christ Jesus, the enthroned Lord, are by Him lifted up to an abiding participation in his own everlasting dominion. Let us cherish the thought, may it characterize the ministry and the churches of this land, that to cooperate with the King, the Lord of hosts, as he moves on “ conquering and to conquer,” subduing all na­ tions to himself, is our illustrious privilege, our supreme honor, and also our PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY 1

After the reading, prayer was offered by Rev. L. H. Cobb, and the pa­ per was referred to a special committee consisting of Dr. E. P. Good­ win, Hon. William E. Dodge, Dr. Judson Smith, Dr. Eli Corwin, and Rev. H. S. De Forest, to report in the afternoon.

Secretary Clark presented the following paper on . THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. XVII

THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

No apology is needed for asking the special attention of the Board at this time to the condition and prospects of the missionary enterprise in the Ottoman Empire. The changes that have resulted from the late war with Russia, the action of the Berlin Congress, and the establishment of the English Protectorate over Asia Minor, stand in the closest relations to the efforts of American Christians for the evangelization of this portion o f the world. No one interested in the progress of the kingdom of Christ, whatever his nationality, can have been an indifferent spectator to the remarkable events of the past year; certainly not those who, during the last sixty years, have contributed nearly five millions of dollars, and given up four hundred of their sons and daughters, to republish the gospel in Bible lands. The thoughtful Christian, noting how all the great political movements of modern times are overruled to the furtherance of the gospel, has calmly waited the issue, — not anxious to forecast the divine method of securing the end, but confident that a higher wisdom than is given to Mission Boards, and a profounder interest than is possible to the most devoted and self-sacrificing missionary, were shaping events, and ruling in the coun­ sels of the Great Powers of the world.

FIRST PERIOD, 1818-1839.

I. When the attention of American Christians was first turned to the Ottoman Empire as a field for missionary effort, it included, with its tribu­ tary provinces, portions of three continents, with an area larger than that of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. It combined the greatest variety of soil and climate; it stretched across the highways of the world’s commerce, and embraced in its wide domain the earliest seats of civilization, and the scenes of greatest interest recorded in secular and sacred history. It presented to the world a most remarkable conglomer­ ate of races, languages, and religions, without sympathy one with another, all subject to an unenlightened and often barbarous despotism. It had a population, in all, estimated at 35,000,000 of souls, of whom about 12,­ 000,000 were known as Christians, descendants for the most part of those who, in the early days of the church, had accepted the gospel. Degen­ erate, degraded, sunk in ignorance and superstition, they were yet holding fast to the Christian name, to which, though with little sense of its spir­ itual import, they had clung through centuries of oppression. It was to this Empire, the head and front of the Mohammedan world, long the deadly and unrelenting foe of the gospel of Christ, that the Amer­ ican Board planned a mission sixty years ago. Hall and Newell had be­ gun their labors in Bombay; Meigs and Winslow in Ceylon; Kingsbury and Byington among the Cherokees and Choctaws; Bingham and Thurs­ ton were looking toward the Sandwich Islands; when, with a grateful sense of obligation to the land whence had come the message of salvation to our fathers, and not without the hope that the time had come for the b XV111 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOAED.

Jews to obtain mercy, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons were formally set apart to begin a mission at Jerusalem. It was hoped, too, that among the so-called Christians there might be gome who would gladly receive the Bible, be aroused to a genuine Christian life, and be ready to aid in the evangelization of other classes of the population. After a year spent among our churches, in awakening an interest in the proposed effort, the missionaries received their instructions from the Prudential Committee. With a breadth of view characteristic of the founders of this Board, but in terms that revealed how little was really known of the opportunities for successful effort, they were charged, “ from the heights of the Holy Land and from Zion, to survey with earnest attention the various tribes and classes who dwell in that land and in the surrounding countries.” The two grand inquiries ever present to their minds were to be : “ What good can be done, and by what means? — What can be done for Jews? What for the people in Palestine? What for Pagans? What for Mo­ hammedans? What for Christians ? What for those in Egypt, in Syria, in Persia, in Armenia, in other countries to which your inquiries may extend? ” The charge was certainly ample enough, and the results, though dif­ ferent in many respects from what was anticipated, have shown its wis­ dom. Jerusalem, with all its hallowed associations, was not to be the great center of effort; Palestine, sacred as the home of the chosen people, con­ secrated by the presence, the life and death of our Lord, and by the mem­ ories of the early church, was not yet to receive the gospel anew. The little burying ground, with its precious dust, on a central part of Mount Zion, near the so-called Tomb of David, since reserved as a burying place for all sects of Protestant Christians, is almost the only memorial of the work of the American Board in Palestine. Parsons was to find an early grave in Alexandria; Fisk in Beirut; and Jonas King, who three times went up to Jerusalem in the hope of planting the banner of the cross on its walls, was to spend his days in Athens. William Goodell, who left his native land in 1822, in the joyous expectation of living and laboring, dying and rising in the resurrection of the just from the Holy City, was never there. The time for the ingathering of the Jews had not yet come. The fullness of the Gentiles had not come in. The intrigues of Rome, political distractions, war and pestilence were prayerfully and wisely interpreted to mean that the efforts of the Board should be turned tt> other portions of the Empire. The missionary forces fell back upon Malta. Rufus Anderson, then Assistant Secretary, goes out to confer with them. The situation is carefully surveyed and new plans are formed. W ork is renewed in Beirut, and the foundations are laid of the Syria Mis­ sion, whose influence was to reach the millions that use the Arabic lan­ guage, from the west coast of Africa to the great wall of the Celestial E m ­ pire. Smith and Dwight were sent on an exploring expedition through Asia Minor, and may almost be said to have discovered the Oriental Christian churches, so little were they known to the world prior to their observations. Goodell — with an eye upon the Turks by and by — busies himself for a time in translating the New Testament into the Arm eno- THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. xix

Turkish, then follows up the acquaintance he had made with Armenians in Syria, and removes to Constantinople, — a city that was henceforth to be the chosen field of his labors. On that 9th of June, 1831, when the first missionary of this Board entered the harbor of the city of Constantine, the Turkish government, as a political power, was in its decline. Russia, faithful to the lessons of Peter and Catherine, was steadily nearing Constantinople. The Turkish fleet-had just been destroyed at Navarino; Greece had gained her inde­ pendence. The necessity of internal reforms was recognized by the Sul­ tan, and attempted, with little success, against the usages of Islam. Constantinople, with its suburbs, contained a population estimated at 1,000,000, of whom one half were Moslems, one third Greeks and Ar­ menians, and the rest a motley crowd from all parts of the world. There was a similar mixture of races in all the large towns and cities of the Em­ pire. Only here and there were to be found villages of a single class, — Greek, Turkish, or Armenian. Each race was proud of its nationality and of its religion, which was largely a symbol of nationality. Nominal Chris­ tians were met with everywhere. Unhappily for the eause of Christ, the Christianity of this portion of the world had become thoroughly corrupted and paganized before the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and was justly an object of contempt to the followers of Mohammed. It had become a re­ ligion of charms, of relics, of miraculous pictures, of superstitions, not to say of idolatrous rites and worship in an unknown tongue, manipulated by an ignorant, degraded, selfish priesthood. Smith and Dwight found no pulpit in any of their churches, and nothing that deserved the name of religious instruction. The establishment of the Ottoman Empire, by placing Christianity on the defensive, had indeed saved it from utter ruin, and that was all. Humiliated, oppressed, but not destroyed, it remained an ecclesiastical system with its rites and ceremonies, but a religion with­ out morality and without life. So far as related to honesty, integrity, and honor among men, the Moslems compared favorably with the so-called Christians. It soon becamc evident that there was no hope of reaching the Mos­ lems so long as the actual Christianity which they saw around them failed to command their respect. The first thing to be done was to attempt a re­ form of these old churches ; and Divine Providence had prepared the way. In one of the last papers from the hand of the late Secretary Treat, he described, in his happiest style, how Mohammed II., in 1453, opened the door for William Goodell to enter Constantinople. l! Had the Greeks re­ mained in possession of their ancient capital, or had the Russian army advanced from Adrianople in 1829, and seized the chief city of the Em­ pire, American missionaries would have had no place in those parts. He who saw the end from the beginning made the Turkish government a covered way, under which the American missionaries could freely and safely enter at the appointed hour and preach all ‘ the words of this life.’ ” 1 A t this time the Armenians were the most intelligent and influential class at the capital. A letter of Dr. King on leaving Syria, four years be- 1 Missionary Herald, vol. lxxiii., p. 36. XX ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

fore, in which he gave his reasons for not being a Papist, and thus in­ directly set forth the prevalent errors of the Armenian church, excited great interest at Constantinople, and led the Patriarch and other high ec­ clesiastics to attempt some important reforms. Mr. Goodell, therefore, received a hearty welcome, — the Patriarch assuring him that be loved him so much, and his country so much, that had not Mr. Goodell come to visit him he must needs have gone to America to see Mr. Goodell. For a time the missionary was listened to with much interest. But it' was not long before the hierarchy discovered that the gospel in its purity was utterly inconsistent with the rites to which they were accustomed, and with the prerogatives they had asserted. A sharp and bitter persecution followed. Men who had embraced the truth were subjected to the severest trials, and an order was secured from the Sultan for the expulsion of the missionaries. Armenian, Greek, and Moslem combined to crush out the new religion. But it was not in the divine plan that the missionaries should be driven from their posts. Their enemies were scattered. The Empire was brought to the brink of ruin in its conflict with Mohammed Ali, and saved only by the intervention of the allied powers. The Sultan was stricken down by the hand of death. Personal calamities fell on the leading persecu­ tors among the Armenians, till it was a common remark that God was taking the side of the persecuted; and the new Sultan, on the 3d of No­ vember, 1839, issued the first formal Bill of Rights, the Magna Charta of Turkey, — the first in a series of concessions that has ended with the guarantee of religious liberty throughout the Empire to a degree hardly known even in Europe, outside of the British Isles. The darkest hour was just before the dawn. Twenty-one years have passed since the inauguration of missions to the Levant. Goodell, Dwight, and Schauffler have become identified with the capital; Schneider has preached the first sermon in Turkish at Broosa, and is preparing to hold the great audiences of Aintab in rapt and tear­ ful attention, as he tells the story of a Saviour’s love and sacrifice; and Powers has written the first hymn, and begun a work in Turkish lim ­ nology which he is to continue at Antioch, when the infirmities of age for­ bid other service for the Master. Legh Richmond’s “ Dairyman’s Daugh­ ter,” translated into Armenian, has been blessed to a rich work of grace in Nicomedia. Trebizond has been occupied as a station ; Erzroom is soon to follow. Jonas King is striking heavy blows for religious liberty, which he is to continue through much persecution and trial till the end of a long and honored life. Justin Perkins and Dr. Grant have begun work among the Nestorians, and laid the foundations of those seminaries which ’ are to witness wonders of grace, and embalm forever the names of Stoddard, Wright, Rhea, Fidelia Fiske, and others, their loved co­ laborers unto the kingdom of God. In Syria the press has been busy; flourishing schools have been begun ; and, best of all, the gospel has had one of its choicest illustrations in the singular devotion and lofty faith of Asaad Shidiak, the martyr of Lebanon. THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. x x i

SECOND PERIOD, 1839-1860. II. Thus broadly has the work of the Board opened out in all direc­ tions. It has been a period of experiment and of laying foundations. The gospel has now come to be understood in its true character as a ren­ ovating power, and the lines of opposition have been sharply drawn. Another twenty-one years are to pass of steady and persistent conflict and of steady and persistent advance, till nearly all the great centers of influence, from the Bosphorus to the Euphrates, are becoming centers of gospel light and of educational forces, and the Hatti Humayoun, the formal charter of religious liberty and of equal rights to all classes, is wrung from the Porte by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Formally given in 1856, it was not duly proclaimed and made the law of the land till 1860. This remarkable concession to the Protestants, granted in view of obli­ gations to the English government for aid in the Crimean war, was almost as unexpected a sequel to that war as were the recent terms secured in the Berlin Congress. Only the briefest reference can here be made to some of the more prominent events of this second period, and to such as stand in imme­ diate relations to the present condition of the work o£ evangelization. An important reformation had been begun. Hundreds of the more in­ telligent classes were looking with favor on the movement. Hitherto those who had embraced evangelical views had remained connected with the old community, and the missionaries preferred to have them do so. It was no part of their plan to set up a new organization, but to revive a spirit­ ual life in the old. The higher ecclesiastics, however, some of whom had for a time shown much interest in the truth, saw the drift too plainly, and, after some years of vain effort by argument and the milder forms of persecution, resumed more active measures, and deliberately cut off from their communion all who would not accept the superstitions and errors of the old church, reaffirmed in the most offensive form. There was now no alternative. To secure protection of life and property under the Turk­ ish government, a separate organization was necessary, and the first evan­ gelical church in Turkey was duly instituted in Constantinople on the 1st of July, 1846, followed immediately by others at Nicomedia, Adabazar, and Trebizond. Protestantism now first flung its banners to the breeze; henceforth a power in the Empire. The next year Protestants were recog­ nized as an independent community; and in 1850 a charter was signed by the Sultan, placing them on the same basis as other Christian communities within his domain. But decrees of sultans, extorted by outside pressure, are not easily en­ forced. The priesthood could excite the ignorant prejudices of the people; Turkish governors and local officials could be bribed; the central govern­ ment was far off; the long delays of justice made men ready to risk pen­ alties, provided their ends were gained. Hence, though victory was sure in the end, a battle was to be fought in almost every new place that was entered. In such circumstances men hesitated to leave their old associa­ tions, much as Hindoos shrink from leaving their caste. Some lacked the X X I1 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD. moral courage to do so; others hoped for a reform in the old church, and imitated the Protestants in the establishment of schools, and in the intro­ duction of religious services better suited to the wants of the people. Yet against all odds the work of evangelization went on, till, by the year 1860, the field of operations had nearly reached its present limits. Byington and Clarke had begun their labors among the Bulgarians; Farnsworth and Leonard were sending back words of cheer from Cesarea; Allen, Wheeler, and Barnum were laying foundations at Harpoot; Walker was rejoicing in the special blessing of God on his labors at Diarbekir; W il­ liams was assigned to Mardin; Marsh was writing from Mosul that there was a work in that city which the native brethren believed would go on, even though no missionary ever set foot again within its walls. The mis­ sionaries in Central Turkey reported still more remarkable progress of the truth at Marash, Aintab, and Kessab, — a thousand person* out of a population of eighteen hundred at the latter place in attendance at the dedication of the Protestant church. The names of Schneider, Powers, Morgan, Pratt, White, and others are cherished still, in grateful remem­ brance of those days of grace and blessing from on high. Smith and Thomson of the Syria mission had made the Christian world their debtors by their valuable contributions to Biblical literature; Druze and Maro­ nite stayed their deeds of blood as they neared the presence of Calhoun ; and Henry Jessup was already holding crowds of Arabs in rapt attention, as he told how the blood of Christ cleanseth from all sin. This second period, despite all opposition, closes with hope for the fu­ ture. The political horizon is clearer; the gospel has proved itself the power of God unto salvation to hundreds of souls, and is widely recognized as connected with the progress and best culture of the age.

THIRD PERIOD, 1860-1878. III. The third period in the history of the Turkish missions is marked by the completed preparation for the work of evangelization. The more important things to be considered are the native churches attaining to in­ dependence ; the developmentof a native ministry by higher institutions of learning; the social and moral enfranchisement of woman; the translation of the Scriptures into the principal languages of the empire, and the cre­ ation of a Christian literature; the respect and confidence earned by mis­ sionaries and by the native churches, thus illustrating and commending the gospel to all classes; and, last of all, the results of the war and of the Berlin Congress. 1. In consequence of the persecution of the early converts, and the great distress to which they were often reduced, they came to depend on outside assistance altogether too much for their best spiritual welfare. Both the churches and their ministers felt that they were to be supported in large measure by foreign funds. The results were favorable neither to their best Christian life, nor to their best moral influence over those still re­ maining in the old communions. The most successful efforts towards bringing the native churches to just views and the best practice in sup­ porting their own institutions were made in the Central and in the East­ THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. XX11I ern Turkey missions. The labors of Dr. Azariah Smith at Aintab, of Dr. Pratt and others at Marash, and especially of Messrs. Wheeler, Barnum, and Allen at Harpoot, were of the utmost value in this regard. It was a long and difficult struggle. Men who had long been dependent were quite unwilling to strike out for themselves. But proof was soon given of the possibility of success in such efforts, and the volume published by Mr. Wheeler, entitled “ Ten Years on the Euphrates,” had very great influ­ ence, not only in the Turkish Empire, but throughout all the missions of the Board, and of other boards, in effecting a radical reform in missionary methods. , 2. Essential, however, to the plan of developing independent native churches was an educated ministry to care for these churches, and edu­ cated men to be leaders in all departments of thought and effort. Bebek Seminary, established by Dr. Hamlin, had accomplished a great work. Some of the young men educated in that institution were already compe­ tent preachers and able pastors in some of the largest churches. The possible character that might be developed in the native ministry was happily illustrated in their success. After a time it became necessary to supply thorough instruction in theological schools. These were, how­ ever, hardly to be called theological schools. They embraced the char­ acter, in some degree, both of the college and of the seminary, and might rather be termed collegiate theological institutions, as expressing more precisely their true ofBce and character. On this plan were founded seminaries at Marsovan, Harpoot, Marash, and Mardin; but ere long it was found necessary to carry the work of education still farther, and Dr. Hamlin led the way in establishing Robert College at Constantinople. The Syrian Protestant College followed at Beirut; then Central Turkey Col­ lege at Aintab; and more recently Armenia College at Harpoot. The four institutions have had an attendance of over five hundred students, preparing themselves to be the leaders of reform, in whatever measures are needful for the 6ocial and moral elevation of their countrymen. Through these institutions a body of men is being prepared to take up the work of the American missionaries, and leave them to go to the re­ gions beyond. 3. Of quite as vital moment to the success of the missionary enterprise in the Turkish Empire is the social and moral enfranchisement of woman. The great offense of Islam against the highest civilization of mankind, and constituting a bar to all true progress, is the treatment of woman. Woman, the drudge and slave of man in this life, is denied the hope of immortality, because denied even the possession of a soul. More wisely than we thought have we been preparing for her restoration to her true place in the social economy. Is it not more than an accident that from the heights of Scutari an institution, reared by the generous offerings of the Christian women of these United States, and devoted to the social and spiritual elevation of their sex in the very center of Mohammedan power, looks down on the mosque of St. Sophia, and on the palaces and seraglios of sultans? Little, comparatively, had been done for woman in Turkey prior to the beginning of this period. The influence of Mohammedanism x x iv ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOABD.

had been felt hitherto throughout the Christian communities, and woman had shared most deeply in the prevailing degradation, ignorance, and superstition. Smith and Dwight, in their tour in 1829, did not hear of a single school anywhere for the education of girls. For many years the attention of the missionaries was turned primarily and mainly to the gen­ eral work of preaching the gospel, and little special effort was made in behalf of women. The wives of the missionaries improved such opportu­ nities as were presented to them, and three or four unmarried ladies had been employed in girls’ schools, with special reference to educating the wives of native pastors and preachers. But during the last few years, a large number of thoroughly educated Christian women have been sent out, to engage in labors more immediately in behalf of their sex. Working at first through the seminaries, in a little time they begin to labor in the homes of the people ; go out on tours with missionaries; visit their former pupils; and establish girls’ schools at various points away from the main centers. Their influence has been felt widely outside of their immediate sphere of labor. At Eski Zagra, some years since, a Bulgarian woman, loyal to her old church, pointed out to a missionary lady a fine, large stone building, that had been erected for a girls’ school in that city, saving, “ We owe this to you missionaries. Had you not come, nothing of the kind would have been provided.” In no one respect has a greater change been wrought in the popular mind throughout the Turkish Empire than in regard to the position of woman ; and had nothing else been accom­ plished by our missionary work, that were enough to justify all the ex­ penditure incurred. The Home at Constantinople, the seminaries at Sam- okov, Broosa, Manisa, Marsovan, Aintab, Marash, Harpoot, and Mardin, are the central lights irradiating the darkness around. 4. The Scriptures are now for the first time offered to the people in their own native languages. The last line of the last translation — that into the Osinanli Turkish — was written on the 25th of May, three weeks before the Congress convened that was to give it free course in the Empire; and we are now prepared to circulate the Scriptures among all its principal nationalities, and in a form that commands the respect and confidence of their best scholars. When we reflect that the early churches of Asia Minor were led into the errors and superstitions which have since de­ graded them and broken down their influence largely for want of the Scriptures in the language of the people, to be their stay and guide and moral support, we may the better appreciate the importance of this work of translation, on which so much time, labor, and scholarship have been expended. Next to the Scriptures, and a most important auxiliary, is a Christian literature, already reckoned by hundreds of millions of pages, embracing a wide range of works for educational objects and religious culture. Not the least important part of this is the religious periodical in five different languages, sending its messages week by week into all parts of the Em­ pire. Who shall estimate the value of the labors of such men as Goodell, Riggs, Schauffler, and later of Pratt and Herrick, of Smith and Van Dyck, in their offering to the populations of the Empire the Word of God THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. XXV in their native tongues? or the hardly less important service to the cause of Christ and civilization, of those who have developed so varied and so extensive a literature? 5. Another fact to be considered in this connection, and which seemed necessary to complete the preparation of the public mind of all classes to receive the gospel, is the respect and esteem won for the Christian name by missionaries, especially during the last two or three years, by their labors in behalf of sufferers from the famine and the war. All the preju­ dice excited through the devices of ecclesiastics, and the gross misrepre­ sentations of the character and motives of missionaries, have given way to love and admiration, and they are now welcome in thousands of homes be­ fore closed against them. The story of Eski Zagra, of Erzroom, of the men and women who during the past two years have given their time and strength, and life even, to the relief of the multitudes about them, con­ stitutes one of the brightest pages in the annals of mankind. Next to the regard for missionaries, and quite as influential on all classes, — Moslem as well as nominally Christian, — is the esteem in which evangelical Christians are held by the people, indicated by such remarks as these : “ Protestants will not lie.” “ Protestants can be trusted.” So when Protestants have been brought before Turkish courts, the very fact that they are Protestants has often led to an instant discharge without a hearing. And even in the wild mountains of Koordistan, during the last year, a savage Koord accepted the word of a Protestant when on the point of robbing and plundering his household, on this simple ground : “ I can believe you. You are a Protestant.” There has thus been gained the great vantage ground for laboring with all classes of the people. Till this was won, it was hopeless to attempt labor among Moslems. They pointed to Christians as no better than themselves, and the argument could not be refuted. It was necessary that a purer Christianity, and one worthy of the name, should be presented to them. That work has been accom­ plished, and now, as never before, are we prepared to push the work of evangelization, not among nominal Christians only, but among the Mos­ lems also. 6. Nor ought we to omit other indirect results of the missionary enter­ prise from the presence and labors, at so many different centers, of so large a number of educated Christian men and women from this country. Other causes have had a 6hare which we would not overlook; but if the superiority of western civilization is now recognized by a postal and tele­ graph system, by the beginnings of railways, by the use of iron-clads and Martini-Henry rifles; if Mohammedan doctors are skillful in expounding the Koran so as to admit of the Code Napoleon in courts of justice, and other innovations in keeping with the spirit of the age; if men of worthier character are sought to fill official stations; if less and less regard is shown for idols and images, and more and more for religious instruction in the old churches of the Christian name; if a higher standard of morals exists, and honest dealing commands respect; if a wide-spread interest in educa­ tion has been awakened among all classes, represented by hundreds of schools, in which our text-books are used and our methods of instruction ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

imitated, — it is largely due to American missionaries. A higher civiliza­ tion has followed the introduction of the gospel, compelling the conviction that the truth is with us. And now, at last, when in these various lines the work of prepara­ tion seemed complete, Divine.Providence interposes to clear away the last hindrances to the free and full promulgation of the gospel. The power of Islam is broken; her military prestige destroyed; one third of the pop­ ulation delivered from their bondage, and religious liberty secured to a large portion of the remainder, under the protection of England. The selfish aims of the Great Powers of the world are overruled in the- in­ terest of the Kingdom of Christ. It is the Lord’s doing, and it is mar­ velous in our eyes. The object set forth by Russia as her motive for en­ gaging in the war is realized; the Christian races of the Turkish Empire are delivered from their bondage; the compensation justly anticipated by Russia as her due for the service is magnanimously given up; and that portion o f the Empire where the great work o f Protestant missions has been carried on is placed under the Protectorate of Protestant England.1 A ll through this late terrible war, — terrible in its miseries to all classes of an oppressed people, terrible in its scenes of suffering and outrage, — the Board and its missionaries have stood with their loins girt about and their lamps burning; knowing no distinction of race or religion; knowing no political interest, whether Turkish or Russian, but only men in suffer­ ing and wretchedness, and Christ and his cause; confident always that in some way and at some time the wrath of man would he made to praise God, that religious freedom would be secured, and that the work begun by American missionaries, the fruit of the consecration and toil and prayers of American Christians, would go forward to a yet greater success. The action of the Berlin Congress, in opening the way for the free development of the work of evangelization in the Ottoman Empire, con­ stitutes an era in the history of modern missions. It was the recognition of the missionary enterprise on the part of the Great Powers of the world. Freedom of religious opinion for all men, whatever their nation­ ality or religion, finds acknowledgment in elaborate phrase five times over in the language of the treaty, — not altogether unlike, in solemn import for the destinies of an Empire, to the refrain that comes in again and again in the 107th Psalm: “ Oh that men would praise the Lord for his good­ ness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! ” The United States of America had no formal representative in the po­ litical discussions of that Congress, no great name in the list of diplo­ mats; but in the larger interests of mankind, in those interests that in 1 England is to complete what Russia began. In assuming this grave responsibil­ ity, England has given bonds to the Christian world that she will worthily fulfill the trust. It is a political necessity, at home and abroad, from which there is no escape. The Official Journal of St. Petersburg, of August 7, referring to the Congress and indirectly to the Protectorate, remarks: “ Russia has secured the right of watching over its work, and she will not let it be reduced to a nullity.” Whatever may be the result, whether all or less than is anticipated, there can be no doubt that in Turkey, as in India, “ all great human interests— peace, order, educa­ tion, morality, and Christian progress” — are to be furthered by the Protectorate. Such is the conviction and the glad hope of every missionary. > THE GOSPEL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. X X V ll

this country have had their fullest development, and which give her a right to be among the nations of the earth, she was represented. It was fitting that an American, an American scholar, an American Christian scholar, a corporate member of the American Board,1 should have been called by a special Providence of God to this high service; a man, too, who represented the higher forms of the Christian faith, the traditions of the Puritan Commonwealth, the spirit of the fathers of New Englandi — a spirit that finds new expression in mission stations, churches, and schools on which the sun never sets. It was time, also, that the Great Powers of the world should recognize missions as an important factor in the social and moral elevation of the human race. It was fitting that this recognition should be rendered to the American Board, as the oldest great missionary organization of the United States. It was a worthy tribute also to that venerable man, so long identified with the history of this Board, that his volumes on the Oriental Churches should he laid on the table before the Congress, as a record of what American Christians had done to settle once and forever this vexed Eastern Question I Shall we not recognize this repeated interposition of the Head of the Church in behalf of the cause of missions in the Ottoman Empire with humble gratitude; and with new and earnest endeavor, follow his leading to the final triumph of his kingdom? The moral forces involved in the conflict, and now immediately connected with this Board, are represented by 132 devoted men and women from our churches and our best institu­ tions of learning ; by over 500 native preachers and teachers in active ser­ vice; by 92 churches, with a membership of over 5,000; by 20 higher institutions of learning, — colleges, seminaries, and boarding-schools, — with an attendance of over 800 youth of both sexes; by 300 common schools, with an attendance of over 11,000; by 285 places of worship, scattered as so many light centers through the land, from the Balkans to the Bosphorus, and from the Bosphorus to the Tigris, where Sabbath after Sabbath over 25,000 men and women are gathered to listen to the gospel message; by the Scriptures in the various languages of the people, now distributed by tens of thousands of copies, and a Christian literature, from Sabbath-school lesson papers up to elaborate volumes on the evidences of religion and the history of the church; all now confirmed by the liv­ ing examples of the power of the gospel, compelling the respect and en­ listing the confidence of all, and reinforced by the wonderful events of the past year, when the vision of the prophet seemed realized, — “ and kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers.” These are the moral forces now brought'into the field, the fruitage of the patient labors and prayers of American Christians of the past sixty years; of the sainted dead, who lived and labored for this cause at home and abroad, some of whose names are precious in the memory of the church, and all safe in the Master’s record; and of the living co-laborers unto this same blessed enterprise, whether at home or abroad. The convergence of these forces, moving on different lines, — their con­ centration at this particular juncture, — marks the presence of the Leader 1 Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, LL. D. X X Y 111 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD. of the sacramental hosts, and may well fire our hearts and nerve our arms for the final struggle. Now, as never before, does it become us to push for ward, and to turn to account the vantage ground now gained and the prep­ aration now so complete. Many of the followers of the false prophet rec­ ognize the doom of Islam and the speedy triumph of Christianity. It is only a question of time, and whether sooner or later depends, under the blessing of God, on the expectant faith and efforts of American Christians, to whom, preeminently, has been accorded this great privilege of repub­ lishing the unsearchable riches of Christ in Bible lands. W e enter now on a new period. Shall the future record be of a fin­ ished work, of a new era of Christian civilization in a region of the world so rich in all the elements of material progress, so precious in its memories of the past, and of such vast possibilities of influence on the destinies of mankind ? After prayer, in which Rev. Evarts Kent led, this paper was referred to a special committee, consisting of Drs. S. C. Bartlett and C. L. Goodell, A. L. Williston, Esq., Dr. Thomas Laurie, and Rev. Arthur Little, to re­ port in the evening.

Dr. Savage, in behalf of the Nominating Committee, reported the fol­ lowing committees, and they were appointed : — On the Zulu Mission. Dr. Zachary Eddy, Rev. John H. Denison, Rev. Henry Fairbanks, Rev. James Powell, Dr. Henry Cowles, Dr. Flavel Bas- com, and Rev. Hiram Foote. On the European Turkey Mission. Hon. E. H. Sawyer, Rev. L. H. Cobb, Rev. C. C. Creegan, Rev. H. P. Higley, Rev. S. W . Eaton, and W. J. Phelps, Esq. On the Western Turkey Mission. Dr. George F. Magoun, Dr. John R. Herrick, Rev. Michael Burnham, Rev. Anson Clark, L. E. Herrick, Esq., Rev. B. D. Conkling, and Rev. Thomas G. Grassie. On the Central and Eastern Turkey Missions. Pres. I. W . A'ndrews, Prof. T. W . Hopkins, Rev. James Brewer, Hon. J. Q. Adams, and Dr. A. B. Lambert. On the Mahratta Mission. Rev. Henry F. Hyde, Rev. James P. Lane, Rev. William Kincaid, Rev. Charles Little, Rev. J. B. Fairbank, Rev. A. E. Tracy, and W. J. Bruce, Esq. On the Madura and Ceylon Missions. Rev. E. F. Williams, Dr. E. H. Richardson, A. Lyman Williston, Esq., Prof. George N. Boardman, Rev. C. W . Camp, Rev. George Huntington, and Rev. George Bushnell. On the Foochow and North China Missions. Dr. J. Collie, Rev. Frank Russell, Pres. John Bascom, Rev. H. N. Gates, D. W . Fairbank, Esq., and Rev. W . A. Nichols. On the Japan Mission. Prof. F. W. Fisk, Rev. S. M. Freeland, Rev. D. D. Frost, L. H. Boutelle, Esq., Rev. William Crawford, and Rev. L. Clapp. On the Micronesia Mission. Dr. N. A. Hyde, George P. Davis, Esq., Rev. Leroy Warren, Rev. C. E. Dickinson, Rev. F. P. Doe, and Rev. George A . Coleman. REPORT ON DR. ALDEN’S PAPER. x x ix

On the Dakota Mission. Rev. Joseph Ward, Hon. A. C.. Barstow, Rev. John W . Dodge, Dr. T. M. Post, Gen. E. Whittlesey, Rev. A. F. Sherrill, and Gen. C. H. Howard. On the Missions to M exico and Spain. Dr. Joel S. Bingham, Rev. J. R. Thurston, Prof. William Porter, Rev. D. E. Curtis, Major Joseph C. Bridgman, and Rev. E. H. Betts. On the Mission to Austria. Dr. E. H. Merrell, Pres. W. M. Brooks, Rev. J. W. Bradshaw, W . A. Talcott, Esq., H. H. Curtis, Esq., and Rev. L. Taylor. On the Home Department. Dr. A. L. Chapin, Dr. George B. Safford, Hon. S. D. Hastings, Rev. Evarts Kent, and William C. Crump, Esq. On Officers. Dr. Thomas Laurie, Samuel M. Lane, Esq., Gen. J. B. Leake, Peter Smith, Esq., J. N. Harris, Esq., Rev. J. W . Backus, and Rev. A. L. P. Loomis. On the Treasurer's Report. Hon. A. C. Barstow, Hon. E. D. Helton, Philo Parsons, Esq., J. W. Scoville, Esq., C. A. Richardson, Esq., and D. R. Holt, Esq. On Place and Preacher. Dr. S. G. Buckingham, Dr. Samuel Wolcott, Dr. M. K. Whittlesey, Kev. Samuel Johnson, George R. Hyde, Esq., and J. W . Stickney, Esq.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. The afternoon session was opened with singing, and prayer by Rev. E. J. Montague. Mr. Blatchford, of the Business Committee, reported that a memorial from the Dakota mission had been laid before that commit­ tee, and moved that it be referred to the committee on that mission, and it was so referred.

REPORT ON DR. ALDEN’S PAPER. Dr. Goodwin, of the special committee on Secretary Alden’s paper, pre­ sented the following report : — The timeliness and value of this discussion cannot be overestimated. No sub­ ject goes more to the heart of the whole missionary enterprise, and none is more vital and urgent in its relations to the demands

flurries of occasional enthusiasm, no spasms o f occasional giving. It can only be met by a spirit of individual consecration, lifting its cry without ceasing in every closet, at every family altar, in every pulpit, and in every office and counting room and place of toil as well. And the burden of that utterance must be : “ Lord, I am thine, — bought by thy blood, — covenanted, as to body, soul, life, all I am, all I hope to be, to do thy will. What wilt Thou have me— not the missionaries in Japan, China, India, Turkey, or the Islands of the Sea, — but me to do 1 ” What does it signify, brethren, that we bear the name of Christ unless wc share his thought, his spirit, his work ? If we are truly Christ’s, our purpose, our consecration, our giving, our prayers, our labors, must in their intent, match his. And to such personal, earnest, life-long appropriation of the blessed respon­ sibility of giving the gospel to the unsaved millions for whom Christ died equally with us, does this paper, in our Master’s name, call us here and now. The Com­ mittee recommend its adoption. Earnest remarks were made on the subject by Dr. Goodwin, Hon. W il­ liam E. Dodge, Drs. Judson Smith, Eli Corwin, and George L. W alker; Dr. F. W . Fisk led the assembly in prayer, and the report was accepted.

REPORT ON THE HOME DEPARTMENT.

Dr. Chapin, of the Committee on the Home Department, presented the following report and resolution: — The Committee to whom the report on the Home Department was re­ ferred, offer the following suggestions: — As heretofore, so now, this part of the report of our Prudential Committee brings to view chiefly the financial figures and facts which are of vital impor­ tance to the practical operations of the Board in every department of its work. The following items seem to demand special notice and consideration at this meeting. . 1. W e meet the cheering fact that the Prudential Committee have succeeded in providing for the ordinary current expenditures of the past year without incur­ ring debt. 2. It appears that the few and simple general agencies for awakening and stimulating missionary interest and securing contributions are well conducted, at small outlay from the treasury ; and that this item of expense is to be still fur­ ther reduced by leaving vacant the office from which Secretary Warren now with­ draws by resignation, and depending on the spontaneous action of pastors and churches, by methods of their own devising, to sustain interest and effort in New England. 3. The three Societies of women, auxiliary to this Board, have steadily gained in numbers, efficiency, and the amount of funds contributed to the common treas­ ury for sustaining their special department of the work. Our Christian women are now contributing about one sixth of the annual receipts of the Board. It is, however, fitly said, that “ the main value of this auxiliary is in the warm, in­ telligent, personal missionary interest awakened and nurtured among women and children, and through their instrumentality diffused everywhere among the churches.” These facts give occasion for gratitude to God, and for encouragement in faith and hope, and renewed effort, as in this our annual Convocation we bring our­ selves anew into sympathy with the Master and with one another, for the blessed enterprise of the world’s redemption. COMMITTEES TO REPORT NEXT YEAR. x x x i

But there is another aspect of the case; facts of another kind meet us in the “ Financial Review of the year,” which may well awaken solicitude, and ear­ nest inquiry, and fervent prayer for divine wisdom in devising measures for ad­ vancing this work. ’ 4. It is evident that there has been a sad failure to fulfill the promise and pur­ pose implied in the resolution adopted last year, advising the Prudential Com­ mittee to look to the churches for the sum o f $500,000, for that current year. By the special effort made at the meeting in Providence, the old debt was indeed cleared off, and high hopes were kindled; but the “ earnest appeal to the minis­ ters and churches ” to follow up that effort by bringing in the full tale of con­ tributions confessedly needed, has altogether failed to swell the current income. 5. It is a humiliating fact, that we are saved from the burden o f another debt only by the extreme prudence of our Prudential Committee, reducing expenditure whenever practicable, and declining to assume new responsibilities even when Providence has thrown the door wide open, and the most pressing call comes from those already on the field, for reinforcements. 6. The figures show clearly that outside of New England, less than one half of our churches make any contribution for the cause of Foreign Missions. And furthermore, it seems fairly to be inferred from the statistics, that even in the churches which contribute regularly, but a small part of the members are actually enlisted to do anything for this object. 7. A t the same time we have the distinct statement of our Prudential Com­ mittee, that “ we shall wrong ourselves, and cripple our missions, unless, entering upon the new year with the full purpose expressed in our resolution of a year ago, we also faithfully execute the purpose, and see to it that the income of the year upon which we have now entered do not fall below the full sum of $500,000. Only thus can we change this perilous process of a continuous reduction of ex­ penditure below the necessities of the missionary work, into an honorable and animating advance.” To meet this crisis, to put an end to this suicidal policy of curtailment, and set forward this work of evangelizing the world, as God, by the providential move­ ments of the day and by the Redeemer’s ever binding word of both command and promise calls on this Board to do, the responsibility of bearing a part in the sacri­ fice and service of this work must be laid and pressed home on the conscience of every individual member of every Congregational church in the land. Your committee therefore recommend the adoption of the following resolu­ tion : — Resolved, That it is of vital necessity to the continued life, efficiency, and en­ largement of the missionary work of this Board, as well as to the prosperity of our churches and to the spiritual life and growth of their individual members, that measures be devised to enlist every member of each church, and as far as prac­ ticable of the associate congregation, personally, in the privilege and duty of systematic and regular contributions to the cause o f Foreign Missions.

COMMITTEES TO REPORT NEXT YEAH.

The President appointed members of committees to report on the several missions at the next annual meeting, as follows: — Zulu Mission. Dr. J. O. Fiske, Hon. Frederick Billings, and Rev. C. T. Collins. European Turkey Mission. Dr. Daniel March, Hon. W . W . Thomas, and Rev. W. S. Palmer. XXX11 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

Western Turkey Mission. Dr. A .J. F. Behrends, Hon. Benjamin Doug­ las, and Rev. Reuen Thomas. Central and Eastern Turkey Missions. Rev. A. H. Plumb, A. D. Lock­ wood, Esq., and Rev. H. S. De Forest. Mahratta Mission. Rev. G. B. Willcox, Z. S. Ely, Esq., and Rev. E. Y. Hincks. • Madura and Ceylon Missions. Dr. Henry M. Scndder, Dr. M. H. Buck- ham, and Rev. Burdett Hart. Foochow and North China Missions. Rev. Alexander McKenzie, Rev. Arthur Little, and Hon. Horace Fairbanks. Japan Mission. Dr. Austin Phelps, Hon. William B. Washburn, and Rev. E. G. Selden. Micronesia Mission. Dr. W . M. Taylor, Henry E. Sawyer, Esq., and Dr. J. G. Yose. Mexico and Spain Missions. Dr. George W . Field, Hon. John B. Page, and Rev. Evarts Kent. Austrian Empire Mission. Dr. William M. Barbour, Samuel Holmes, Esq., and Rev. G. T. Ladd. Dakota Mission. Rev. E. Whittlesey, Douglas Putnam, Esq., and Rev. Josiah Strong. The session was closed by prayer in which Dr. G. P. Nichols led.

WEDNESDAY EVENING— LETTERS OF EXCDSE.

The Board assembled at the hour named, and the session opened with devotional exercises, Rev. William M. Whipple, of the Persian mission (Presbyterian), leading in prayer. Letters were read from His Excellency, Horace Fairbanks, Governor of Vermont, and from Dr. James G. Vose, of Providence, R. I., excusing their absence from this Annual Meeting. Communications of similar tenor were also announced as having been received from the following Corporate Members of the Board: Drs. R. Anderson, J. W . Chickering, William Thompson, John Forsyth, Ray Palmer, P. R. Hurd, Z. Eddy, F. A. Noble, II. Mead, James W . Strong, J. O. Fiske, C. B. Hulbert, J. H. Seelye, William I. Budington, J. W . Hough, G. W . Blagden, T. H. Hawks, J. W . Wellman, D. L. Furber, O. E. Daggett, J. H. Means, J. S. Hoyt, J. J. Carruthers, N. Porter, and William Warren; Revs. S. G. Willard, J. H. Coulter, J. L. Jenkins, J. G. Johnson, L. T. Chamberlain, C. R. Palmer, and Henry Fairbanks; Hons. Alpheus Hardy, Douglas Putnam, O. E. Wood, A. L. Grimes, William Hyde, J. B. Eldridge, N. Shipman, and Frederick Billings; W. J. Breed, F. C. Sessions, J. S. Wheelwright, H. E. Sawyer, and Samuel Holmes, Esqs., and Ebenezer Alden, M. D. REPORT ON DR. CLARK’S PAPER.

Dr. Bartlett, of the special committee on Secretary Clark's paper, pre­ sented a report as follows : — The paper upon “ The Gospel in the Ottoman Empire ” reviews a remarkable chapter in the leadings of God’s wonder-working Providence and grace, and fitly REPORT ON DR. CLARK’S PAPER. X X X lU characterizes the latest tributary event,— the Treaty of Berlin, — as marking “ an era in the history of modern missions.” 'The minds of thoughtful observers have for many years turned to the Turk­ ish Empire with the deepening conviction that here is a central and strategic point in the struggle of Christ’s kingdom for the mastery of the world, and the possible scene of some great religious revolution, not far distant. That noble Capital, with its magnificent site and matchless harbor, the coveted object of Constantine and Napoleon, of Mohammed II. and Peter the Great, unites the East and the West. Those attractive regions, the ancient seats of civilization and religion, the birthplace of Homer’s poems and John’s Gospel, still contain in their multitudinous races, languages, and sects, channels of influence through the whole Orient. Here we have recognized the guidance of the good hand of God, in the seem­ ingly incidental, and, as it were, accidental introduction of the missionary work into the very heart of the empire ; in the unforeseen changes in its plan of operations; in the repeated overruling of hostile machinations, to the further­ ance of the gospel; in the sudden arrest, more than once, of the hand of persecu­ tion when it was just lifted to strike its heaviest blows, and in the wringing of concession upon concession from the most intolerant of religions. Meanwhile we have seen the young blood of a living Christianity flowing through the veins of an effete but still fierce and formidable empire, dotting the land with churches and schools, colleges and theological institutions, sprinkling it with ardent Chris­ tian workers and cultivated Christian women, until we had learned to look for some great and radical revolution as sure to come in due time, we knew not when, nor how. We knew not that it would be peaceful. There were even pos­ sibilities that a great and terrible fanaticism might be desperately aroused, and the freedom of the gospel bought by great convulsions and martyr blood. And now we cannot but look with admiration, not unmingled with awe, upon the simple and unexpected stroke with which the God of missions has solved the difficult problem, and changed the whole religious outlook in the empire. W e admire the wisdom which aroused and used the ponderous Russian power thoroughly to humble the intolerant Moslem, and at the critical moment arrested all further encroachments; which guided the great powers of Europe to insist upon a religious toleration which we were not even prepared to expect, and moved a British ministry, to which perhaps our sympathies were not strongly drawn, by a surprising side-stroke of policy, to place the chief Christian nation of the world in the guardianship of the great reform. W e would not be too sanguine. W e fully recognize the historic difference in the Turkish Empire between promise and performance. We arc prepared for characteristic delays, and evasions, and plausible violations. But we remember that the edict has gone forth in the hearing of the world, under the solemn sanc­ tion of the world’s mighty powers, who record in the sixty-second article of their treaty, that they “ take note of the spontaneous declaration of the Sublime Porte ” and legislate thus: — “ In no part of the Ottoman Empire shall difference of religion be alleged against an individual as a ground for exclusion or incapacity as regards the dis­ charge of civil and political rights, admission to the public service, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the different professions and industries. All persons shall be admitted without distinction of religion to give evidence before the tribu­ nals. Liberty and the outward exercise of all forms of worship are assured to all, and no hindrance shall be offered to the hierarchical organization of the various communions, or to their relations with their spiritual chiefs.” x x x iv ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

Whatever may be the possible short-comings in the fulfillment of this stipula­ tion, it stands on record henceforth as the grave and solemn recognition at last, by the governing powers of the world, of the rights of missions and Christianity, and carries with it a reflected significance that might well startle the Empires of Russia and Austria themselves. And we hare no hesitation in thinking that this transaction deserveB to be counted in the same class with the extinction o f idol­ atry in Oahu, with the overthrow of the East India Company’s opposition to the gospel, with the unlocking of the ports of China, and with the wonderful prep­ aration in Japan. And when we “ take note ” of it, our hearts kindle with gratitude to God, and we feel ready to exclaim, “ Alleluia, for the Lord God Om­ nipotent reigneth.” After remarks by Rev. G. F. Herrick, of the Western Turkey mis­ sion, Drs. Laurie, of Providence, R. I., Good ell,'of St. Louis, and Jessup, of Syria, the report was accepted, and the congregation united in prayer, led by Dr. Wolcott, and in singing the doxology.

■ THURSDAY — REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. The morning session was opened with singing, and prayer in which Rev. C. H. Richards, of Wisconsin, led. In the course of ihe morning and afternoon the committees to whom different portions of the Annual Report from the Prudential Committee had been referred made their reports, severally recommending that those portions which had been re­ ferred to them be accepted and printed.

The Committee on the Zulu mission reported : — Although the year’s mission work in this field has been annoyed and some­ what retarded l>y wars among adjacent tribes, we have cause for gratitude to God that our missionaries have been able to hold their ground, and may yet look hopefully towards their future. Viewed comprehensively, the future, from the Zulu stnnd-point, seems to your committee to eull for special study. W e assume that all missionary plans and wurk should follow the indications of God’s will, made through his provi­ dence. This provide nee has shown i s hand in those recent explorations which have liiiil Central Africa open to the civilized world. Guided by this same fore­ ordering providence, the American Board has “ huilded Letter than it knew" in founding, years n^o, this Zulu mission, which to-day rises before the American people in new and most inviting aspect*, as perhaps the best possible base for mission work in the heart of Africa, it being wholesome in climate, convenient in location, and in every respect adapted for training native helpers for mission work on that continent. Nor would we overlook, or in any wise disparage the African youth of our own country, nor the noble work in progress under a sister Association for training them to bear a hand in the redemption of the land of their fathers. Moreover, the recent movements of our British fellow-laborers in missions should he an inspiration to ourselves. As if waking to some just sense of their obligation to give Africa the gospel, to offset ages of cruel wrong against her sons and daughters, they challenge the American people (equally guilty) to a noble emulation in this tardy but just repentance and reparation. The lending mission Boards of Great Britain are moving earnestly towards the evangelization of interior Africa, and having suggested to this Board to REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. XXXV take a portion of that newly discovered country, they nobly invite our coopera­ tion. This spirit of the British people takes definite form in the recent proffer, by Robert Arthington, Esq., of Leeds, of one thousand pounds sterling, upon certain conditions, as a nucleus for our enterprise. In yie\v of this offer, and under the conviction that t}ie providences of God indicate an unquestionable and emphatic call to this work, your Committee rec­ ommend the following resolutions: — 1. That the Prudential Committee be requested to spare no pains to foster, sustain, and if possible, enlarge their mission work in the Zulu field. 2. That they consider the expediency of issuing an appeal to the American public, to create a special fund to enable the Committee to respond to the pro­ posal of Mr. Arthington, and to the coordinate invitation of Missionary Societies of Great Britain; to the end that the American people may bear their part with their British brethren in the spiritual redemption of Africa. This report was accepted and the resolutions were adopted.

The Committee to whom was referred the report on European Turkey, state: — Much of the field of the European Turkey mission wa9 the seat of war, with. ■ its consequent evils. Every part has felt its influence in excitement and dis­ traction, and at some times and places ordinary missionary labor has been very- much interrupted. Yet your Committee desire to record, first, for our missionaries, that they have- made peril and suffering around them witness the beauty and worth of Chris­ tian courage, Christian kindness, and Christian discernment, so that Turk- and- Russian have vied with each other in affording them protection; and it is be­ lieved that to these, as also to the Bulgarians, the gospel has been commended-, and thus a vantage ground for future influence gained. W e recognize the bearing of Russian officers to our missionaries, as in har* mony with Russia’s declared aim, to bring in a day of larger religious liberty for Turkey. And secondly, — looking away from men to God, — most gratefully do we desire to record, with the report of the mission, that the promise standeth sure, as repeatedly fulfilled, “ He that keepeth Israel shall neither si umber.nor- sleep.”

Respecting the Western Turkey field it was said: — The members of this Committee appointed a year in advance, have, in. common with their associates and the whole Christian public, had. theár; attention strongly drawn during the year to God’s providence in the Turkish, empire, and espe­ cially to the bearing of passing events upon our missionary work centering at its capital. They could not have been blind to these things if,they would. That in all this period of violence and tumult, our brethren and sisters there have been so sheltered and guided of God that they have won the confidence, and profound respect of all parties, and that the report put into our hands could truthfully say, “ there has been no cessation of effort, not a missionary; or a native preacher withdrawn from his post, no schools suspended, hut the work everywhere vigor­ ously kept up,” ought not only to make our gratitude for the pa9t lively and deep, but our faith and hope for the future robust and strong. Has not the Master kept the mission from decline in such extraordinary difficulties, in order that, in the changed conditions of that country, it may now be carried forward with increased advantage, and with more vigor, men, ,and.means ? x x x v i ANNUAL MEETING OP THE BOARI).

We note with exceeding pleasure the influence of suffering from war in turn­ ing many hearts to God for help; the new interest in the preaching of our breth­ ren ; the evidences of the Spirit’s presence with them; the addition of eighty-one by profession to eleven of the thirty churches; the liberality shown in 6ore im­ poverishment, famine, and distress, — especially in Cesarea, where the contribu­ tion represents a sum fifteen times as large as it would in this country; the growing interest in Christian schools and literature in a land where three days’ labor is required to procure a reading book; and the steady progress made in training native laborers. Especially would your Committee emphasize the remarkable changes in favor of the education of women, and the delightful influence of those converted in the girls’ schools upon their relatives. It is meet that in that empire, where brutal depression of woman is brought nearest to Christendom, this wonderful reform should take place, to which the sisters in our churches have given so much heart and help. This Board should congratulate all Christendom upon the fact that “ the Bible is now offered in their native languages ’ ’ to the people of Turkey, and upon the auspicious time of the completion of the sacred task of transla­ tion — when something more nearly approaching our own religious freedom promises to be hereafter enjoyed among them. It is also to be noted, that there is a strengthened interest in the conversion of the Greek population of Turkey, and in the education of Greek children. This also comes at a time when Prot­ estant Europe is looking for a new future of the Greek race. On all accounts there is occasion for satisfaction and hope, in that our repre­ sentatives at and near the great center of political interest in the East, have steadily pursued the Lord’s work, unentangled by the politics of Asia or of East­ ern and Western Europe, devoted to the salvation of souls with a single eye, and now prepared to go right on in the new era opening, whatever the fortunes of nations and races may be, extending the knowledge of the Saviour among the perishing of all classes in tbe present Turkish Empire.

In regard to the Central and Eastern Turkey missions the Committee reported:— -

It seems to your Committee certain, that great as has been the success of the Centra] and Eastern Turkey missions in their past history, all this is but a work of preparation. The report for the past year shows very satisfactory progress in that work. This is the more encouraging, inasmuch as from the disturbed state of affairs in Turkey, and the impoverished and suffering condition of its people, we might have anticipated less favorable results. Your committee note with gratitnde the prominent place which God is giving to Christian education in these fields, and see in this an assurance that true Christianity must of necessity have a commanding influence there, in that immediate future which a divine providence has so manifestly decreed and is just now inaugurating, — an influ­ ence which shall not merely affect and bless these lands, but which shall also most surely affect and bless other lands, lying as yet in darkness, all about and far beyond them. A highly valued laborer has been removed by death from each of these mis­ sions : Mr. Bickford, — a man of eminent fitness for his work as teacher in the Seminary at Marash, — having just learned and begun to preach acceptably in the Turkish language, has been taken from the already weakened forces of the Central Turkey mission, and Miss Nicholson, a most amiable, gifted, and de­ voted laborer, possessed of an inspired zeal which nought but a love for Christ and for the souls of men, knowing no bounds, could produce, after but a few REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. x x x v ii months more than one year’s service, has been taken from the Eastern field. Yet the hearts of the missionaries on these fields are still, as iu past years, strong through faith, and hope, and devotion. Important outposts given to their charge, and which must be held in the strength of the Captain of our Salvation, by his help they are resolved that they w i l l hold; but their most earnest cry still is, as to God, so also to His Church for more helpers in this work. In concluding this Teport, we can but notice with grateful amazement, the wonderful workings of God’ s providence in, through, and far outreaching the plans, hopes, conceptions, and labors of his Church, and revealing a meaning to its work of which it never dreamed; and we must be reminded that thus the voice of our divine Lord is bidding us, from this new and advanced standpoint, and as in the dawn of this new day the mists are rising from the fields beyond to lift up our eyes and behold, for they are all white and ready for the harvest. The Committee on the Maliratta mission say: — We are cheered by the evidence that God continues to smile upon the labors of our brethren on that most interesting field. Although special difficulties and discouragements have attended the work during the past year — such as the con­ tinuance of the famine, with its resulting fever, scattering the flock and produc­ ing great fatality ; the diminution of the working force of the mission by the death of the devoted Mrs. Fairbank, and the permanent retirement of Mr. and Mrs. Hazen, Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson, and Miss Ashley from the field; and the unusual activity of high church Episcopalians in the destructive work of pros­ elyting, — the growth of the mission both in numbers and spiritual activity and power is gratifying. We are cheered by the character of the converts, even Hindus, as the report says, expecting native Christians to be more upright in their dealings than themselves, and government officials placing a confidence in their integrity, though they are usually from the lower castes, which they do not feel in that of the heathen. The Committee are particularly impressed by the versatility of method em­ ployed by this mission in bringing the truth to bear on the minds and hearts of the people. A hopeful feature is the increasing number of native volunteer workers, — young men talking Christ by the way, and native female readers, without help from the missionaries, reading the Scriptures, conducting meetings, and impressing the truth. Dr. Ballantine reports about a third of all the Christian women in his field as thus employed. The Committee on the Madura and Ceylon missions reported: — The Madura Mission has been sorely afflicted in the death of the venerable Dr. Tracy, who, after a service of nearly forty-one years, has fallen asleep in the Lord. Three weeks before his death he was permitted to welcome his son to the work to which he had given his life, and another missionary, with his wife, is now on his way to this field. Though the mission has been compelled, by the famine, to devote a good portion of its strength to the alleviation of distress, the year has been one of spiritual blessing. The spirit of inquiry has been unusual. The ministry of relief, both in the distribution of food and in the care of the sick, has removed prejudice, and given access to homes heretofore closed. It is also a gratifying fact, that native benevolence, though diminished in amount, has not, considering the diminished resources whence it has come, really fallen off. Could our churches rise to the height of their privilege, and send out the needed reinforcements, there is abundant reason to believe that the harvest, so xxxvill ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

long waited for, might be speedily gathered; that scenes like those witnessed by our Baptist brethren among the Teloogoos, where 8,691 persons were received to the church between June 16 and July 31, in the present year, might be wit­ nessed also in Madura. Shall we be recreant to our trust, when the blessings of Pentecost are seemingly within our reach ? Respecting the missions in China the report states: — The Committee have read with much interest the Reports of these missions. In the Foochow mission, every department of the work is in a healthful and hopeful condition, giving promise of steady growth and sure fruitage. In the North China mission there are some things of special interest : — 1. A t Tungcho, the educational center of the mission, God’s spirit has come into the hearts of the scholars with reviving and converting power, and as these scholars come from every station of the mission^ the radiating influences of this revival must be wide-spread and far-reaching. It is an encouragement to faith, that in a land with no Christian traditions or conventionalities, this revival fol­ lowed the week of prayer, furnishing another proof of the fact, that prayer and its twin attendant, inseparable from it, earnest work, are the divinely appointed forces that, respectively, lay hold on God and men, and link them together. 2. In God’s providence the missionaries have been almoners of the contribu­ tions made for the famine-stricken. To the work of relief they, have given much time and effort. And this has not been wasted labor, — for this, man’s great extremity, has proved to be God's opportunity. The adamantine wall of Chinese exclusiveness has been in some measure broken down. The missionaries have gone into the Chinese homes with their sympathy and help, and thus, upon the heart-hinges of thousands to whom they have ministered, has the door swung wide open. For reinforcements to fill their thinned ranks, the brethren make an earnest appeal, and this appeal your Committee would second, and emphasize. In regard to Japan it was said: — Your Committee are highly gratified with the evidence presented in the Re­ port of the progress of our missionary work in Japan during the year. The indications of such advancement are seen in the increase of the number of churches from eight to ten (all but two of which are self-supporting), in the addition of nearly one hundred to their membership ; in a considerable rein­ forcement of the mission ; in the remarkable success of the efforts made in be­ half of the women ; in the great prosperity o f the training-school at Kioto, and its increasing efficiency in raising up native helpers ; and especially in the organi­ zation of a Home Missionary Society, to which all the churches contribute, — thus far a model, both in liberal giving and prudent management, for similar societies in other lands. But there seems to be pressing need of establishing and amply endowing a Christian College to provide a suitable native ministry, and Christian literature. Your Committee are profoundly impressed with those providences of God which, in so remarkable a manner, have opened the empire to Christian mission­ aries and a Christian civilization, and they cannot but think that our mission, among a people at once so promising and receptive, should call forth in a marked degree the sympathies, the prayers, and the contributions, both of men and of money, from the constituency of this Board. The Committee on the Micronesia mission reported : — Your Committee are gratified to find that the missionary work in these dis­ tant islands, so richly blessed in the past, still gives evidence of steady progress- The thirteen churches making report have received to their membership, within REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. TTTIT the year, 353, an increase far above the average of church growth in our own country. The retrograde movement reported in one or two churches only repeats the lesson we are learning at home, that the fidelity and devotion of church members can be maintained only by persistent and faithful Christian training. The spirit of self-sacrificing benevolence manifested by some of these churches is worthy of special notice. In poverty, and amid the distress of famine, they have not withheld generous contributions of money and the products of their own labor, to maintain their teachers and send the Gospel to others. The point of greatest interest perhaps, in the history of this mission, is the illustration it affords of the efficiency of native helpers in prosecuting missionary work. The remarkable testimony is given that no part of the work in Micro­ nesia has been more prosperous than that in the Mortlock Islands, — out-stations of Ponape, — which has been conducted wholly by native laborers. And in no part of the field does the work, thus far, seem more genuine. It can be truly said of these native converts, trained in the mission schools, when they returned to their own or went to other islands, “ the hand of the Lord was with them, and a great number believed and turned unto the Lord.” Thus there comes from these far-off islands of the Pacific fresh evidence of the living power of our religion, and that the means for the regeneration of hea­ then lands, under God, are to be found among converts from heathenism itself. The Committee on the Dakota mission reported: — The Committee are glad to find, from the report of the Dakota mission, that this year has been one of progress, carrying forward the work at all the stations, and giving gratifying proof of the power of the gospel to regenerate even the wildest and most turbulent of human beings. They join with the missionaries in rejoicing over the completed translation of the Bible into the language of the Da­ kotas, and would also beg the sad privilege of sharing in their sorrow over the loss of her who had served her Lord so loyally among the Teetons, and was so suddenly called to enter into his joy. In reference to the work for the future, the Committee take this occasion of bringing before the Board, and thus most effectively before the members of our churches, a few points that in their judgment should be kept prominently in mind. First. The Indians are not dying out. This long cherished and often ex­ pressed belief of romancers and popular speakers, is not sustained by facts. This is not the place to argue the question, but tho assertion that they are not dying out, but on the contrary are increasing, can be amply sustained. But a single glance is needed to see how vital a point is here involved. If they are dying out, it is still our duty as Christians to do all in our power to save the remnant. On the other hand, if they are to remain among us, and form an essential and a valu­ able part of our national life, then it becomes very necessary to adopt plans that shall not only work harmoniously in the present, but look very far into the future. The Christian people of our country have no longer any right to cherish the hope, even ever so faintly, that the “ Indian Question ” is going to be settled by the “ visitation of G od” through the agency of disease. We will not believe that they have ever felt that it should be settled by extermination. Second. The policy of massing the Indians in great numbers, by gathering them all into the Indian Territory and upon a few large reservations, is fatal to all true progress. It is a plan that sounds plausible and seems feasible, but even if it were possible it is not right. It cannot be done without disregarding the rights of every tribe that would be affected by the plan. x l ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

There are two motives that urge the adoption of this plan: First, the greed of white men who look with longing eyes upon the lands now held by the Indians; second, the half lazy, half sentimental way of looking at the “ Indian Question,” which is prevalent among many good men and women. It is a dream of many to find some wholesale way of civilizing and Christianizing the Indian. Y es! bring them all together and then we can work upon them in the mass, and do up the job by contract. This relieves us of personal, individual responsibility. And then what a beautiful theory it is to have all the Indians together by themselves, and away from u s! But do we reason so regarding the other races that share this land with us ? We must not forget that our children are to inherit this land with the Indian, as well as with the German and the Scandinavian, the Irishman and the Chinaman. Third. Since they arc to remain and form a part of our nation, under condi­ tions similar to those which will govern other nationalities, the sooner our legisla­ tion recognizes and conforms to this fact, the better for them and for us. W e should then do all in our power to see that the proper legislation is secured and made effective, so that the Indian may everywhere have the privilege of taking the public lands and holding them like any other citizen. He should also, as soon as possible, be placed under the protection of the same laws which protect us, and should be punished for their violation by the same courts and the same officers that try and punish white criminals. Fourth. In this connection your Committee would allude to the memorial referred to them from the Dakota mission. It would indeed be a thing greatly to be regretted, if from any cause there should be a feeling on the part of any re­ ligious body that it had exclusive right to give missionary instruction. The principle of entire and unrestricted religious liberty is too firmly wrought into pur civil as well as our religious life to be safely disregarded, on any pretext. The Committee also heartily second the suggestion of the memorial “ that the true civil as well as spiritual regeneration of our Indian tribes is by the power of the gospel of Christ, and that now is the time for Christians of every name to push forward missions, with renewed vigor, among this people.” As the American missionaries furnished the true solution to the " Eastern Question,” so have the missionaries of this Board wrought out the solution of the “ Indian Question ” of this country. They have applied the gospel faithfully, and nothing but the gospel to this problem, and the gospel has solved it. If the gospel had at last found here a task too hard for ils accomplishment, there would have been no hope for us. If the Indian cannot be saved we are all lost. Therefore we say, now is the time to press forward more vigorously, because we can do so more hopefully than ever before, and because if we do not lift the Indian up into citizenship by the gospel, he will drag us down into barbarism. Respecting Mexico and Spain the Committee say: — The opposition to our missionary labors in Spain is by no means abated, yet the increased number of copies of Scripture put in circulation by the British and Foreign Bible Society, advancing from 49,000 for the preceding year to 67,000 for the present, is an encouragement to prosecute the work, cheered by the hope of seeing the good seed of the word springing up and yielding a rich harvest. From Mexico reports are meager. Mr. Edwards and wife are struggling on in the midst of much encouragement on the one hand and serious opposition on the pther. The urgent call for additional laborers in this field should be consid­ ered. BEPORTS OF COMMITTEES. x li

In regard to the Austrian mission it was said: — The mission in the Austrian Empire is carried on in the face of no common obstacles. Romanism backed by the civil power of a great empire; religious degradation appearing in the form of contempt for Christianity on the part of the intelligent, and superstition and formalism on the part of the ignorant; the lack of moral sense which is the natural outcome o f priestcraft, — these with other elements of difficulty make the field one of peculiar hardship. Neverthe­ less the work of the year is not without its encouraging features; and, even if little, in visible form, were accomplished, it would not prove that the mission should be abandoned. These seemingly feeble works often become the initial points of power when the day of the Lorijja visitation is at hand. It is particu­ larly gratifying that foundations have been so well laid in Gratz that they seem likely to abide, although missionaries are to be withdrawn; and also that at Briinn, the whole time of the missionary “ has been fully and delightfully occu­ pied in making known the word of life.” And even at Prague, in many re­ spects the most discouraging of the three stations, although little has been accom­ plished that can be presented in statistics, we find ground o f hope in the courage and faith of the workers. This courage and confidence both of the missionaries and the helpers in the Austrian Empire, is a demonstration of their call to their work, and an earnest, also, of blessed results. Our duty to support them by our prayers and contribu­ tions is clear. W e cannot close this report without recalling the fact that Austria was at one time Protestant, and that for nearly a generation scarcely a youth was found to enter the Romish priesthood. Now the Protestant missionary finds himself opposed by both Romish and civil power. But who knows whether, in the turn­ ings and overturnings, whose swift incoming and passing nearly bewilder us, the defenders of a pure faith may not again have control among these human and terrestrial forces, and an empire be bom again in a day 1 Then shall those who have gone forth in feebleness and weeping, bearing precious 6eed, return with great joy, bringing their sheaves with them.

. The report on Western Turkey was followed by some remarks by Dr. Magoun, chairman of the committee, and an address by Rev. George F. Herrick, of the Western Turkey Mission. The report on the Dakota Mission, presented by Rev. Joseph Ward, of Yankton, was also followed by addresses and remarks at some length, by Dr. S. R. Riggs, of the mis­ sion, General Whittlesey, of Washington, Secretary of the Indian Com­ mission, Dr. Post, of St. Louis, Hon. J. V. Farwell, of Chicago, Rev. H. A. Stimson, of Minneapolis, Dr. Wolcott, of Cleveland, Dr. A. C. Thomp­ son, of Boston, Rev. Joseph Ward, of Yankton, and Hon. A. C. Barstow, of Providence, and the report was recommitted for a slight amendment, which was made by the Committee. Preceding the report on the Zulu Mission, Dr. M. McG. Dana, of St. Paul, Minnesota, made an able and earnest address, urging that, for many reasons, and specially in view of the fearful wrongs heretofore inflicted upon the people of Africa, Ameri­ can societies and American Christians should unite with those of Great Britain in prompt and vigorous efforts to plant the institutions of the gos­ pel in the heart of that continent. x lii ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOABD.

t r e a s u r e r ’ s r e p o r t .

The Committee to whom the Treasurer’s report was referred reported that : — Beside the full certificate of the Auditors appointed by this Board, to the cor­ rectness of the account, your Committee have also seen the certificate of the sub­ committee appointed by the Prudential Committee, that they have made monthly examination of the Treasurer’s accounts, and have given certificates thereof in his books; and also that they examined his books up to August 31, on which this account is based, as also the certificates of stocks, notes, bonds, etc., in his hands, in which the permanent funds of the Board are invested, and found them all correct. Your Committee have also sought explanation of the Treasurer respecting every item in his account, have looked into the manner of keeping his accounts, especially that with his London bankers, into the authority given by the Pru­ dential Committee for monthly drafts and the manner of making remittances, into the value of the securities now held by the Board, which represent its per­ manent funds, and in fact, into the whole method of accounting for, and admin­ istering the contributions of the churches which pass through his hands. Your Committee are glad to be enabled to report their high satisfaction with the methods adopted by the Prudential Committee to secure so careful an over­ sight of the Treasury ; as well as with the clear and accurate accounting and statements of the Treasurer. They congratulate the Board, that in passing through a season of unexampled fluctuation and depreciation of all values, they have good reason to believe that the securities which they hold, for their permanent funds, are worth more than the amount at which they stand in the Treasurer’s account. A t the close of the session Thursday morning, Rev. Albert Bushnell, of the Gaboon mission (now of the Presbyterian Board), led in prayer.

AFTERNOON — THE LORD’S SUPPER. » The sacrament of the Lord’s Supper was administered in two churches, to a large number of communicants, as usual on these occasions ; Dr. A. C. Thompson and Rev. William Walker, formerly of the Gaboon mission, officiating at Immanuel Church, and Dr. Henry Cowles, of Oberlin, and Rev. G. F. Herrick, of tlie Western Turkey mission, at the Spring Street Church.

PLACE AND PREACHER FOR THE NEXT MEETING. At the business meeting, after the communion service, the Committee on Place and Preacher reported, recommending that the next annual meet­ ing be held at Syracuse, N. Y ., and that Dr. G. F. Magoun be the preacher and Dr. J. M. Manning his alternate. They also recommended that the following persons be the Committee of Arrangements for the meeting, with power to add to their number, namely, Drs. A. F. Beard and J. C. Hol­ brook, John Duren, Esq., Dr. Nelson Millard, James A. Skinner, Esq., Rev. E. Van Slyke, Hon. N. F. Graves, Dr. E. G. Thurber, and Thomas Hooker, Esq. This report was accepted and the recommendations were adopted OFFICERS. — NEW MEMBERS. x liii

OFFICERS.

Dr. Laurie, in behalf of the Committee on Officers, reported, stating that Abner Kingman, Esq., on account of enfeebled health, had resigned his office as one of the Prudential Committee, and recommending the election of the following persons, who were chosen by ballot: —

President. Corresponding Secretaries.

M a r k H o p k i n s , d . d ., l l . d . N athaniel G. Clark, d. d. Edmund K. Alden, d. d. Vice-President.

H o n . W i l l i a m E . D o d g e . Recording Secretary. Prudential Committee. John O. Means, d. d. A u g u s t u s C. Thompson, d. d. Hon. Alpheus Hardy. Treasurer. E z r a F a r n s w o r t h , E s q . J . R u s s e l l B r a d f o r d , E s q . Langdon S. W ard, Esq. J o s e p h S. R o p e s , E s q . E g b e r t C . S m y t h , d . d . Auditors. E d w i n B . W e b b , d . d . C . C. B u r r , E s q . H o n . A v e r y P l u m e r . E l b r i d g e T o r r e y , E s q . A r t h u r W . T u f t s , E s q .

R e v . I s a a c R . W o r c e s t e r . J . M . G o r d o n , E s q .

n e w m e m b e r s . Dr. Robbins, of the Committee on New Members reported, recommend­ ing that the following persons be elected as Corporate Members of the Board, and they were chosen by ballot: David Whitcomb, Esq., of Mas­ sachusetts, A. F. Beard, d . d ., of New York, R. G. Hutchins, d . d ., of Ohio, J. K. Scarborough, Esq., and F. W . Fisk, d . d ., of Illinois.

THURSDAY EVENING. A t the opening of the evening session the Board united in singing, and in prayer in which Dr. George B. Safford led. Addresses of great in­ terest were made by President Hopkins, Dr. S. C. Bartlett, Dr. W . E. Merriman, Rev. Arthur Little, and Rev. Charles Seccombe; and Mr. Sec- combe led in prayer.

9 FRIDAY MORNING — COMMITTEE ON NEW MEMBERS. The Board met at nine o’clock, and after singing, Rev. John Willard led in prayer. The President appointed, as the Committee on New Mem­ bers, to report next year, — Hon. William B. Washburn, Dr. Z. Eddy, A. S. Barnes, Esq., Dr. C. L. Goodell, Dr. F. A. Noble, and Heman Ely, Esq. Secretary Clark gave the names of quite a number of missionaries, male and female, already on the way or soon to start for their several fields abroad, asking for them Christian sympathy, prayer, and support; x l i v ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD.

Rev. Charles Hartwell, of the Foochow mission, China, and Rev. Alfred L. Riggs, of the Dakota mission, made farewell addresses in behalf of mis­ sionaries, and Rev. E. E. Strong led in a special prayer, commending the laborers thus on their way, or about to go, to the Divine care and benedic­ tion. Secretary Alden followed with a brief address. .

RESOLUTIONS OF THANKS.

E. W. Blatchford, Esq., of the Business Committee, then offered the fol­ lowing resolutions, which were passed by a rising vote of the assembly: — Resolved, That the thanks of the Board be presented to Rev. Henry H. Jessup, D. !>., o f the Syria mission, who, in the absence (on account of illness) of Rev. J. M. Manning, d. d., the preacher appointed for the occasion, gave the opening ad­ dress on Tuesday evening, on the present religious condition and relations of the Ottoman Empire. Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Board be presented to the Trustees and Session of Immanuel Presbyterian Church, for the use of their beautiful and commodious church edifice, where every convenience has been provided for the conduct of the meetings and their quiet enjoyment; to the choir and organist of Immanuel Church, for their kind aid at the evening meetings, and especially to Professor Faville, for his faithful leadership in the service of song at all the ses­ sions of the Board; to the Congregational churches, which have opened their houses of worship for the use of the Board ; to the citizens of Milwaukee, for their large hospitality, bounded by no denominational lines, which, in the prep­ aration for their guests, their reception at the railroad stations, and their enter­ tainment,'leaves nothing to be desired; to the several railroad corporations, whose reduction of fare has secured the attendance upon this meeting of so many of our brethren and sisters throughout the Northwest; to the press of this city which has daily given to the public full and accurate reports of the proceedings of the Board, with the important papers presented ; and especially to the fficient Committee of Arrangements, through whose thoughtful -prescience every want of the Board has been met, and the comfort of every guest secured.

President Hopkins, in a brief address, emphasized the thanks expressed in the resolutions, and the duty and privilege of individual consecration. Rev. George T. Ladd responded in behalf of the Christian churches and people of Milwaukee ; Rev. B. F. Leavitt led in a prayer of consecration ; “ Blest be the tie that binds ” was sung, the benediction was pronounced by Dr. A. C. Thompson, and the meeting was dissolved. This was by no means one of the largest meetings of the Board. It could not be expected to ba so at such distance from New England. The number of corporate members recorded as present was but 64, and the number of male Honorary Members who sent their names to the Record­ ing Secretary was only 161. The number from the Eastern States, it will be noticed, was very small, but compensation was found in the good number present from Wisconsin and some other Western States, repre­ senting, doubtless, not a few Home Missionary churches. The West was also represented by many Christian men and women who are not members of the Board. Indeed, the “ Congregationalist ” states that about 1,500 persons were introduced by the Committee of Entertainment to the hos­ REMARKS. x lv pitalities of families at Milwaukee. The beautiful and commodious church where the business meetings were held, was not often crowded, but it wi< well filled at almost every session. On Thursday forenoon the ladies were mostly away, attending the meeting of the Woman’s Board of the Interior, at the Spring Street Congregational Church, — a meeting said to have been largely attended and of great interest. There was also a second meeting, for addresses, at the Spring Street Church, on Wednesday and on Thursday evening, reported as full and inspiriting on both occasions. Morning prayer meetings were held as usual, from half-past eight to half­ past nine o’clock in Immanuel Church, on Wednesday and Thursday, and well attended. As a whole, this was decidedly a good meeting. The de­ votional services were often specially impressive, many of the addresses were admirable, there was no friction or fault-fiBding, the whole tone and spirit of the occasion seemed excellent, aBd much good to the cause of missions can hardly fail to result. ANNUAL REPORT. REPORT

OF TH E

PRUDENTfAL COMMITTEE.

HOME DEPARTMENT.

NECROLOGY.

S i n c e the last Annual Meeting of the Board seven of the Cor­ porate Members have been enrolled among the dead. W e record their names in the order of their seniority of membership. Willard

Child, d . d., of New York, elected in 1840 ; Hon. Daniel Haines, of New Jersey, elected in 1848; Hon. William F. Allen, of New Y ork, elected in 18 52 ; Setli Svveetser, d . d . , of Massachusetts, elected in 1854; Nathaniel Bouton, d . d . , of New Hampshire, elected in 1857; James W. Wier, Esq., of Pennsylvania, elected in 1859 ; Aldace Walker, d . d ., o f Vermont, elected in 1873.

MISSIONARY REINFORCEMENTS. Six missionaries and thirteen assistant missionaries have been added to our missionary force during the past year. Of this num­ ber eight only have as yet reached their fields of labor, eleven be­ ing now upon their outward journey. Their names and places of designation are as follows : — Miss Myra Calhoun, to the D akota mission ; Rev. James L. Fowle and Mrs. Carrie P. Fowle, to the Central Turkey mission; Miss Mary F. Bliss, to the Eastern Turkey mission ; Rev. John P. Jones and Mrs. Sarah A. Jones, to the M adu ra mission ; Mr. W illis C. Noble and Mrs. Willa J. Noble, to the mission in Northern China; Miss Ellen J. Newton, to the Foochow mission; Rev. William W. Curtis and Mrs. Delia A. Curtis, Rev. Otis Cary, Jr., and Sirs. Ellen M. Cary, Rev. R. Henry Davis and Mrs. Frances W. Davis, Rev. James H. Pettee and Mrs. Isabella W. Pettee, Miss Virginia A. Clarkson, and Miss Fannie H. Gardner, to the mission in Japan. Of the six ordained missionaries, the Theological Seminaries of Bangor, Me., and of Chicago, 111., each furnish one, and the remain- 1 2 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

ing four are added to the long and honored roll of the missionary graduates from Andover. The following missionaries and assistant missionaries, twenty-one in number, have returned to their fields of labor or are on the way thither, after temporary sojourn in this country : — Miss Esther F. Maltbie, of the European Turkey mission ; Rev.

W. A. Farnsworth, d . d ., Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, Rev. C. C. Tracy, Mrs. L. A. Tracy, Rev. John E. Pierce, Mrs. Lizzie A. Pierce, Mrs. Sarah A. H. Wood, and Mrs. Sophia D. P. Stearns, of the Western Turkey mission ; Rev. C. H. Wheeler, Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, Miss Cyrene O. Van Duzee, and Miss Harriet Seymour, o f the Eastern Turkey mission ; Rev. L. Bissell, d . d ., and Mrs. Mary E. Bissell, of the M ahratta mission ; Rev. Charles Hartwell and Mis. Lucy E. Hartwell, of the Foochow mission; Rev. M. L. Gordon, m . d ., Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, John C. Berry, m . d ., and Mrs. Maria E. Berry, of the Japan mission.

AGENCIES. Our main reliai.ee for awakening and sustaining missionary inter­ est, and securing systematic and generous contributions from the churches, is upon the churches themselves, under the leadership of wise and efficient pastors. In these we confide to devise and to carry into effect such methods for diffusing missionary intelligence, and for securing systematic contributions, as may seem to them­ selves most effective. These vary in different communities, some being more successfully reached through personal solicitation, others through monthly or weekly offerings. Valuable service has been rendered by ministers who have preached or lectured during the year upon missionary topics. In some instances the work has been extended and deepened by repeating these missionary discourses in neighboring pulpits. Advantage has been taken of the fellowship of neighboring churches, especially in County Conferences, to direct the topics of inquiry and the devotional service into the missionary channel. In this work some of the State Associations, more par­ ticularly in the West, are quite effective. Several missionaries temporarily in this country have rendered valuable service in com­ municating missionary intelligence to the churches. Our three experienced district secretaries have had the supervis­ ion respectively, as heretofore, of their three large fields : —

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Under the care of R e v . W i l l i a m W a r r e n , D. D. New York and the Middle States, including Ohio. Under the care of Kev. C . P. B u s h , d . d . Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Ne­ braska. Under the care of K ev. S. J. H u m p h r e y . 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 3

As Dr. Warren, after a faithful service of twenty-two years, has been constrained on account of impaired health to resign his trust, the entire New England field, Northern as well as Southern, is now left without a district secretary. It is proposed for the present thus to continue, relying upon the fidelity of pastors and churches to sustain the missionary cause as a regular part of their church work. How serious a trust this is, may be inferred from the fact that as an annual average seventy-five per cent, of our entire contributions is now received from New England, while the membership of our Con­ gregational churches over the same extent of territory, as compared with our entire membership over the whole field, is but fifty-six per cent. A grave responsibility we are thus putting upon churches as well as upon pastors, a considerable number of these churches being dependent upon home missionary aid, and a considerable number suffering from frequent changes in the pastorate. We have reason to believe that this responsibility will be so honorably met by both ministers and churches, that we shall not look in vain for systematic and generous contributions. So large are the districts committed to our two district secretaries, outside of New England, and so young and feeble are many of the churches within these dis­ tricts, that in these newer sections o f the country, probably even more than in the older, we shall need to rely upon the churches themselves, under their own ministry and in their own methods, to educate their congregations to a systematic remembrance of their foreign missionary trust. ,

Interesting statements have been furnished by our district secre­ taries, as to their methods of labor and the condition of their re­ spective fields, which are worthy of permanent record. Dr. Warren writes: “ In 1866,1 tried the experiment of what I call local conventions, taking a part of a State, with one good mis­ sionary at my side, and visiting the churches right hand and left, the strong and the weak, as we advanced. I purchased a conserva­ tive horse and a roomy carriage, and took my missionary on my seat, with our various luggage-bags o f idols and curiosities, etc., and whatever we should need for eight or ten weeks’ absence, and went on from town to town, being somewhere else every day, till we had completed the campaign. We reached every church and society, and most of the people, young and old, and spoke to them without stint for some two hours in each place. I think that we averaged about a Sabbath audience at our assemblies, judging from what we could see and hear. Not one twelfth of our appointments failed on an average in the twelve years. This sort of work was inexpen- 4 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

eive, and seemed to commend itself to the people, their judgment and pleasure...... “ I have written each year an annual letter to each Sabbath-school. The leading purpose of this letter has been to interest the Sabbath- school children in mission-school work. This, indeed, has been my aim in my addresses to them in the local conventions, and at Sab­ bath-school concerts and sessions. I have succeeded in part. The children of my district have donated for mission schools, I think, about $60,000 in these twenty-two years; and this in addition to what they have given to build mission ships. “ I send my Annual to all the Sabbath-schools. I always write Sabbath-schools a special letter when they make a donation for mis­ sion schools, and where this is large enough to justify it, as in the case of 70 or 100 schools in my district, I send them an extra let­ ter once a quarter, prepared by a foreign missionary, with the per­ mission to multiply it, to be thus used to encourage benevolent giv­ ing in Sabbath-schools. “ I have for some time past published in the ‘ Chronicle’ and ‘ Mirror’ a column each month, made up by a condensation of the contents of the forthcoming ‘ Herald,’ the proof-sheets of which are kindly sent nie. ' “ I have just finished a synoptical letter to all the churches, giving in a condensed form the present work and wants of the Board. I usually send this letter two or three weeks before the close of the financial year. “ The frequent and special interpositions from the Spirit and hand of God in this work for Christ, both at home and abroad, have done more to strengthen my faith, and put my unbelief to the blush, than, perhaps, anything that has ever come to my experience or knowledge. It cannot be doubted that the hand of God is guiding, and that the Spirit of Go’d is blessing this greatest work of Chris­ tianity.”

Dr. Bush writes: “ There are 259 Congregational, churches in New iork State; last year (1876-77) 99 only contributed to our Board; the year before, 101 ; but 85 of these churches have less than 50 members; and more would come into the same category if their lists were revised. Many of them are home missionary churches. “ Ohio has 220 Congregational churches; last year 89 contrib­ uted ; the year before, 84; and 81 of those churches have less than 50 members each. “ New Jersey has 23 Congregational churches; 12 gave some­ 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 5

thing each last year; 11 the previous year; four of those 23 have less than flO members. In New York State, then, we had last year 160 Congregational churches which gave us nothing; in Ohio, 131; in New Jersey, 11 ; far too many in each State. How to make it otherwise is a hard problem.”

Mr. Humphrey writes in relation to his field : “ Some hint of the progress can be obtained by looking at the gain in the number of contributing churches, with an average of about 1,300 Congrega­ tional and Presbyterian churches : — In 38G3 275 churches contributed. In 1864 ...... 423 churches contributed. In 1885 430 churches contributed. In 186G ...... 436 churches contributed. In 1867 423 churches contributed, beginning with about one fifth and ending with about one third. “ Another seven years and ten months record, including only Con­ gregational cluirclies, gives the following: — In 1870, of 1,026 Congregational churches . . 32G contributed. In 1871, of 1,088 Congregational churches . . . 372 contributed. In 1872, of 1,129 Congregational churches . . 379 contributed. In 1873, of 1,185 Congregational churches . . . 446 contributed. In 1874, of 1,228 Congregational churches . . 576 contributed. In 1875, of 1,261 Congregational churches . . . 493 contributed. In 187G, of 1,302 Congregational churches . . 548 contributed. In 1877 (ten months), Congregational churches . . 537 contributed, as against 434 churches in the same time the preceding year. “ It is to be considered that a larger number of the churches at the West than at the East have only ‘ a name to live.’ We esti­ mate that about one eighth are in a state of suspended animation. Another eighth are in a condition such as that no contribution can be expected from them. This will leave probably this year about one fourth from whom we should have heard. But doubtless a large part of these have contributed at some time. “ I find that in 1874, while out of 1,228 churches 576 contributed, 843 churches had contributed once or more during the preceding Jive years. But it appears also that only 139 had contributed each of the five years. “ We are gaining, however, on this intermittent evil. For in the five years ending with 1867, with almost the same number of churches (Congregational and Presbyterian), only 91 contributed each year, while the number that had contributed at some time was about the same, 836...... “ I desire to keep ever in mind and to impress deeply on the mind of the churches, that this is eminently a spiritual work; that 6 HOME DEPARTMENT. \ Report, it requires the highest consecration, enlists the holiest sympathies, and depends for its success upon the closest union with Christ, who died for all mankind, and who is the risen Lord, G od over all, blessed forever.”

THE NEW-ENGLAND FIELD.

W e append interesting and suggestive statistics in relation to the New-England field, compiled from the records of two years, 1875­ 1877. Of the 237 Congregational churches of Maine, 173 have contrib­ uted to our treasury. Of the 64 churches from which no contribu­ tion has been received, 20 number less than 20 resident members each; only 7 have over 50 members. Of the 70 churches assisted by the Maine Missionary Society, 48 are contributing churches. Seven localities where no Congregational churches exist are re­ ported as contributing. From the smallest church in the State, con­ sisting of only four members, all female, a contribution has been received each year of $1. Another church containing but six mem­ bers sent a contribution of §5. O f the 186 Congregational churches of New Hampshire, 153 have contributed. Of the 33 non-contributing churches, 13 have each less than 15 members. Of the remaining 20, all but three are as­ sisted by the New Hampshire Home Missionary Society. One of these three numbers less than 50 members, and the remaining two have less than 100 each. Of the 49 churches assisted by the New Hampshire Home Missionary Society, 34 contributed to the Board. Fifteen localities are represented by contributions, where there is no Congregational church. Of the 197 Congregational churches of Vermont, 161 contribute. Of its 36 non-contributing churches, 16 have each less than 20 mem­ bers, one of these reporting but two members. Of the remaining 20, eight are assisted by the Vermont Home Missionary Society, none having a membership of 50. Of the 45 churches assisted by the Vermont Home Missionary Society, all but eight contribute to the American Board. Of the 529 Congregational churches of Massachusetts, 497 con­ tribute. Of the 32 non-contributing churches, 16 are assisted by the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society. Of the remaining 16, five have less than 15 members each. Only three of the non-con­ tributing churches number over 50 resident members. Of the 75 churches assisted by the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, 59 contributed. O f the 24 Congregational churches of Rhode Island, every church 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 7

but one contributed, and that one came into line during the past year. Of these churches six are assisted by the Rhode Island Home Missionary Society. Five localities are represented by donations where there is no Congregational church. Of the 296 Congregational churches of Connecticut, all but 11 contributed. Of these 11, three contributed last year, leaving but eight. Of these eight, two number but 10 members each, one hav­ ing but one male member, and the other but four. Of the remain­ ing six, one has a membership under 50, and only one a membership over 100. Of the 38 churches assisted by the Connecticut Home Missionary Society, all but two contributed to the American Board. Of the 1,469 Congregational churches of New England, 1,296, nearly nine tenths, contribute. Of 283 churches assisted by the several State Home Missionary Societies', 220, over three fourths, contribute. These facts are full of significant suggestion. W e must regard ourselves as somewhat derelict in the applica­ tion of the first principles of Christianity until every church, whether large or small, whether self-sustaining or otherwise, is a regular con­ tributor to both of the great departments of Christian benevolence, the one representing the thorough evangelization of our own land, the other the proclamation of Christ to the unevangelized throughout the

world. We have reason to be ©grateful that something3 has been ac­ complished toward this important end in some localities both East and W est; and we must do our utmost to make the principle uni­ versal and effective in both the old and the new States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.1

SUNDAY-SCHOOLS.

It is a subject worthy of serious consideration by pastors and churches how most effectively to train in the same direction the 400,000 children and youth who are enrolled in the membership of our Sunday-schools. From this source we have received for the

1 “ Let it be only settled in the mind of every pastor that it is as really the duty of every Christian to aid in publishing the tidings of Christ’s death among the heathen as it is to commemorate the event at his table, and he will watch over all the mem­ bers of his flock in respect to the one duty as well as in respect to the other.” — Dr. Anderson, 1843. “ An organization which lives perpetually for itself has no right to be called a part of the organic church.” — Presbyterian Assembly, 1878. “ Every pastor should present the cause of foreign missions and ask collections for it at least once a year 011 pain of being regarded as recreant to duty; and a church refusing to give, forfeits the character of a gospel church.” — Wisconsin Baptist State Convention, 1878. u Let it be understood, that one of the highest functions of the church of Christ is to cherish those who represent it in other lands.” — Seci'etary Treat, 187*2. . 8 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report, support of our mission schools upon an average for five years but about $7,500. An equal amount is probably contributed by children and youth through the Woman’s Boards. May it not be easily en­ larged ? Shall we be satisfied until every Sunday-school, like every church, gives its regular donation to our great missionary work, so that the children and youth of to-day shall be trained to become the intelligent friends and supporters of missions, some of them to be themselves the missionaries of the not distant future ?

THE MISSIONARY HERALD. As stated in our last annual report, the editorial care of the “ Mis­ sionary Herald,” after the decease of Mr. Treat, was recommitted to the experienced hands of Rev. Isaac R. Worcester, who for twenty years had ably served the Board in this capacity. This trust he ac­ cepted and has faithfully fulfilled, only stipulating that he should be relieved from the responsibility as early as the close of 1878, when he will reach the age of threescore years and ten. This decision of Mr. Worcester necessitated the choice of a successor. After dili­ gent and prolonged inquiry the Prudential Committee have elected to this important position a gentleman highly esteemed and re­ spected among the ministry and the churches, and well qualified, we have reason to believe, for the work. We are happy to introduce his name into this annual report as one which will soon be familiar to the readers of the “ Herald : ” Rev. Elnathan E. Strong, for the past thirteen years the beloved and successful pastor of the Con­ gregational Church of Waltham, Mass. It is our hope, if his people consent to this arrangement as a part of their missionary consecra­ tion in fellowship with his own, and a Council of churches approve, that he will be dismissed from his present charge so as to enter upon his duties at the ¡Mission Room s upon the first o f November next. This will enable him to commence his editorial service with the issue of the January number of the new volume of the “ Her­ ald” for 1879. The service of Mr. Worcester has been so prolonged and so in­ timately connected with all departments of our extended missionary work, that it is the hope of the Prudential Committee that they and the Board they represent may still be favored with his continued counsels in their deliberations.

Mr. Hutchins presents the following statement in relation to the “ Missionary Herald : ” — “ The M issionary H erald is the oldest monthly magazine in the'United States, and is one of the largest in mail circulation in the 1878]. HOME DEPARTMENT. 9

United States or in the world. Its subscription list includes every State and every Territory in the United States. It also includes Canada and the other British Provinces in North America; Mex­ ico ; the West Indies; South America; most of the countries in Europe; the Sandwich Islands and Micronesia; Australia; South Africa ; and the cities of Turkey, India, China, and Japan. • “ Notwithstanding the financial depression in all departments of business, the past year has been the most successful pecuniarily, in the entire history of this old monthly. For a long series of years, the cost of the ‘ Herald ’ exceeded its income from $3,000 to $5,000, or more. A strenuous effort has been made from year to year to reduce the deficit and to extinguish it altogether. It is hoped that at no distant period the ‘ Herald ’ may not only cease to draw from the funds contributed for missionary work abroad, but that it may begin to repay what it has already drawn. “ The excess of cost over receipts the past year has been but $1,155.53. With so good a result, under the depressed condition o f the times, it is not too much to hope that it m aybe the last record o f a deficit. “ Previous to 1875, all postage was paid by the subscriber at his own post office at 12 cents per year. Since that date the Board has to prepay all postage, on both the paid copies and the free. A considerable number of those who receive the ‘ Herald,’ whether by paying or gratuitously, thoughtfully send ten cents for postage. Had all remembered the dim e the past year, the deficit would have been more than met, and the ‘ Missionary Herald,’ the oldest American monthly magazine, would, for the first time, have met its expenses. “ The feature o f advertisements adopted Novem ber, 18G6, has proved remunerative, and has been approved by readers, besides be­ ing frequently of use to missionaries in making up their orders. The greatest care has been taken to admit no advertisement which has not seemed to be above all question as to character and fitness. ‘•Judging by the tone of the numerous letters received, the inter­ est felt in the ‘ Herald’ by those who read it from month to month does not diminish as the years go by. Subscribers who have read it thirty, forty, or fifty years express a constantly increasing interest in the publication, and an ever deepening love for the missionary cause. Nor are the expressions of interest from the aged alone, but from the younger members of the churches as well, and from all parts of the country. Many literary and professional men value the 1 Missionary Herald ’ for the information it gives incidentally, in addition to its strictly missionary intelligence, upon matters of universal interest. The editor of a leading secular paper in one of the larger cities says : — ' 10 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

“ ‘ The student of history cannot do without the “ Missionary Herald.” It is fifty years since we began to read it, and we have learned from it more of the geography and contemporary history of the earth and its inhabitants, than could be got from any other pub­ lication.’ “ Carl R itter, the eminent German geographer, in his ‘ Geog­ raphy o f Palestine,’ vol. iv., p. 207, writes as follow s: — ' “ ‘ The “ Missionary Herald,” where the reader must look to find the most valuable and instructive documents which have been sent home by the agents of any society, and where a rich store of scien­ tific, historical, and antiquarian details may be seen.’ “ Pkof. Andrew P. Peabody, d. d., ll. d., of Harvard Univer­ sity, in a review of the first fifty years of the work of the Ameri­ can Board, printed in the ‘ North American Review,’ wrote as fol­ lows : — “ ‘ If we were to leave out of thought its prime purpose of enkin­ dling and sustaining zeal in the great work of evangelizing the world, and to regard the “ Missionary Herald ” solely as a journal for the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of learn­ ing, it would easily hold the first place among the periodicals of the age.’ “ G ratuitous Circulation. — So far as can be gathered from printed records, it appears that most of the copies of the ‘ Mission­ ary Herald,’ in its early years, were distributed gratuitously. An item in the Annual Report of the Board, September 21, 1820, reads : ‘ Printing, namely, Copies of the “ Missionary Herald,” dis­ tributed by the Board to Auxiliary Societies, sent to missionary stations, and to distinguished patrons, benefactors, and friends of the missionary cause, $915.50.’ No mention is made of any pay­ ing subscribers. “ As late as 1860, the number of ‘ free’ copies was 13,000, and the amount received from subscribers, but $2,110. The Annual Report of 1864 states: ‘ The Committee have deemed it advisable to enlarge the gratuitous distribution of the “ Herald ” in favor of the Honorary Members of the Boardand the ‘ Herald ’ for May, 1864, has the following: — Hitherto the “ Missionary Herald” has not been sent without charge to members of the Board, as such. Hoping, however, that it may prove a means o f increasing interest in and effort for the cause of missions — an agency of more value than its cost — the Prudential Committee recently voted that it be thus sent in future, for one year, to such Honorary Members as shall make application for it. The limitations — “ for one year, to such members as make application ” 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 11

— are designed to prevent mistakes and waste. Deaths, changes of residence, and the wishes of members cannot be known at the Missionary House except as information is given. When the work is desired continuously as a gratuity, it will be only needful that the application, like a subscription, be renewed from year to year, with a distinct mention of post-office address.’ “ Of 13,000 copies printed in 1864 11,000 were gratuitous. In 1866 the amount received from subscribers was less than §2,400. “ Persons now entitled. — Ministers whose churches contrib­ ute to the American Board ; Honorary Members ; donors of not less than ten dollars annually; collectors of not less than fifteen dollars ; and treasurers of churches contributing not less than twenty dollars. “ From the first, there have been grave difficulties connected with this practice of free distribution. It was presumed that all entitled would be willing to make an annual request for the same ; but such is not the fact. When names have once been placed upon that list, there are no means of knowing that they should not remain there. Collectors, for a single year only, frequently receive the ‘ Herald ’ for many years, new names being sent from time to time, by the church, but with no intimation that any should be discontinued. An indi­ vidual gives ten dollars, and a copy of the ‘ Herald ’ is sent him. He may continue to give the same from year to year through the monthly concert, or otherwise, but no information of this is sent, and consequently it is not known whether the ‘ Herald’ should be continued or not. Most donations are not sent directly to the Treas­ urer of the Board, but are sent with the general contribution of some church, so that individual names are not known. Cases of death and removal frequently are not reported for years. The most nat­ ural solution of the difficulty would seem to be the discontinuance of all copies not asked for at the beginning of each year; but an at­ tempt, from time to time, to do this has given offense to many whose gifts and good will are of more value than many times the value of the year’s subscription to the monthly. In 1867 a special effort was made to ascertain the condition of the ‘ free list.’ A circular was sent to every person then receiving the ‘ Herald ’ free. Many responded, many did not respond. Other circulars were sent and letters written, and after a most persistent effort, of some six months, to correct the list, there were 5,000 ‘f r e e ’ names unaccounted for. An attempt to discontinue the ‘ Herald ’ to these names, by stopping those longest unheard from, soon showed a fact which the Board has to meet every year, in connection with this question, — the fact that even good men may both live and give, and yet be not willing annually to report the same. 12 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

“ For several years past, a considerable number of those entitled to deceive the ‘ Missionary Herald ’ gratuitously have urged the Board to discontinue wholly the sending off r e e copies except to pastors or to ministers acting as stated supply. The number of letters received during the past year upon this subject has been very great, and the writers in all cases enforce their suggestion by inclosing the money for their own subscriptions. The total amount received annually for subscriptions to the ‘ Herald ’ averaged, for several years previous to 1867, a little over $2,000. Since that time it has averaged over $10,000. This increase is due largely to new psvying subscrib­ ers, but very considerably also to the number on the ‘ free list ’ who have preferred to pay. “ The following letter, from one who is both an Honorarv and a Corporate Member of the Board, received during the writing of this Report, may serve as a sample, in spirit, of many.

;1 ‘ August 28, 1878.

“ ‘ My Dear Brother, — Inclosed please fin d postal order of $10. I send the same as a sort o f conscience gift. I am assured I have received a good from the “ Herald ” for which I have never made adequate compensation. “ ‘ Permit me to say that for some time I have been troubled about your f r e e distribution of the “ Herald.” I wish there were some way whereby this magnanimity might come to a Christian end. How many who now receive gratuitously the “ Herald ” would be ag­ grieved if henceforth they should be required to pay ? I think not one in a hundred. . “ ‘ Yours in the best of bonds.’

“ As the name and address of the ministers are published annually in connection with the statistics of the churches, it is comparatively easy to keep the address of pastors, and good reasons will occur to all why the ‘ Ilerald ’ may be sent free to pastors, whatever may seem wise in regard to others. “ The testimony from young and old, and from all parts of the country, shows the deep hold the ‘ Missionary Herald’ has as a means of information upon those who become habitual readers.”

OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

During the past year the brief pamphlet historical sketches of our missions, which for many years have done good service in diffusing missionary information as to our special fields of labor, have been completed by a sketch of our missions in papal lands, prepared by 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 13

Rev. I. R. Worcester, who bad previously prepared the sketch of the mission field of Japan. These eight sketches, six of them from the pen of President Bartlett, and two from that of Mr. Worcester, are in continuous demand, being particularly helpful to those who report intelligence from the different missionary fields at the monthly con­ cert or other missionary meetings. For Sabbath-schools contributing to the Mission School Fund of the Board, an account of the interesting training school at Kioto, Japan, has been prepared and to some extent circulated. Two valuable papers have been furnished by Rev. Mr. Humphrey, and generously distributed among the churches of the Northwest. One of them gives an historical account of the origin of the Board, and the other is Missionary Paper No. 25, first printed in the col­ umns of " The Advance.” The Annual Report, Sermon, and Papers presented at the last meeting have been printed and circulated as usual. Several of them have been in special demand and have been reprinted and circulated by friends of missions connected with other benevolent societies, both in this country and in Great Britain.

MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD. Frequent inquiries for a good Missionary Map have been met in part during the past year by a new map prepared by the Messrs. Colton & Co., of New York. A considerable number of these maps, furnished at reduced rates, have been distributed from the Mission Rooms among the churches, and a much larger number will doubtless be thus distributed during the coming year. This map, with the key accompanying it, contain­ ing about three thousand names with localities of missionary stations of different missionary societies throughout the world, is a thesaurus of missionary information.

AID FROM PUBLISHING SOCIETIES.

We are happy to acknowledge with gratitude the valuable contri­ butions we have continued to receive during the past year from the American and British Bible Societies. The senior Corresponding Secretary of the American Bible Society writes : “ Mention is made in our annual report of payments to your Board, during our last fis­ cal year, of $3,519 for the publication and distribution of the Scrip­ tures in Austria, Madura, South Africa, and North China. We have also, at an expense of $2,294, reprinted the Gilbert Islands New Testament at Honolulu, and have sent 1,257 copies of Spanish Scriptures to your Missionaries in Western Mexico. We contrib- \ 14 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

nted $1,839 toward Mr. Green’s support in Japan, in addition to the other expenses of publishing and circulating the work on which he has been engaged. Out of the $33,792 remitted to Dr. Bliss for work in the Levant, provision has been made for our share of the salaries of Dr. Riggs and Mr. Herrick, and for the expenses of dis­ tributing the Scriptures among your missions in Turkey.” To the American Tract Society we are indebted for grants in cash or printing, for the benefit of our missions in Turkey, Western India, Ceylon, China, Japan, and Africa, to the amount of $1,784.43 ; in electrotypes for the use of our missions among the Dakotas, in Guadalajara, in Bombay, and in Peking, to the amount of $800.77 ; in publications for circulation in Mexico, Spain, Austria, Turkey, Ceylon, North China, and other localities, $533.81, making a total of $3,119.01. w o m a n ’ s auxiliaries . From the beginning of our history as a Board the women of the churches have constituted a vigorous part of our constituency. Of the donations received before the first Annual Meeting, in 1811, they contributed over one fifth. They promptly entered into the work of forming female auxiliary societies. Twenty-seven such so­ cieties contributed to the treasury of the Board in 1812. The num­ ber had increased in 1817 to 193; in 1820, to 370; in 1839, to 680. When they were in full operation, not less than one seventh of the entire annual receipts of our treasury were from these sources. For the purpose of a still more vigorous work by the Christian women of our churches, with special adaptation to the rapidly opening opportunity for labor among their own sex in our mission­ ary fields abroad, our three Woman’s Boards were organized, and have been doing effective service from year to year, all in hearty cooperation with the American Board. The first, bearing the name of the “ Woman’s Board of Missions,” was formed in 1868, and in­ cludes under its several branches and auxiliaries, which now num­ ber over 1,300, the entire district east of Ohio, having its central office at Boston. The second, including the territory from Ohio to the Rocky Mountains, organized in 1869, is called the Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior,” having its central office at Chi­ cago. The third, called “ Woman’s Board of the Pacific,” formed in 1873, represents the section west of the Rocky Mountains, having its central office at San Francisco. These three societies constitute, not organically but practically, a well-managed and vigorous auxiliary to the American Board, sup­ porting at the present time about ninety of our female missionaries, and giving aid to a large number of native helpers and schools, all 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 15

in the special work of labor among women. The entire work in the appointment of missionaries, and the disbursement of funds abroad, in accordance with one of the sections of the act of incor­ poration of the Woman’s Board, is under the supervision of the Prudential Committee of the American Board, and constitutes one of the important departments of our common missionary trust. W e desire in our present annual report to emphasize the high estimate we put upon this work, and upon the wisdom, economy, and effi­ ciency of its administration in the hands of the Christian women, by whom, in the spirit of self-sacrifice, it is enthusiastically sus­ tained. The main value of this auxiliary is not the amount of money thus raised for foreign missions, though this is by no means a small consideration, as we can now confidently rely upon the Christian women to contribute about one sixth of our annual re­ ceipts; but the main value is in the warm, intelligent, personal mis­ sionary interest awakened and nurtured among women and chil­ dren, and through their instrumentality diffused everywhere among the churches. We feel that it deserves emphatic mention, as one of our most efficient agencies in the communication of missionary intelligence, personal consecration to the foreign missionary work, and the missionary education of another generation. As the women of our churches constitute about two thirds of our entire member­ ship, numbering in our Congregational body alone about 240,000, what may we not expect from the prayers, the sympathies, and the generous gifts of this vast army of Christian laborers when fully devoted to missionary work, both at home and abroad ? During the past year we have received into our treasury, from the Woman’s Board of Missions of the East, $63,438.81 ; from the Woman’s Board of Missions of the Interior, §16,425.86; from the Woman’s Board of Missions of the Pacific, $1,371 ; a total of $81,235.67, nearly $9,000 more than was thus received during the previous year. During the past three years we have received from the same sources a total of $229,034.32, making an annual average of $76,­ 344.77. It must not be forgotten that the entire contribution of the Woman’s Boards into our treasury is definitely appropriated to spe­ cific objects, confined to one department of missionary work, con­ stituting only about one sixth of the whole work. The support, therefore, of the remaining five sixths, spreading over the entire field by a proportionate division, according to the extent and neces­ sity of each field, is dependent upon the regular donations from the churches. If these to any degree are lessened, the whole work is 16 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report, ■ \ crippled. Rejoicing, therefore, in a steady increase from the gen­ erous donations of the Woman’s Boards, we must make sure of a proportionate increase in our main donations from the regular gifts of the churches. So shall we move forward steadily, carrying on the whole work abroad, and developing the missionary interest at home efficiently and symmetrically.

FINANCIAL lili VIEW OF THE YEAR. . Our last annual report emphasized the burden of a heavy debt, the accumulation of six years, amounting to nearly $48,000. At the same time it presented our necessity for the current year, as expressed in the estimates from the missions, as requiring an ex­ penditure of not less than $500,000, a sum exceeding the entire income of the preceding year by nearly $60,000. This brought to our consideration so grave a problem that, under its pressure, in connection we believe with prayer and evidently by divine guidance, in less than two hours after the report of the committee upon the home department was read, through the resolute purpose of one determined man, sustained by a few others of like spirit, the entire debt was lifted and cast behind us with an overflowing enthusiasm of grateful joy, which will ever make memorable in our history our annual meeting at Providence. The redemption of the pledges made at that meeting constituted one of the pleasantest features of our correspondence during the early part of the year. No person seemed to regret his individual gift, though in many cases its be- stowment cost no little self-denial.1 The practical remark, however, was frequently appended, and still more frequently expressed, by sympathizing friends in large numbers who poured in their con­ gratulations, that henceforth it would be expected that the Ameri­ can Board should bid a final adieu to “ debt.”

1 It may be interesting to record that the special contributions for the payment of ■the debt came from the following twenty-one localities : — K a n s a s ...... 35.00 I l lin o is ...... ■ ■ . . 210.00 T e n n e sse e ...... 10.00 New Hampshire . . F lo r id a ...... 10.00 O h i o ...... M i c h i g a n ...... • 20.00 M a i n e ...... E n g lan d ...... 20.00 Connecticut. . . . Sandwich Islands . . . . . 20.00 New York .... Japan ...... 25.00 Vermont .... D a k o t a ...... 35.00 Kliode Island . . . District of Columbia . . . . 50.00 Massachusetts . . . Wyoming Territory . . . . . 50.00 New Jersey...... T o t a l ...... C a lifo r n ia ...... 158.00 As we received during the two preceding years, 1875-77, special donations for debt 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 17

With this impressive caution reiterated in some form almost every day, the Prudential Committee, with the executive officers of the Board, entered upon their always difficult and delicate task of deciding npon the appropriations for the coming year. Not only was the debt paid, but the following resolution had been adopted: “ Resolved, That this Board advise the Prudential Com­ mittee to look to the churches for the sum of $500,000 for the cur­ rent year.” Would the Committee be warranted in regarding the payment of the debt as a special donation, and apportioning their disbursements for the year upon the basis of the necessities and estimates of the missions — $500,000 ? For this “ full sum,” as in­ structed by the Board, they made their “ earnest appeal to the min­ isters and the churches.” But as a P ru d en tia l Committee, this to the amount of $51,004.56, it may be proper to append the twenty-nine sources from ■which the amount came, as follows: — K a n s a s ...... $2.00 Maine ...... 419.60 C o lo r a d o ...... 2.00 Iowa ...... 547.75 North C arolina...... 2.0Ü Michigan ...... 591-45 Nebraska ...... 5.00 Minnesota ...... 881.08 D a k o t a ...... 20.00 Ohio ...... 892.77 Tennessee...... 27.00 Rhode Island ...... 1,209.10 Washington Territory . . . . 30.00 Wisconsin ...... 1,523.84 Canada ...... 33.53 Vermont ...... 1,664.51 New J e r s e y ...... 52.00 For. Lands and Mission Stations 1,862.06 T e x a s ...... 65.85 New York ...... 3,276.86 M isso u ri...... 70.00 Illinois...... 7,023.84 District of Columbia . . . . . 105.00 Connecticut ...... 8,656.26 Pennsylvania ...... Massachusetts ...... 21,342.21 . 126.69 I n d ia n a ...... Total ...... $51,004.56 New Hampshire . - . . . 248.16 It will be seen from the above statement that there has been paid by special dona­ tions for the extinguishment of the debt during the past three years, 1875-78, a total of $103,892.29. For this we are indebted to the following sources for the sum desig­ nated against each: — C o l o r a d o ...... $2.00 I o w a ...... 547.75 North Carolina .... Michigan ...... 611.45 N e b r a s k a ...... 5.00 New Hampshire . .... 738.91 K a n s a s ...... 7.00 Minnesota ...... 881.08 F lo r id a ...... O h i o ...... 1,502.77 Washington Territory . . . . 30.00 Wisconsin ...... 1,523.84 Canada ...... 33.53 For. Lands and Miss. Stations 1,927.06 T en n e sse e ...... 37.00 M a i n e ...... 2,533.90 Wyoming Territory . . « . . 50.00 I l l i n o i s ...... 7,233.84 D a k o t a ...... New York ...... 9,2G6.86 T exas...... Rhode Island . • . . . . 12,001.62 Pennsylvania...... Vermont ...... 12,109.51 New J e r s e y ...... Connecticut...... 13,848.26 District of Columbia . . . Massachusetts . . . . 214 00 C a lifo r n ia ...... 284.69 T o t a l ...... $103,892.29 2 18 HOME DEPARTMENT. [Report,

“ full sum ” they did not appropriate, although it was a severely painful process to refuse to do it. Nor did they venture to appro­ priate, as they have done for some previous years, the smaller sum of $475,000. More stringent still, so determined were they to re­ gard the wishes of their home constituency, and to avoid the possi­ bility of the recurrence of another debt, they did not appropriate even the moderate sum of $450,000, though they expected to re­ ceive it, and more. On the contrary, they have kept the expendi­ tures reduced to the lowest point consistent with the continued ex­ istence of the missions, have deferred every possible disbursement to another year, have rigidly refused to grant the more than $50,000 necessary to meet the earnest requests from the several missions, have received, and spread before the public, urgent appeals for new missions in Central Africa and Northern China, in addition to the more urgent appeals for a far more vigorous prosecution of the mis­ sions now existing in Japan, in India, in Turkey, in Austria, in Spain, and in Mexico, all the time repressing additional expenditure ; and thus at the end of the year we are enabled to present the lowest fig­ ures on the side of expenditures which we have known in the history of the Board for many years, $20,000 less than those presented in the last Annual Report, $33,000 less than the average expenditures for the preceding five years. This has been done during a year when the cry for additional help and for enlargement has been continuous from almost every direction. This is the salient feature of the his­ tory of this financial year, which needs to be emphasized in this An­ nual Report, in order that its significance may be felt in the partic­ ular statement now to be given of receipts and expenditures.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. Ordinary donations, $317,915.42. Offerings for the debt, $52,­ 887.73. Total donations, $370,803.15. Add the legacies, which have amounted to $104,360.86, and income from other sources, $7,040.72, and the total income of the year has been $482,204.73. .Subtract the debt, $47,985.94, and our available income was $434,­ 218.79. Expenditures of the year, $438,787.04 ; leaving a balance against the treasury September 1, 1878, of $4,568.25. It will be noticed by the above statement, that had the committee yielded to their own longing desire, and granted the earnest requests of the missions, as expressed in their estimates calling for $500,000 during the present year, we should have reported to-day a debt of $66,000. Had we accepted the counsel of some, even of our con­ servative friends, and appropriated $475,000, we should to-day have reported a debt of $41,000. Had we permitted our expenditures to 1878.] HOME DEPARTMENT. 19 equal those of the average for the preceding five years, we should have closed the year with a debt of $37,000. Had we acted unhes­ itatingly, even upon the cautious advice of the Board expressed in its vote at the last annual meeting, and looked for what at the time seemed to us a sum so small that it threatened serious disaster, $500,000, including the amount necessary to pay the debt, we should be obliged still to report a debt of $18,000. Certainly we have occasion for gratitude that no such disaster has befallen us, and that we have been enabled to adjust the ex­ penditures so nearly to the annual receipts. Only the necessity of meeting an unexpected call upon our treasury for over $5,000, during the last week of August, obliges us to present upon our books, September 1, even the small deficit of less than $4,600. As far as such a result may be a source of gratification to the generous friends of this Board at the close of this unusually trying financial year, we have abundant occasion to express our hearty thanksgivings. On the other hand, we shall wrong ourselves, and cripple our missions, unless, entering upon the new year with the full purpose expressed in our resolution of a year ago, we also faithfully execute the purpose, and see to it that the income of the year upon which we have now entered do not fall below the full sum of $500,000. Only thus can we change this perilous process Of a continuous reduction of expenditure below the necessities of the missionary work into an honorable and animating advance. May we not pray and plan and hope in this direction ? 20 ZULU MISSION. [Report,

THE MISSIONS.

ZULU MISSION.

U m z u m b i. — HeDry M. Bridgman, Missionary; Mrs. Laura E. Bridgman, Miss Mar}' E. Pinkerton. — One church. U m t w a l u m i. — C. W. Kilbon, Missionary; Mrs. Mary B. Kilbon. — One church; two teachers; five other helpers.

A d a m s (Amanzimtote). — William Ireland, Elijah Robbins, Missionaries; Mrs. R. Oriana Ireland, Mrs. Addie B. Robbins, Miss Laura A. Day. — One church; three teachers; four other helpers. L i n d l e y (Tnanda). — Stephen C. Pixley, Missionary; Mrs. Louisa Pixley, Mrs. Mary K. Edwards, Miss Fanny M. Morris, Miss Martha E. Price.— One church; six teachers; three other helpers.

U m s u n d u z i.— Josiah Tyler, Missionary; Mrs. Susan W . Tyler. — One church; one teacher; two other helpers.

U m v o t i . — David Rood, Missionary; Mrs. Alzina V. Rood, Miss Gertrude R. Hance. — One church; one teacher; three other helpers.

M a p u m u l o . — Andrew Abraham, Missionary; Mrs. Sarah L. Abraham. — One church; one preacher; one teacher. IiiDUiNDUMA. — Myron W . Pinkerton, Missionary; Mrs. Louisa M. Pinkerton.

O ut- s t a t io n s . — There are eleven out-stations, with eight churches; seven preach­ ers (one of them ordained); two catechists; nine teachers ; and three other helpers. 8 stations; 11 out-stations; 15 churches; 9 missionaries; 15 female assistant mission­ aries; 1 native pastor; 8 native preachers ; 23 teachers; 20 other helpers.

In reporting this mission for the last year the brethren in the field will be allowed mainly to speak for themselves, most of their report being reproduced here.

EVANGELISTIC WORK. The fields of labor and plans of work have been much the same as last year, with the like variety of hopes and fears, successes and apparent failures. Beside the labors of paid helpers, occupying out-stations, volunteers have gone Sabbath after Sabbath, from the various stations to outlying districts, to preach the gospel. The hope of extending the work widely among the natives clearly lies in promoting the efficiency of the native agency, by both increasing the number and improving the quality of the men employed. But at present the native churches do not give enough, and the Board at home cannot furnish adequate means for enlargement, and we are obliged to do far less than satisfies us. The force of workers outside of the missionaries is far too small. Five years ago there were ordained pastors over five of our churches. Now there is but one. Two have died, one was obliged to seek a more healthful lo­ cality for his family, and is now in the employ of the Native Home 1878.] ZULU MISSION. 21

Missionary Society, and one has been deposed for evil conduct. We much need, at once, a class of trained men, from which to select for the supply of these churches, as well as for work else­ where.

CHURCHES AND STATIONS. In regard to our churches we might say things pleasant and things painful; though the painful things have been less prominent this year than last. Only twenty new members have been received on profession, ten have been excommunicated, and ten have died. The number of deaths is unusually large. We clearly see grace ruling in the hearts of some of the members, and rejoice in the ground of hope we see for the future, in the grace and faith of these few. We are pained to find converts fond of debasing heathen customs, which we hoped they had utterly renounced, yet, remem­ bering the tendencies of human nature, we must expect this, to some extent. But it is far more painful to see godless white men ruining them by drink and its attendant evils. Our native Christians are yet to meet some of the severest trials connected with the giving up of polygamy, and it remains to be seen how they will endure, and what measures it may be necessary to take to strengthen the churches against these temptations.

EDUCATION.

The present needs of our Theological School have been the sub­ ject of much discussion in recent meetings. W e hope soon to place the institution on a basis adapted to the best training possible of all suitable men who can be induced to enter it. W e are glad to report that the natives have paid more the past year for the school privi­ leges of their children, than heretofore. The principals of both the high schools, that for boys and that for girls, have increased the sums called for from the parents, for tuition, board, etc., and not without a good measure of success. We trust the natives will be­ come, in time, more industrious, and will appreciate their privileges and the privileges of their children more highly, and that they can be led to assume the entire expense of the instruction they receive. At the Umzumbi Home, little money is received from the pupils, but sewing, and other kinds of work done by them, either save or bring in money. W e long to see some plan established for the general education of natives in the Colony. The government, while it assists us by yearly grants to our station schools, does not appear ready, as yet, to promote general education among the kraals. 22 ZULU MISSION. [Report,

INLAND MISSION.

The suggestion comes from the Missionary Rooms that we con­ sider the plan of sending two of our number, with what native help­ ers we can get, to an entirely new field in the interior. The mission earnestly considered a plan of this kind some years ago, and exam­ ined various possible openings for such a work. They are now ready to renew their investigations, and to assist as far as may be within their power, to carry out any scheme that may be deemed best. They feel that much may be learned from the experience (and only partial success) of the four distinct attempts recently made to plant stations at different places in the interior.

PASSING EVENTS. What may be the result of events now transpiring around us, it is impossible to predict. Various tribes over our southern border, in the Cape Colony, have for months been in arms against each other, and against the forces of the government, and for a second time within a few months there is disturbance on the northern frontier of the Transvaal. Difficulties between the Transvaal Boers and the Zulu natives have also for a long time threatened an outbreak. The Norwegian missionaries, who have long occupied Zulu Land, have deemed it prudent to leave the country until affairs are more settled, especially as the native Christians have left the stations on account of the king’s persecution. If these various disturbances shall be limited to the localities where they have arisen, our work will not be affected, and we await developments without much ap­ prehension. The following statistics for the year are appended to the mission report: churches, 15; members, 626; received on profession, 20; preaching places, 30 ; average total number in the congregations, 1,125 ; common schools, 23 (number of pupils not given) ; theo­ logical students in the seminary at Amanzimtote, 11; pupils in the normal department, 49 ; pupils in the girls’ seminary at Inanda, 30 ; pupils in the Dmzumbi Home, 25; money contributed in 1877 for religious and educational purposes, £185, 16s. 4 d. (about $929) ; volumes printed, — hymn-books, 5,000, Zulu arithmetics 2,000, vol­ umes of the Minor Prophets, 300. The question of opening a mission in Central Africa, in connec­ tion with those of British societies, has been very carefully discussed during the year past. An elaborate.paper on the subject, after con­ ference with Major Malan, an English gentleman who had visited the Zulu mission, and other portions of the South African field, was 1878.] EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. 23 published in the “ Missionary Herald.” It was thought desirable to call the attention of American Christians to the importance of tak­ ing part with others in the work of evangelizing that continent. The interest awakened by the discoveries of Livingstone and Stan­ ley had turned the thoughts of many to the desirableness of some such effort; but the necessity of other mission fields made it im­ possible to attempt an independent work in that quarter unless special funds could be provided for it. Several contributions have been made, and a very generous proposition has been presented to the board by Robert Arthington, Esq., of Leeds, England; but a very much larger sum than has yet been realized or promised will be necessary if we undertake the work of planting a new mission in the heart of Africa. A large sum will be needed at the outset, and a large expenditure will be necessary year after year to secure suc­ cess. The Prudential Committee have not thought it wise to make any direct movement beyond careful examination of all reliable sources of information, until an adequate sum has been pledged; not only for the beginning but for the continuance of the work. The growing work in other quarters requires constant increase of expenditure, and it is felt that it would be an unwise policy to enter upon a new field to the neglect of others already occupied. It causes great regret that the Committee cannot at once enter upon a work of so much interest, and which has a special claim upon this country. It may be hoped, however, that in years to come, on the revival of business, it may be practicable to enter upon this new field. In the mean time pains will be taken to secure whatever in­ formation may be necessary to the success of the enterprise when begun.

EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION.

C onstantinople . — Elias Higgs, i>. d ., l l . d ., T. L. Byington, d . d ., 2Mission­ aries; Mrs. Martha J. Riggs. — Two helpers in editorial -work.

S a m o k o v .—J am es F . Clarke, H. Edwin Locke, J. Henry House, George D . Marsh, Missionaries; Mrs. Isabella G. Clarke, Mrs. Zoe A. M. Locke, Mrs. Addie S. House, Mrs. Ursula C. Marsh, Miss Esther F. Maltbie. — Four school-teachers. Six out-stations, with one church ; one pastor; two licensed preachers; five school­ teachers.

M o n a s t ir . — John W . Baird, E. W. Jenney, Missionaries; Mrs. Ellen R. Baird. — Two licensed preachers; one other helper ; one out-station, with one licensed preacher. Four out-stations, two churches, at Merichleri and Yamboul, two pastors, three licensed preachers, and four teachers were connected with the destroyed Eski Zagra Station. Jn this country. — Lewis Bond, Jr., Missionary; Mrs. Fanny G. Bond, Mrs. K. M. Jenney, Mrs. Margaret E. Byington. 24 EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

3 stations; 11 out-stations; 3 churches; 9 missionaries ; 10 female assistant-mis­ sionaries; 3 native pastors ; 8 licensed preachers ; 13 school-teachers; 3 other helpers.

Much of the field of this mission was the seat of war, violence, outrage, and terrible suffering for a large part of the year to be now reported. No annual meeting has been held by the mission, no mission reports, and no full station reports or statistics, have been received; but some facts in regard to the several stations may be gathered from the correspondence. Mr. and Mrs. Bond are now in this country. Miss Maltbie sailed from New York on the 18th of May, returning to Turkey, and reached Samokov June 26.

CONSTANTINOPLE. The work at Constantinople, in connection with this mission, is mainly in the, publication department. It has been carried forward during the year much as heretofore, though affected somewhat by the disturbed condition of the whole empire. The brethren have felt, quite as deeply as ever before, the importance of the “ Zor- nitza,” a small periodical published by them, with a circulation the past year, despite all hindrances, of 2,446 copies. Appreciated by the Bulgarians, it has been doing missionary work where no other agency could do it, entering hundreds of homes which no Protestant could enter, removing prejudice, and making known the way of life. The brethren have also done what they could in the way of preparing tracts and books for publication, and thus employing the press to disseminate a knowledge of the truth.

ESKI ZAGBA. It was announced at the close of the last Annual Report that Eski Zagra, heretofore one of the stations, had been destroyed, and that the missionary families had fled for safety to Constantinople. Some Russian forces entered the place late in June, 1877, a portion of the Turkish population fleeing for a time, and Russians and Bulga­ rians committing some excesses. On the 31st of July, a Turkish commander opened fire on the city, and Circassians and Bashi-Ba- zouks soon began to plunder and burn. The conduct of the Turk­ ish officials towards the mission families seems to have been most commendable; Moslem neighbors also befriended them; and the Governor, to save their lives, sent for them, and giving them neither time nor a guard so that they might return to take even a few arti­ cles from their dwellings, hurried them away at once. They es­ caped safely, but everything they had was lost. Mr. and Mrs. Bond, needing to recruit, came soon afterwards to the United States ; Mr. and Mrs. Marsh remained for a time at Constantinople, and 1878.] EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. 25 then, under the advice of physicians and friends, went to Malta, Mr. Marsh in very feeble health, but not willing to return to his native land unless this should appear to be imperatively necessary. They returned to Constantinople early in May, and were then hoping to spend the summer at Samokov. The mission helpers and friends at Eski Zagra and its out-stations, for whom many fears were en­ tertained, seem to have escaped safely, in most cases, some to the north of the Balkans, where they are believed to have been doing good as opportunity has been afforded them.

SAMOKOV. At Samokov there was comparative quiet, and the missionaries did not feel that they were in special danger through the summer of 1877. Leading men among the Bulgarians appeared to be friendly, and the Turks decidedly so. But in September they yielded to “ the oft given advice and entreaty” of friends at Constantinople, and sent their families there, to be in a place of greater (probable) safety ; “ not because of any immediate seen danger, but in view of what might take place.” It was considered best that Mr. House, also, who needed rest, should remain at Constantinople, where he has aided in the publication work; and as Mr. Clarke desired to be much away, engaged still in that relief work to which he had pre­ viously given so much time and strength, Mr. Jenney, of the Mo- nastir Station, joined Mr. Locke at Samokov on the 1st of Decem­ ber, after a very perilous journey of five days from Monastir. Up to that time the Theological School had been continued at Sam­ okov (as indeed it was subsequently), but dangers were increasing, and it was not prudent for Mr. Locke to be alone. The two breth­ ren, embracing every opportunity 1,0 aid the suffering, “ binding up the wounds of Turkish soldiers in the hospital,” became more and more known and respected by the Turks; a marked and very favorable change took place in the feelings of leading Bulgari­ ans towards them ; and by Russian officials they were treated with great kindness. Writing from Constantinople (where he then was), March 4, and recounting briefly events of the winter at Samo­ kov, Mr. Locke stated: “ For some weeks before the ‘ siege,’ as we call it, began, we had distributed clothing to the refugees, — Turkish women and children, — so that we were in favor with our city government. We helped the Bulgarians last year, and the Turks this year. It was thus evident that we regarded not nations but fellow-men. We have never been denied a request by the last Turkish Governor of our city, though we were, to be sure, very careful as to what we asked of him...... When the Turkish 26 EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. [Report, troops entered the city they were quartered on the Christians. Fearing that an attempt would be made to occupy our buildings, especially the boarding-school building, I called on the first general that came, and subsequently on the general in command (Osman Pasha), who received me very cordially. He listened to my re­ quest, — that, unless it was really needful, the three houses occupied by us A m ericans might not be occupied by his soldiery,— and re­ ferred me to a colonel who had charge of such matters, with a ver­ bal request to him that he would see that our three houses were not taken for the use of the soldiers. The colonel told me to raise our flag, that he might know which our buildings were. We raised it at once, and it has been up to this day. “ At one o’clock, A. m., January 1 1 , the Turks were fleeing, and by daylight all the army was away, except stragglers. At three p. M., the Russians in a body (6,500) came in. Brother Jenney and I stood at the street gate of my house, right under our flag, and saw them enter, saluting the officers as they passed. On Monday, the 13th of January, a barn was fired by some Cossacks, which was connected with our buildings by a low shed ; but, thanks to a favor­ ing Providence, it did us no harm. On Wednesday, the 15th, a detachment of troops arrived with a military governor for the city, and five of his under-officers undertook to force themselves upon us. But we firmly insisted that, as Americans, we did not choose to re­ ceive them...... The next day I called on the officer in com­ mand, who received me like a gentleman, returned my call, and has ever shown himself to be very well disposed towards us, not only as Americans, but as missionaries.” The family of Mr. Locke returned to Samokov in March. Messrs. Clarke and House returned, with their families, about the middle of April, and on the 20th of that month Mr. Jenney left for his station at Monastir, going by way of Constantinople and Salonica, as the direct route was very unsafe. Writing from Monastir in May, he says : “ How strange and varied has been my experience in the last six months...... To those in safe America, last January rolled by merrily, but to two of us in Samokov hours seemed days, and days weeks. At times frail nature would become discouraged, and it seemed as if all must go ; but when the soul looked above, the sweet assurance came, ‘ He that keepeth Israel neither slumbers nor sleeps.’ “ Our property in Samokov is as it was six months ago. Evil eyes have been upon it, but he who led Christians in America to con­ struct those buildings, kept them as foundation stones in the new régime. I love to think of the leadings of Providence Had 1878.] EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. 27

Mrs. Jenney been here I could not have gone, and I think that the Board would not have had to-day one building there, had we not stayed by. Brother Locke could not have held out alone, as he has often said.” Mr. House wrote, May 24, in regard to the prospects of the mis­ sion work at the station thus held and saved. Speaking of the Fe­ male Boarding School he says : “ The developments since our return have surprised us all. The desire to avail themselves of the privi­ leges of the school, on the part of friends, seems to be more wide­ spread than ever ; and without being fully aware of it ourselves, we had voted into the school so many new scholars that the number of pupils is now greater than it has ever before been (I believe) in Samokov, and there are others still who wish to come...... In this school we have a fine opening for doing good and profitable work for Bulgarian girls. So far we seem to have the good will of the Russian authorities, and our relations with the Bulgarian author­ ities appear pleasant. “ W e have calls from almost every quarter for workers,— preach­ ers, Bible-women, teachers. The sale of Russian and Bulgarian Bibles and Testaments keeps up remarkably. On the whole, we thank God and take courage.” Mr. Jenney visited several out-stations when returning to Monas- tir, and was much encouraged by what he sawatYamboul especially, where the labors of a faithful pastor seem to have been greatly blessed. “ That church alone,” he exclaims, li has more than paid for all the labors in Turkey ! Do missions pay ? Oh, how can that question be asked by any sane man ? ”

MONASTIIt.

From the latter part of November, 1877, to May, 1878, Mr. and Mrs. Baird were without associates at Monastir. Before Mr. Jen­ ney left, the brethren had written of the prospects in that field as on the whole encouraging. The attendance on Sabbath services had increased to from 30 to 40 adults in the morning, and from 20 to 30 in the afternoon, opposition had “ well-nigh passed away,” and young converts seemed to “ grow in grace, knowledge, and devotion.” The country around was quiet and excited by turns. Eleven persons are reported as added to the church at that station, and two at an out­ station. Mr. Jenney wrote after his return from the excitement and perils of the winter at Samokov: “ I felt as if I had reached an earthly paradise last Sabbath, as I gazed on the happy, earnest faces of an audience drinking in the words of life. I rejoice more and more that I came to Turkey, and that I came to Monastir.” 28 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

WESTERN TURKEY MISSION.

LITERARY DEPARTMENT FOR THE THREE ARMENIAN MISSIONS.

C onstantinople . — Elias Riggs, J>. J>., l l . d ., E. E. Bliss, i>. D ., I. Fayette Pet­ tibone, Joseph H. Greene, Missionaries; Henry 0 . Dwight, Editor; Mrs. Martha J. Riggs, Mrs. Isabella H. Bliss, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Greene, Mrs. Ardelle M. Dwight. — Four native assistants.

• GENERAL MISSIONARY WORK.

C onstantinople . — George W . Wood, d. d., Milan H. Hitchcock, Charles H. Brooks, John O. Barrows, Theodore A. Baldwin, Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah A. H. W ood, Mrs. L. A. Hitchcock, Mrs. Fanny W . Brooks, Mrs. Matilda J. Baldwin, Mrs. Clara S. Barrows, Mrs. Cora W . Tomson, Mrs. C. P. Williams, Miss Ellen C. Par­ sons, Miss Mary M. Patrick. — Three churches; two pastors; three teachers; nine other helpers. Resident in Nicomedia, but considered members of the Constantinople station. — Justin W. Parsons, Missionary; Mrs. Catherine Parsons, Miss Laura Farnham, Miss Electa C. Parsons. Seventeen out-stations, with four churches, — one each in Rodosto, Adrianople, Nir- comedia (Bardezag or Baghckijik)i and Adabazar; two pastors; eight licensed preach­ ers ; fifteen teachers; eight other helpers.

M a n is a . — Marcellus Bowen, Charles C. Stearns, Missionaries ; Mrs. Flora P. Bowen, Mrs. Sophia D. P. Stearns, Miss Phebe L. Cull, Miss Hattie G. Powers — One church; one pastor; three teachers; one other helper. Nine out-stations, with three churches, — at Smyrna^ Aidin, and Ak-Hissar; one pastor; one licensed preacher; one teacher ; seven other helpers. Resident in Smyrna, Miss Maria A. West; one domestic assistant.

B r o o s a . — Sanford Richardson, Missionary; Mrs. Rhoda A. Richardson, Miss Julia A. Rappleye. — One church; one pastor; two licensed preachers ; eight teachers. Thirteen out-stations, with six churches, — at Bandurma, Moohalich, Demirdesh, Bili- jik, Mooradchai, and Tenije; three pastors; six licensed preachers; nine teachers ; one other helper.

M a r s o v a n . —Julius Y. Leonard, John F. Smith, Edward Riggs, Missionaries; M rs. Amelia A. Leonard, Mrs. Laura E. Smith, Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, Miss Eliza Fritclier. Miss Fannie E. Washburn. — One church: one licensed preacher ; eight teachers; one other helper. Sixteen out-stations, with two churches, — at Kapookaya and Vizir Kupreu; two pastors; four licensed preachers ; thirteen teachers; ten other helpers.

C e s a r e a . — W . A. Farnsworth, d. d., Daniel Staver, Missionaries; Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, Mrs. Abbie S. Staver, Miss Sarah A. Closson. — One church; one pas­ tor; eight teachers; two other helpers. Twenty-four out-stations, with five churches — at Istanos, Yozgat, Moonfoosoon, Soongoorloo, and Injirli; four pastors ; three licensed preachers; thirty-six teachers; twenty other helpers. Thirty-eight, other places regularly visited.

S i v a s . — A. W . Hubbard, H. T. Perry, Missionaries; Mrs. Emma R. Hubbard, Mrs. Jennie H. Perry.— Four teachers ; one other helper. Eight out-stations, with three churches, — at Tocat, Gurun, and Divrik; one pastor; four licensed preachers ; eight teachers. On the way. — C. C. Tracy, John E. Pierce, Missionaries; Mrs. L. A. Tracy, Mrs. Lizzie A. Pierce. In this Country. — Geo. F. Herrick, L. Bartlett, Missionaries ; Mrs. Helen M. Her­ rick, Mrs. Cornelia E. Bartlett, Miss Flavia S. Bliss. 1878.1 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 29

6 stations; 88 out-stations ; 30 churches; 24 missionaries ; 1 male assistant mission­ ary; 37 female assistant missionaries; 18 native pastors; 29 licensed preachers; 118 teachers; 64 other helpers.

Dr. and Mrs. Farnsworth, Mrs. Wood, and Mrs. Stearns have re­ turned to the mission field after a short season of rest in this coun­ try ; Mr. and Mrs. Tracy are on the way to their former station at Marsovan, and Mr. and Mrs. Pierce, transferred from the eastern mission, go to Nicomedia, to the aid of Mr. Parsons, in more imme­ diate charge of that portion of the district connected with the Con­ stantinople station. Mrs. Schneider, by reason of impaired health, and Mrs. Giles because of the claims of friends dependent on her, will not at present resume missionary labor abroad. Rev. George F. Herrick and family, also Rev. and Mrs. L. Bartlett, have felt obliged to visit this country for a season of rest.

GENERAL VIEW. The past year has been a very trying one, by reason of the ex­ citement of the popular mind in view of the varying issues of the war, and the depression of all industrial pursuits. The government has been too weak to secure order away from the larger centers of population, and a state bordering on anarchy has prevailed over large districts. In these circumstances missionaries have been re­ stricted in their efforts ; touring by American or native evangelists has been attended with no little personal danger ; progress in the various lines of evangelical effort was hardly to be expected. Yet there has been no cessation of effort; not a missionary or native preacher has been withdrawn from his post, and no schools sus­ pended ; but the work has everywhere been vigorously kept up, in the full assurance of its vital importance to the future of the popula­ tion of the country, whatever might be their political destinies. The number of enrolled Protestants reported the present year is 7,704 against 7,727 last year ; of native preachers and teachers 219 against 213 last year; of common schools 102, with an attendance of 3,679 pupils, against 96 schools and 3,587 pupils a year ago; and 5,037 under Sabbath-school instruction as compared with 4,891 in the re­ port for 1877. These few statistics are sufficient to show that if less progress has been made than in some former years, the work has been steadily maintained. Eleven of the thirty churches report additions on profession of faith, to the number of eighty-one in all, while the contributions to various Christian objects, as the sup­ port of their own preachers, schools, and benevolent offerings, amounted to nearly $6,000. Considering the wretchedness and poverty of the people, the oppressive taxation, and utter prostration 30 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

of business, this record is certainly to the credit of these churches; an honorable expression of their interest in the cause of Christ and the social and moral improvement of their children.

THE LITERARY DEPARTMENT.

The necessity of a Christian literature, to meet the wants of a people awakened by the gospel to the possibilities of intellectual and spiritual culture, is fully realized by the missions in this empire. While missionaries generally, in other missions, aid in some meas­ ure in preparing works for the press, original or such as are based on standard English works in the various departments, the special care of this branch of the service here devolves on the missionaries set apart to it and residing at Constantinople. The report of the publications the last year gives the names of PAGES COPIES TAGES Sixteen in Armenian, 693 31,950 1,228,000 Seventeen in Armeno-1Turkish, 874 33,500 2,023,000 Five in Greco-Turkish, 431 6,970 600,660 Two in Bulgarian, 256 3,396 353,768

Total 2,259 75,816 4,205,428

The amount of care, labor, and scholarship required to carry for­ ward this department, only those familiar with the press can fully understand. The venerable Dr. Riggs is equally at home in all the languages used, and invaluable in all departments; Mr. Herrick and Mr. Greene are specially interested in the Turkish ; Dr. Bliss and Messrs. Pettibone and Dwight in the Armenian, though ready to lend a hand elsewhere when needed; Mr. Byington’s specialty is the Bulgarian, in which he is aided by Dr. Riggs and accomplished native Bulgarian scholars. Rev. Avedis Gostanyan, of Marash, has been engaged with the Revision Committee on the Scriptures. Other Armenian and Turkish scholars have been employed in vari­ ous capacities, to aid in the general work of the press. On the 25th of May, the Committee to whom was intrusted the work of preparing a revised edition of the Turkish Scriptures, com­ pleted its work. The revision is made and the printing of the whole Bible is done, with the exception of a portion of the Old Testament, from Jeremiah to Malachi. “ It was with no light emo­ tions of joy and gratitude,” writes Dr. E. E. Bliss, “ that the Com­ mittee and their assistants united at their last session in giving thanks to God that they had been enabled to go through so ardu­ ous and important an undertaking, and in supplicating his blessing upon the work accomplished.” 1878.] WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 31

The Bible is now for the first time offered to the populations of the Empire in their own native language, — the translations care­ fully revised by accomplished scholars, foreign and native, and in harmony one with another so far as the varying idioms will permit. The importance of this preparation for the thorough evangelization of the Empire can hardly be over-estimated. The time when this preparatory work was finished, harmonizes singularly with the new political arrangements to be consummated a few days later at the Berlin Congress, and with the new era promised, of religious free­ dom for all classes in the Empire. i

HIGHER EDUCATION. The class which graduated last Autumn from the Marsovan Theo­ logical Seminary numbered eleven. With the exception of one temporarily engaged in teaching, they were all immediately called to the work of preaching, and are scattered throughout the mission, some of them at most important centers of influence. The next class of eight, because of their youth, and to give them a little more experience of practical life, were sent to labor for two years. They are in active service as teachers and preachers, and greatly in re­ quest. The new class received last spring is the largest, and, on the whole, the most promising that has ever entered the seminary. It numbers twenty-eight, of whom twenty-five are Armenians and three are Greeks. Arrangements are in progress to secure thorough Greek instruc­ tion in connection with the Armenian and Turkish, so as to make the Seminary complete in its appointments, to meet the wants of all classes in the mission. This bringing representatives of different na­ tionalities together for common instruction on the profoundest themes that can occupy the human mind, and in preparation for the common work of the gospel ministry, it is to be hoped, will be emi­ nently useful in promoting a spirit of amity and Christian brother­ hood, of the greatest value in the furtherance of the work of evan­ gelization. A new and commodious building has been erected the past year for the mission boarding school for girls, at Marsovan. The num­ ber of pupils for the year was thirty. Besides these, as usual, quite a number of day scholars were received from the city, — mostly from Armenian families. Among those received into the church the past year were several from this class, who have not only come them­ selves, but have brought with them their husbands, brothers, sisters, parents, and other friends. Of the graduating class of ten, three were members of the church before coming to the seminary. Now 32 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. \Report, all are hopefully pious, and all but one have united with the church. The range of studies included Algebra, Astronomy, Moral Philoso­ phy, besides careful instruction in Bible history and the Scriptures. The change wrought in the character of these girls, by their disci­ pline and study in the boarding school, under the care of cultured Christian women from this country, finds expression in the follow­ ing language of the trustees, in their last report. “ It is a pleasant thing for us all to have among us these tender, loving hearts, and these sweet faces radiant with budding thoughts, or still more radiant with the light of a new-born Christian hope. And especially is it a pleasant thing for their teachers to lead these trusting, thirsty souls to the fountain of knowledge, and most of all, to the knowledge of Him whom to know aright is life eternal. It is pleasant to feel that they who are being molded under their influ­ ence are to be the future Christian teachers of this land, and the fu­ ture mothers of well ordered Christian homes. And we rejoice to know that the thirty-one previous graduates have in so high a de­ gree, and with scarcely an exception, fulfilled these expectations. W e know that their influence in the quiet sphere of home, and especially as wives of preachers, can hardly be over-estimated. And the rec­ ord of their labors as teachers and Bible women forms an important and interesting part of the history of almost every station in this mis­ sion. And we have the fullest confidence that the ten who are now added to their number will be earnest and faithful co-laborers ; and that the influence of all will be more and more felt as a prime factor in the evangelization of this Empire.” These words will apply equally well to the other institutions for the higher education of girls and young women in this mission, to the Home in Constantinople, to the boarding-schools at Manisa, Broosa, Sivas, and Cesarea,— including, the past year, about two hundred and fifty young women, Armenian and Greek, from all parts of the mission field.

THE WOKE: AMONG THE GREEKS. This has assumed new importance the past year, and the mission is fully convinced that the time has come for new and enlarged ef­ forts in this direction. Though special attention has been given the Greeks in Broosa and in Manisa, much interest has been shown in the gospel by this class of the population in other places. A Greek service is maintained at Constantinople, the large congregation at Talas, near Cesarea, is nearly half made up of Greeks, and Greek students are finding their way to the Seminary at Marsovan. Far­ ther notice of this work will appear in the following details of dif­ ferent stations. 1878.] WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 33

STATIONS. The reports from the different stations show that there has been growth in the Christian communities despite all the untoward influ­ ences, though the poverty of the people has made it more and more difficult for them to support their own institutions. Care has never­ theless been taken to bring the various congregations to a proper recognition of their duties toward their pastors and preachers.

CONSTANTINOPLE.

This station could not but be unfavorably affected by the political and other excitement consequent on the war with Russia. Direct mis­ sionary work has been hindered in the city, and but little touring could be done among the out-stations. The Protestant communities have been reduced to great straits, and many individuals to sheer poverty. A more cheerful report is rendered of the circulation of the Scrip­ tures and other books. The American Bible Society issued over 29,000 copies of the whole or portions of the Scriptures. The Brit­ ish and Foreign Bible Society sold, during the year, 17,427 copies, besides granting to schools, prisoners of war, refugees, etc., 3,712 copies. The number of religious and other books issued from the Book Department for the year 1877 was 30,333. The influence on the popular mind of so large a circulation of Christian literature is not easily estimated. The “ Avedaper ” (a weekly newspaper published in three lan­ guages) has had a circulation, in 170 different cities and towns, of 1,465 copies, and the monthly, of 657. Little change is noted in the religious services kept up at various points in the capital or in the out-stations, and this, so far, is favor­ able, considering the many distracting influences. A station class of eight pupils has been kept up during the year. But schools of all kinds, of every nationality and grade, have had great difficulties to contend with. The highest Armenian school has been closed for want of support; Robert College has suffered a great diminution of pupils. The Home at Scutari has, however, had an increased attendance, and gained in reputation and influence. At the close of 1877 it had twenty-six boarding and thirty-one day pupils ; and the amount received for board and tuition fees from the pupils was nearly $2,000, —• evidence at once of the success of the institution, and the higher value set on the education of women. Tlie boarding-school at Baghchijik is a growing power for good in all the Nicomedia field. During the past year it has had an at­ tendance of twenty-four boarding and fifty day pupils. Its definite 3 34 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

object is to train workers for the Lord’s vineyard, and this it is do­ ing with great success.

BROOSA. The large and flourishing church in this city has been subjected to internal trials the past year, but these have now been happily adjusted by the fraternal counsels of neighboring churches, acting through a committee of the Bithynia Union. A second service in the Greek quarter is gradually gathering the elements of a second church. The congregation on special occasions has numbered one hundred and fifty. The school for Greek girls, under the instruc­ tion and care of Miss Rappleye, has continued to grow in useful­ ness and favor. New buildings and suitable accommodations will soon be secured, through the efforts of the Christian ladies of Cali­ fornia. The gospel has been preached with varying success at the different out-stations. At Demirdesh four pupils from Miss Rap- pleye’s school have been received to the communion of the church; at Salas the gospel has at last triumphed over a most bitter perse­ cution ; at Yenije, where the work was fostered in its beginning by the special labors of Mr. and Mrs. Schneider, marked progress has been made ; the church at Mooradchai is growing in spiritual life and power; Moohalich rejoices in the possession of a new chapel, school-room, etc., for which the people contributed one half of the expense, receiving fifty pounds from the avails of Dr. West’s med­ ical practice at Sivas. Thus this good man lives in the institutions of the gospel in the land to which he gave his life. Other points, as Bilijik, present less encouragement, yet as a whole there is much to encourage in the condition of the work in this field — compris­ ing, besides the congregation in Broosa, thirteen out-stations, fifteen preaching places, with an aggregate average attendance of 700, ten Sabbath-schools with 400 attendants, seven churches of nearly 200 members, and eighteen schools with 500 pupils, and the care of thirty native helpers. It is not surprising that Mr. Richardson, the only missionary in charge of this field, has found a little rest and change necessary, the past season.

MANISA. Of this station the missionaries report a year crowded with work, but express regret over the limited resources at command in com­ parison with the unusual and unexpected greatness of their oppor­ tunities. The work in this field is two-fold, in the Turkish language for Armenians and Greeks who are familiar with the Turkish, and in the Greek language for such as practically are unacquainted with the other. Early in the year a weekly preaching service and a Sabbath- 1878.] WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 35 school were established by Mr. Stearns for this class at Manisa. In the summer Mr. Constantine of Athens was invited to spend a few weeks at Manisa, where he labored with great acceptance and drew large audiences. The school for girls, attended by over forty pu­ pils, is of the same mixed character, partly Armenian and partly Greek. The examinations and exhibition of this school in May last attracted a large number of deeply interested spectators, among whom was the Pasha of Manisa, with others of the prominent offi­ cials. The Pasha expressed his admiration in the warmest terms. The school for Greek boys has had about twenty-five pupils, and been well sustained. Special mention is made of the valuable services of an English lady, Miss Mattass, familiar with the Greek language, who has gen­ erously aided both in the girls’ school, and in labors among the Greek women, and in a Sabbath-school for Greek .children. Religious services have been maintained during the year at Ma­ nisa, in both the Greek and Turkish languages, with growing in­ terest. New interest has been shown in Smyrna; also, a better spirit in the Protestant community, so long torn by dissensions. In the meah time Miss West has been engaged in varied and successful efforts in the old Armenian community ; to raise the standard of education, to turn attention to Bible studies, and in personal inter­ course with all classes to win individuals to a saving knowledge of the gospel. More favorable reports are made from the different out-stations than for years previous, especially from Afion Kara Hissar, where a recent graduate from Marsovan is laboring with great acceptance, and a flourishing school for boys has been started, to be followed by another for girls in charge of a graduate from the Home at Con­ stantinople. MARSOVAN.

While there has been much to encourage in other portions of this station-field, the greatest interest has been manifested in the city of Marsovan, beginning a little over a year since, in the female prayer-meetings, and now extending to the entire congregation. Mrs. Leonard labored indefatigably from house to house, and soon, with the other ladies of the mission, so far as their duties to their families and the school would allow, had abundant opportunity to teach large numbers of inquirers who came to their houses. The new preacher, a graduate of Robert Colfege, who, after a few months in the Seminary, was called to the charge of the church, has been greatly blessed in his labors, and has won the hearts of the people. 36 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

The average congregation in 1877 was estimated at 600, and for the three months at the beginning of the present year, ranging from 600 to 800. Thirty-seven new members have been received on profession, and nearly as many more have been examined for ad­ mission. The four Bible-women connected with the Marsovan station have 140 women and girls under their instruction, who are learning to read the truth for themselves, and learning to become better wives and mothers. Besides a Greek congregation at Unieh, one of the out-stations, more or less Greeks are to be found in nearly all the congregations. In aid of this class, a Home Missionary Society has been organized by the Greek Protestants in Marsovan, who have raised the means to employ a preacher to labor in the Greek villages. Without entering into further detail, it may be remarked that the missionaries of this station regard the year as one rich in spiritual blessings. “ Never have we had greater manifestations of the pres­ ence of the Holy Spirit, convicting of sin and making men new creatures in Christ Jesus ; and never have we seen more persons ready to sacrifice their own wills for the sake of peace, or more anxious to devote time to prayer and Christian labor, or more ready to.give even out of great poverty and distress for the building ifp of the Redeemer’s kingdom.”

SIVAS.

The following account of the field embraced in the Sivas station, from the pen of Mr. Perry, will show the extent of the field, and the work committed to the two remaining families residing at Sivas. “ The Sivas station covers an extent of territory more than 200. miles in diameter, and is occupied, in addition to numerous tribes of Turks, Koords, and Greeks, by large numbers of Armenians, who live not only in the larger cities, but are distributed also in vil­ lages. ' “ In the center of this region, on the upper waters of the Kuzzle Irmak,is the city of Sivas, the provincial capital. It is situated in a plain, is well watered, healthy, and contains a population estimated at 50,000. “ In the northern and upper edge of the city, on an admirable location, receiving the bracing breezes as they come untainted from the pine and cedar covered mountains of the Anti Taurus, Chamle Bell, and Kara Bell ranges, are the missionary residences, the well- chosen center of a parish whose extent and wants call for the prayers and the aid of God’s people in its behalf. 1878.] WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 37

“ From Sivas. going nearly due south three days’ journey, over the bleak, bare slopes of the Anti Taurus Mountains, and crossing the border of the Roman Pontus into Cappadocia, nestled in the narrow valley of the Tochmasu, on its way to the Euphrates, are the two towns of Gurun and Derende. To one looking at these localities from the mountains, the situation of these towns is traced along the dull brown, bare, and rocky plains by the winding strips of green foliage. Just back of the town of Derende, cut as if by a knife into the edge of the hills, is a deep gorge, along which the river makes its way; and in another gorge, one hour distant, traced also by its strips of green foliage, is the large village of Ashude, where a flour­ ishing little community of four families of Protestants has been sep­ arated from the old church, and organized the present year. “ East from Sivas, across the Kara Bell range of mountains in Armenia is the city of Divrik, itself the center of a group of ten populous and wealthy Armenian villages. The Kara Bell, Kuzzle- bash Koords (who fill the country between Sivas and Divrick), in hope of political advantages, and to clear their religious rites from idolatry, fought years ago a persistent political battle at Sivas, that Nicopolis), beautifully located amid groves of apricot and plum trees; but the Armenian population is worldly, ignorant, and ad­ dicted to intemperance. “ A t Enderes begins a second course of about thirty Armenian vil­ lages, along the valley or winter road to Kara Hissar, called respect­ ively the Ashkhar and Shushar plains. These villages in times of peace are wealthy, and number from ten to three hundred houses each ; but the quartering of soldiers upon them has ruined, for the present, their prosperity. Going up from the plain to the city of Kara Hissar, set upon a hill, we reach another center of Armenian influence. Here the Greek villages begin to prevail, which chiefly fill the remaining sections towards the sea. “ Further down the Lycus is the city of Niksar, where the Arme­ nian population, as in Cesarea, use the Turkish language. And north of Sivas, on the Iris River, is the city of Tokat, itself formerly the center of missionary operations and the burial place of the la­ mented Henry Martyn. “ The effect of the war upon our work in the gospel has been two-fold. Its suffering, while yet filling the thoughts and hearts of the people of every class with their own miseries, has softened them for the gospel appeal to look to God for help and obey his will. Denominational lines are less thought of, and the messengers of the gospel have been received with open doors and hearts, in a way quite astonishing to those who remember the prejudice and persecutions of previous years. “ The hope that the Russian armies would come this way to bring deliverance, taken together with the supposed fact that Russia is op­ posed to Protestantism, has filled the Armenians and Greeks with a certain infatuation, one result of which is a determination on the part of all non-Protestants that, though it is well to listen to the Bible and accept its teachings, they will not assume the name of Protestant. The worldliness and selfishness of the Protestants themselves has strengthened this opinion ; so that some of the fruits of our labor this year are not added to the Protestant ranks.” The work in this large field has suffered greatly in past years from frequent changes in the missionaries employed, and unhappy diffi­ culties in the Protestant community at Sivas. But the report of the year is such as to encourage the hope of better success in the near future. CESAREA. By the aid of funds received from Scotland, a new and commodi­ ous church edifice has been erected in Cesarea, also another build- 1878.] WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 39

Lng for a girls’ school and a parsonage. The church has now a membership of 325, of whom 75 have been received since January, 1877. The church at Tozgat, on which so much time and labor have been expended in past years, presents but little spiritual life, and still suffers from internal difficulties. The congregation for worship is large, schools are in a good condition, and there is a large and hopeful band of Christian women. Better days may be near. The other churches are making steady and encouraging progress. The regular congregations in this station-field number twenty- six, with an average attendance of about 2,800. In the early part of last year an Armenian bishop, Aristarchus by name, withdrew from the old church at Angora, taking with him sixty families and asking for religious instruction. A wide door has thus been opened for the proclamation of the gospel in this city, though no marked spiritual results have as yet followed. The number of common schools taught a part or all of the year is forty, with an attendance of 1,800 pupils. Besides these, about 200 adults have been under instruction. The number of teachers is forty-five, some of whom act as preachers in the villages. These schools have gained a high reputation for order and thoroughness of instruction. Eleven students from this field are now at the Mar- sovan Seminary, of whom four are Greeks. The preparatory train­ ing class, the past year, numbered seventeen. The work for women has been vigorously prosecuted. Seven Bible-women find more calls than they can meet. Six girls’ schools, in as many cities, are working a change in public opinion in refer­ ence to female education. The high school for girls at Talas has had an attendance of fifty-five, of whom ten were engaged in teach­ ing, the past winter, in nine different places. In addition to this school-work they conduct women’s prayer-meetings, give regular Bible instruction, visit from house to house, teaching the women to read, everywhere exerting a direct and positive influence for good. The change in the popular mind on the subject of education for women, during the last few years, is very remarkable. It was then only with the greatest effort that a half dozen girls could be secured for the school. Now the number of urgent applications is far in excess of the capacity of the school. The Divine blessing has seemed to attend it from the first. Of the fifty-five pupils of the last year, twenty-six have been received to church-membership, and hope is cherished of others. The recent heavy losses by famine, and the burdens of the war, 40 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. * [Report,

have reduced many congregations to absolute want, and greatly re­ duced the means of others. Hence there has been a falling off in contributions as compared with the year previous, so that the amount received is only about $900. But when we are informed that a day laborer who would procure a reading-book, costing twenty-two cents, must devote to the purchase three days’ labor, it is not strange that the sale of books should be somewhat limited, while au aggregate sum of 8900 for the support of schools and churches represents a very much larger sum than the same amount in this country, — in fact, not less than fifteen times as much.

NATIVE HELPERS, CHURCHES, AND CONGREGATIONS.

Congrégations and Native Helpees.Churches. Sabbatu-scuools.

1

Stations .

B o 3 Preaching Places. Preaching Licensed Preachers. Licensed Total Members. of Sabbath-school Scholars. Sabbath-school Received on on Profession Received the past year. Sabbath Con- Average : gregations. schools. PH of Number Churches. of Number Subbath- 1 1 Teachers. School • 1 Helpers. Other | Totals.

Constantinople...... 2 _ 3 13 18 3 14 157 9 • 512 4 189 Seventeen out-stations . . 2 8 lh 8 88 j 4 H 354 17 1,018 15 661 M an isa...... 1 - a 1 6 1 22 2 50 1 45 Nine out-stations...... 1 1 1 7 10 3 - 17 7 13 S 1 30 M arsovan...... _ 1 8 1 10 1 22 180 2 600 2 500 Sixteen out-stationa. . . 2 4 15 10 81 ?, 12 81 1H 904 15 697 Sivas ...... _ - 4 1 fi __ _ 1 100 1 120 Eight out-stations . . . ] 4 8 - 18 3 5 83 10 240 10 415 Cesarea 1 ...... 1 - 8 2 11 1 - 267 1 560 1 340 Twenty-five out-stations . 4 8 36 20 «3 5 _ 155 28 2,309 27 1,759 B roosa...... 1 2 8 - 11 1 8 97 2 240 2 100 Thirteen out-stations . . 3 6 9 1 19 6 11 96 13 437 8 299

Totals . . . . 18 29 118 64 229 30 81 1,509 108 7,108 87 5,155

1 No statistics later than 1876. 187.8.] CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. 41

PROTESTANT COMMUNITY AND SCHOOLS.

"oo -Q 3 .9 Stations. ■S ei eS Ö O a B £ d Theological Theological or High Boarding in Girls? Pupils Whole Whole Number in Com­ mon Schools. Schools. Schools, istered Protestants. istered Schools. Common struction. Male Pupils. Male 55 3 of Pupils. Whole Number • Whole Whole • Number of Reg­ , , Female Pupils. 1 in Pupils or Theological | High Schools. Classes. in | Station Pupils . . Other Adults under In­ _ Constantinople . . . 600 4 55 84 139 _ 1 12 1 49 200 Seventeen out-stations 1,191 15 224 139 1398 - - -- 1 60 7 4K5 M a n i s a ...... 51 11 ' 30 _ 30 - - 1 3 1 35 - 68 Nine out-stations . 72 1 7 6 13 13 Marsovan . . . . 487 8 140 100 240 1 22 1 13 1 25 20 320 Sixteen out-stations 947 15 257 m 419 ------144 563 S iv a s ...... 69 8 45 50 95 - - 1 3 1 7 3 AU8 Eight out-stations . 721 9 173 91 264 264 Cesarea 2 ...... 498 4 188 181 369 - - 1 22 -- 20 411 Twenty-four out-sta’s 2,166 29 766 472 1,238 - - - - 1 23 250 1,511 B r o o s a ...... 260 8 60 45 105 - - i 2 2 51 - 158 Thirteen out-stations 460 12 217 120 •337 12 349 Totals . . 7,522 99 2,162 1,450 3,647 1 22 6 55 8 250 45 G 4,430

1 Discrepancy of 35 unexplained in tabular view received from Constantinople. — C. n . C. 2 No statistics later than 1876.

CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION.

A i n t a b . — T. C. Trowbridge, Lucien H. Adams, Americus Fuller, Missionaries ; Mrs. M. E. Trowbridge, Mrs. N. D. Adams, Mrs. Amelia D. Fuller, Miss Myra A. Proctor, Miss Corinna Shattuck, Miss Mary G. Hollister, Miss Ellen M. Pierce. Two churches; three pastors; nine teachers. Twenty-one out-stations, with seventeen churches, — at Adana, Adiaman, Aibez, Aleppo, Antioch, Besne, Bitias, Birijik, Ger- mesh, Hassan Beily, Jibbin, Kessab. Kharne, Killis, O orfa, Tarsus, and Yorghonolook; eleven pastors; five licensed preachers ; twenty-six tcachers; three other helpers. M aiiask.— Giles F. Montgomery, Thomas D- Christie, Missionaries ; Mrs. Emily R. Montgomery, Mrs. Sarah C. Christie, Mrs. J. L. Cofling, Miss Charlotte D. Spen­ cer. Three churches ; one pastor ; ten teachers ; two other helpers. Nine out-sta- tions, with four churches, — at Albustan, Funddjdk, Hadjin, and Z eito o n ; one pas­ tor; eleven teachers; five other helpers. On the way to Turkey. — James L. Fowle, Missionary; Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle. In this Country. — Henry Marden, Missionary; Mrs. Harriet S. Bickford. 2 stations; 30 out-stations; 26 churches; 7 missionaries; 13 female assistant mis­ sionaries; 1G native pastors; 5 licensed preachers; 56 teachers; 10 other helpers.

Mr. Bickford, who joined this mission in the autumn of 1874, and gave promise of great usefulness, was removed by death, after an ill­ ness of two weeks, on the 19th of October, 1877, a few days less than three years from the time of his arrival at Marash. He had acquired a good knowledge of the language, and had begun to preach in Turkish, giving great satisfaction to the native brethren. He seemed eminently fitted for work in the seminary at Marash, which was his 42 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. [Report, special department, and his death was the more felt as a very sore bereavement, because of the weakness of the mission and the ur­ gent need of more laborers. Mrs. Bickford remained in the field until May last, when she left with her children, returning to the United States. Mr. and Mrs. Fowle sailed from New York, September 12, to join this mission. Dr. Norris, who was connected with the medical department of the college at Aintab, but acted also as physician to the mission, has felt it his duty to retire from the field. He also left in May, much to the regret of his associates. Mr. and Mrs. Christie arrived at Marash in November, 1877. A few sentences from a letter written by Mr. Christie, in December, may serve to show what were some of his first impressions and feel­ ings as he entered the field, and saw the evidence of what had been accomplished by the preaching of the gospel there. Having entered Aintab in the evening, he writes: “ Early the next morning we vis­ ited in turn the Sunday-schools of the First and Second Churches. It was an impressive sight, at each, to look in upon six or seven hun­ dred people, old and young, all seated on the floor, in groups about the several teachers, and engaged busily upon the lesson for the day. In the afternoon, a union meeting was held in the First Church, and I was told that the congregation we addressed numbered nearly fif­ teen hundred. The pulpit of the First Church, from which we were speaking, was the one Dr. Schneider occupied for the preaching of the gospel at Aintab. As I looked upon that vast audience of Christian people, and saw in their faces the unmistakable signs of spiritual and intellectual culture; as I thought of their churches, their schools, their college, and of the many young men and women who are preparing here to be light-bearers amid the darkness that enshrouds this Turkish Empire, ‘ until the day dawn and the day- star arise ’ in the East; as I thus got a glimpse of the rich fruitage of blessing which ‘ ^Father Schneider ’ was instrumental in procuring for this people, — a fruitage destined to grow larger and larger as the years go by, — I could only repeat to myself, with an emphasis never felt before, ‘ M essed are the dead which die in the Lord; Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors; and their works do follow them.’ ”

STATISTICS. Much effort has been made by the brethren, this year, to gather accurate statistics, not of the two stations only, but from the various out-stations of the extended field, — reaching, as it does, from Tar­ 1878.] CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. 43 sus on the west to Severek, beyond the Euphrates, on the east, and from Albustan on the north to Aleppo and Antioch on the south, — a region about 380 English miles in length, and 250 in breadth. Most of these statistics are presented in the following tables.

HELPERS, CHURCHES, AND CONGREGATIONS.

j

a © o a d Stations and Out- «o L STATIONS. TO §

&& Totals. Number of Number Churches, Preaching Places. Preaching Number of Number Sabbath* Total Total Members. Scholars in in Sabbath- Scholars schools J J | Licensed | Preachers. Licensed | Teachers. School 1 1 of on Prof. Rec’d Faith j | year. this 1 J J Pastors. I | | Helpers. Other | schools. j

MAftASH Station. Ma r a s i i ...... 1 - 1Ü 2 13 3 R2 742 3 1,550 4 1,550 Albustan...... -- - -- 1 - 44 1 120 1 i n B azar...... - - 1 1 -- _ 1 50 1 50 C is ...... 1 2 _ 3 _ _ _ 1 70 1 70 F u n d a ja k ...... -- 1 1 2 1 _ 46 1 100 1 100 Gurumze ...... -- 1 - 1 -— 1 7 H a d j i n ...... - - 3 1 4 1 - 54 200 1 200 S h a r ...... - _ 1 - 1 - -_ 1 40 1 4D T erebak an...... __ 1 1 2 - _ 11 1 80 1 80 Z e ito o n ...... - “ 2 1 a 1 5 46 1 150 1 150

Totals .... 2 - 21 7 30 7 67 943 13 2,367 12 2,350

A i n t a b S t a t i o n . A i n t a b ...... 3 - 9 - 12 2 16 786 3 1,050 a 980 Adana...... 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 50 1 200 _ Adiaman...... 1 __ 1 2 1 - 50 1 100 i 100 A l e p p o ...... 1 - 1 - 2 1 - 20 1 100 l 80 A n tio c h ...... 1 ___ 1 I _ 22 1 40 l 40 Baghche ...... _ - _ 1 1 1 10 l 10 Behsne ...... - _ 1 1 1 - 20 1 60 l 50 Beilan...... 1 2 3 __ 1 49 i 49 B ir id jik ...... 1 _ 1 - 2 1 27 1 350 i 100 B itia s ...... - -- t 1 1 17 52 135 135 E k iz o lo o k ...... -- 1 - 1 1 30 i 30 Eybez...... - 1 1 - 2 1 9 32 1 110 i 110 Germesh...... 1 1 - 2 1 _ 30 1 100 85 Hassan B e i l y ...... - I 1 - 2 1 2 60 1 60 60 Jibbin...... - 1 1 1 2 12 1 60 i 60 K e s s a b ...... 1 4 & 1 220 ; 350 l 280 K h a r n e ...... 1 1 2 1 3 12 1 50 i 50 K illiB ...... i 2 - a 1 2 60 1 200 l 150 O o rfa ...... 1 1 & 7 1 19 165 800 600 O ro o l...... 1 - 1 1 40 l 25 T a r s u s ...... 1 1 2 1 1 22 1 50 i 40 Yorghonolook...... - 1 1 - 2 1 13 23 1 30 l 30

Totals, Aintab Station . . 14 5 So 3 57 19 92 1,6G3 28 3,764 23 3,064

Mission T otals ...... 16 5 56 10 87 26 159 2,606 41 6,131 35 5,414 44 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. [Report,

PROTESTANT COMMUNITY AND SCHOOLS.

Community. Pecuniary Con­ tributions. Seminaries and Schools.

bO

o o a ‘3>

Stations and u Out-Stations. ■5 c M o a < o '5. g ! (in (in Piasters). (in Piasters). (in (in Piasters). 2 Whole Whole registered Number ts. ns Frotestan Salaries Pastors’ General Benevolence General Theological or other other or Theological i Higli Higli Schools. Education Number of Number Males. of Number Tax-payers. j Common Schools. | Total Pupils in in do. Total Pupils 5 II Whole of Pupils. Number | Pupils in in do. Pupils | | [ Male Pupils in do. in Pupils Male [ in do. Pupils j Female j |

Marash Station. Marash . . . _ 2,440 7,464 8,119 12,060 1 8 1 16 10 20S 217 425 471 Albustan . . . _ 202 - 240 -- --- 25 ib 40 _ 40 Bazar...... 51 -- _ - - - --_ Cis...... <0 1,200 ------50 7 57 Fundajak . . . ------45 8 53 Gurumze . . . - - 8 ------_ 7 Hadjin .... - - 850 3,600 1,600 400 - --- 8Ü 36 11« 27 143 Shar...... __ 60 450 - - - - -_-- 1ft _ 15 Yerebakan . . . _ _ 80 1,000 -_ --_ __ - 20 8 ?,R Zeitoon .... - - 120 600 144 ------25 17 42

Totals. . . . - 3,381 14,314 10,103 12,460 1 8 l 16 22 -- 750 89 868 36,877 Aintab Station. Aintab .... _ 5401,750 9,200 8.700 15,436 _ 1 17 11 _ 464 - 481 Adana .... _ 1(10 2001 6,000 1,800 1,500 _ _ _ 1 65 89 104 18 122 Adiaman . . . 5ft 40 100! - - - - _ _ - 1 -- 80 - 30 Aleppo . . . . 2ft18 80 ---- _ _- 1-- 15 - 15 Antioch .... _-- 840 - 800 - _ _- 1 -- 18 - 18 Baghchè . . . _ 5 10 400 ---__ - _ - - -- - Bebesnè . . . tto 15 75 ----_ _- 1 -- 80 - 30 Beilau . . . . 28 16 80 360 - 100 ____ ?, __ 8U - 80 Biridjik .... 40 80 80 --- -_ _ - 1 -- 60 - 60 Bitias .... 125 48 240 1,200 120 150 — _ _ _ 1 18 40 - 40 Ekizolook . . . _ 19 41 -______1 8i 16 4" - 47 Eybez . . . . 6ft 20 110 450 100 50 - __ 1 1. lf> 80 - 30 Germish . . . _ 25 100 600 400 300 _ _ - 1 2.) 15 8b - 35 Hassau Beily . . 2ft 130 96U 300 400 - _ __ 1 I j 14 38 - 33 Jibbin .... _ _ 80 - _ - __ _ _ 1 _ - 18 - 18 Kessab . . . . 500 901,100 2,500 800 400 _ _ _ _ 4 10*> 85 190 - 190 Kharnè .... _ 21 40 415 _ 70 _ _ _ _ 1 22 8 30 - 30 Killis...... 100 50 250 1,800 1,920 950 __ « _ 2 - _ 60 - 60 Oorfa...... «00 200 870 5,200 4,024 2,300 1 15 _ 5 180 85 215 20 250 Orool...... 1ft 8 fiO - _ -_ -_ _ 1 _- lb - 15 Tarsus . . . . 35 30 80 1,200 400 300 __ _ _ 1 _- 20 - 20 Yorghonolook. . 30 25 91 600 140 256 - - _ - 1 - - 80 - 30

Totals, Aintab Sta. -- 5,557 31,725 18,704 22,512 1 15 1 17 40 -- 1,564 38 1.634

Mission Totals. . - - 8,988 4 6 ,o s y 28,807 ¡34,972 2 23 2 33 62 - - 2,314 127 2,497

_ Total contributions from both stations, 109,818 piasters.

‘ CHURCHES. In connection with the statistical returns, the general letter from the mission calls attention to the large amount of contributions re­ ported, nearly 110,000 piasters, or $4,840. In some cases there has been a failure to report, so that something more than this amount has been actually paid. Considering “ the extreme poverty of the people, and the crushing burdens of the war,” this amount is felt to 1878.] CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. 45 be very commendable. To the twenty-six churches, 159 members were added by profession within the year, the present total number of members being 2,606. In connection with these churches the gospel is preached from Sabbath to Sabbath to congregations ag­ gregating more than 6,000 persons, while 5,514 pupils are in­ structed in 35 Sabbath-schools. The station report makes it obvious that much the same differ­ ences, as to Christian life and zeal, exist among the churches there as are ever found in more favored lands, with difficulties and dissen­ sions, also of like character, between churches and preachers, and among the members. In some cases there is harmony and earnest­ ness of Christian life and effort; in other cases bitter contentions have done much to render the influence of professing Christians evil rather than good. One church is said to be “ spiritually dead, though the membership is large and the attendance good ; ” another in the same community is “ in a healthy and constantly growing state.” At one out-station, “ after years of bitter strife the church seems to have found peace ; ” at another, “ the work is in all re­ spects in a most hopeful state ; ” at another, “ the church is without a pastor, and seemingly without religious life ; ” and at still another, “ the year has been one of progress, especially in numbers added to the church and the community.” Many of the existing difficulties and evils are attributed to the insufficient supply of good, competent, and well educated native pastors and preachers. For this deficiency there are said to be several reasons, among which these are prominent: (1) “ A goodly number of men educated for the ministry by this mission are now laboring in other parts of Turkey ; ” and (2) “ the closing of the seminary at Marash for two years cut off the supply of young preachers just when they were most needed.” But it is said, ‘‘ The scarcity of theological students will continue till we begin to get graduates from the college at Aintab.” “ That college has come none too soon. The schools are doing a great work; the people are advancing rapidly in intelligence, and they cannot be, and ought not to be satisfied,” with any other than an educated ministry. The Marash station report mentions, with high commendation, the Young Men’s Christian Association of that place, and its varied efforts for the good of the young men and others of the city.

SCHOOLS. WORK OF WOMEN. The mission letter states: “ You will notice the showing made by our schools. Fifty-six teachers are engaged in sixty-two common schools (some of the schools are taught by preachers or other help­ 46 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. [Report, ers), giving instruction to two thousand three hundred and fourteen scholars. In all these schools the Bible is a text-book (we are not quite ready here for the New Haven plan). “ All the management of this most promising work is in the hands of the lady members of our mission, working under, and sup­ ported by, the Woman’s Boards of America. The amount of work these ladies have done this year, in behalf of the schools, is simply astonishing ; statistics can give only the faintest hint of it.” Miss Shattuck reports that the lady teachers supported by the Woman’s Boards have visited, within the year, all but three of the out-stations connected with Aintab, traveling, to do this, not less than 1,500 miles on horseback. Of the forty schools in that field, with more than 1,600 pupils, eighteen are self-supporting. Mrs. Coifing furnishes a list of fifty young women who have been educated mostly at Marash, many of them aided from one to four years by the mission, to the aggregate extent in all of seventy-seven years, but who have already taught, in different schools connected with the mission, in all, more than one hundred and thirty-nine years. All but six of the number are members of Protestant churches. The Female Seminary at Aintab graduated, at the close of its last year, “ the largest class that has ever left the school at one time, — seventeen from the regular course, and two from the advanced course.” Twelve of these have been engaged in teaching most of the time since they left the institution. The teachers have been much relieved and encouraged by changes, — enlargement and im­ provement in the school-room, with new desks, blackboards, etc. The present number of boarders is twenty-two ; the number of pupils in the sem inary seventeen, — seven boarders and ten day scholars ; the number in the “ middle school,” forty-two. The primary depart­ ment has been given up, the Armenians in the city having opened schools for their girls, while girls coming from the villages are fitted for the middle school. Miss Shattuck was engaged through the winter in work at the out-stations, and not in the school; and Miss Proctor, so long the principal of the seminary, has now resigned that posi­ tion that she also may engage more directly, with Miss Shattuck, in “ work among women and girls in neglected places,” a work upon which she has long hoped ultimately to enter. The present plan of these ladies is to spend the winter months in one of the larger cities, as Oorfa or Adana, and the summer in the mountain vil­ lages, giving the spring and autumn to touring; thus visiting much of the field in the course of the year, and striving to rouse the women, specially, to a new and earnest Christian life. Accounts which have already appeared in the “ Missionary Herald,” for June, 1878.] CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. 47

July, and August, 1877, of Miss Shattuck’s work at Oorfa, and more recently (April, 1878) of tours by the two ladies, with Mr. Christie and Mr. Trowbridge, make it obvious that great good may reasonably be expected as the result of such labors. The disturbed condition of the country has interfered consider­ ably of late with such evangelizing labors in the way of touring, yet the tours already referred to, and several others, have been made, with cheering results at some places.

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.— COLLEGE. THE PRESS. At the opening of the seminary term, in October, 1877, the senior and junior classes were both present, but the death of Mr. Bick­ ford rendered it impossible to give suitable instruction to both the classes at Marash, and the faculty of the Central Turkey College, at Aintab, kindly consented to receive the junior class, and instruct them during the year. The senior class, of eight, has been in- . structed at Marash. Respecting the college — not a mission insti­ tution, but one in which the mission feels a deep interest — Mr. Christie wrote, soon after his arrival in the field: “ I saw the soph­ omores, the highest class as yet in the college, reading English as a classic with Professor Besjian, and thought to myself that the faces of several young men would attract attention in a sophomore class at Harvard, for the manly intelligence of their expression. These students are exhibiting a praiseworthy spirit of self-reliance in pre­ ferring to earn their own support. This they do by work upon the college grounds, the money to pay them being furnished, Mr. Trow­ bridge tells me, by friends of education in England and America. “ The institution is beginning nobly, and it stirs one’s heart thus to see here in Asia, as in the East and the W est o f our own land, the Christian college springing up beside the Christian church ; and destined here, as there, we must believe, to nourish and be nour­ ished by the church.” A committee of the mission on works for the press notices several school books, a tract, Bible lessons, etc., mostly prepared by ladies connected with the mission, as ready or soon to be ready for print­ ing, which, it is hoped, will be useful among pupils and teachers in the schools, and others.

CONCLUSION. In view of the unsettled condition of the people, the dangers, the poverty, and the many evils consequent upon war with Russia, felt to no inconsiderable extent even in this portion of the Turkish Em­ pire, and in view of the enfeebled condition of the mission, the re- 48 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. fReport,

salts of efforts for the year have been perhaps quite as great as could have been expected. The annual letter in behalf of the mission, written by Mr. Christie, gives no note of discouragement, but is hope­ ful in its tone. Yet it again announces, most distinctly, the urgent need of reinforcements, saying: “ I trust these men and women [the present missionary force] will not be left to die upon the field, in the desperate attempt to hold this fort for the Great Captain. May the memory of what has been done here in the past, and the bright and certain promise of the near future, in this day of upheaval and reorganization for the East; may these considerations, by the grace of God, take effect in the hearts of many young Christian students of America, stirring their blood like the sound of a trumpet, and hastening them on, with joyful alacrity, to the succor of their hard- pressed brethren in this and the other Turkish missions.”

EASTERN TURKEY MISSION.

H a h p oot. — Orson P. Allen, H . N. Barnum, d . d., John K. Browne, Missionaries; Mrs. Caroline R. Allen, Mrs. Mary E. Barnum, Mrs. Leila Browne, Miss Caroline E. Bush. One church ; one native pastor; nine teachers; two other helpers. Fifty-seven out-stations, with twenty-one churches, — at Arabkir, Aghun, Choonkoosh, D iarbekir, Eginy Geghi, Haboosi, Baine, lioghi, Ilooeli, Ilulakegh, Huscnik, Jchme, Malatici, M ashkir, M ezereh, Palu, P erchtn j, Redwan, Sevtrtk, and Shepik; fifteen pastors; eighteen licensed preachers; fifty tcachers; twenty-three other helpers. E k zroom . — M. P. Parmelee, m. d ., Royal M. Cole, Missionaries; Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee, Mrs. Lizzie Cole. One church; one preacher; three teachers. Sixteen out- stations, with two churches,— at Trebizond and Chevermah; six preachers; nine teachers ; one other helper. V a n . — Henry S. Barnum, George C. Raynolds, m. d ., Missionaries; Mrs. Helen P. Barnum, Mrs. Martha W. Raynolds. Resident in Bitlis, but members of Van Sta­ tion: George C. Knapp, Missionary; Mrs. Alzina M. Knapp, Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Miss Mar}-A. 0. Ely. One church,— at V a n ; one teacher. Sixteen out-stationp, with two churches, — at Bitlis and H avodorik; two pastors; three licensed preachers ; seventeen teachers.

M a r d i x . — Alpheus X. Andrus, Missionary; Daniel M. B. Thorn, m. d., Physician; Mrs. Olive L. Andrus, Mrs. L. H. Thom, Miss Sarah E. Sears, Miss Clarissa H. Prati. Onfi church; one pastor; five teachers; three other helpers. Thirteen out-stations, with four churches, — at D iarbekir, Mosul, Sert, and K utterbul; three pastors; six licensed preachers; five teachers; four other helpers. On the way. — Crosby H. Wheeler, Willis C. Dewey, Missionaries; Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, Mrs. Seraphina S. Dewey, Miss Harriet Seymour, Miss Cyrene O. Yan Du- zee, Miss Mary F. Bliss. In this Country. — Joseph E. Scott, Missionary; Mrs. Annie E. Scott. 4 stations ; 102 out-stations; 33 churches; II missionaries, two of them physicians; one other physician; 21 female assistant missionaries ; 22 pastors ; 32 preachers; 99 teachers; 33 olher helpers. 1878.] EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. 49

Mr. and Mrs. Dewey, mentioned in the last Report as on the way to join this mission, on reaching Alexandretta, found, to their own great disappointment, as well as that of the missionaries with whom they were to be associated, that Mrs. Dewey could not at once safely venture upon the land journey to Mardin, on account of illness. With the advice of physicians they have remained in Syria, and what may be best for the future is not yet decided. The mission, especially the families connected with the Erzroom station, have been sorely afflicted by the death of Miss Nicholson, of typhus or brain fever, after only about sixteen months of service in the field. She had already secured a very high place in the esteem of all who knew her, and fell a sacrifice, perhaps, to her own too earnest and self- forgetful consecration to effort for the good of others, during the sad prevalence of sickness, want, and suffering at Erzroom. Mr. and Mrs. Cole were also visited with sickness, and called to bury two be­ loved children. Mr. and Mrs. Scott, from Van, Miss Seymour, from Harpoot, and Mr. and Mrs. Pierce, from Erzroom, have found it needful to come on a visit to their native land. Mr. and Mrs. Pierce have been transferred to the Western Turkey mission. Mr. and Mrs. Wheeler, Miss Seymour, and Miss Van Duzee left Boston, Au­ gust 24, returning to the field, accompanied by Miss Mary F. Bliss, from Galesburg, 111., who is expected to be associated with Miss Van Duzee in future labors at Erzroom. Much of that portion of Turkey occupied by this mission has suf­ fered greatly from the desolating and demoralizing influence of the war with Russia. Of course the missionary work has been affected. Touring and visits to out-stations have been much interfered with, while the Protestants, as well as all other classes of the people, have been greatly impoverished, often cruelly oppressed and plundered by lawless and relentless Koords. At some of the stations, how­ ever, there has been much to encourage, and where suffering has been most severe, the self-sacrificing efforts of the missionaries to minister relief have apparently done much to remove prejudice, win favor, and prepare the way, it maybe hoped, for future triumphs of the gospel. STATISTICS. . The statistical returns, when compared with those of last year, show that in most particulars there has been some falling off; but the secretary of the mission well remarks: “ When we consider that during the year contending armies have swept over large districts of our mission field, that wild Koords have roamed over and ravaged extensive regions, and that crushing war-levies have prevailed in every part, it is more a wonder that the figures are so nearly up to the standard of the previous year. Indeed, if the returns had been I 50 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report, as full as when posts had been undisturbed, and communication was not subject to war risks, some figures which nosv fall below would doubtless have risen to or exceeded those of the previous year. The surprise is greatest that pecuniary contributions have decreased only from $6,454 to $5,996, or about seven and a half per cent.” He adds : “ Now that the war is passed, we hope that, under new ar­ rangements, the work will go forward more rapidly than ever.” The following tables give a summary of the more important statistics.

HELPERS, CIÏURCIIES, AND CONGREGATIONS.

CO.VGREGATIONS AND N a t i v e H e l p e r s . Ceübches. S a b d a t h - s o h o o l s .

i

£ -Oa d S t a t i o n s . 02 U-i © 01 3> K Number of Number Na- j 3 3 O & 5 — Whole schools. Scholars in in Sabbath- Scholars WholeNumber WholeNumber of Mem­ Teachers. bers. the Beginning. the Places. Preaching Number of Number Churches. | Whole from Number £ Con­ Sabbath Average gregations. Zi ä Pastors. 1 Pastors. 1 : : Helperß. Other I i | | Helpers. tive j by Added Profession | year. the during

Erzroom ...... - l 3 _ 4 1 2 49 54 1 190 1 42 Sixteen out-stations . . - 6 9 1 16 2 - 46 59 11 333 4 76 Harpoot ...... 1 - 9 2 12 1 7 175 277 2 550 2 400 Fifty-seven out-stations . lo 18 50 23 106 21 57 1,132 1,501 57 4,G5G 35 3,125 M a r d m ...... 1 - 5 3 9 1 16 64 76 1 185 2 125 Thirteen out-stations . . 3 G 5 4 18 4 7 119 123 13 502 13 356 Van _ - 1 - 1 1 1 17 17 2 40 1 30 Sixteen out-stations . . 2 3 17 - 22 2 4 202 225 16 593 4 242

T o t a l s ...... 22 34 99 33 188 33 94 1,804 2,332 103 7,099 62 4,396

PROTESTANT COMMUNITIES AND SCHOOLS.

S t a t i o n s . Registered Protestants. Registered Other Adults under In­ Total Number of Number Total Pupils in Schools. Common Students in Theological and other High High other and Schools. Schools. Girls’ Boarding Schools. struction. Pupils in in Pupils Boarding Girls’ "Whole "Whole Number under Instruction. | Common | Schools. Common j Pupils. Male | | Pupils. Temale

E r zro o m ...... 142 1 85 7 42 42 Sixteen out-stations .... 648 9 171 75 246 _ __ - 246 H a r p o o t...... 625 4 120 75 195 88 1 60 20 363 Fifty-seven out-stations . . . 6,116 59 1,389 745 2,143 - _ _ 305 2,448 H a r d i n ...... 342 4 57 29 86 20 1 16 72 194 Thirteen out-stations . . . . 900 16 279 104 383 ___ 34 417 T a n ...... 48 1 12 9 21 ‘ _ __ 26 47 Sixteen out-stations .... 656 18 40 42 466 - 1 21 17 504

Totals...... 9,477 112 2,132 1,086 3,582 108 3 97 474 4,231 1878.] EASTERN TÜRKET MISSION. 51

HARPOOT.

Few station reports have been received, but in addition to these statistics, some particulars may be presented in regard to each sta­ tion, gathered from the correspondence of the year. Respecting the Harpoot field, Mr. H. N. Barnum wrote in April last: “ The gov­ ernment has been unable to restrain the lawless elements; so that we have made fewer tours than formerly, and the people are so se­ verely pinched by the terribly hard times, that the self-support of churches and schools makes little or no progress...... Alm ost every branch of business seems to be nearly at a stand-still. The country has been drained of money, and when the present depreciated paper currency collapses the distress will be very great. The suffer­ ing in some districts is greater than in others. Of the ninety-five vil­ lages in the Chemisligezek district, ninety-one have been plundered by the Koords. The Geghi district, too, which is very populous, is wholly surrounded by Koords, and has suffered much from them. In addition to this, so great a quantity of grain was taken from the people for the army at Erzroom, and the corruption of the local ad­ ministration is so great, that the whole region is now suffering from famine. All these influences react, of course, upon the missionary work, and affect it unfavorably. “ But in spite of these untoward events we see some signs of un­ usual promise. In this city, and some of the out-stations, the con­ gregations have grown so much during the winter that the places of worship are becoming uncomfortable. Protestant Christianity is a constantly increasing power. The majority of the Armenians, I think, are convinced of its truth; but the same influences which operate at home, to keep worldly men from church, are in force here, with the pride of sect, and the difficulty of breaking away from a church venerable with the age of nearly sixteen centuries, superadded.” Something of religious interest is referred to at a few of the out-stations, specially at Redwan, in Koordistan, where the church, planted some years ago by the native Evangelical Union, seems to be in a very promising condition, every year taking upon itself some additional portion of what the Union has paid for its support, and striving to become wholly self-supporting. Respecting the schools at Harpoot, Mr. Browne wrote in August, 1877, just as the schools were opening after a short vacation. The facts presented would seem to show a desire on the part of the peo­ ple to secure for themselves and their children the advantages of education, which, in view of their condition, so much oppressed and 52 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report, impoverished by the war, must be regarded as very commendable, and even wonderful. “ Not only are all the students back,” he says, “ many in their impatience coming one or two days before the time, but we find many new applicants knocking for admission, while every one of the one hundred seats is occupied. Crowded already in our main room far beyond the limits of comfort and conven­ ience ; our two recitation rooms proving entirely insufficient, so that we are forced to send many classes to an adjoining building ; our dormitories so crowded that the smaller boys overflow into the larg­ est recitation room for a sleeping place ; some from wealthy Arme­ nian families (not Protestant) yet cheerfully accepting these discom­ forts, and eating with the poorest villagers at ‘ commons,’ to enjoy the coveted privileges of the school; straitened thus, already, in our accommodations, what to do with these eager, hungry-hearted new-comers is the problem that begins to press heavily on our hearts...... Indeed it is pitiful to think of these parents coming from distant villages, resolved, at any sacrifice, to get along without the help of their children if they can only secure for them the ed­ ucation they themselves never enjoyed, bringing, perhaps, on their donkeys, wheat, or oil, or even boards, to help pay the expenses of the school. And then must we turn them away ? ” In November, 1877, Mr. Bamum reported the annual examina­ tion of the schools as having been full of interest and promise. Seven theological students graduated and were licensed to preach ; the examination of the sixty pupils in the female seminary was “ so animated and fascinating as to keep almost every spectator in his place till the close ; ” and of that of the normal school he writes : “ I never saw a better one anywhere.” He adds : “ If our friends at home could have witnessed these examinations; if they could know these schools, which are to constitute ‘ Armenia College,’ thoroughly; if they could see the admirable spirit which pervades them, and understand the great work which they are to d o ; they would put $50,000 for endowment into Mr. Wheeler’s hands as quickly as the same sum was raised in the great meeting at Prov­ idence.” In April last Mr. Barnum wrote again: “ Our schools have re­ opened this week — the college department and all. Everything is working nicely. A good many have been rejected on account of the raising of the standard of admission, and others have stayed away on account of the increased demand for money ; yet the college has some twenty-five members, the normal school about eighty, and the female seminary over forty. The latter has been affected more than the others by these changes.” ] 878.] EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. 53

To statements so encouraging it is painful to add some trying facts. The missionaries at Harpoot are constrained to notice an apparent decrease of vital piety in many of the churches, together with increased use of stimulants, and consequent intemperance ; some of the leading native pastors being leaders in the use of wine. ERZKOOM. This station has been more exposed than any other in the mis­ sion to the evils of war. About the first of May, 1877, it was deemed prudent, if not imperatively needful, to remove the fam­ ilies of the missionaries to Trebizond, as a place of greater safety. Mr. Parmelee went, and remained with the ladies and children at that place, Mr. Pierce continuing at, and Mr. Cole immediately re­ turning to, Erzroom. Added to the want of sufficient food, and other evils and dangers connected with the deadly conflict near the city, typhus and typhoid fevers soon became very prevalent, the mis­ sionaries doing all they could to minister relief to the wounded, the sick, and the famishing. About the first of October, as it was hoped that special danger was passed for the winter, Mr. Cole’s family and Miss Nicholson returned to Erzroom, Mr. Parmelee re­ maining still with his family at Trebizond, and Mr. Pierce and fam­ ily having left for the United States, where they arrived Novem­ ber 1. Before the close of November two children of Mr. and Mrs. Cole were removed by death, and in April, Miss Nicholson was taken from her eminently earnest and useful work to her rest and her reward. Mr. and Mrs. Cole, and their only remaining child, also suffered from serious illness. As poverty and suffering increased, so did the work of the mis­ sion family increase at Erzroom. In January last Mr. Cole had 250 families on his relief list, funds being furnished mostly from English sources. The effect upon the people of these self-sac­ rificing efforts of foreigners was remarkable. Commendation was abundant, and even the Armenian bishop pronounced blessings in his church upon these Protestant Christian laborers, goading his peo­ ple, as he had himself been incited, to some effort by their example. In May Mr. Cole wrote : “ To make to ourselves friends, to draw men, is an important thing. This our work of the winter has done to a good extent, though without any preconceived planning of ours. That old prejudice against Protestants, which was so very trying, has very much decreased. We are on very friendly terms with all. .... The Protestant preacher said to me the other day, in view of rumors he had heard that we were to leave, that but for our pres­ ence this timid people would have scattered long since...... H e 54 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. [Report, and the people have been much encouraged by our presence, and are still holding on, notwithstanding the very hard times...... And our influence on the scattered flock up and down in the out- stations, like sheep among wolves, has been even greater, in pro­ portion as they have been more oppressed and down-trodden by Turks and Koords.”

VAN AND BITLIS. Since the excitement caused by the outrages of Koords in the spring and early summer of 1877, there has been comparative quiet at Yan, nothing having occurred to cause the missionary families special alarm or solicitude. Mr. H. S. Barnum wrote in March last that there were signs of promise. Three or four young men had recently joined the Protestants, the two schools were flourish­ ing, each having over twenty pupils, and there was encouraging growth of evangelical sentiment in a society formed in the Arme­ nian churches for Bible study, some of the members appearing to be thoroughly Protestant in their views. “ Increase of opposition,” while ecclesiastics were unable to carry the whole community with tjiem, as they might have done a few years ago, was regarded as an­ other cheering indication. The Christians of villages around Bitlis have suffered fearfully from the oppression and violence of Koordish neighbors. Mr. Kuapp wrote, February 23: “ We continue all well, unmolested, and busy. So far as the troublous times will permit, we endeavor to improve the condition of our schools in the city, in which there are some 140 scholars...... But oh, the miserable condition of the Armenians ! It is utterly impossible to give you the faintest idea of the facts. We daily hear accounts of the unremitting cruel treat­ ment they receive. Taxes, bribes, extortions from every source, have reduced them to the lowest point of degradation. You could scarcely enter the house of a farmer in this region without noticing that the female inmates flee to a dark corner of the stable, and there crouch down to hide their nakedness. This fact was confirmed by a physi­ cian of the Turkish army, who called upon me the other day, hav­ ing spent a few weeks among our villages.”

MAEDIN.

A station report from Mardin, for the year 1877, states that the churches of that field had been in a more healthy state than here­ tofore, less disturbed by internal troubles, and more anxious to realize the ends for which a church is formed. Additions had also been larger than for several previous years. The schools indicated 1878.] EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. 55 a gradual advance among the people in their regard for education. There had been progress also in the matter of self-support, notwith­ standing the general poverty, and the almost total stagnation of business occasioned by the war. On the whole, the work in that field is thought to be “ one of steady growth and hopefulness.” Dr. Thom wrote, in January, that the week of prayer had been quite encouraging. He mentions a very interesting work as just opening in a village a few miles from Mardin, where some nineteen houses have declared themselves Protestants, and the people ■' are, as it were, running after the truth.” He states : “ We have a teacher and a young woman there this winter, and they work night and day. It is ‘ Come here ; ’ ‘ Go there; ’ ‘ Read to me ; ’ ‘ Pray with m e! ’ One whom we sent over there last Saturday said, ‘ It was killing the teachers, — the amount of work they had to do.’ “ Oh! how much we need means for such places. In that village we have only one little, dark, dingy room, in which the friends at home would not stall their cattle, and it has to answer for church and school, audience room, sitting room, sleeping room, dining room, and kitchen ; in which, if they make a fire, they are sadly smoked. They are daily calling to us for help. They are ready and willing to do all they can themselves. Money they have none» but of such as they have they will give,— they will work. But what can we do ? ”

TREBIZOND. Trebizond, though not regarded as a station, having been occupied for the last year, of necessity, by a part of the Erzroom force, it is proper to give here a statement from Mr. Parmelee in regard to the effect of this occupation. He wrote in January last: “ When the Erzroom missionaries were compelled by the war to give up a large part of their work at that place and retire to Trebizond, they found here a people broken and scattered, like sheep on the moun­ tains. Chapel services were immediately commenced, in which all united. Afterwards a Sabbath-school was organized and prayer- meetings started, and the week of prayer was duly observed by daily meetings. The people have started a subscription, payable weekly, according to Paul’s rule...... W hen every obstacle is re­ moved, and they are provided with a preacher and teacher of their own choice, these subscriptions will be largely increased, and we may hope the work of the Lord in this city will be greatly pros­ pered. So much of good has this ‘ ill wind’ of war blown to the people in Trebizond.” 56 MAHRATTA MISSION. [Report,

MAHRATTA MISSION.

B o m b a y .— Charles W . Park, Edward S. Hume, Missionaries; Mrs. Anna Maria Park, Mrs. Charlotte E. Hume, Miss Sarah F. Norris, m. d . One church; one native pastor; one preacher; one editor of “ Dnyánodaya; ” seven teachers; one Bible- woman. One out-station, with one preacher, and one teacher. Ahm ednuggue. — Samuel B. Fairbank, D. d ., Lemuel Bissell, »• Robert fA. Hume, Missionaries; W . O. Ballantine, m. d., Physician • Mrs. Mary E. Bissell, Mrs. Abbie S. Hume, Mrs. Alice C. Ballantine. One church; one pastor; one preacher; three male and seven female teachers; two Bible-readers. Sixteen out-stations in the Northeastern Districts, under the care of Mr. Fairbank, with six churches, — at Pan- chegáw, Chande, Dedgáw, Sonái, Newáse, and Shingawe-Tukái; five pastors ; one preacher; eleven teachers; four Bible-readers; five Bible-women. Sixteen out-sta- tions in the N orthern and Northwestern Districts, under the care of Dr. Ballantine, with seven churches, — at Rahuri, Shingawe-Nayak, Wambori, Khokar, Belapur, Gahu, and S atral; three pastors; six teachers; eight Bible-readers, and four Bible- women. Twelve out-stations, under the care of K. A. Hume, in the Southern and Western Districts, with three churches, — at Seroor, Kolgáw, and L o n i; two pastors; eight teachers; seven Bible-readers; four Bible-women. S a t a r a . — Henry J. Bruce, Richard Winsor, Missionaries; Mrs. Hepzibeth P. Bruce, Mrs. Mary C. Winsor. One church ; one pastor. Four out-stations, with one preacher, four teachers, and three Bible-readers. Panchgani. — S- R. Wells, Missionary ; Mrs. Mary L. Wells. Two out-stations; one church, — at B h u in j; one teacher, and two Bible-readers. S h o l a p u r . — Charles Harding, Lorin S. Gates, Missionaries; Mrs. Elizabeth D. Harding., Mrs. Frances Ann Gates, Miss Emma K. Ogden, m. d . One church ; one pastor. Four out-stations, with two churches,— at Dhatrc and W atnad; one preacher; four teachers ; two Bible-readers. 5 stations; 55 out-stations; 23 churches; 10 missionaries; 1 physician; 12 female assistant missionaries; 14 native pastors; 4 preachers; 1 editor; 52 teachers; 28 Bible-readers ; 14 Bible-women.

This mission was sorely afflicted by the death of Mrs. Fairbank, on the 15th of January last. Born in that field (a daughter of Rev. Henry Ballantine) but educated in the United States, she was admirably fitted for the work, and for twenty-one years, during which she enjoyed almost uninterrupted health, her labors were abundant and most useful. Few have shared more largely in the confidence, respect, and love of all her associates and of all the people. Dr. and Mrs. Bissell, in this country last year, sailed on their return to the mission on the 20th of October, and arrived at Bom­ bay, December 22, 1877. Dr. and Mrs. Hazen, Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson, and Miss Ashley no longer expect to resume labors in India. Their names must therefore disappear from the list of members of this mission. The work of the mission was much modified in 1877 by the sore famine and the prevailing sickness — a fatal form of fever. Forty- four church members and twenty-seven baptized children died in 1878.] MAHRATTA MISSION. 57 that year. So much sickness greatly reduced the attendance on schools and religious meetings, and many teachers and mission agents were kept from their work for weeks, by their own illness. Rains in September and October greatly relieved the famine ; but in November there was again a deficiency of rain, and prices for food were higher at the close of the year than at the beginning. Much time was necessarily given by the missionaries to famine re­ lief operations, which in some cases largely interrupted the ordi­ nary mission work. THE CHURCHES. Ninety-two members were added to the churches during the year reported (1877) by profession, yet, as forty-four were removed by death, and six were excluded, the net increase of members was but forty-two. Religious services have been much as heretofore, but the mission report dwells at some length upon the attention given at the several stations to Sabbath-school instruction, and to the study of the Bible. The International Series of lessons has been adopted in many of the schools, and there has been a call for 600 copies of the lesson papers in Marathi. Some of the schools have made much progress in numbers and in interest. The members of the churches are much scattered, living in about a hundred different villages. In some of these there will be found only one Christian family, or even one solitary Christian, while the nearest Christian neighbor is miles away. This isolated condition must of course be adverse to the best Christian development, and it would be strange indeed if there were not cases of falling away ; but as a rule, the character of the Christians is found to be good, or certainly far in advance of that of others. Mr. R. A. Hume re­ marks : “ Even Hindus expect Christians to be more upright in their dealings than themselves.” “ A government officer some months ago told a native subordinate whom he trusted, that if he could ever recommend really trustworthy men, he would give such men appointments. The subordinate, a former pupil in our schools, replied: ‘You cannot find such anywhere but among the Chris­ tians.’ ” Most of the Christians are from the lower castes, the Ma- hars and Mangs, yet there are representatives of at least ten of the higher castes in the churches. Respecting the Christian efforts and charities of the churches, a few sentences maybe quoted from the mission report: “ Very interesting accounts have been given, at the monthly concert in Ahinednuggur, and at prayer-meetings, of the efforts made by the Christians for the good of their neighbors and the people of the surrounding villages. The young men would go in companies, and 58 MAHRATTA MISSION. [.Report, by singing gather audiences, and then address them. Some in their walks were enabled to introduce religious conversation with those they met, so as greatly to interest and affect them. Some went with musical instruments and held kirttans in which some great truths were indelibly impressed on the memories of the large and charmed audiences that assembled to hear them. Mr. Modak writes : ‘ Last year my church helped a brother to go from village to village and preach the gospel, by giving him three rupees a month. This was continued through the whole year...... The church paid the expenses for lights, etc., for the several kirttans that were given at the anniversaries.’ “ Mr. R. A. Hume states that ‘ the members of the Loni church collected and distributed during the year a sum of twenty rupees for the poor of the church, aside from all they did day by day for beggars, and their praiseworthy efforts for the support of their pastor.’ “ Mr. Modak also states that ‘ on account of the famine it was found necessary to close the two schools sustained by the exertions of a member of this church. But the same brother, in addition to his regular duties, has edited and published a monthly religious paper, called “ The Manna,” and has distributed it at the small price of three annas for the year, even paying the postage, so that the poorest Christian brother might take it.’ ”

SCHOOLS. Though no one of the missionaries gives to them the greater part of his time or attention, each one has schools under his supervision. Their wives also take a deep interest in the schools, some of them devoting a large part of their time to teaching, and it is said that one eighth of the expenditure of the mission is in the line of edu­ cation. Mr. E . S. Hume opened in Decem ber, as an experiment, a small boarding-school for boys, in his house, which worked well, each boy paying five rupees a-month. A day school for Christian children, opened at his house a year earlier, has been more success­ ful than was expected, and in February, 1877, was transferred to the school-room on the mission premises. A night school for men and boys was also opened by him at Bombay, near the close of the year, several Christian young men agreeing to teach each one even­ ing in the week. Respecting the girls’ school at Ahmednuggur, Mr. R. A. Hume reports : “ Though the past year was a very un­ healthy one for most of the schools in Ahmednuggur and its vicinity, the members of this school were mercifully kept in good health, and not one case of severe sickness occurred. Eighty-eight girls 1878.] MAIIRATTA MISSION. 59

were in attendance, and many more asked to be admitted, but were refused because they were not sufficiently advanced to enter the middle department. Some sought admission mainly because they were poor and wished to be cared for. There is a general impres­ sion among both Christians and heathens, that their poverty is a reason for our taking and supporting girls who have not made much advance in the village schools. Partly to correct this, the mission has recently decided to give pecuniary assistance only to the more needy girls in the middle and higher departments of the school, and to aid no one for a period exceeding five years. In some in­ stances this restriction may embarrass us, but it will raise the char­ acter of the school. The requirement begun a year ago, that mission agents, and others with similar incomes, must clothe their own daughters, led several to keep them at home for a year. But at the beginning of this school year they have again sent them, and will, it is to be hoped, appreciate better than before the intel­ lectual and moral advantages of the school. Five of the girls were admitted to the communion of the church during the past year.” The two station schools at Ahmednuggur were prosperous and satisfactory during the year. In regard to village schools it is said: “ On account of the hard times, our village schools were thinly at­ tended last year, and in many cases were entirely suspended for a part of the year. Mr. Fairbank reports an average of about half the usual attendance in the schools under his charge, but the fees due had been collected only in a few cases. Mr. R. A. Hume says: ‘ Largely on account of the famine and hard times, the village schools have been in a low condition, and in some cases entirely suspended. The school at Kolgaw was a marked exception, as a good attend­ ance was kept up nearly all the year...... These schools, when taught by the right men, are among our most efficient evangelistic agencies. There is an increasing demand for them everywhere, in this district afcleast.’ ” Mr. Gates reports, with regard to the common schools at Sho- lapur: ‘-W e have been obliged to close the school among the Ma- hars in the city, partly on account of the famine, and partly on ac­ count of a difference of opinion in regard to the ‘ Bible in schools.’ .... The fee of one anna (about three cents) per month, which the mission proposed to collect, has not been regularly paid, and I have not felt like insisting upon it. Many of the scholars have been taken from the schools to beg, for the support of themselves and their families. There are many places where I hope to see schools established soon, and to see them exerting an influence for Chris­ tianity.” 60 MAHKATTA MISSION. [Report,

For years the mission has desired to find some judicious plan, likely to be successful,“ for teaching Christian boys the arts and trades by which they may secure a livelihood and respectability.” Mr. Winsor has had what is called a “ Boys’ Industrial Horae,” at Satara, for more than two years, which seems to have been quite successful. He has a dormitory sufficient to accommodate thirty- five or forty boys, and a workshop in which spinning, weaving, and carpenter work are carried on. The collector of the district has ex­ pressed great interest in this institution, and Mr. Winsor says of it: “ W e have had, during a little over two years, forty-five boys, from seventeen different villages; but the greatest number at any one time has been twenty-five ; and we have not one who has been through the whole time. Still the thing is becoming more settled and much less given to change, and there are some of the boys who can take the fibre, complete the spinning, and then the weaving of the aloe mat­ ting all alone ; and this of itself is something accomplished. Also they sew well, make their own clothes, and work in wool. They are slow to learn, but do well what they have learned, and the work is one of great promise.” This school has not been a charge to the mission, but has been sustained largely by English friends in India, and by the avails of labor. Deeply feeling the importance of training native young men for the work of the Christian ministry, to be pastors and evangelists, the mission is laying foundations for a more complete theological sem­ inary than they have hitherto had. Of this institution, at Abmed- nuggur, which opened with nine pupils, Mr. R. A. Hume has special charge, and “ it is intended to conduct it in so catholic a spirit, and to give so liberal a course of study, that all young men in the Ma­ rathi country, and especially all in connection with evangelical mis­ sions, who wish to pursue a theological course, may be gathered into it.” MEDICAL WORK. - At Bombay the medical work has been carried on with increasing interest and success. “ Dr. Norris reports a total of 4,006 patients treated during the year 1877. O f these 666 were treated outside, and 3,340 were in the dispensary. Of the religious element in this work Dr. Norris says: ‘ Each patient receives a ticket with a Bible text, in her own language, written upon the back. She must pre­ serve this ticket, and bring it with her whenever she wishes the medicine renewed. After a few visits the ticket is taken, and an­ other, with a different text, is given her. .... While they are wait­ ing to be treated, two Bible-women read and explain the Bible to 1878.] MAHRATTA MISSION. 61 them; and Mrs. Park and other missionary ladies come in and speak to them as they have opportunity. They listen very atten­ tively, and it is seldom that one makes a disturbance.’ “ Dr. Ballantine reports of his work: ‘ The number of new cases of those that received medicine during the year was about 620, and the fees collected from patients amounted to Es. 110-15-9.’ “ Dr. Ogden arrived at Sholapur the last day of June, and on the 1st of July began to minister to the sick among those brought to­ gether by the famine...... She practiced among the English and East Indians as well as among the poorer classes, in order to keep up her supply of medicines. On the 4th of September she opened a dispensary in a small ante-room in the mission chapel, but finding it too small, rented a large house in the midst of the city. The total number of patients during the six months was 1,736. The whole number of prescriptions was 3,252. She received funds from persons at Sholapur amounting to 300 rupees, and also a donation from Captain G. W. Oldham, of Bombay, of 50 rupees. “ Dr. Ogden relates the following incident, which opened to her eight Brahmin houses : ‘ One day a Brahmin priest drove into the chapel compound with his wife. The poor woman was so ill that I feared she would die before her return home. I told her husband this, and offered to visit her at home if he wished it. To my sur­ prise and joy, he said, “ Coine, please.” For four days, three times a day, I visited her, and, before she died, found an opportunity of telling her the old, old story of Jesus and his love.’ ”

WORK FOR WOMEN. Under this head the mission report states: “ For some years past a number of women have been employed, under the direction of the ladies of the mission, in visiting such villages as are accessible from their homes, and instructing the women, who assemble to hear them, in Christian truth. They read from the Bible and Christian publi­ cations, and explain and enforce the truth they read. Most of them make their visits attractive by singing the Christian hymns in na­ tive meter. These are very popular. They usually go two to­ gether, and visit villages that are even eight and ten miles from their homes. There are fourteen Bible-women who receive an al­ lowance from our mission funds ; and three others are working, un­ der our superintendence, who are supported by other parties. The wives of the pastors engage in voluntary evangelistic work to a com­ mendable extent, but not, in most cases, to the extent of their abil­ ity and opportunity. The educated women in Ahmednuggur take part in the noon meetings for women, the maternal society’s meet­ 62 MAHRATTA MISSION. f Report,

ings, and such other gatherings as are held for women only. Women also help as teachers in the Sunday-schools.” Mr. R. A. Hume says: “ In one village two Christian women, who receive no help from us, conduct a meeting for Mahar women every Tuesday. The number of Christian women who can conduct meetings is increasing, and we ought to look for more efforts from such, and for results from their labors.” Dr. Ballantine states: “ There are twenty-seven women in our field who are readers, — and that is about a third of the whole, — and fifteen of them can conduct a meeting.”

ITINERACY. THE PllESS. Most of the territory falling to the care of this mission can be reached only by tours, and the brethren still give much time and strength to labors away from their stations, native helpers being also employed in such labors. Mr. R. A. Ilume writes: “ When engaged in this work, it seems so important and promising that one feels dissatisfied with being obliged to superintend, at arm’s length, a district twenty or thirty miles square, crowded with villages and needing constant attention.” A very interesting account of a sec­ ond tour by Mr. Bruce in the Koina Yalley was published in the “ Missionary Herald ” for April last. The use of singing in what is called the Icirttan, street preaching, and magic lantern exhibi­ tions, have been continued, as in former years, and are still found very useful. The mission uses, thankfully, the publications of the Bombay Bible Society, the Bombay Tract and Book Society, and the Chris­ tian Vernacular Education Society, and also finds occasion to publish, from time to time,7 additional works in the Marathi language. o O The “ Dnyanodaya,” a weekly paper of twelve octavo pages, mostly in Marathi, has been issued regularly through the year, with an illus­ trated monthly supplement of eight pages, edited by Mrs. Park, for the children. An almanac and a series of Sunday-school cards in Marathi have also been published. Mr. Bruce, using what he calls the “ Columbian Press,” employing his children as workmen, con­ ducts a ‘‘ Miniature Tract Society ” at Satara. He says of this press: “ Although only a small press, brought out for the pur­ pose of furnishing employment and amusement for my children; it has been used in many ways for the interest of our mission work. Its principal work during the year has been the printing of he English version of my ‘ Anatomy, Human and Comparative.’ But it has also sent out various little Scripture cards and leaflets, to do their silent work among the people.” The Sabbath-school cards 1878.] MAHRATTA MISSION. 63 mentioned above, — the set containing about 3,500 cards, of more than thirty different kinds, — were issued by Mr. Bruce, and the whole edition was exhausted at once. Five colporters were employed under missionary superintend­ ence, and a larger number of Scriptures, especially of New Testa­ ments, was sold in 1877 than in any previous year. The mission report closes thus: “ Using the words of Brother Harding, ‘ We close the year hopefully, not doubting that the Lord’s gracious pur­ poses concerning his people will be accomplished, nor that every prayer of those who trust in him will be found at last as a real link in the chain of causation which has brought India to Christ.’ ”

INTERFERENCE. This mission has suffered much in past years from the interfer­ ence of High Church Episcopalians, especially in and about Ahmed- nuggur. They have seen those for whom they have labored for years drawn away by promises of pecuniary aid, and many gathered into churches while still but imperfectly acquainted with the gospel, and giving no evidence of a true Christian life. During the past year, a Romanist bishop, in the absence of his High Church brother, came in, and by dexterous management turned most of these new converts into his fold; baptizing persons by the hundred into the Romish Church. Vigorous efforts are made to lead away members of our mission communities, but with very little success thus far. The effect of these efforts — distracting the native Christians, and hindering any genuine work of grace among the heathen — is pain­ ful enough, and adds not a little to the labors and anxieties of the missionaries. Thus the enemy sows tares. 64 MADURA MISSION. [Report,

STATISTICS OF THE MAHRATTA MISSION FOR 1877.

L-— 00 a

«8 Names op o Sh Names of Pastors. Churches. u & c e a •2 o S 'ô ï « p- q; ci "Su d g £> Total. Contributions in in 1877. Contributions S Number of Villages. Number of Pupils. | Died. | Excluded. | Number of | Schools. | Ks. A. P. Bombay. . . 31 24 55 - 1 - 305 9 0 11 5 150 Iter. Vishnu B. Karmarkar. Ahmednuggur 126 165 291 21 12 3 316 5 9 20 3 145 Rev. Ramkrishna V. Modak. Kolgaw . . . 16 16 32 4 1 - 88 5 3 6 3 50 Rev. Gangàrâm L. Wâgchaurè. Seroor . . . 11 10 21 7 1 - 15 0 0 4 1 13 Iu charge of the missionary. Loin .... 28 16 4410 3 - 165 4 6 9 3 25 Rev. Sonàji Ch. Makâsarè. R&hûri . . . 32 18 50 6 3 - 89 4 0 5 2 26 Rev. Waniram V. Ouol. Wambori . . 12 5 17 - 3 - 12 14 0 3 1 12 Rev. Wanirâm Y. Obol, in charge. Shingawè-Nàyak 10 12 22 - 3 - 13 5 ö 2 1 10 Rev. WantriimY. Ohol, in charge. Gâhû .... 11 5 16 -- - 55 5 0 3 1 10 Rev. VithobS L Bhâmbal. Sâtrâl . . . 16 11 27 3 - - 75 2 9 8 4 31 Rev. DhondibS T. Wagehaurè. Khokar . . . 23 19 42 --- 37 5 0 15 1 6 In charge of the missionary. Belàpûr . . . 8 4 12 - - - Ü 13 6 2 1 12 In charge of the missionary. Pânehegâw . . 22 14 36 3 3 - 39 12 0 4 2 19 Rev. Sayaji M. Ratwad. Newâsè . . . 4 4 8 _ -- 14 5 6 3 1 14 Rev. Suy&ji M. llatwad, ia charge. Sonài. . . . 68 19 7722 2 - 53 14 6 8 2 21 Rev. HaribâD. Güyakauâd. Ohândè . . . 17 16 33 _ 3 - 87 8 0 8 2 J8 Rev. Lakehinau M. Sâlawè. Dedgâw . . . 23 24 47 4 2 - 82 12 6 8 6 62 Rev. MahipatT 11. Aakaipagar. ShiDgawê-Tukâi 20 19 39 4 3 1 49 11 9 5 3 24 Rev. Jayarâm D. Bârsè. Sàtârii . . . 15 12 27 2 - 1 90 1 8 4 3 95 Rev. VithaL Maküsarè. Bhûinj . . . 7 10 17 1 ----- 3 2 20 Id charge of the missionary. Sholapûr . . 16 19 35 - - - 58 8 9 5 2 30 [■lev. Anâji Bh. Kshïrsàgar. Dhotrè . . . 13 la 55 - 1 1 --- 7 _ - In charge of Bhioaji D. Kliarabas. Wâtwad . . . 22 19 41 5 3 - --- 10 1 8 In charge of the missionary.

Totalg. . . 541 473 1014 92 44 6 1660 4 11 153 50 801

MADURA MISSION.

M a d u ra .— John Kendall, Missionary; Mrs. Sarah B. Capron, Miss Henrietta S. Kendall.— Three churches; two native pastors: eight catechists; two Bible-readers ; fourteen school-masters; eleven school-mistresses. Dindigul,.— Edward Chester, m. d ., Missionary; Mrs. Sophia Chester. — Two churches; three native pastors; ten catechists; one Bible-reader; thirty-one school­ masters ; sis school-mistresses. . Tirumangalam. — James Herrick, M issionary; Mrs. Elizabeth H. Herrick. — Two churches; one native pastor; thirteen catechists; one Bible-reader; thirteen school­ masters; one school-mistress.

T i r u p u v a n a m . — James E. Tracy, Missionary, Mrs. Fannie S. Tracy, Mrs. Emily F. Tracy. — One church; seven catechists; three school-masters; three school-mis- tre9ses. '

M andafasalai. — William S. Howland, Missionary; Mrs. Mary L. Howland, Miss Martha S. Taylor.— Nine churches; three native pastors; twenty-two catechists; one Bible-reader; eight school-masters; five school-mistresses.

M e l u r . — Thomas S. Burnell, Missionary; Mrs. Martha Burnell.— One church; three catechists ; four school-masters. 1878.] MADUEA MISSION. 65

Periakwlam . — Joseph T. Noyes, Missionary; Mrs. Elizabeth A. Noyes. — Seven churches; four native pastors; nineteen catechists; two Bible-readers; thirteen school­ masters; six school-mistresses. Battalaguxda . — John S. Chandler, Missionary; Mrs. Jennie E. Chandler, Mrs. Judith M. Minor. — Four churches; one native pastor; seven catechists; two Bible- readers; seven school-masters; eight school-mistresses. ,

M a n a m a d u h a . — In charge o f Mr. Rendall. — One church ; five catechists; one Bible-reader; two school-masters; one school-mistress. P cln ey . — John E. Chandler, Missionary ; Mrs. Charlotte M. Chandler, Miss Hen­ rietta S. Chandler.— One church ; one native pastor; seven catechists; one Bible- reader; eight school-masters; six. school-mistresses.

P a s u m a l a i. — George T . Washburn, Missionary; Mrs. Eliza E . Washburn. — One church; three native pastors ; six school-masters. On the toay. — John P. Jones, Missionary ; Mrs. Sarah A. Jones. 11 stations; 171 out-stations ( “ village congregations ” ); 32 churches; 11 missiona­ ries, one a physician; 16 female assistant missionaries; 18 native pastors; 101 cate­ chists; 15 school-masters and7 school-mistresses in seminaries and boarding-schools; 94 school-masters and ten school-mistresses in village and day schools; 11 Bible-readers.

Another veteran in the service, one who had been for nearly for­ ty-one years connected with this mission, has fallen within the year now reported : Rev. William Tracy, d . d ., who sailed for India on the 23d of November, 1836, was removed by death on the 29th of November last His work had been largely in connection with the seminary, now at Pasumalai, and nearly all the pastors, catechists, and teachers of the mission had been under his instruction. The mission report says o f h im : “ H e was the last link that connected us with the first decade of the mission. Coming to India with the expectation of living but five years, he outlived all who came with him, and many who came later. As the news of his death went from station to station, from pastor to pastor, and from catechist tocate- chist, the expressions of sorrow were many, such as: ‘ My father is dead,’ ‘ I was his child,’ ‘ He loved me.’ Every one who studied under him came away believing that Father Tracy was, above all others, his own special and personal friend. We, as a mission, shall miss him sorely.” His son, Rev. James E. Tracy (mentioned in the Report of last year as having sailed, with others, to join this mis­ sion), was welcomed by him to the field, and to the work from which he was himself so soon to cease, on the 8th of November, just three weeks before his death. Others of the company who sailed for this field in September of last year (Mrs. Noyes, returning to India, Mrs. Tracy, and Miss Henrietta Rendall) arrived safely at the same time, — Miss Rendall taking the place of her sister Mary, who has joined another mis­ sion in India, by marriage. Miss Sisson has also retired from this field, having felt it her duty, much to the regret of her associates at 5 6 6 MAD UK A MISSION. [Report,

Madura, to join her. sister and others in a somewhat different work at Berar. She left Madura on the 17th of January last, but has been unable, through failing health, to reach her intended field.

THE FAMINE. The drought and consequent famine mentioned in last year’s Re­ port continued with increased and most fatal severity through the year 1877. Efforts to minister relief to the starving, sick, and per­ ishing thousands around them — using moneys contributed from England, and to some extent from the United States — occupied much of the time of the missionaries. The rains, which began in September, were so abundant until late in December as to occasion almost unprecedented floods, destroying many lives, and doing great injury to growing crops. Then, again, there was want of rain, and the prices of grain have continued to be very high ; were indeed re­ ported to be rising in March last, and threatening to be again as high as at any time in 1877.

CHURCHES AND CONGREGATIONS. The last report of the mission is for the year 1877. It states: “ The number of churches remains the same as last year. It has been a year of trial to the communicants ; many have stood nobly, but a few have turned back. The futile attempts at cultivation be­ fore the rains were often a sore temptation to break the Sabbath. Employers, hitherto lenient, insisted upon work on the Sabbath, or the loss of employment. Many have shown a great deal of faith in God. In some places the distress has seemed to increase their spir­ ituality, but in other places it has depressed the Christians. One of the pastors writes: ‘ The famine attacked the soul as well as the body of some of the communicants in my church.’ Mr. Herrick remarks: ‘ I fear their familiarity with suffering and death has tended to stupefy the people, rather than arouse them to become fitted for their own end.’ “ In contributions there has been a great falling off, but if the two mites of the widow exceeded the gifts of the rich, the small amount for this year represents a vastly greater sum than has ever been noted before in our column of donations. In their poverty they have given. While the cost of living has more than doubled, the contributions have not fallen off more than two fifths. Mr. Washburn writes of private benevolence : ‘ The Christians about us have main­ tained persons for weeks together, whose only claim upon them was that they were Christians of integrity, who were unable to work, and had no friends to maintain them.’ The communicants have also 1878.] MADURA MISSION. 67 grown in love for their pastors. Common sufferings have drawn pastors and people into closer sympathy than has ever before ex­ isted ” More recent letters speak much more favorably of the religious condition of some of the churches. Sore judgments in the land have apparently led some of the people to “ learn righteousness ; ” or have at least, in connection with the self-sacrificing efforts of the missionaries to minister relief, served to prepare some minds and hearts more readily to receive the truth. Writing in March last, Mr. Rendall referred to thirty-five persons as recently added to the churches at Madura and in the villages around, while seven were to be admitted the next Sabbath in Madura, and twenty others, appar­ ently, in the villages, were waiting to be received. “ The Lord be praised,” he says, “ for all that he is doing in our mission. There seems to be a work going on in many of our stations, and it manifests itself by additions to the congregations from among the heathen, as well as by additions to our churches. May the Lord grant that this season of famine and distress may prove to be a season of the most gracious visitation by the Spirit.” Mr. J. S. Chandler wrote at the same time : *• There are new opportunities for work, and such as I never had before. The hearts of the people are turned toward us, and are more receptive then ever before...... Since Christmas, the number of adults received into the churches of this station, on profession of their faith, amounts to sixty...... I could write for hours about the revival going on in almost every congregation con­ nected with this station." The “ village congregations ” are looked upon as “ feeders for the churches,” but those connected with them and not members of the churches are, as would be supposed, less stable than communi­ cants. Any sore calamity is likely to scatter many away from the place of worship; yet the report for the year is quite as favorable as could have been expected. Some congregations have indeed been broken up entirely, but others have received large accessions. Mr. Noyes, of Periakulam station, reports more than three hun­ dred additions in his field, and at Battalagundu the accessions have been large in six villages. The Mandapasalai station suffered most severely by the removing of the people. “ In August it was found that more than one half of the Christians had gone away, and in some places the catechist and his family were the only ones of the congregation left. But at the close of the year, these wan­ derers, hearing of rain and relief, were coming back, with ranks thinned by disease, and themselves in great destitution.” “ The flood in December completely destroyed four prayer-houses 68 MADTJEA MISSION. [ Heport,

in the Mandapasalai field, and so damaged three more that only immediate repairs prevented their destruction, while the only com­ pleted brick church was seriously damaged by the bursting of a tank near it.” On the other hand, a considerable number of prayer and school houses have been built within the year, the impoverished people aiding in this work to the extent of their ability. “ At Pa- sumalai, a substantial stone building, containing rooms for the use of the women’s school and station day school, has been erected at an expense of two hundred and eighty-five rupees. The station benevolent society contributed above half this sum, and the re­ mainder they hope to secure without asking anything from the mission.” SCHOOLS. There is noticed a growing desire for education, yet the village schools have suffered much from the effects of the famine. Some have been wholly broken up ; others have barely maintained an ex­ istence ; yet the number of Christian pupils in these schools was greater, on the whole, than for the previous year. Some night schools, also, “ for young men anxious to learn, but obliged to labor during the day,” have been sustained. There are “ Hindu girls’ schools ” at different stations, of considerable promise. Mrs. Ca- pron has the charge of three such in Madura, with 113 pupils in all, of whom only 19 are from Christian families. The Madura Boarding-school reports a good degree of prosper­ ity, with more pupils than in the previous year, and a steady ad­ vance in scholarship and in good behavior. There are several other boarding-schools, some for boys only, some for girls, and some for both sexes. They are designed to carry forward, somewhat, the education of the more promising pupils from village schools. Respecting the Seminary at Pasumalai Mr. Washburn states: “ The members of the theological class are about completing their third year of Biblical and theological study. Several of them had been through the course of instruction in the Seminary as it was previous to 1870, and were fairly prepared to take up and pursue to the best advantage the studies fitting them for ministerial work. I think the longer term of study which they have enjoyed will prove to have been of decided advantage to most of them. “ The increasing work in the school has confined me and the teachers at home more than in previous years. The tent has been out but once this year, but preaching at the feasts has been carried on as usual. Both the teachers and the young men have rendered me very much assistance in distributing the famine relief funds, so generously contributed by almost every part of the British empire 1878.] MADURA MISSION. 69 for the famine sufferers. It is expected that the present class, seven in number, will leave the Seminary in March, and that a new class will be received. Another class, numbering twelve, was received into the preparatory department of the Seminary in June, making in all, since the opening of this part of the school, a little less than two and a half years ago, forty-five admitted on the approval of the mission committee. Of these forty-five two were expelled, and four were permitted to leave. “ The report of the examining committee of the mission, on the examination in March, of both branches of the school, reported that the examinations were very satisfactory, and showed an ad­ vance upon last year. Nine boys have been admitted to the com­ munion, making in all twenty-six communicants. “ The utter failure of all business and all crops has made it well- nigh impossible for parents to get together money enough to pay the school fees for their sons. In several cases they have been obliged to sell their jewels and bullocks to do it.”

MADURA HOME. — WORK FOR WOMEN. — MEDICAL WORK. In accordance with the vote of the mission, Mrs. Capron has charge of the new enterprise, the Home at Madura; but she has been specially engaged in medical work among women, while she has also, as before stated, the supervision of three Hindu girls’ schools. Respecting the medical department of the Home, she states : “ I have entered during the year 6,473 prescriptions, which represent 2,933 cases, as of course many come again and again. I have made, «n an average, two or three visits every evening at private houses. I have thus opened to me, already, more homes than I can find time to visit, where I am always sure of a wel­ come. It is desirable to visit all. During the time of illness, the mind of the patient is too much taken up with her own case to listen to anything which does not seem to bear directly upon it ; but after recovery the feeling of gratitude opens a way for plant­ ing the seeds of truth. “ I have been much impressed with the effect of prayer in all cases where there was great anxiety. I have never been refused when I have expressed a wish to ask the Lord Jesus to enter the house; and I never have known other than the most perfect hush while the message was being sent up to heaven. I have an effi­ cient native woman as an assistant, but I greatly need relief from many minor details of the business, to leave me more free to en­ gage in that soul work which is the true aim of the whole effort.” Dr. Chester states, respecting Mrs. Capron’s work : “ As in the 70 MADURA MISSION. [Report, previous year, I have, with few exceptions, come into Madura on Wednesday, ’ to work in the Dispensnry...... It has, however, been a great help to me, and to the general Dispensary work, that Mrs. Capron has had health and strength to give so much of her time to the medical care of the women and children coming to the Dispensnry. Having a separate room in which she sees her cases, and the help of two intelligent and efficient native Christian women, she gets through a large amount of most useful work. And yet, if anything, an even more interesting and useful part of her medical labor is in the visits she regularly makes in the afternoon, at the houses of patients not able to come to the Dispensary. Many Mohammedan and Brahmin families, and many of the most respect­ able and wealthy families in Madura, have thus been visited. They urge her to come, and receive her visits with marked cordiality and gratitude. Pages could be filled with notes of interest in connec­ tion with her work among these families.” Miss Sisson wrote, before she left the mission, that the famine had helped, rather than hindered, the work for women. Some heads of families, formerly bitter opponents, had invited calls. “ The num­ ber of Bible-women at all the stations has been decreased by two.” Mr. J. S. Chandler writes : “ A new feature is the attendance of all our Bible-women and female teachers, for one day, at the help­ ers’ monthly meeting. They have sessions separate from the men, but attend the general meetings with the others. Lessons are as­ signed which they prepare beforehand.”

DISPENSARIES.

The whole number of cases treated at the Madura Dispensary, during the year, is reported as 20,361, of which 12,429 were new cases. At Dindigul the number of new cases was 8,950, and the whole number of patients 17,840. Dr. Chester bears testimony to the faithful and efficient services of his native assistants, both at Madura and at Dindigul, and states : — “ W e have again to thank the Madura Municipality for its kind grant of three hundred rupees to the Dispensary. This year it has been of special service, for in no previous year has there been in this, as well as in all our dispensaries, such a great demand for med­ icine. Again and again we have had to send to Madras to renew our supply of certain articles...... Having received for so many years the kind and very generous assistance of government in the support of the Dindigul Dispensary, for which, for the past year, I would return my renewed and most hearty thanks, I have cheer­ fully and gratefully undertaken the medical charge of the Dindigul 1878-1 MADURA MISSION. 71

Famine Relief Camp. Except Thursdays, when I have had to be in Madura, I have visited the camp daily, examining those applying newly for admission, and inspecting the whole camp once or twice a week, to send out those fit for work. For a time, when between four and fi,ve hundred applied for admission on a single morning and there were over two thousand in the camp, this was a wearisome and trying work. But for the last two months of the year the total number has been much less...... The year has been one of very great trial, care, and anxiety. W e have seen some of our forces taken away before our eyes, and some brought very near to death. But in our trial we have been brought into closer sympathy with the people than ever before, and I trust that, with God’s blessing, the lesson of love taught in the gospel and in the life of the Great Physician, our beautiful example, is not being lost upon this idol­ atrous people.”

BOOK DEPARTMENT. ITINERACY. EVANGELICAL SOCIETY. Considering the famine, and the consequent poverty of the people, it is reported that the sales of Bibles and tracts have been unusually large. The total number of itineracies also (thirty-one) has been greater than in the previous year, and with some cheering results. Thirteen hundred and ninety-five villages were visited, and more than one hundred thousand hearers were addressed. Of the Native Evangelical Society it is sa id : “ This society has had its treasury heavily drawn upon during the year, but the subscriptions have been large considering the famine. We trust that the opening year will see an added interest in this our Home Missionary Society. There is a present debt of three hundred and fifty rupees.”

CONCLUSION. The mission report ends thus: “ In conclusion, when we look at the events and work of the year, we may well be thankful. In the face of 632 deaths the number of adherents has increased, above all losses, more than 450. Our churches, though suffering terribly, have gained. While contributions have decreased, the loss is not in proportion to the additional cost of living. Our schools have nearly the same number of pupils as last year, but it is a fact worthy of note that one hundred more Christian and one hundred and ten more Hindu girls are in attendance in our village schools. One marked effect of -our schools is seen in the fact that the number of women who are able to read is increasing from year to year. “ On the whole, the prospects for the coming year are unusually hopeful. Never have there been greater openings for work ; never has the harvest seemed as ready for the reaper. Instead of losing 72 MADUllA MISSION. [Report, ground, we have gained. Many are coming and asking us to enroll their names as Christians, urging us to give them spiritual teachers. One who has been more than thirty years in India exclaims: ‘ Never in all my life have I seen such openings for work, such prospects of abundant harvest.’ We have a stronger faith for the future, and a firmer belief in the promise of God : ‘ My word shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.’ ”

EVANGELICAL AND PASTORAL STATISTICS.

n A> a o

f s to J3 A> O & Nasií o? Station. a o o ts h u œ s £ / (*• e o ’S s o "c Added by Profession Added the past Tear. Now in Standing Now Good No. of Villages In No. Villages of Christians. are which No. of Men in Congre­ No. of Women In do. No. of in do. Children K gation*. j j j 1 No. of 1 | Pastors. Native No. of 1 Catechises. No. of 1 Readers. | 1 Battalagundu...... 4 23 213 27 14 160 182 351 693 1 7 2 D in d ig u l...... 2 19 804 40 29 376 295 480 1,151 3 10 1 Madura...... 3 21 276 21 14 232 228 320 760 !i 8 2 i 2 27 15 8 47 47 97 191 - & 1 Mnnda pasalai...... 9 6 816 66 82 529 458 €49 1,636 3 22 1 M é l ú r ...... 1 1 2« 8 i 28 27 6D 115 - h - Pasumalai...... 1 10 72 2 2 55 24 49 128 8 - - P eria k u lam ...... 7 11 41H 4« 27 479 565 978 2,022 4 1» 2 1 - 77 13 7 149 177 292 618 1 7 1 Tirumangalam...... 2 11 182 47 28 375 831 519 1,225 1 13 1 TirupuTauam ...... 1 8 69 14 11 68 77 173 318 ~ '< “

T o t a l...... 32 112 1,978 299 171 2,498 2,411 3,968 8,877 18 101 11

EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS.

SEMINARY AMD BOARDING-SCHOOLS. TILLAGE AND »AY-SCOOOLS.

N a h e o f S t a t io n .

» ; ts •Ö ■ *3 r*5 a"o C

S » s •S - 2. tí ' tí Battalagundu 8. 67 I S3 153 Dindigul. . S. 8. 736 I 88 905 Madura . . G.B.S 181 319 Manamadura 78 Mauds pasalai S. S. 15 237 Mélúr. . . 29 22 Pasumalal . T. S. 39 W. 8. Perißkulam. 175 26 356 Pulrny . . 0. B. 8 173 ; 48 297 Tlruiuangnlum 8. 8 . 103 6 192 Tlrupuv&nam . 40 I 6 76

Total , . 916! 771 179 177 120 94 40 888 287 1,636 352 2,663 1878.] CEYLON MISSION. 73

CEYLON MISSION.

Batticotta. — Eurotas P. Hastings, Missionary; Mrs. Anna Hastings.— One church ; one native pastor; two other helpers.

P a k d i t e r i p o . — In charge of Mr. W . W . Howland. Miss Hester A. Hillis- — One church; one catechist; two Bible-women; one other helper. TiLLirALLY. — Thomas S. Smith, Missionary; Mrs. Emily Maria Smith.— One church; one native pastor; one preacher; two teachers in training school, and two other teachers; two Bible-women ; two other helpers. O o r o o v ille . — "W. W . Howland, Missionary; Mrs. Susan R. Howland, Miss Elizabeth Agnew, Miss Susan R. Howland. — One church; one native pastor; one cate­ chist; four teachers in boarding-school, and two other teachers; three Bible-women; four other helpers. Manepy.—In charge of Mr. Smith. — One church; one catechist; two teachers in boarding-school, and two other teachers; one Bible-woman; two other helpers.

C havagacherry . — In charge of Mr. S. W . Howland. — One church; one na­ tive pastor; two catechists; one Bible-woman.

O o d o o p it t y . — Samuel W . Howland, Missionary; Mrs. Mary E. K. Howland. — One church; one native pastor; two teachers in boarding-school, and one other teacher; three Bible-women ; two other helpers. Seventeen out-stations, with five churches,— at Alavetty, Karadive, Nataly y San- yang, and Valany; three native pastors; two preachers; eight catechists. In this Country. — William E. De Riemer, Missionary; Mrs. Emily F. De Riemer, Miss Harriet E. Townshend. 7 stations; 17 out-stations; 12 churches; 5 missionaries; 9 female assistant mission­ aries ; 8 native pastors; 3 licensed preachers; 13 catechists; 17 teachers; 12 Bible- women; and 13 other helpers.

Mr. and Mrs. De Riemer have thought it best, with reference to health, to return to the United States, and several changes have been made by the mission in the locations of the families remaining in the field, with a view to the best possible supervision of the work at the several stations. The death of the native pastor Anketell, of Tillipally, has been felt as a serious loss, not to his own church only, but to all the churches and the whole Christian community in Jaffna, and to the missionaries, who valued him as a loved and trusted fel­ low laborer. No mission report has come to hand other than statistical returns for the year 1877. These show 69 additions by profession to the 12 churches, and a present membership of 827. The training school at Tillipally has 29 pupils, and a boarding-school for boys at Manepy has 27. There are still two boarding-schools for girls, with 86 pupils, — 58 at Oodooville, and 28 at Oodoopitty. The number of common schools reported is 132, with 5,687 male and 1,604 female pupils ; total 7,291. These schools are, as heretofore, for several years, under the direction of a Board of Education, and supported largely by the government. 74 CEYLON MISSION. [Report,

No recent reports have been received from the boarding-schools of the mission. In regard to the training school at Tillipally, Mr. W . W . Howland wrote in October, 1877 : “ In June the then upper class left the school, after finishing their course of study, which is now shortened to four years. Of the fourteen members of the class, all but two are employed as teachers in village schools. All but three were church members when they left. All are from heathen families. A new class of fifteen members was received when the others left, selected from over eighty candidates who came for examination. Those received are, with one exception, from heathen families. One only is a church member, and he is a son of heathen parents. Some of them had some religious interest before coming, and probably all, or nearly all, came expecting, and some of them wishing, to become Christians. During the one term in which they have studied they have, most of them, developed well, and give good promise for the future.” About the same time Mr. De Riemer wrote of the girls’ school at Oodoopitty: — “ Miss Townshend left her connection with the boarding-school in February, in order to visit the United States ; and at the request of the mission, Mrs. De Riemer and myself became responsible for the care of the school, for the present. A new class of thirteen girls was received in April, making the number twenty-seven. At the beginning of the year not one of the school was a church mem­ ber, though four of them are baptized children. Several, we hope, have met with a change of heart, and will unite with the church at its next communion.” This school is now under the care of Mr. and Mrs. S. W. Howland. Writing in March last, Mr. Hastings noticed a favorable recogni­ tion of the Jaffna College by the principal medical officer in the island, — admitting students to the Medical College at Galumbo on certificates from the college officers; “ thus recognizing our cer­ tificates as of equal value with the India University matriculation certificates.” He mentions also the kindly intentions of the new governor of the province towards the institution, but says: “ After all, my great concern is that the college should prove an efficient agency in evangelizing the land; that it should send forth some earnest preachers of the gospel. W e have now fifty-two students in attendance ; seven in the senior class, all Christians ; fourteen in the senior middle, of whom ten are Christians; fifteen in the junior middle, of whom six are Christians; and sixteen in the freshman class, of whom only three are now members of the church, though six others are the sons of Christians. Just half the students are communicants, and ten others are sons of Christians.” 1878.] FOOCHOW MISSION. 75

Letters from this field, in the autumn of 1877, referred to the famine in India, the failure of some crops in Ceylon, high prices, and scarcity of money as having occasioned much distress, which was greatly increased by the prevalence of cholera in many local­ ities. These things interfered somewhat seriously with the work of the mission, especially at out-stations. Preaching-tours in the vil­ lages, of considerable interest, have been reported by Mr. S. W. Howland and Mr. Smith ; and in a recent letter, which may be. seen in the “ Missionary Herald” for the present month, Mr. Smith gives a pleasant account of his work and the. growth of the church at Manepy, during the few years that he has been in charge of that station.

FOOCHOW MISSION.

F o o c h o w C i t y . — Caleb C. Baldwin, d . d ., Missionary; Mrs. Harriet F . Baldwin. — One church; two catcchists; one teacher ; one other helper.

F o o c h o w S u b u k b . — Simeon F. Wootlin, Missionary; Dauphin W . Osgood, M. D., Physician; Mrs. Sarah L. Woixlin, Mrs. Helen W . Osgood, Miss Adelia M. Payson. — One church; one native pastor; one preacher; three teachers; four other helpers. S h ao-w u .— Joseph E. Walker, J. 13. Blakely, Missionaries; Henry T. Whitney, Physician; Mrs. AdaE. Walker, Mrs. Isabella V. Blakely, Mrs. Laurie Ann Whitney. — One church; one native preacher; one catechist. In this Country. — Charles Hartwell, Missionary; Mrs. Lucy E. Hartwell. Connected with the three stations there are sixteen out-stations, with eight churches; one native pastor; nine preachers ; eight catechists ; and five teachers. 3 stations; 16 out-staiions; 11 churches; 5 missionaries; 2 physicians ; 8 female assistant missionaries; 2 native pastors-; 11 native preachers; 11 catechists; 9 teachers; 5 other helpers.

The report of this mission for the year 1877, as prepared by Mr. Baldwin, will be given here, with very little change beyond the omis­ sion of a few paragraphs. The health of the mission families is said to have been exceptionally good; but the people among whom they labor have been called to great suffering, occasioned by an overflow of the Min, “ unprecedented for many years,” inundating a large portion of the city of Foochow, the suburbs, and the plain, causing the loss of much property and many lives, and followed by much sickness and distress. In the summer and fall cholera prevailed greatly, carrying off, it was supposed, about ten thousand per­ sons in and around the city. But the native Christians, as well as the mission families, were spared.

CHURCH AND CHAPEL WORK. “ This work has been carried on as in formeryears. The gospel has been preached in twenty-three places, — stations and out-stations, — 76 FOOCHOW MISSION. [Report, and the work supplemented by private conversation and street talks, which no statistics can fairly represent. The additions to the churches have been twenty-one, of which five were to the Yungfuh church, four to the Church of the Saviour, two to the Langpuo church, and ten to the churches of the Upper Min. Seven members have been excommunicated, and three have died. W e have now a consid­ erable number of inquirers in various places. Some of these cases give us a promise of success, even under discouraging circumstances, and teach us to hope and work on. M ore than this, they admonish us of our duty to seek out those who were once enlightened, and not to despair of their salvation. The native churches have contributed about eighty dollars towards the support o f pastors and preachers.”

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

“ The Boys’ Boarding-school in the city has thirteen pupils. Two theological students are also accommodated in the building. The pupils are instructed in the classic and colloquial Scriptures, in as­ tronomy and geography, and in penmanship. They are also drilled by Mrs. Baldwin in map-drawing and in singing, in which some make very commendable progress. This is a ‘ grant-in-aid’ school, as the pupils— who are all from families in whole or in part Chris­ tian — receive only one dollar each per month, to help them buy their rice. The Girls’ Boarding-school, under Miss Payson’s care, numbers twenty-nine pupils, though for two or three months in the spring there were thirty-five. There are many applicants for admis­ sion, and readiness to receive needs to be limited only by want of room and the inability of a single native teacher to instruct thor­ oughly the greater number. “ There are seven common or day schools, with an aggregate of seventy-one pupils, conducted with only moderate success. Our ex­ perience thus far shows that even where the mission furnishes room and teacher the schools are very apt to dwindle, owing to the sordid views and the want of real interest on the part of parents of girls, and the irregular attendance of the boys in rural districts, where their services are often indispensable in planting or reaping the fields. Still, as the schools are taught by Christian teachers, and as the pupils have religious advantages, by which we hope that their rela­ tives are also benefited, we are encouraged to persevere in this department.” LITERARY WORK PRINTING. . “ The committee on translating the Old Testament Scriptures into colloquial, in concert with committees in the other two missions here, have made progress. A considerable portion of the historical 1878.] FOOCHOW MISSION. 77

books has been already printed, or is ready for the press, and a be­ ginning has been made in the prophetic books. The books of Job, Proverbs, and Psalms were published years ago. “ Preparation for the quarterly examinations of our helpers also requires much literary labor on the part of some of us. The 1 Child’s Paper,’ edited by Miss Payson and the Misses Woolston, has been enlarged, and more pictures have been introduced. It is welcomed by hospital patients and school-children, and sold also among the people. Miss Payson says, in her report, that the children are as delighted with it as are children in America when new library books are brought into the Sabbath-school. In the department of print­ ing, our tabular view gives 225,880 pages printed (or purchased) for the year, making 21,714,632 pages from the beginning of the mission. “ We have been favored with a visit from Dr. Gulick, agent of the American Bible Society, and had satisfactory interviews with him on the subject of Bible work.”

MEDICAL WORK.

“ This work has been continued, with increasing promise of success. The dispensing of medicines at Hapwo Chapel brings a large num­ ber of persons, some several times in succession, who hear the truth preached before they enter the consulting room. Two regular services on the Sabbath are also held with the in-patients of the small hospital at the suburban station. The number of these has increased during the year.”

OPIUM PATIENTS.

“ These deserve a separate paragraph in our report. They usually remain in the hospital eight days, — long enough to gain some idea of Christian truth. Dr. Osgood reports that this work has grown upon him unsought. At first a few cases came, and re­ mained till they found opportunity to steal something, or experienced inconvenience from the want of their opium, when they would disap­ pear. Every applicant was therefore required to deposit one dollar on entering; but if he remained until discharged, it was returned to him. Under this rule the number of cases increased, till there ' was danger of their crowding out all other cases. Then each one was required to bring two dollars, — one to be returned on his being discharged, the other to go into the hospital treasury. The results have been a better class of patients, an increase in number limited only by the size of the hospital, and a revenue of $200 received dur­ ing the last three months. (The last printed report of the hospital 78 FOOCHOW MISSION. [Report, states that within the year there had been one hundred and seven cases of confirmed opium smokers as ‘ in-patients,’ all but two of whom were discharged cured.) One of the opium patients has been admitted to church membership, and four others are keeping the Sabbath. The future prospects of the work are encouraging. After seven years’ wailing and many disappointments, God has blessed our efforts in securing a site for a new building, which adjoins the mission com­ pound. Willi the better accommodations the medical work will en­ large, and we trust that its spiritual results will be greater than ever before. • “ Dr. Whitney has also made a good beginning in medical work at Shao-wu. He has reported some interesting cases, and has re­ cently arranged a dispensing-room in the mission compound, for more regular work.”

ANNUAL MEETING. PROSPECTS..

“ At our annual gathering in October ,none of the native preach­ ers or helpers of the Upper Min District were present, but we had a good attendance from the near fields. The helpers manifested a good spirit, and in the parts assigned them, as also in their volun­ teer addresses, they gave evidence of progress. Two sessions were devoted to a frank investigation (wherever needed) of Christian character and practice, — a new feature in our annual meetings. Ex­ planations and confessions were freely made, and we believe that the H oly Spirit was with us in those ‘ two sessions,’ as indeed in all the meetings of this convocation, and that good fruits will appear in our future labors. “ The outlook for the work is promising. Through the influence of chapel preaching and personal appeals, of visits to heathen homes and the medical work, of schools and Christian literature, correct views of religion are more widely diffused, the native mind is disarmed of prejudice, and some converts are gained for Christ. Our brethren at Shao-wu have their seed-time, and some experience in the work of pruning, but they are also blessed in reaping a spir­ itual harvest. Their letters are hopeful, and indicate much zeal and courage in the Lord’s service.” 1878.] NORTH CHINA MISSION. T9

NORTH CHINA MISSION.

T ie n t s in . — Charles A. Stanley, Arthur H. Smith, Henry D . Porter, m . d ., Mis­ sionaries ; Mrs. Ursula J. Stanley, Mrs. Emma Jane Smith. — One church ; three cat- echists. P e k i n g . — Ilenrv Blodget, d . d ., James H. Roberts, Missionaries; Willis C. No­ ble, Assistant Missionary; Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, Mrs. Grace L. Roberts, Miss Jane E. Chapin, Miss Naomi Diament, Mrs. Willa J. Noble. — Two churches ; one licensed preacher; and one catechist. K a i a j a x . — Murk Williams, William P. Sprague, Missionaries ; Mrs. Isabella R. Williams, Mrs. Margaret S. Sprague. — One church; one catechist; two other help­ ers. Tungcho. — Lyman Dwight Chapin, D. Z. Sheffield, Chauncev Goodrich, Mission­ aries; Mrs. Clara L. Chapin, Mrs. Eleanor W. Sheffield, Mrs. JustinaE. Goodrich, Miss Jane G. Evans, Miss Mary E. Andrews. — One church; one preacher; one teacher ; two other helpers. Y u-cno. — Vacant. In the care of Kalgan station. — One church ; one preacher.

P a o -t in g «f u . — Isaac Pierson, William T. Ament, Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah E. P ierson, Mrs. Mary Alioe Ament. — One church; two catechists; one other helper. In this Country. — Miss Mary H. Porter. 6 stations ; 7 churches; 1*2 missionaries, one a physician; 1 printer; 17 female as­ sistant missionaries; 2 native preachers; 7 catechists; 5 other helpers.

Mr. Phineas R. Hunt, the highly esteemed printer and treasurer of this mission, when preparing to return to his native hind on ac­ count of advancing years and ill health, was taken away by death on the 30th of May last, after a short sickness with typhus fever. A man of rare Christian virtues and consecration, his death is deeply felt by his missionary associates. His last years were full of joy in Christ. The company mentioned in the last report as on the way to China reached their several stations in November and December. Mr. and Mrs. Noble sailed from San Francisco August 1. Mr. Noble will take the place in the mission left vacant by the death of Mr. Hunt. A full report for the year closing in A pril last, prepared by Mr. Smith, has been received from the mission, and will be used here with very little change other than abbreviation.

THE FIELD. —- CHANGES AND NEEDS. The North China Mission was begun at the close of the year 1860, by the arrival of Dr. Blodget in Tientsin, from Shanghai. In each of the seventeen years which have since elapsed, the mission has received recruits, with the exception of the years 1861, 1875, and 1876. At the close of the year 1877, we had the pleasure of welcoming Mr. Pierson, on his return, accompanied by Mrs. Pier­ son (and also Miss Pierson), Mr. and Mrs. Ament, and Mr. and 80 NORTH CHINA MISSION. IReport,

Mrs. Roberts. Yet the mission has been so much weakened by deaths and resignations that it is now smaller by four members — two male and two female — than it was in 1874. Owing to the fact that the mission has had a territory larger than it has been able fully to occupy, for several years much transposition of members has been indispensable. Thus Mr. Porter, who has been located at Tientsin for more than five years, has actually spent at that station less than two and a half years, dividing the remainder of his time among all the. other stations. For many years Yiicho has appeared in the reports as a station, but the care of that field has for five years devolved almost entirely upon the Kalgan station, distant four days’journey. These and other like facts show that the mission is much in need of further reinforcements, simply to hold the ground already occupied. The area is so extensive that simply to make the most rapid tour of our stations possible, by means of Chinese transportation, requires a journey of more than half a month, while to complete the circuit of all the out-stations would probably require two or three times as long. The territory actually worked by the Tientsin station is such that an ordinary circuit of its country districts involves a journey of from five hundred to seven hundred miles; and these journeys should be repeated not less frequently than twice a year. From Kalgan and Pao-ting-fu there is an urgent appeal for med­ ical help. The former is four days’ journey, and the latter three days’ journey, from the nearest station of the mission, — a distance in time, from medical aid, equal to the distance between New York and San Francisco. PREACHING, TOURS, ETC. The regular work of the mission has been carried forward during the year with comparatively little interruption. This work consists mainly of street and chapel preaching, country touring, various forms of educational labor, house-to-house visitation of women, and literary work in compiling and translating. In Peking, Tungcho, and Pao- ting-fu, there is no difficulty in obtaining an audience in the city chapels at any time, especially if a missionary be present; but in Tientsin at certain seasons of the year, and in Kalgan almost uni­ formly, there is much trouble in securing auditors. The work of country touring is of great importance. When we do not succeed in opening a field, we must go where a field is open. In each of the stations, this form of preaching has occupied more or less time, — least at Tungcho, and most at Tientsin, where more time than usual, but not too much, amounting to more than six months, has been devoted to this work. 1878.] NORTH CHINA MISSION. 81

SCHOOLS. — REVIVAL AT TUNGCHO.

To its educational work the mission has continued to give the same prominence as heretofore, a prominence amply justified by ex­ perience. Both the Bridgman school at Peking and the boys’ school at Tungcho have been, during the year, filled nearly to their utmost capacity, the latter with a better and more promising class of pupils than ever before. It is hoped that the time is not far distant when these schools will be exclusively filled with the children of church members, sent from all the stations of the mission. This is already substantially the case with the school for boys. In the Bridgman school, however, very few girls have been received from the country districts, especially those at a distance from Peking. The difficulties in the way of sending girls so far are great, but we hope they are not insuperable, and as the number of church members increases, the need of such schools is more and more urgent. Tungcho has groVn to be the educational center of the mission, and since the recent changes there (by which the mission families are collected in one compound, in the western part of the city), no other station equals that in convenience of access to its work, and in concentration of effort upon one spot. Seven efficient workers — three ordained missionaries and four ladies — have been constantly engaged in preaching and teaching. And although we cannot al­ ways, perhaps not often, trace the connection of cause and effect in the workings o f G od’s Spirit, it was to have been expected that Tungcho would be the place where a revival would most naturally appear, and it is also the place where the influence of a revival would be most widely disseminated and most deeply felt. For eleven weeks following the week of prayer, daily prayer-meetings continued at that place, and Tungcho became a Chinese Oberlin,at which gatherings for prayer took place at all hours of the day and far into the night. More than thirty, not church members, rose for prayer. The students in the theological school were greatly quick-^ ened in spiritual life. O f the nineteen boarding pupils, in the boys’ school, sixteen are now church members, and the remaining three have expressed a desire to begin a new life. It is believed that from ten to fifteen souls have been born into the kingdom. Two of these were excommunicated persons, for whom there had previously seemed to be very little hope. The average attendance on the Sabbath service has been more than seventy-five, and the fact that all the stations of the mission are represented in the schools of this station renders the probability greater that the effect of. the revival will be wide-spread and permanent. 82 NORTH CHINA MISSION. [Report,

The theological class has been small, consisting of but five mem­ bers ; but if these young men can gather to their studies, and year by year return to their homes with a fresh baptism of the Holy Spirit, we shall feel as if the highest ideal of a Christian education had been reached. In the Bridgman school also, at Peking, it is a gratifying fact that the matron and six of the pupils have been bap­ tized within the year, — a promise, as we trust, of a wider work of grace yet to come. In the several stations, classes have been maintained for the pur­ pose of instructing church members and others who give good promise of future usefulness in some department of native agency. In Kalgan, a useful teacher of the boys’ school has been removed by death. At Tientsin new rooms have been put up, at very small ex­ pense, for the use of the station class. In each of these stations some new members have been received, but in each it is hoped they are but the promise of a much more abundant harvest in the year to come. WORK FOR WOMEN. Work for women has been carried on at some of the stations, es­ pecially at Tungcho, where the two single ladies have given much of their time to this form of labor. During the fall and winter, eighteen women were under instruction, and more women have vis­ ited the ladies than in any previous year. A Bible-reader is in con­ stant employ at that station, and there are others who give promise of usefulness in this direction. Fourteen girls in the city are under instruction,— a smaller number than last year, but the decrease in number is compensated by increased thoroughness of work. A small day school has been opened, designed especially for the daughters of church members, and it is hoped that four of the girls have learned to love the Saviour. An interesting feature in the work for women is the new opening in the villages, from five to ten miles distant from the city, of which six have been visited during the winter., In one of these there is a prospect of future results. All the ladies of this busy station have found more work than they are able to do, and another lady, espe­ cially if she were a physician, would be gladly welcomed.

THE PRESS. — BOOK DISTRIBUTION. The press has continued its work as heretofore, under the expe­ rienced care of its superintendent, who has felt impelled, after ten years of service in China, added to his twenty-seven years of ser­ vice' in India, to turn his thoughts once more toward his native land. [Mr. Hunt was removed by death soon after this report was written. J

t 1878.] NORTH CHINA MISSION. 83

The work of book distribution has been carried on at all the sta­ tions, but the result can scarcely be said to be commensurate with the efforts put forth. What may be the ultimate influence of these scattered seeds, we cannot of course forecast; but in the midst of a literary people like the Chinese, it is certainly discouraging to find Christian literature so comparatively inert for good. It may be the rule that our books are purchased less as they are offered longer, and in some instances the business of a book-shop has been gradually sinking to a very low point.

THE MISSIONARY CONFERENCE. THE FAMINE. The General Conference of Protestant Missionaries in China, held at Shanghai in May last, was attended by four members o f this mission, two of whom had been chosen as delegates. It was generally felt that the results justified the steps which had been taken in call­ ing together such an assemblage. The inspiration of its discussions will remain a permanent factor in the experience of those who were privileged to attend its sessions, while the published volume of its proceedings will prove a permanently valuable contribution to missionary literature. The most important item in the current history of the great na­ tion in the midst o f which our lot is cast is the almost unexampled famine which is still raging in all the northern provinces of China. The generous contributions of foreign residents in the East, as well as in Europe and Am erica, have amounted to a large sum, the greater part o f which, in the providence o f God, has found its way into the hands of missionaries for distribution. This work of relief has been carried on to some extent from the stations of Tientsin, Peking, and Pao-ting-fu, in the former of which it had occupied, at the close of the mission year, about four months of missionary labor ; and it is still in progress. The amount distributed from that station, up to that time, was about $1,000, and the work of relief has been carried on through twenty different villages, and embraced nearly 2,000 different persons. There is every reason to hope, from obvious indications, that by means of this dreadful scourge a door wide and effectual for the entrance of the gospel is to be not merely opened, but held open. Prejudices disappear. There never was before so grand an opportunity to preach the gospel in the famine regions. Men were never so ready to hear. There was never a better opportunity to imitate the Master, who went about doing good, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom. This golden oppor­ tunity, which will probably never recur, we would seek to use to the utmost. It may be that, in the providence of God, this great ca­ 84 MISSION TO JAPAN. [Report,

lamity is to be the means of introducing the gospel to China as never before, not only in Chihli and Shantung, where Protestant missions have for fifteen years had an extended work, but also in the provinces of Honan and Shansi, which as yet missionaries have barely explored. The work of famine relief has introduced us into the interior of Chinese homes, which have been visited by hun­ dreds and thousands. In many cases domestic idols have been taken from their shrines, never to be replaced ; and in many more there appears to be a genuine spirit of inquiry. That God may so bless our labors as to make them instrumental in helping to the ref­ ormation and evangelization of China, is our hope and our prayer.

The mission has forwarded an earnest call for a large increase of effort by the Board in China, which may be seen in the “ Mission­ ary Herald ” for September.

STATISTICS.

P r e a c h ­ E d u c a t i o n . C h u r o i i e s . i n g .

2 £ N a m e s o p t h e bcca S t a t i o n s . c 2 © c 3 T3 ‘E .£■§ a I § s Z Tungcho . . 1 1 18 1 3 8 345 30 Tientsin . . 12 88 Peking . . 200 1 20 114 Kalgan . . 24 9 Pao-ting-fu . 20 26 Yü*cho . . 26

Totals . . 13 S31 1 5 1 18 1 20 1 3 8 54 £5 293

MISSION TO JAPAN.

K o b e . — Oramel H. Gulick, John L. Atkinson, "Wallace Taylor, m. d m Otis Cary, Jr., John T. Gulick, Missionaries; De Witt C. Jencks, Assistant Missionary; Mrs. Ann E. Gulick, Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, Mrs. Mary F. Taylor, Mrs. Sarah jM. Jencks, Mrs. Ellen Maria Cary, Miss Julia E. Dudley, Miss Eliza Talcott, Miss Julia Gulick, Miss Martha J. Barrows, Miss Virginia A. Clarkson. One church at Kobe and one at Hiogo. Four out-stations, with one church at Sanda, and another at Tamon-dori. O s a k a . — H. H. Leavitt, J. II. De Forest, William W . Curtis, Missionaries; Arthur H. Adams, M. D ., Physician; Mrs. Mary A . Leavitt, Mrs. Sarah E. De Forest, Mrs. Delia E. Curtis, Miss Mary E. Gouldy, Miss Frances A. Stevens. Two churches.

K io t o . — J. D. Davis, D. W . Learned, Missionaries; Mrs. Sophia D. Davis, Mrs. Florence H. Learned, Miss Alice J. Starkweather, Miss Julia Wilson, Miss H. Frances Parmelee. Joseph H. Neesima, Correspondiiiff M ember; Mrs. Neesima. Three churches. One church at an out-station, Annaka. 1878.] MISSION TO JAPAN. 85

Now a t Y o k o h a m a . — Daniel Crosby Greene, Missionary; Mrs. Mary J. Greene. On the way. — M. L. Gordon, m. i j . , R. Henry Davis, James H. Pettee, Missionaries; Jolin C. Berry, m . d ., Physician; Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, Mrs. Frances AY. Davis, Mrs. Isabella W< Pettee, Mrs. Maria E. Berry, Miss Fannie A. Gardner. In this Country. — Mrs. Sarah C. Adams. 3 stations; 5 out-stations; 10 churches; 12 missionaries (two of whom are physi­ cians); two other physicians; 1 other assistaut missionary; 1 corresponding member; 24 female assistant missionaries.

Misses Parmelee and Wilson, mentioned in the last Report as on the way to Japan, arrived at Kobe October 6, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Curtis and Miss Clarkson sailed from San Francisco to join the mission November 3, and reached Kobe on the 28th of the same month. Mr. and Mrs. Cary sailed February 7, and arrived at Kobe on the 7th of March. Mr. and Mrs. Doane have been released from their connection with the Board, as Mrs. Doane is not able to enter again upon missionary work. Miss Wheeler was married in May last to Ilev. C. Goodrich of the North China mission. Drs. Berry and Gordon, with their families, after a season of needed recuperation in this country, are on the way to their for­ mer labors, with renewed health and strength for a new campaign, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Davis, Mr. and Mrs. Pettee, and Miss Gardner, new missionaries. Rev. John T. Gulick has been trans­ ferred from the North China mission to Japan, his health not per­ mitting him to labor in the former field. Mrs. Adams has been obliged to leave Japan for a season in consequence of impaired health, and is at present under medical care in the more favor­ able climate of California. Statistical returns for the past year have not been received, and some reports that have probably been sent from Japan, as that of the Kobe station and those of the training school and the Home at Kioto, have not come to hand. No very marked change has occurred in the condition or prospects of the work. Unexpected difficulty, however, has arisen at Kioto. Owing to the unfriendly attitude of the local governor, the brethren have failed to secure per­ mission for Misses Parmelee and Wilson to reside permanently at that place ; and in May last Dr. Taylor was ordered away, on the ground that he had practiced medicine, though forbidden to do so, as he had permission to reside there simply as a teacher in the school. The general government has not been disposed to act in opposition to the wishes of the local governor, yet the impression of the missionaries has been that the difficulty would soon be over­ come (as “ the city is virtually open to foreigners”), and would do no real harm, serving rather to advertise the school and Chris­ tianity. ; 8 6 MISSION TO JAPAN. [Report,

CHURCHES.

The three churches at Kioto now report sixty-seven male and thirteen female members. Sixteen were added by baptism during the year. Four were excluded. The First Church, which formerly met in the house of Mr. Leonard, and the Third, which met at Mr. Doane’s, have rented chapels. The Second Church still worships at the house of Mr. Neesima. The spiritual condition of the First Church at Osaka has been very trying, so far as nearly one half of its members are concerned. Eight members have been formally cut off from membership, the Second Church having been called to assist, by advice and moral support, in the work of discipline ; and the process of separation between- true and false brethren was still going on when the station report was written. Seven members had been admitted to that church within the year, the contributions had been about $203, and the belief is expressed that the church is now in a more hopeful condition than ever before. In regard to the Second Church at Osaka, statements are much more cheering. “ Its membership has increased from twelve to thirty; its spiritual life has grown apace ; its contributions have reached such a point that they entirely support their pastor. They also support their own church life, and besides this, sustain two dis­ tinct preaching services, and still give, also, to objects of general benevolence.” The contributions of this church for the year were about $245, “ of which $83.50 were used in outside work.” The organization of a church at Annaka, the former home of Mr. Neesima, deserves special notice. Writing in October, 1877, with regard to the vacation labors of students in the training school, Mr. Davis said : “ An urgent call came from Mr. Neesima’s old home, eighty miles from Yedo, for a young man to come up there, offering to pay all expenses. Mr. Yebina went; and he left ten men and five women there, whom he believes to be true Christians, who have banded themselves together into a Christian company. They offer to pay his expenses again if he will go up during the short holiday vacation. Four young men have come from that place to our school.” In March last, Mr. Neesima revisited his old home, and found that the seed planted by him on his first visit after returning from the United States, and nourished by the students, had taken root and brought forth fruit. He wrote : “ I began to preach soon after my arrival (March 28). Had large audiences, held inquiry and prayer- meetings, and organized a church. I baptized thirty persons,— seventeen males and thirteen females. It was a most solemn, and 1878.] MISSION TO JAPAN. 87 yet the most joyful season I ever witnessed. The people have thus far paid all necessary expenses, and they take pride in doing so. Thev have already raised funds for future expenses, and offer to pay for a preacher. So this is an independent, self-supporting church.” The report of the Kioto station mentions Mr. Yebina as still la­ boring at Annaka; and the mission, at its recent meeting, passed a resolution expressing their joy at the organization of this self-sup­ porting church by Mr. Neesima, and their hope that it will remain associated with other churches organized by the mission. In October, 1877, a church of twenty-one members was organized at Tamon-dori, between Kobe and Hiogo, seventeen of the members taking letters from the Kobe church. On the 24th of November, a native pastor — the first one wholly educated in Japan — was or­ dained over the church at Hiogo. A neat, pretty, and inviting house of worship has been built by the little church in the village of Sanda, twenty miles inland from Kobe, and was dedicated with much gladness in September, 1877. In October, the First Church of Osaka rejoiced to take possession of a room they had hired for three years, and fitted up as a chapel, and in November, the Christians of Kioto finally succeeded, after having failed in many previous efforts» in renting a place for their preaching services. Eight of the ten churches thus far organized in Japan are wholly self-supporting ; the other two are nearly so.

OPENING AT OTSU. NATIVE MISSIONARY SOCIETT. In the spring of 1877, Mr. Neesima sent some tracts to prisoners at Otsu, eight miles west of Kioto, and in October Mr. Davis wrote: “ One of the prisoners became greatly interested in the truth, and taught the rest. Some little time ago a fire broke out in the prison, and the prisoners, instead of trying to escape, as usual, helped to put out the fire. The officials inquired as to the cause of such strange conduct, released the prisoner who taught this new doctrine, and asked for more such books for the prisoners. We have just sent over tracts and Gospels to supply them, and the released prisoner feels called to be an apostle to those in prison there. I went yes­ terday to Otsu, at the request of a lawyer, and met about twenty lawyers, in a most interesting interview of two hours. They want to hear the gospel every Sabbath.” About three weeks later, No­ vember 14, Mr. Davis wrote again: “ The prisoners of whom I spoke in my last as having become interested in tracts we sent some months ago to a prison, and who were released because they had taught the prisoners the true way and made them better, have just 88 MISSION TO JAPAN. \Hepart,

started a school in the city of Otsu, the first object of which is to teach the Bible. The company of lawyers of whom I spoke now meet in this school-house every Sabbath, to study the Bible with the teachers and scholars of this school, and any others who will come in. I was present last Sabbath afternoon, and preached on the new birth, to an audience of thirty-two, about one third of whom were lawyers. They have three meetings every Sabbath in that place.” In January the brethren were greatly interested in the formation of a native missionary society by the churches. Mr. Atkinson wrote, January 10 : “ Our nine churches met by delegates in Osaka, on the 2d and 3d of this month. Besides the delegates, several attended from the churches near. Mr. Neesima was chosen moderator; one man from the Kobe church, and Mura-Kami, the pastor of the Hiogo church, were chosen scribes. Most of the two days were occupied in framing the rules and regulations of a Japanese Missionary So­ ciety. The churches resolved to contribute to the society once every month. The meeting was a very successful and a very useful one. The churches, through oneness of interest in one good and great work, were, and will be more and more, brought into closer fellow­ ship with each other. The discussions of the various rules and regulations were an excellent discipline and mental education to every one of them. Mr. Neesima presided admirably.” At the annual meeting of the mission in June last, Mr. Neesima presented by request a brief report1 of the work of this society up

1 The following is a copy of the Report referred to.

BEFORT OF THE DENDO-GUA1SHIA (NATIVE MISSIONARY SOCIETY).

T o t h e M issionaries o f t h e A m e r i c a n B o a r d i n J a p a n : Dear Sirs, — Being requested by you at this annual mission meeting to make a re­ port of our society, I have hastily prepared a brief statement of the work of our society, which we have recently begun to undertake to Christianize our benighted empire. As you know all about our society from its very beginning, and most of you were present when it was organized in Osaka last January, I deem it unnecessary to inform you how or for what purpose it was organized. So I will simply state here the amount of money which we have received since the last January until the last May, as well as the amount of disbursement which we have recently made for sending out a few preachers of the gospel to different parts of the empire. THIi a m o u n t r e c e i v e d . From the-churches (four in number) in Kobe, Hiogo, and Sanda . . $37 00 From the churches (two in number) inO s a k a ...... 12 75 From the churches (three in number) in K i o t o ...... 13 94 From a friend in Kioto ...... 3 00 From a friend in Y o k a -ic h i...... 5 00

T o t a l ...... $71 69 1878.] MISSION TO JAPAN. 89 to that time, showing that it had received $71.69, and had disbursed, to aid nine students in the training schools in prosecuting Christian efforts in as many different places, $69.90. The minutes of the mis-

THE AMOUNT DISBURSED.

Mit. Fuwa (a Bible classman in the Kioto training school) is sent to Kasaoka with an understanding that the people of the place should give him board. He expects to stay there three months. We gave him Y en1 8.00 for his traveling expenses, and Yen 3.00 for his pocket money. . 11 00 Mi*. J e iiu ia k a (same class in school) is sent to Annaka. His traveling, boarding, and some other necessary expenses shall be met by the people. He expects to be there two and a half months- For his going there we lent h i m ...... 9 00 M r . K a n a m o r i (same class in school) is sent to Okayama. His traveling and boarding expenses shall be met by the people. He wiil stay there three months. We lent him Yen 4.00 for his traveling expenses, and gave him Yen 3.00 for p o c k e t -m o n e y ...... 7 00 M r . K o z a k i (same class in school) will go to Hikone next month. He will be there two months. We gave him Yen 2.00 for traveling expenses, and Yen 2.00 for p o c k e t - m o n e y ...... 4 00 M b . Uk i t a (sam e class in school) will go to Mino and stay there one month. We gave him Yen 3.00 for traveling expenses, and Yen 1.00 for pocket- money . ; ...... 4 00 Mb. Y a m a z a k i (same class in school) is sent to Fukuchiyama. We gave him Yen 4.00 for traveling expenses, Yen 12.00 for board, and Yen 3.00 for pocket-m oney ...... 19 00 M r. A u a m in e (a fourth year man) is sent to Imabari. He will stay there three months. We gave him Yen 4.00 for traveling expenses, and Yen 3.00 for p o c k e t -m o n e y ...... 7 00 We understand that the people of that place have raised Yen 10.00 to meet his necessai*y expenses. M r . H o h i (a third year man) is sent to Kame-oka. He will stay there two months. The people will give him board. His traveling expenses were paid by the Second Saikiyo (Kioto) Church. We gave him Yen 2.00 for pocket-money...... 2 00 Mii. U y e h a r a (a third year man) is sent to Takatsuki. He will stay three months. The people will give him board. The Second Saikij'o gave him traveling expenses. W e gave him Yen 3.00 for pocket-money 3 00 Our agents’ (three) traveling e x p e n s e s ...... 3 90

T o t a l ...... 69 90

The amount received ...... • . $71 695 The amount d is b u r s e d ...... 69 90

B a l a n c e ...... 1 795

We are rejoiced to say that we have thus far undertaken, through the help of our young churches, to send out a few laborers to the above mentioned places, and we shall be still more rejoiced if we could get more money and more men to occupy a dozen more places which are already waiting forthe light and truth. Your obedient servant, (Signed) J o s e p h H. N e e s im a , An Agent o f the Dendo-guaishia* A iu m a , June 24, 1878.

* A Yen equals just about one dollar. 90 MISSION TO JAPAN. [Report, sion meeting state: “ Our zeal is quickened, our faith strengthened, and our highest hopes awakened by the facts and figures of this modest report...... In this statement of the collection and dis­ bursement of about seventy dollars by the associated churches, through their self-constituted missionary society, and in the com­ mencing labors of the young men they have sent out for the summer, in the harvest fields of promise, we see the harbinger of the glorious work that vve believe the Master has given these churches to do.”

t o u k s . — SCHOOLS. Tours of great interest have been made, specially by Mr. Atkinson, with native helpers, during which he has preached the gospel in many places and to large numbers of interested hearers, most of whom, perhaps, had never before heard of salvation through Christ, and very many of whom expressed a strong desire to be more fully instructed in the doctrine of what was to them a new religion. In view o f an expected large increase in the number o f pupils in the training school at Kioto, the mission voted, at its annual meet­ ing in 1877, to erect another building, to accommodate thirty new students, besides furnishing more recitation-rooms. Contributions for this purpose were received from the native churches to the amount of $98.75 ; the building was erected in the autumn, and was at once fully occupied. The school now reports ninety-eight board­ ing and eleven day pupils, gathered from twenty-one different prov­ inces of the empire. “ A trifle over one hundred boarding pupils” could be accommodated, but the rooms are very nearly full, and the school is believed to be doing a work of inestimable value, in pre­ paring young men to preach the gospel to their countrymen, and in various ways to exert an influence for the christianizing of their own people. It is reported, “ Fifteen or twenty of our older pupils went out to preach the gospel during the long vacation last summer. Some places paid all the expenses of the young men, others a part only, and some of the students went out on preaching tours or circuits.” . After much difficulty and delay a desirable lot was secured for the girls’ school at Kioto— the Kioto Home — in November, 1877; work on the building was soon commenced, and it was “ at the point of completion ” when the station report was prepared in June. There had been up to that time twelve boarding pupils in this school, with one day scholar, and “ a most gratifying advance ” had been wit­ nessed in all those girls. “ The increasing faith and good works o f some, especially,” the report states, “ it is beautiful to see.” The Osaka station report gives the following account of a school 1878.] MISSION TO JAPAN. 91 for girls at that place. “ The year has developed a new and impor­ tant, as well as interesting blanch of work among us, a native girls’ school. Early last fall we began to feel the pressure for a school, and finally the idea was started of a native school, to be organized, led, and supported by the two churches of Osaka. The thought grew. The churches, after fully understanding it, took it up, ap­ pointed a man and his wife of their number to be at the head of the school, and asked the missionaries to assist with their advice and teaching. A large native building was rented for a year, ample for a boarding school of fifty girls, and for a day school besides of one hundred or two hundred. It was fitted up at an expense of $35 by the churches, and the school was opened on the first of January, with a native Christian and his wife at the head, who resided in the building, with another Christian, a graduate of the government Normal School, as teacher of Chinese and Japanese, and a mission­ ary adviser and teacher of English, having a room also in the build­ ing. Fifteen scholars were enrolled the first day. They have in­ creased until they now number thirty-one, and the school is very nearly, if not entirely, self-supporting. Quite recently the rented school building has been lost to the school by its owner becoming bankrupt, and the property being sold by the courts ; so that the school has had to spend the last month in very unfavorable circum­ stances. “ Yet, so far as we know, it has not lost, but gained, in membership in that time. W e esteem it a great success; its hardest days seem to be over; its teaching is the best that can be procured; and the course is relieved by native and foreign sewing, music, etc. It is expected that many will wish to become pupils who are not able to pay for school privileges even the small sum fixed for tuition ; and the school seeks to aid such and encourage them to attend, while discouraging any aid from abroad. For this purpose there is an in­ dustrial department, into which all kinds of work are received, na­ tive or foreign, and the scholars who need to labor for their own support are taught how to do these various needed things. A large number do much, if not all, to support themselves. We are deeply gratified at the result in developing a spirit of independence in the girls, and an appreciation of the value of time almost unknown in this country. We also notice development in readiness of resource, which promises well for the future.”

TOEK IN BEHALF OF WOMEN. Very remarkable success has attended this department of the work, not only in the schools, but in the more direct evangelical efforts by 92 MISSION TO JAPAN. [Report, holding meetings with the native women, in Sabbath-school instruc­ tion, and in tours, sometimes alone and sometimes in the company of missionaries. The large number of women that have become members of the churches— quite unusual in a new mission — is happy proof of the success of woman’s work in Japan.

MEDICAL WORK. PUBLICATIONS. Dr. Adams’s report of his medical work shows that during the past year, as heretofore, this work has done much, not only for the phys­ ical good, both of the missionaries and of the people, but to prepare the way for and aid in the diffusion of Christian knowledge and the permanent establishment of Christian institutions. At the close of his report he says: “ Perhaps the most hopeful part of the year’s work was the organization, in January, of a medical society, the interest in and attendance upon which have steadily grown from the first. It is rapidly developing in' its members a desirable pro­ fessional esprit de corps, and they are steadily growing in hygienic and medical knowledge, and learning the rudiments of medical ethics. One of the pleasantest features of this work is the cooper­ ation in it of Dr. Lanning, of the American Episcopal mission, so that the society numbers among its members twenty-four Japanese and two American physicians. Its meetings, twice a month, are opened with prayer, and are devoted chiefly to medical papers, dis­ cussions, and friendly intercourse. It serves very largely as a train­ ing school for some of the leaders of the large ward associations of the doctors in this city.” The Committee on Publications report as “ printed” 15,500 Al­ manacs, 5,500 copies of the Ten Commandments and the Lord’s Prayer, and 1,000 copies of the Church Creed. They also report as “ completed ” 2,000 copies of a Sabbath-school Question Book, by Miss Dudley ; 2,000 copies of a brief Church History, by Mr. Davis, and 1,000 copies of Hymns for Church Service. The print­ ers have also commenced upon Miss Gulick’s translation of “ Line upon Line,” and the committee have approved of a commentary on the first eleven chapters of Luke, by Dr. Gordon. The publica­ tion of the newspaper, the “ Shichi Ichi Zappo,” has been con­ tinued. It is regarded as of much value to the cause of Christian­ ity. Mr. Greene is still engaged at Yokohama, with others, in the great work of translating the Scriptures. Within the year the Epistle to the Galatians, and the First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians, have passed through the hands of the committee. Of these it is reported, “ The first was published in January, the second is now in press, and the third is ready for the block-cutters.” 1878.] MICRONESIA MISSION. 93

MICRONESIA MISSION.— C o o p e r a t i v e .

AMERICAN MISSIONARIES.

G il b e r t I s l a n d s . — Apaiang— Vacant. One church. M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s . — Ebon— J. F. Whitney, Edmund. M . Pease, m . d ., Mission­ aries; Mrs. L. M . Whitney, Mrs. Harriet A. Pease. — One church. One out-station, — on Namarih, with one church and one native teacher. Caroline Islands. — Ponape — A. A. Sturges, Robert W. Logan, Missionaries; Frank E. Rand, Missionary Teacher; Mrs. S. M. Sturges, Mrs. Mary E. Logan, Mrs. Carrie T. Rand.— Fifteen churches ; two licensed preachers. Five out-stations,— Kusaie, one church, and one native pastor ; Pingtlap, one church, and one Ponapean ordained preacher ; Mokil, one church, and one Ponapean teacher ; Mortlock Islands — Satoan and Lukunor, seven churches, two Ponapean pastors, two preachers, and four other helpers. N ow a t t h e S a n d w ic h I s l a n d s . — Hiram Bingham, Missionary; Mrs. Minerva C. Bingham, from Apaiang. In this Country. — B. G. Snow, Missionary; Mrs. L. Y . Snow.

HAWAIIAN MISSIONARIES.

G il b e r t I s l a n d s . — Apaiang — Rev. G. Leleo, and one native helper. Tapiteuea — Rev. W . B. Kapn, II. B- Nalimu and wife. Maiana — Rev. W . N. Lono and wife. Tarawa — G. Haina and wife, and two native helpers. Marakei— Rev. I). Kanoho and wife. Apeviama — One native preacher. Butaritari— Rev. J. W . Kanoa and wife, Rev. R. Maka and wife.

M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s . — Jaluij — Rev. D. Kapali and wife, Hawaiians. Mijuro — Mr. S. W . Kekuewa and wife, Hawaiians. Arno — Rev. S. P. Kaaia and wife, one Marshall Island helper. M ille— Rev. S. P. K. Nawaa and wife, also Rev. Jeremiah Lahoumia and wife, Marshall Islanders. Namarik — one Marshall Island teacher. 3 stations occupied by Americans ; 8 by Hawaiians ; 9 out-stations ; 34 churches ; 6 American missionaries, one of them a physician ; 13 Hawaiian missionaries ; 1 Amer­ ican teacher ; 6 American and 10 Hawaiian female assistant missionaries; 5 native ordained preachers; 7 native licensed preachers ; 3 native teachers, and 8 native help­ ers. Mr. Taylor, no longer hoping to return to Micronesia, has been released from his connection with the Board ; Mr. and Mrs. Snow are still in the United States, Mr. Snow being as yet unable to resume his work. Dr. and Mrs. Pease, mentioned in the last Report as on the way to Micronesia, reached Ebon October 10, 1877, where they are associated with Mr. and Mrs. Whitney. The Morning Star, in which they went, was much delayed on the outward passage by the unusual prevalence of strong westerly winds, and was thus not only late in reaching Ebon, but was also prevented from doing all that was intended in the way of visting places occupied by Hawaiian laborers, especially in the Marshall Islands, and from securing a general meeting of the missionaries in that group. Mrs. Logan, who was in the vessel, returning to her station in Ponape, was fortu­ nate in securing a more direct and speedy passage from Jaluij, on one of Capelle & Co.’s vessels bound for Hong Kong, via Ponape. 94 MICRONESIA MISSION. [Report,

She was thus enabled to rejoin her husband twenty-nine days in ad­ vance of the arrival of the Morning Star. The remoteness of this mission, and the infrequency of communi­ cation between the different stations, or with Honolulu, render it impossible to secure late or full statistical returns from the several islands, occupied in many cases by Hawaiian or native laborers only. The following very incomplete table of statistics for the year ending in the autumn of 1877 has been made up mostly from returns fur­ nished by Mr. Logan of Ponape. It will be seen that not only are the returns incomplete in many cases, but that several places occupied in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands are not mentioned. It may be presumed, however, that most of the additions to the churches dur­ ing the year are here reported, amounting to the large number 353.

STATISTICS FOR 1877.

** ~ ui -w 5 □ N a m e s o p S t a t i o n s . 3 o sc >5 v*r tj 4/ *3 .S o 'S ■“ .H iu iu 1877- O'in Standing. ular ¡2 t. tí Suspended. Present Number in Reg­ in Number Present Excluded. Received on Profession Received Died. tí in Pupils Schools.

G il b e r t I s l a n d s . Apaiang ...... 62 1 8 _ 2 108 158 _ So. Butaritari...... _ 4 -- 15 _ - Kunm and M a k i o ...... __ 4 __ 55 80 _ M a ia o a ...... 11 _ 4 _ 2 1-1 13 47 Marakei...... 58 - 5 15 5 90 _ - Taraiva...... e i 1 - - - 65 - -

M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s . Ebon ...... 9 _ 35 _ 1 164 299 43 J a l u i j ...... 5 2 9 1 1 8tf - -

C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s . Ponape ...... 50 ____ 268 278 140 Ponape U . C h u rc h ...... 8 1 1 __ 26 _ _ P io g e la p ...... 43 - __ 272 272 200 M o k i i ...... 2 ______40 Mortloeks . • ...... 54 ---- 338 338 530

T o ta ls ...... 353 --- - 1,498 --

The contributions reported from these churches, for the Amer­ ican and Hawaiian Boards, amount to $146.73 in money, 262 gallons of oil, 120 “ bags,” and 80 pounds of twine ; for church building (on Butaritari), $428 ; and for a bell (at Ebon apparently), $75.

GILBERT ISLANDS. As there has been no American missionary in the Gilbert Islands during the year, Mr. Bingham, now Secretary of the Hawaiian 1878.] MICRONESIA MISSION. 95

Board, lias reported various items of interest culled from the letters of the Hawaiian and Gilbert Islands missionaries and teachers, which show, as do the statistics above, very considerable progress. At Apaiang, formely occupied by Mr. Bingham and Mr. Taylor, the young king, Kaiea II., has at length confessed his faith in Christ, and is now a member of the church ; he and his people have adopted a written code of laws, and the station report of the Rev. G. Leleo is of much interest. From the 1st of January, 1877, to the date of his writing, September 18, fifty persons had been added to the church, and there were then many candidates waiting to be re­ ceived. At South Butaritari, the report speaks of many backsliders, mani­ festing no disposition to return, and there have been no additions to the church. Rev. Mr. Maka, of North Butaritari and Makin, re­ ports, also, no additions, but he sent $20 in money, as monthly concert contributions from his people, and reports two casks of oil waiting to be called for. At Tapiteuea, Rev. Mr. Kapil having been absent, the work had been in charge of the Hawaiian catcchist, who speaks of a new movement among his people, — contributions for foreign missions among the women, in addition to the usual monthly concei t collections. They had contributed 42 pounds of cocoanut-fibre twine, which, added to 278 pounds of monthly con­ cert contributions, made a total of 320 pounds, and this although thirty people had died upon that island during the year from starva­ tion. The missionary on Apemama speaks of the progress of the people in education as being great. Tw o have embraced the faith, and are earnest in their obedience, and he thinks many of the peo­ ple are “ near turning to the Lord.” The progress on Marakei is also cheering. During the year, fifty-eight persons were received to the church on profession. The whole number of church mem­ bers is now ninety.

MARSHALL ISLANDS. Mr. "Whitney wrote in August, 1877 : “ The war which has threat­ ened us is still in the future, and as time goes by, we are more and more settled in the conviction that there will be no fighting. But we do not feel secure, for these chiefs are ever ready to do any­ thing, and are in no degree favorably disposed towards us and our work. Still they do not oppose us, and their influence is not so powerful as to make it a matter of policy with them to attempt the Establishment of heathen worship. The influence of the hostilities has been to draw away from the church many of those we relied most upon. Those who were prominent in work have fallen away, 96 MICRONESIA MISSION. [Report, and there has scarcely been a church meeting since last September at which one or more has not been removed from the church.” Writing agaiti in October, he was constrained still to report the work as “ retrograde rather than advancing.” There were forty- three pupils in the school. They had printed 2,000 copies — 90,000 pages— of additional hymns for their Hymn Book; 300 copies — 14,100 pages — in continuation of a geography; 3,000 pages of a calendar, and 1,200 hymns as rewards of merit. There had still been “ much bluster and preparation for fighting,” both at Ebon and at Jaluij, but no opening of hostilities, and many of the Ebon people had expressed the belief that the very unusual prevalence, for months, of strong west winds, should be regarded as the special hand of God, preventing the Jaluij people from coming to fight. There had been much intemperance among chiefs and people, but some of the foreign traders had seen the danger, and Mr. Whitney hoped they would discontinue and oppose the selling of spirits to the natives. CAROLINE ISLANDS. Mr. Rand, writing from U, Ponape, reported eight additions to the church there in June, 1877, and that the work of the year (up to August) had been encouraging, both in the church and in the school. He went to Ebon in August, to assist Mr. Whitney for a time, re­ turning to Ponape in the Morning Star in November. Touching at stations between Ebon and Ponape, he found the work at Kusaie “ in a prosperous condition,” as also at Pingelap. Eight persons re­ turned with him from that island to enter the school at Ponape. Mr. Logan wrote from Ponape, September 24, that with him the year had been one of encouragement. The school had numbered 100 pupils in all, with an average attendance of sixty. Twelve of the pupils had been received to the church. At Kenan, forty adults and twenty-one children had been baptized, and at Auak twelve adults and five children. The people had re-roofed the church, and in large measure re-roofed his house also. ^But the high chiefs of the large Jokoits tribe seemed to be going “ deeper into wicked­ ness.” Mr. Sturges has also reported his home work on Ponape as cheering. But it seems to be still true, as during a few previous years, that no part of the work in Micronesia has been more prospered than that at the out-stations of Ponape, manned by Ponapean or other n a tive laborers, — at Pingelap, Mokil, and the Mortlock Islands. Messrs. Sturges and Logan visited those islands in December last, going in the Morning Star, and remaining but a short time at each occupied point. They received, as always, the most joyful welcome 1878.] MICRONESIA MISSION. 97 from the teachers and the people. At the Mortlocks they found everything in a satisfactory condition, admitted many new members to the several little churches, dedicated a new church at Lukunor, built by the people during the year,— fifty feet long by forty wide, “ and really,” Mr. Sturges says, “ one of the prettiest and best na­ tive structures I ever saw,” — ordained one of the Ponapeans as an evangelist, and left two new Ponapeans and their wives to help on the work. They saw a chief and some of his people who had come from Juk (a small island about a hundred miles southwest from Hogoleu), wanting teachers, of whom Mr. Sturges says: “ He promised to go home, tell his people of the new way, ask them to build a house for God, and look for us some time.” . At Pingelap Mr. Sturges found the work “ in excellent order,” and at Mokil he saw “ just the prettiest people and meeting-house in all the ocean.” This was Mr. Logan’s first visit to most of these out-stations, and he wrote: “ The work on the Mortlock Islands and at Pingelap has been painted in glowing colors, as you know; but the facts fully bear out what has been written. The Mortlock natives are a very interesting people, — so mild and thoughtful in bearing, with such pleasant countenances, and so teachable. The work at every sta­ tion we found encouraging. There were additions to each of the churches except the one at Satoan. I have looked with wonder on the favorable results of the labor of our Ponapean teachers. I think that, thus far, they have accomplished more than the same number of white families would have done. Of course their labor will need to be supplemented, but it can be done from Ponape, we think. “ The people on Pingelap are as earnest in work as ever. Forty- three were received to the church there, making the whole number now alive 272. Not one, I believe, has been excommunicated, and I think there is but one smoker on the island. I asked the teach­ er’s wife how many were in school, and she answered, ‘ The whole population.’ “ We found at the Mortlocks, also, natives of an island quite a distance west of Ruk [Juk ?], and they speak the same dialect. It now seems certain that more people speak the Mortlock dialect than the Ponapean. Indeed, we should not be surprised if the number were twice as great. I am designated to begin the study of that language, and shall enter upon it at once. I have a family from there living with me, with whom I study.” Papers of much interest respecting these “ missions from Po­ nape ’’’ may be found in two recent numbers of the “ Missionary 98 MICKONESIA MISSION. [Report,

H erald ” (for June and July last). It may be well to insert in this Report, for permanent record and convenient reference, the follow­ ing statements from the first of these papers, which had the cap­ tion : “ Fifth Annual Report of the Ponape Board of Missions — the Grandchild of the American Board.” “ The first successful attempt of the Ponape churches to plant teachers abroad was made in Mokil, in 1871. Previous to that time there had been so much intercourse with the Mokilites as to lead them to erect a house of worship and ask for teachers. In 1872 the Mokil church was organized on Ponape, composed of some who were here at school, and others who came along in the Morning Star. The church has now a good meeting-house, and nearly all the adults on the island are church members. The king is the recognized leader of the church. “ In 1872, two Pingelapers, — Thomas and David, — with some others who had come to Ponape to work, found their way into our school, and after spending some time in it returned to their native island, and in less than a year the entire population came over to Christianity, erected a large meeting-house and a court-house, and rebuilt their town. In 1874 a church was organized ; in 1875 their licensed preacher was ordained as an evangelist, and he has now a church of 237 members. Nearly all, old and young, are in the schools at home or on Ponape. “ January 8, 1874, three couples of Ponape teachers were landed on the Mortlocks. In 1875 three churches were organized, one on each atol, with an aggregate of thirty-six members, and Opataia was ordained. In 1876 four new churches were organized, the mem­ bership of all had risen to two hundred and ninety-six, and the mis­ sion was reinforced by two new couples. In 1877 the Mortlock mission was again reinforced by two new couples, and sixty persons were baptized and received into the seven churches. Another of the Ponapean laborers was ordained. “ There have been translated into the Mortlock language, and printed, a large number of hymns, a spelling and reading book, and some sixty pages of Bible stories. There are day and Sabbath schools at all the seven stations, and there is much itinerating by native converts, alone or accompanied by their teachers. In all, there have been eleven couples sent out by the Ponape Board,— nine licensed preachers. Three have been ordained on the fields. The people to whom these teachers go promise to house and feed them, and faith­ fully have they kept their promise. Even in time of famine, when natives were starving, the teachers were not left to suffer. These missionaries ask nothing, and get nothing but what friends, mostly 1878.] DAKOTA MISSION. 99 at the Sandwich Islands, give to our Board for distribution; and so far, these free-will offerings have been ample to provide for them clothing, and some civilized comforts in and about their houses.”

DAKOTA MISSION.

Sissiton A g e n cy (Dakota Territory). — Stephen R. Riggs, l l . d., Missionary; W yllys K. Morris, Teacher; Mrs. Anna B. Riggs,jMrs- Martha Riggs Morris.

S a n t e k A g e n c y (Nebraska). — Alfred L. Riggs, Missionary ; Mrs. Mary B. Riggs, Miss Martha A. Shepard, Miss Lucy M. Dodge, Teachers in the Home; Mr. Elliott Paddock, Steward; Miss Anna Skea, Matront Young Men's Boarding Hall; Rev. Artemas Ehnamani, Native Pastor; three native teachers.

B o g u e (Dakota Territory, fifteen miles below Fort Sully). — Thomas L. Rigga, Missionary; Miss Mary C. Collins; three native helpers. F okt B k r th o l» (Dakota Territory). — Charles L. Hall, Missionary; Mrs. Emma C. Hall. O u t -s t a t io x s . — Connected with Sissiton Agency. — Ascension, John Baptist Ren­ ville, Native Pastor; Long Hollow, Solomon Toonkanshaechay, Native Pastor; Kettle Lakes and Buffalo Lakes, Louis Mazawakinyanna, Native Pastor; Mayasan, David Grevcloud, Native Pastor; Brown Earth, David Renville, Stated Supply. Connected with Santee Agency. — Basil Creek. Connected with Bogue. — Three out-stations. 4 stations ; 9 out-stations; 4 missionaries; 1 American male teacher; 8 female as* sistant missionaries; 6 native pastors; 3 native teachers; 3 other native helpers.

The mission has been greatly afflicted by the death of Mrs. C. M. Ritrcrs, of Botrue station. Her sickness was sudden and violent, 0 3 'a ’ rendering her unconscious, as is believed, of all pain. She entered into rest on the 5th of August, greatly lamented by all who knew her at home and on mission ground. She had left all the refine­ ments of a cultured home to share bravely, with her husband, the peculiar and often severe trials of a missionary home among the Sioux, — making that home radiant with rare Christian graces, and an honor to the Christian name. For the third time has death come to this station within a brief period. “ It has indeed been precious seed,” as her husband writes, “ and with weeping has the sowing been. Miss Bishop is in the kingdom these three years. One short year ago the call came to Miss Whipple, and now God has taken my Qwn dear one. “ Though it is with sadness that we close the year, its work and progress are full of encouragement. Of hard work, of discourage­ ment, and of weary waiting we have had full share ; but in it all-she who has gone to her rest never faltered. To her it was all joy and satisfaction that we might see the beginnings of God’s work here. We indeed have had great reason for gladness of heart in that to the full happiness of our life together, God has added this... And we did not forget to thank him. 100 DAKOTA MISSION. [ Report,

“ A year ago our chapel was begun. Early in the autumn we were occupying it, and, though still unfinished, it has afforded us a com­ fortable place of worship. As soon as funds are obtained, it is ex­ pected that the house will be finished and painted. There are seats for one hundred and twenty-five people, and room for more. Our congregations are usually full and regular in attendance. Early in the spring a week-day prayer-meeting was started. This has from the first been well attended, and we think a source of help. “ Two native men have, on profession of faith in the Saviour, been added to our little church. Three others (two men and one woman) properly belonging here, connected themselves with the Pilgrim church at Santee, where they were attending school during the past winter. Four others have applied for examination, and one at least will be received at our next communion season. Evidently God's Spirit is here. “ The school work has been pushed as fully as the means and work would allow. At Hope station there has been no regular work. The station building was taken down a year since, to save from loss by the river, and has not been rebuilt. Several causes, among which is the complete cutting away of the timber there (to supply military posts with fire-wood), will probably render it unadvisable to rebuild at that place, as the Indians are scattering and soon none will be there. “ At Chantier Bottom there has been a school, and also Sabbath preaching as much of the time as possible. There has been diffi­ culty in securing the aid of native teachers to the extent we had hoped. The station house at Chantier has been greatly enlarged, and rendered such as present necessities of the work demand. In this the Indians assisted to a limited but gratifying extent. “ Here at the home station, — Peoria Bottom,— advance in edu­ cation has been rapid and satisfactory. O f the forty-three families now occupying homes in our immediate vicinity, fully seventy-five persons can read, and the greater majority of these can also write. On Sabbath afternoons it is our practice to have a Bible-reading service, in which all present, who can read, join. There have been as many as twenty men, eight or ten women, and a dozen children taking part in one of these services. “ Exceedingly gratifying is the fact that some of the women have learned to read, and many more have begun to learn. This is chiefly due to the teaching of her whom the Lord hath taken. “ Other phases of the work in its growth might be mentioned, — the improving condition of the people, their cleaner habits, brighter faces, neater houses, and civilized dress. More than any­ 1878.] DAKOTA MISSION. 101

thing else are we pleased in the scattering of families away from the villages and the opening of individual farms. This is a great step towards the holding of land in severalty, and it is to be hoped that they may speedily attain this object through the provisions of the Homestead Act. “ This much for the work. In it there is no reason for discour­ agement. We have naught but thankfulness of heart, and some­ what of dumb wonder, in seeing what the Lord hath wrought.” As no reports have been received from the other stations at the time of making up this general report, — September 9, — save the tabular view of the churches which is here inserted, only such items can be added as have been learned incidentally from other sources. STATISTICS OF THE CHURCHES.

À A . OQ œ CHURCHES. —0 Oo E-g a CD S è V K Adult Adult Baptisms. butions. for Contributions tributions. Added on Profes­ on Added of Whole number Missionary Contri­ Missionary Pastors. Con­ Miscellaneous Members. Infant Baptisms. sion. CQ.O

A sc e n sio n ...... 2 83 10 55 $10 §110 Brown E a r t h ...... 5 £8 4 29 7 lJ4 Good W i l l ...... 2 53 63 11 58 Long H o llo w ...... 5 77 11 3 24 64 Kettle Lakes ) 3 11 12 4 Buffalo Lakes j 64 Pilgrim, Santee Agency, Nebraska . . 7 179 8 3 90 33 77 $12 Peoria Bottom ...... 2 10 Yellow B a c k s ...... 3 59 18 28 5 90

29 583 62 $66 $12 T o ta l...... 6 301 $497

From this it appears that the two churches formerly reported as at Kettle Lakes and Buffalo Lakes have been united. The num­ bers added on profession of faith to the different churches, all of which report small additions, indicate a healthful religious condition. Their benevolent contributions are also much to their credit. A Home Missionary Society gives scope to efforts. It is to be hoped that by arrangements now in progress, a large number of Indians may be located to the westward of the Santee Agency and Bogue station, convenient of access to teachers and preachers educated in the schools of the mission. These schools have made good progress the past year. The pupils have shown a lively appreciation of the value of the education received, and a readiness to give up their old ways for the usages of civilized life, that have been a grateful surprise even to their best friends, mak­ ing it only the more evident that what they need is the opportu­ nity of becoming men, and the needful facilities for the develop­ ment of genuine manly and womanly character. 102 DAKOTA MISSION. [Report,

The number of pupils in the schools reported at the Santee Agency the past year is as follows: Normal class, three; Dakota Home for girls, thirty-nine; Young Men’s Hall, twenty-seven; other scholars, forty-nine ; in all, one hundred and eighteen. In the list of studies pursued are included geography, history, arithmetic, algebra, book-keeping, English reading and translation, as well as vocal and instrumental music. In industrial work, twenty-seven boys and thirty-six girls took part, — a result especially worthy of notice, in view of their former habits of life. Miss Shepard, one of the teachers in the Dakota Home, speak­ ing of the difficulty of exerting all the influence she would, be­ cause of the constant care of the girls required at all hours, adds: “ Another difficulty is, the people are so scattered that compara­ tively few families live within walking distance of the mission, so that we come in personal contact with but few besides those who have children in the Home, and sometimes I think our influence upon them is exerted most effectually through the daughters in their brief visits to their homes. The mothers, aunts, and grandmoth­ ers, of whom there seems to be an unusual number, often come to the Home and watch the work as it goes on, and we are glad to have them, for we feel that this is one of our opportunities to do them good. W e do see results from it too, — sometimes in the im­ proved cut of a garment, and sometimes, in the expressed desire to know how to make light bread. Occasionally, too, women come here to have coats or pants cut, and then they can make them quite nicely. “ W e have a woman’s prayer-meeting and a sewing society once in two weeks, alternately. These are regularly attended by a few faithful ones, and sometimes there are fifteen or twenty present, be­ sides our own family. The purpose of the sewing society is not to teach the women to sew, for they are already quite skillful with their needles, though they need to be guided somewhat in putting garments together. The main object, however, is to obtain money for missionary purposes. Last year they raised about twenty dol­ lars, part of which was given to the Yanktons to aid in the build­ ing of a new church, and the rest was given for the support of a native missionary. All this ought to be done, but it does not meet the whole necessity for work among the women, because but few are reached in this way, and these are of the better class. “ The women have always been more degraded than the men, be­ cause more ignorant. Perhaps half of the women who would natu­ rally come under our influence can read the Bible, and nearly as many are professing Christians.” MISSION TO WESTERN MEXICO. 103

During the year Dr. Riggs has had the pleasure of seeing the translation of the Scriptures completed in the Dakota language. A new edition of the Dakota Hymn Book, with tunes, has been pub­ lished by the American Tract Society, thus adding much to the pleasure and profit of public worship.

MISSION TO WESTERN MEXICO.

G u a d a l a j a r a (population 50,000). — John Edwards, Missionary; Mrs. Mary Jan« Edwards. Out-station, Ahualulco. In this Country. — David F. Watkins, Missionary; Mrs. Edna M. Watkins. 1 station; 2 churches f 2 missionaries; 2 female assistant missionaries; 1 native teacher and preacher at Ahualulco; several native Bible colporters and unpaid evan­ gelists.

Mr. Watkins is still unable to return to the work in Mexico, and Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have been alone through the year. Not in vigorous health himself, with some illness in his family, and with all the labors and cares of the work coming upon him alone, in the midst of much encouragement on the one hand and serious opposition on the other, it is not strange that Mr. Edwards does not find time and strength for much writing. As last year, so now, statistics for the year have not been reported in any complete form. A letter writ­ ten in August, 1877, but not received in season for the last Report, mentioned forty-five as having been added to the church by profes­ sion during the previous year; but they had felt constrained to cut off ten unworthy members, leaving a total at that time of one hun­ dred and seventy-five communicants at Guadalajara, it would seem. He reported the room in which their services were held as at that time crowded every Sabbath morning, and he was still looking ear­ nestly for a larger and more fitting place. At Ahualulco the church was then in a hopeful state, with a congregation o f from fifty to sixty. He thought there were from twenty to thirty “ faithful Christians, who could be depended upon,” at that place. In November (1877), Mr. Edwards visited Ahualulco, and bap­ tized five adults and nine children. About that time he reported the gospel as being made known, to some extent, throughout the state o f Jalisco, and in many parts o f other states. This was accom­ plished in various ways, — by members of the church visiting friends and relatives at the towns and villages ; often by muleteers, in their transit from one place to another ; by colporters and evangelists; and by the perusal of tracts, periodicals, and especially the Holy 104 MISSION TO WESTERN MEXICO. [import,

Word. Yet numerous and formidable evils continue to interfere with the progress of the work. Special instances of severe persecution were reported, — in one case proceeding to assassination, — and Mr. Edwards added : “ I could mention many more cases of suffering and trial for the cause of Christ; many losing their employment, driven from their houses, looked upon as the filth of the world and the off-scouring of all things by their own families ; and, in the pueblos, one having his house burned because he spoke of Jesus instead of Mary ; another stoned in the plaza for not taking off his hat when the bell struck twelve o’clock ; a third shouted after — ‘ Death to the Protestant! ’— because he read the Bible to his family and others who would listen to him ; four persons, because they possessed a Bible, leaving their homes at midnight, under cover of darkness, to save their lives, the priest having said that the inhabitants of the place had proved them­ selves cowards for allowing such books in their midst, and tolerating the persons that had them.” In February last lie had secured a larger and better place for holding meetings, — in a room that would accommodate as many as seven hundred liearers, — and also a more healthy residence for his own family ; and the congregation had at least doubled in numbers. But such progress had tended to awaken increased opposition, and he felt that he and his family might be in danger from fanatical Romanists. In May, he was hoping soon to baptize as many as thirty adults. The work in the pueblos, or villages, was also prospering. A new congregation had been started at a place called Ilajomulco, two brethren having volunteered to attend meetings there every Sabbath, though to do this they had seven leagues to travel. It was hoped that a church would be formed there before the end of the year, with some fourteen members ; but the priest had said that every Protestant in the place should perish by the poniard. At an­ other village, also, two leagues from Guadalajara, Mr. Edwards was hoping soon to organize a church, with about twelve members. The Roman Catholics, he says, “ have this year redoubled their opposi­ tion,” and “ preach against us through all the churches.” At least one more mission family is greatly needed in this field. 1878.] MISSION TO SPAIN. 105

MISSION TO SPAIN.

S a n t a n d e r . — William H. Gulick, Missionary; Mrs. Alice G. Gulick. One church; one native preacher; two teachers; two other native helpers.

Z a r a g o z a . — Thomas L. Gulick, Missionary; Mrs. Alice W . Gulick. One church; one native preacher; one teacher; one native helper. 2 stations; 2 missionaries; 2 female assistant missionaries; 2 native preachers; 3 teachers; 3 helpers ; 2 churches; 150 members. (Statistics as last year.)

Very scanty information of the work in progress in Spain has been received at the Missionary Rooms the past year. The missionaries seem to have been too busy to write. Much that has come has re­ lated to the persecution of such as have shown any interest in the gospel. It is now about ten years since the way was opened for evangelical effort in Spain. The hatred engendered by the tyranny of the priests secured a favorable reception to the first messengers of the gospel. But the field was not to be easily won. The enemy was not to sur­ render a so long cherished possession without a struggle. The form­ ing of a new constitution furnished the fit occasion for his subtlety. The article on religious freedom was devised with the most practiced skill of the Jesuit, — “ sufficiently liberal to please the ear of the un­ wary, but sufficiently elastic to allow of its being employed for pur­ poses of repression and persecution. The craft was successful, and as soon as the priests were bold enough to avail themselves o f such an instrument, they did not hesitate to call it into use. First of all, a signboard, announcing the sale of Bibles in the depot, was con­ demned as a public manifestation at variance with the religion of the state ; and when this blow was seen to fall harmless on the heads of those against whom it was directed, a fresh offense was discovered in ‘ the sale of books in the open market, contrary to Catholic doc­ trine.’ ” 1 The fact, however, that 67,261 copies of the Scriptures have been put in circulation by the British and Foreign Bible Society, against 49,158 last year, shows that all the opposition to the truth has not prevented the circulation of the Scriptures. Mr. T. L. Gulick, of Zaragoza, reports a case of persecution illus­ trative of the means employed to hinder the gospel. “ An atrocious case o f persecution has just taken place in Alcoy. A woman, a member of the Protestant congregation, was very ill, and desired the presence of her pastor, who came to see her frequently. The parish priest, hearing of her illness, insisted on coming too, contrary to

1 Annual Report o f the British and Foreign Bible Society, p. 65, 1878. 106 MISSION TO SPAIN. [Report, the positively expressed wish of herself and her family. Just before her death he came again, with policemen, and, in defiance of the protest of the family, administered to her extreme unction. The poor woman was too far gone to make any further protest, and soon died. The family invited their pastor to conduct the funeral services, and the arrangements had been made for the ceremony, which was to take place on the following day; but at half past ten o’clock at night of the day she died, the lieutenant alcalde and the inspector of the police came with policemen, forcibly seized the body, and carried it away. The family friends ran to give word to the pastor. He came quickly, and, meeting them at the door, endeavored to pre­ vent this high-handed robbery ; but when they persisted, even using physical force, he protested in the presence of witnesses, and offered no further opposition. I should say that there was no contagious disease, nor pretense of it. The woman died of congestion of the brain, and it was contrary to Spanish law for the body to be re­ moved before the expiration of twenty-four hours. The family were summoned to court for having offered resistance to the authorities, and the pastor was sent to prison for ten days on the charge of having interfered with an act of worship of the Roman Catholic religion ! ” Another instance is given, of ill usage to which an educated Spanish lady was subjected. “ Our school-teacher, Dona Gracia Martinez de Castilla, has just been stoned on a public square, while returning from school, by a crowd of some twenty boys, large and small, who followed her with showers of stones, shouting and yelling, ‘ This is the Protestant, this is the heretic,’ etc. They followed her to the very door of our house. Though many saw what was going on, not a finger was raised in her defense.” The missionary work thus far in Spain is chiefly among the labor­ ing classes. To the poor the gospel is preached. A few exceptions have occurred, but as yet the social as well as the distinctively Rom­ ish influence is against us. “ Thousands,” writes Mr. T. L. Gulick, “ who believe that we are right, would gladly come to hear the gos­ pel, but dare not for fear of being cast not only out of the syna­ gogue, but out of the social circle in which they have always been.” The meeting of the different missionaries connected with vari­ ous missionary societies laboring in Spain for conference, last spring, was an occasion of interest and of encouragement. Themes of prac­ tical moment were discussed, and valuable lessons were derived by each from the experience of others. The worst foes with which the missionaries have to contend are sensuality, indifference, and blank infidelity. The cities are the worst. Their moral degradation is the heaviest charge that can be 1878.] MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 107

brought against Romanism. Here, where Romanism has had full sway for centuries, it may fairly be judged by its fruits. The Misses Martinez, one of whom is with each missionary fam­ ily, are highly esteemed for their work’s sake, as well as for their social qualities and Christian character. The girls’ school at Santan­ der, with which one of the sisters is connected, has been begun with much promise. Too much can hardly be anticipated in such a country as Spain from the thorough Christian education of young women.

MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

P rague (Bohemia). — E. A. Adams, Missionary; Mrs. Caroline A. Adams. One evangelist; three other helpers. Two out-stations, with two evangelists. BrUkx (Moravia).— Henry A. Schauffler, Missionary; Mrs. Clara E. Schauffler. One evangelist; one colporter.

G r a t z (Styria). — E. C. Bissell, D. D ., Albert W . Clark, Missionaries; Mrs. Emily P. Bissell, Mrs. Nellie M. Clark. One evangelist; one other helper. Two out-stations; two evangelists; one colporter. 3 stations ; 4 out-stations ; 4 missionaries; 4 assistant female missionaries; 6 evan­ gelists; 6 other helpers.

The work of this mission has been carried on the past year with little change of method. Such opportunities as have been presented for making known the truth have been carefully improved. The opposition which has been manifest from the first has not ceased. At some points progress seems to have been made toward greater freedom. At other points the work has been hindered to a greater degree than ever before. It is manifest that whatever is accom­ plished in this empire must be as the result of long-continued, per­ sistent effort. It is the stronghold of Romanism, protected here by the most stringent laws, enforced by officials without sympathy with the gospel, or bitterly opposed to it. In anticipation of reinforcements at an early day, a larger field was at first occupied by the mission than could well be cared for. The inability of the Board to enlarge its operations in this field, in view of the urgent necessities of others, and the stringency of the times forbidding enlargement anywhere, have constrained the mis­ sion to contract their field somewhat, or rather to consolidate the three stations into two. Mr. Clark is to remove from Gratz in the early autumn to Prague, where Mr. Adams has been overwhelmed with his many cares and duties. Dr. Bissell has thought it his duty to resign his connection with the Board, and returns at the close of the year to the United States, greatly to the regret of the mission 108 MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. [Report, and of the Prudential Committee. Gratz will continue to be occu­ pied by means of native agency. Happily the work there has been so well begun during its occupancy by missionaries, that it is hoped that it will be carried forward without serious loss.

PRAGUE, BOHEMIA. The gospel has been preached earnestly during the year in this city, and a limited company of believers have testified, both by their lives and by their professions, to the reality of the power of the gos­ pel, and a few have been led to accept it. In outward affairs little progress has been made. Meetings have been held from Sabbath to Sabbath under police restrictions. Each lecture must be announced, with the subject, and permission received from the police, who send a commissioner to be in attendance, and he expects a small fee for his valuable services. Payment of a government stamp also is required to be affixed to the public announcement of the lecture. This is the only semblance of a legal advantage gained the past year; and this is the only religious freedom yet secured for the promulgation of the gospel in the city of Prague. In other respects, severe restrictions have been imposed. Privileges freely granted to laborers four years since are now refused. Especially is this true in regard to colport­ age. The restrictions on this branch of the work amount almost to prohibition. The only value of a license to colporters at present is the opportunity given to visit families and to labor personally with them. Not a book can be sold, not even a tract given away, by a colporter. Subscriptions only can be secured for publications which may afterwards be purchased at a bookstore. The utmost pains are taken to discover the slightest violation of the letter of the law, in order that licenses may be revoked, and good and faithful men thus discharged from the service. In one instance, a colporter was brought before the courts, and finally convicted on his own con­ fession that he had once sold a six-cent Testament. A fine of one dollar was imposed on him, and his license forfeited, which he has beern unable to recover. The Bible Society colporters are treated in the same way. This is but a specimen of the restrictions im­ posed upon all efforts to enlighten the people. The average attendance on public services, or the lectures re­ ferred to, has been from fifty to seventy-five. Only those who have in some measure become interested in the truth can be expected to brave the opposition of public sentiment in attending upon them. Many go for a little time, and find the gospel too exacting that they should yield to their convictions of its truth. Yet it is hoped that in many instances sufficient light has been received to be of value 1878-1 MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 109 at some future time, when the persons shall be brought under more special influences of the Holy Spirit. In some of the out-stations the persecution has been even more severe than at the city of Prague. At one of them, on every Sunday, the house where meetings are held is regularly visited by the gens- d’armes. Their conduct in these visits is often extremely overbear­ ing and insulting. In one instance, at the funeral of a little child, when the evangelical preacher was about offering a few words of prayer, he was interrupted by these words: “ In the name of the law, I call upon you to cease.” Of course very much will depend, in all such cases, upon the spirit of the local officials and the men employed to interrupt and hinder the public service. In some in­ stances, the brethren have been ordered by the authorities to forbear meetings for religious worship, under the penalty of the forfeiture of their property. Yet our missionaries report a little number of faith­ ful followers of Christ at various points, who, by their patient sacri­ fices and consistent Christian lives, are adorning the gospel, and giving illustrations of its power in the communities where they live. It is hoped that they will constitute that true leaven which shall yet pervade the whole region. The Krabschitz school for young women has been larger the past year than ever before, and its internal condition prosperous as usual. Mr. Schubert, who has it in charge, has been much troubled by the authorities, and every effort has been made by the enemies of the truth to embarrass him in his work, but without other effect, thus far, than to annoy him. It has been found difficult to find men suit­ able to be trained as evangelists. As yet but little has been accom­ plished in that direction. The few men in training have been from the humbler walks of life ; other candidates not having presented themselves. In regard to this school, it is still the day of small things. BRUNN, MORAVIA. Mr. Schauffler reports for the first time a season of uninterrupted labor. His whole time and strength have been fully and delightfully occupied in making known the Word of Life to all that could be reached. Whether in meetings, in social intercourse, in the family circle, or in personal interviews, he has been permitted to see steady and sure progress. The few believers reported a year ago have held out, and grown in grace and in the knowledge and experience of the truth. A few more have been added to their number, and others awakened, who seem near the acceptance of the gospel. Since New Year’s, from sixty to seventy persons have been usually in at­ tendance on the Sabbath, and over forty at the services on Thursday 110 MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. [Report,

evening. While there has been nothing to warrant the missionary in speaking of a revival, there have been deep seriousness in the meetings, and a good deal of heart-searching and real growth in Christian character on the part of believers, and some manifest cases of conversion. Mrs. Schauffler has kept up a prayer-meeting with a few women who meet with her. This meeting has borne ex­ cellent fruit. The attendance has not been large, yet ten or twelve women have learned to pray at this service, and more progress is re­ ported among them even than among the men. Of special interest has been the personal intercourse with those more or less interested in the truth. The missionaries have received many visits, and made as many as time and circumstances would allow. Individual in­ stances of very great interest are reported, illustrative of the power of the gospel in changing the thoughts and life. It is such exam­ ples that are specially cheering to the missionaries in this difficult and trying field. In concluding his report for the year, Mr. Schauf­ fler remarks that a year ago he could only speak of having begun to pick up the broken threads of work interrupted two years before; now, he can thank God that he has gathered around him a little band of believing souls who, though not organically connected, and still but children in spiritual life, are yet true children of God, who have learned to pray, and are growing in grace and love and sym-' pathy for each other, and are letting their light shine amid the darkness around them.

GRATZ, STTRIA, GERMAN AUSTRIA. The province of Styria has a population of nearly a million souls, and yet within these boundaries, till the arrival of the missionaries, there was no store where papers and Christian books were sold, nor anything like a Sabbath-school. The moral condition of the peo­ ple is in keeping with this destitution. Immorality reaches frightful dimensions. In the city of Gratz, for instance, forty-eight per cent, of the children are illegitimate. Nearly all intelligent men, seeing the character of Romanism and its results on the lives of the peo­ ple, have cast away all religion and are scoffing unbelievers. Such is the field where our brethren have been endeavoring to introduce a purer faith. They have not been allowed to hold public meetings, yet a small company have met them privately, by special invitation, to hear the gospel from their lips. A bookstore has recently been opened with encouraging success; also a reading-room, where may. be found Christian publications. Considering the obstacles encoun­ tered, the missionaries feel great encouragement. If the visible re­ sults of their work are not all they could have wished, they are at 1878-1 MISSION TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. I l l least gratifying. They have had a large and ever-increasing circle of acquaintances on whom they could exert their personal influence, and have had the pleasure of seeing one after another embracing the gospel; and now that the station is given up as the residence of missionaries, they are happy in leaving it in charge of an earnest Christian preacher with whom they have labored, and who is ready to take up and carry forward the enterprise.

CONCLUSION. In no mission field of the Board is the work harder and more trying than in Austria. Yet this very fact shows the importance of continuing labor there. It reveals the terrible bondage in which the people are held. The greatest hindrance to missionary effort is the thorough demoralization of the people in reference to all re­ ligious things. It is one of the results of Romanism to destroy the moral sense; to make its votaries utterly unreceptive of all true spiritual impression, indifferent to the claims of the gospel, and sat­ isfied with mere outward, formal observances. The more intelligent lose all faith in religion; the less intelligent are satisfied with forms. It is thus that the very name of religion and o f Christianity becomes a reproach to one class and a superstition to another. Yet Austria is one day to be redeemed to Christ, and no organization can better undertake the work of its evangelization than this American Board. 112 GENEBAL SÜMMABY. [Report,

GENERAL SUMMARY.

Missions. Number of M ission s...... 16 Number of S t a t i o n s ...... 79 Number of Out-stations ...... 529

Laborers Employed. Number of Ordained Missionaries (7 being Physicians) . . . 1441 Number of Physicians not o rd a in e d ...... 6 Number of other Male A ssista n ts...... 5 Number of Female A s s i s t a n t s ...... 216 2 Whole number of laborers sent from this country . . . — 371 Number of Native Pastors ...... 126 Number of Native Preachers and C atechists...... 2G3 Number of Native School-teachers...... 560 Number of other Native H e l p e r s ...... 229—1,178 Whole number of laborers connected with the Missions . . . 1,549

The Press. Pages printed, as far as reported (Turkish and Foochow missions only) 4,977,385

The Churches. Number of Churches .... 248 Number of Church Members, as nearly as can be learned .... 13,737 Added during the year, as nearly as can be learned...... 1,223

Educational Department. Number of Training and Theological S c h o o l s ...... 15 Number of Pupils in Training and TheologicalSchools and Station Classes 605 Number of Boarding-schools for G i r l s ...... 26 Number of Pupils in Boarding-schools for G ir ls ...... 877 Number of Common S c h o o l s ...... 612 Number of Pupils in Common Schools...... 23,631 Other Adults under instruction...... 1,057 Whole number of P u p i l s ...... 26,170

1 Including twelve still supported at the Sandwich Islands. * Including fifteen at the Sandwich Islands. 1878.] PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 113

PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS.

EXPENDITURES OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1878.

COST OF THE MISSIONS.

Zulu Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . . $16,854 54 Expenses of Mr. Grout and f a m i l y ...... 1,000 00 Expenses nf Mr. Lind l e y ...... 614 If» Expenses of Mrs. W i l d e r ...... 425 00—$18,893 70

European Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . . 19,900 95 Giant to Mr. Hage for losses at Eski Zagra .... 500 00 Expenses of Mr. Bond and family ..... 1,100 00 Grants to above for losses at Eski Zagra ($500) and refit ($375) 875 00 Grants to Mr. Marsh for losses at Eski Zagra ($500) and refit ( S 3 7 5 ) ...... 875 00 Expenses of MissMaltbie, 9 months ($300), refit ($162.50), and passage to Liverpool ( $ 0 5 ) ...... 527 50— 23,838 45

Western Turkey Mission. Remittances, cost of exchange, and purchases . . . 70,639 83 Expenses of Mr. Farnsworth and family .... 1,200 00 Refit of above ($375) and passage to Liverpool ($110) . 485 00 Relit of Mr. Tracy and fa m ily ...... 375 00 Refit of Mr. Pierce and f a m i l y ...... 375 00— 73,074 83

Central Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . . 24,046 29 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Christie to London . . . 110 00 Outiit of Mr. and Mrs. F o w l e ...... 750 00— 24,906 29

Eastern Turkey Mission. Remittances, cost of exchange, and purchases . . . 31,664 30 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Dewey to London . . . 110 00 Expenses of Mr. Wheeler and f a m i l y ...... 1,000 00 Reiit of above ($375) and passage to Liverpool ($150) . 525 00 Expenses of Mr. Pierce and f a m i l y ...... 801) 00 Expenses of Mr. Scott and family (7 months) . . . 500 00 Outiit of Miss Mary F. Bliss ($150) and passage to England ($60) 210 00 Refit of Miss Van Duzee ($162.50) and passagd to England ($60) 222 50 Relit of Miss Seymour ($162.50) and passage to England ( £G0) 222 50— 35,254 30

Mahratta Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . . 33,039 73 Expenses of Mr. Atkinson and family .... 410 00 Reiit of Mr. Bissell and familv ($375) and passage to Glasgow ($195) 570 00— 34,019 73 114 PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. [Reporty

Madura Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . $35,331 04 Outfit of Mr. and Mrs. J o n e s ...... 750 00—$36,081 04

Ceylon Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of e x c h a n g e ...... 14,241 65

Foochow Mission. Remittances, purchases, and cost of exchange . . . 15,739 96 Expenses of Mr. Hartwell and fa m ily ...... 1,000 00— 16,739 96

North China Mission. Remittances, cost of exchange, and purchases . . . 18,378 87 Retiring grant to Dr. T re a t...... 500 00 Expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Roberts from Boston to Peking 900 36 Expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Ament from Boston to Peking . 909 59 Outfit of Mr. and Mrs. Noble ($750) and traveling expenses to Shanghai ($ 8 3 2 .6 5 )...... 1,582 65 Expenses of Miss Porter ($406) and refit ($162.50) . . 568 50— 22,839 97

Japan Mission. Remittances, cost of exchange, and purchases . . . 27,741 44 Retiring grant to Mr. D o a n e ...... 750 00 Expenses of Dr. Berry and family ($1,200) and refit ($300) 1,500 00 Expenses of Dr. Gordon and family, including special grant for health, and refit . . . . ■ . . . 1,556 01 Outfit of Mr. and Mrs. Curtis ($750) and traveling expenses to Japan ($ 8 8 3 .5 5 )...... 1,633 55 Outfit of Miss Clarkson ($325), traveling and other expenses to Japan ( $ 4 9 4 . 6 5 ) ...... 819 65 Outfit of Mr. and Mrs. Cary ($750) and traveling expenses to Japan ($ 8 6 0 .1 7 )...... 1,610 17 Outfit of Mr. and Mrs. P e tte e ...... 750 00 Outfit of Mr. R. H. Davis and fa m ily ...... 750 00 Outfit of Miss Gardner . 325 00— 37,435 82

Grants in Aid to Missionaries at the Sandwich Islands. Drafts and purchases ...... 15,522 75

Micronesia Mission. Drafts and purchases ...... 18,088 62 Expenses of Mr. and Mrs. S n o w ...... 616 67 Expenses of Mr. Taylor, 6 m o n t h s ...... 200 00— 18,905 29

North American Indians. Dakota M ission...... 11,174 12

Mission to Western Mexico. Remittances and p u r c h a s e s ...... 3,825 91 Expenses of Mr. Watkins and family .... 348 30-4,174 21

Mission to Northern Mexico. D ra fts...... 366 77 Expenses of Mr. Kilbourn and Miss Strong from Monterey to Boston 390 01 Expenses of Mr. Kilbourn from March 1 ...... 240 00------996 78

Mission to Spain. Remittances, cost o f exchange, and purchases . 6,409 36 1878.] PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 115

Mission to Austria. Remittances, cost of exchange, and p u r c h a s e s ...... $16,350 30

COST OF COLLECTING THE FUNDS. 1. Agencies. Salary of Rev. William W a r r e n ...... $1,250 00 Traveling expenses ...... 1G1 83 Salary of Rev. C. P. B u s h ...... 3,000 00 Traveling expenses ...... 367 84 Salarv of Rev. S. J. H u m p h r e y ...... 2,500 00 Traveling e x p e n s e s ...... 207 30 Circulars, tracts, postage, clerk hire, stationery, and advertising 734 24 Traveling expenses of returned missionaries and others, while on agencies ...... 1,094 43— 9,375 64

2. Publications. Cost of “ Missionary Herald ” (including the salaries of editor and general agent) .... $18,177 59 Deduct amount received from subscribers 11,387 85 for advertising .... 5,634 21—17,022 06—1,155 53 Annual Report, 1,784 copies ($4G5.39) and distributing ($4L42) 506 81 General Survey of Missions, 1,000 c o p ie s ...... 37 50 President Fairchild’s Sermon, 1,000 copies .... 46 96 “ Missionar}r Papers ” for the Northwest, 15,000 copies . . 133 66 Maps of M is s io n s ...... 128 40 Sketches of Missions ...... 251. 97 Shelving in fire-proof room for preservation of Reports, etc. . 118 64 Miscellaneous tracts and p r i n t i n g ...... 166 97- 2,546 44

COST OF ADMINISTRATION. 1. Department o f Correspondence. Salary of Dr. Clark (incJuding half of grant), less $1,300.45, re­ ceived from Fund for O f f i c e r s ...... 1,889 55 Salarv of Dr. Alden, less $1,360.45, received from Fund for Of­ ficers ...... 1,630 55 Salarv of Mr. Treat (to Nov. 1, 1 8 7 7 ) ...... 500 00 Clerk h i r e ...... 1,500 00------5,529 10

2. Treasurer's Department. Salary of Treasurer {including half of grant), less $1,360.44, re­ ceived from Fund for Officers ...... 1,889 56 Clerk h i r e ...... 2,850 00------4,739 56

3. New York City. ' Office r e n t ...... 800 00 Clerk h i r e ...... 959 00 - Printing, stationery, postage, and incidental expenses . . 199 91------1,958 91

4. Miscellaneous Charges. Care of the Missionary Room s...... 343 81 Heating of d it t o ...... 374 80 Furniture and r e p a i r s ...... 80 42 Gas, $25.89 ; water, $19 44 89 Postage s t a m p s ...... 510 62 Stationery, printing, and b i n d i n g ...... 451 67 Copying letters and d o c u m e n t s ...... 1,085 03 Services in preparing Annual Report and other documents . 625 00 Certificates of honorary membership, and forwarding . . 130 53 Books and periodicals for the lib ra ry ...... 88 24 May meeting at B o s t o n ...... 43 83——3,778 84 438,787 04 Balance for which the Board was in debt, August 31,. 1877 • » > 47,985 94 486,772 98 1 1 6 PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. [Report,

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST SI, 1878.

Donations, as acknowledged in the Missionary Herald . $370,803 15 Legacies, as acknowledged in the Missionary Herald . . 104,360 86 Interest on the General Permanent Fund .... 6,890 72 Interest from the Ashley F u n d ...... 150 00 N 482,204 73 Balance for which the Board is in debt August 31, 1878 . 4,568 25—486,772 98

PERMANENT FUNDS OF THE BOARD.

GENERAL PERMANENT FUND. Amount of fund September 1,1877 123,874 46 Added daring the year, as follows — Legacy of Irenus Hamilton, of Concord, N. H. . . 1,000 00 Donation of Mrs- C., of B oston...... 2,000 00—126,874 46

PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS. This fund amounts, as last year, t o ...... 59,108 00

PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS — INTEREST ACCOUNT. Received for dividends and i n t e r e s t ...... 4,081 34 Paid balance of salaries of secretaries and treasurer .... 4,081 34 1678.] DONATIONS. 117

SUMMARY OF DONATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR.

MAINE. A u x i l i a r y S o c i e t i e s . Aroostook County, $10 00 Cumberland County, . 1,837 35 Franklin County, 33 41 Hancock County, 118 00 Kennebec Couuty, 562 13 Lincoln and Sagadahoc Counties, 1,024 83 Oxford County, 104 90 Penobscot County, 961 66 Piscataquis County, 144 32 Somerset County, 162 21 Union Conference of Churches, 107 16 Waldo County, 140 81 Washington County, 175 86 York County, 479 07----- •5,866 21 Towns cot associated . • 2 00 Legacies ...... 806 55 Donations for School Fund . . • . 640 25 do. Mission Work for Women1 . 2,686 33

10,001 34 NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Cheshire County, George Kingsbury, Tr., Keeno, 673 56 Coos County, 72 63 Grafton County, 774 65 Hillsboro County, George Swain, Tr., Nashua, 1,588 38 Merrimac County, 1,073 31 . Rockingham County, 1/289 88 Strafford County, 629 09 Sullivan County, N. W. Goddard, Tr., Claremont, 296 06------6,397 56 Towns not associated . . • . . . 20 80 L egacies...... 4,415 75 Donations for School F u n d ...... 379 22 do. Mission Work for Women 3,749 10 14,962 43 VERMONT. Addison County, 695 88 Bennington County, 632 22 Caledonia County, T. M. Howard, Tr., St. Johnsbury* 3,101 15 Chittenden County, 547 52 Essex County, 37 00 Franklin County, C.B. Swift,Tr., St. Albans, 276 50 Grand Isle County, 65 00 Lamoille County, 135 74 Orange County, 621 64 Orleans County, 390 73 Rutland County, 452 80 Washington County, G. W . Scott, Tr., Montpelier, 830 28 Windham County, C. F. Thompson, Tr., Brattleboro, 935 78 Windsor County, 1,627 59- -10,349 83 Towns not associated . . . 6 55 Legacies ...... 3,715 26 Donations for School Fund . • • . 722 60 do. Mission Work for Women . 3,953 61

18,747 85

1 The donations for Mission Work for Women (excepting those from the Woman’s Board for them ParififiiPacific) ure»rp takentakAn fromfrnm “ Life and Light,” and differ somewhat from those in the (l Herald. * (See note on page 119.) 1 1 8 DONATIONS. [Report,

MASSACHUSETTS. Barnstable County, $511 95 Berkshire County, 3,470 21 Bristol County, • 808 00 Brookfield Association, William Hyde, Tr., Ware, 4,655 86 Dukes and Nantucket Counties, 20 00 Essex County, 3,669 28 Essex County, North, 2,503 87 Essex County, South, C. M. Richardson, Tr., Salem, 3,276 92 Franklin County, Wm. F. Root, Tr., Greenfield, 822 00 Hampden County, Charles Marsh, Tr., Springfield, 14,655 51 Hampshire County, 6,141 81 Middlesex County, 11,415 19 Middlesex Union, 1,587 89 Norfolk County, 5,352 83 Old Colony Auxiliary, 652 15 Plymouth County, 1,570 82 Suffolk County, 29,648 22 Worcester County, North, 801 65 Worcester County, Central, E. H. Sanford, Tr., Worcester, 6,128 63 Worcester County, South, William R. Ilill, Tr., Wilkinsonville, 3,981 99—100,674 78 Towns not associated ...... 31 43 L e g a c i e s ...... 36,755 90 Donations for School F u n d ...... 1,020 15 do. Mission Work for Women . . 28,013 34

166,495 60 RHODE ISLAND. D on ation s...... 9,027 85 L e g a c i e s ...... 10 00 do. for School F u n d ...... 95 14 do. Mission Work for W o m e n ...... 3,007 20— 12,140 19

CONNECTICUT. Fairfield County, 3,700 08 Hartford County, E. W . Parsons, Tr., Hartford, 11,009:41 Litchfield County, G. C. Woodruff, Tr., Litchfield, 3,800 40 Middlesex County, E. C. Hungerford, Tr., Chester, 1,361 79 New Haven County, F. T. Jarman, Agt., New Haven, 6,668 80 New London County, { £ % L o n d o n , ■«* «> Tolland County, E. C. Chapman, Tr., Rockville, 1,737 07 Windham County, 1,684 80— 36,467 25 Towns not associated...... 10 00 L e g a c i e s ...... 24,373 94 Donations for School Fund...... 285 04 do. Mission Work for Women . . 12,887 21

$74,023 44 N E W Y O R K . DELAWARE. D o n a tio n s ...... 818,181 92 Donations for Mission Work for Women $5 00 L e g a c i e s ...... 7,614 74 Donations for School Fund . . 782 46 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Donationsfor Miss’n Work for Women 2;016 68 D o n a tio n s ...... 459 30 28,495 80 Donations for School Fund . . . 127 89 NEW JERSEY. Donations for Mission Work for Women 8100

D o n a tio n s ...... 2.646 * 668 19 L e g a c i e s ...... 3,064 VIRGINIA. Donations for School Fund . . 15 Donations for Mission Work for Women 5 00 D o n a t io n s ...... 43 52 Donations for Mission Work for Women 76 5,721 75 44 27 PENN S YLVANIA. WEST VIRGINIA. D o n a t io n s ...... 1,107 04 Donations for School Fund . . 13 60 D o n a tio n s ...... 11 00 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 1,501 78 Donations for Mission Work for Women 12151 60

2,622 ; 23 60 NOBTH CAROLINA. MARYLAND. D o n a tio n s ...... 6 26 Donations . . . 180 Donations for School Fund 26 SOUTH CAROLINA. 205 i Donations . . . . . 8 90 1878.] DONATIONS. 119

GEORGIA. KANSAS. D on ation s...... $1 85 D onations...... §196 81 Donations for School Fund . . 7 87 ALABAMA. Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 117 74 D o n a tio n s ...... 5 65 822 42 NEBRASKA. LOUISIANA. D onations...... 177 49 D o n a tio n s ...... 2 00 Donations for School Fund . . . 2 94 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 89 36 TEXAS. 269 79 D o n a tio n s...... 7 50 OREGON. Donations for Mission Work for Women 25 00 D onations...... 195 23 32 50 CALIFORNIA. - TENNESSEE. D onations...... 1,967 51 Donations ...... 4 00 Donations for School Fund . . 61 25 Donations for Mission Work for Women 5 00 Donations for Miss'n Work for Women 3,426 00

9 00 3,454 76 KENTUCKY. COLORADO. D o n a tio n s ...... 27 40 D on ation s...... 177 40 Donations for School Fund . . . 46 60 OHIO. Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 62 90 D o n a t i o n s ...... 4,619 37 286 90 Legacies...... 4,158 49 Donatious for School Fund . . 74 27 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 3,731 60 D onations...... 135 60 L e g a c i e s ...... 100 CO 12,583 73 INDIANA. 235 60 D onations...... 308 90 UTAH TERRITORY. Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 292 35 D onations...... 5 00 601 25 ILLINOIS. DAKOTA TERRITORY. Donations ...... 102 01 D o n a t i o n s ...... 9,501 07 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 126 £6 Legacies ...... 7,320 15 Donations for School Fund . . 205 .48 228 37 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 5,798 22 WYOMING TERRITORY 22,824 92 D onations...... 25 00 MICHIGAN. Donations for Mission Work for Women 16 00

D o n a t i o n s ...... 2,853 39 41 00 Legacies ..... 750 00 Donations for School Fund . . 31 24 CANADA. Donationsfor Miss’n Work for Women 3,375 54 Province of Ontario. Donations...... 39 87 7 »010 17 Proviuce of Quebec. MISSOURI. Donations...... 844 71 Donations for School Fund . . 10 00 D o n a t i o n s ...... 656 28 Donations for Miss’n Workfor Women 646 63 Donations for Miss’n Workfor Women 406 18 1,540 71 962 46 MINNESOTA. FOREIGN LANDS AND MIS­ SIONARY STATIONS. Donations ...... 1,655 54 Donations for School Fund . . 14 50 D on ation s...... 12,765 92 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 1,067 11 L e g a c i e s ...... 11,385 37 Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 127 01 2,737 15 IOWA. 24,278 30 TOTAL. Donations...... 2,124 33 Donations for School Fund . . 10 08 D onations...... 232,056 18 Donationsfor Miss’n Work for Women 2,273 62 Legacies ..... 104,360 86 Donations for School Fund . 4,623 57 4,408 03 Donations for Debt . . • 52,887 73 Donations for Mission Work for WISCONSIN. Women as above, S79,172.58, D on ation s...... 2,258 32 together with 82,063.09 pre­ Donations for School Fund . . 52 20 viously acknowledged iu “ Life Donations for Miss’n Work for Women 1,666 46 and Light ” . • • • 81,235 67

3,976 98 $475,164 01 120 RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD. fReport,

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD. The following table exhibits the income of the Board from all sources since its organization : — For the year endiog September, 1 8 1 1 , ...... $999 52 . “ “ August 31, 18 1 2 ,...... 13,611 50 “ “ r‘ 1 8 1 3 , ...... 11,361 18 s “ “ “ 1814...... 12,285 56 “ “ “ 1815, ...... 9,-193 89 “ “ “ 1810,...... 12,501 03 “ “ “ 1817, ...... 29,948 63 “ “ “ 1818...... 34,727 72 r “ “ “ 1819, ...... V • • 37>520 63 “ “ “ 3820,...... 39,949 45 “ “ “ 1821...... 46,354 95 “ “ “ 1822,...... 60,087 87 “ “ “ 1823...... 55,758 94 “ “ “ 1824,...... 47,483 58 “ “ “ ! 1825, ...... 55,716 18 “ “ “ ‘T 1 8 2 6 ,...... 61.016 25 “ “ “ 1827, ...... 88,341 89 , “ “ “ 1828, . 102,009 64 w “ “ “ 1829, ...... 106,928 26 “ “ “ 1830,...... 83,019 37 “ “ “ 1831, ...... 100,934 09 ' “ “ “ *- 1 8 3 2 ,...... 130,574 12 “ “ “ 3833, ...... 145,847 77 “ “ “ 1834...... 152,386 10 “ “ July 31, 1 8 3 5 , ...... 163,340 19 “ “ 1 8 3 6 ,...... 176,232 15 “ “ “ 1837, ...... 252.076 55 “ “ “ 1838,...... 23(ijl70 98 “ “ x “ 1839, ...... 244.169 82 “ “ “ 1840...... 241 ¿91 04 “ “ “ 1841, ...... 235,189 30 “ “ “ 1 8 4 2 ,...... 318,396 53 “ “ “ 1843, ...... 244,254 43 '• “ “ 3 8 4 4 ,...... 236,394 37 “ “ 1845, ...... 255,112 96 ■ “ 1 8 4 6 ,...... 262,073 55 “ “ “ 1847, ...... 211,402 76 “ “ “ 1848...... 254.056 46 “ “ “ 1849, ...... 291,705 27 “ “ “ 1850,...... 251.862 28 “ “ “ 1851, ...... 274,902 21 “ “ “ 1852,...... 301,732 20 “ “ “ 1853, ...... 314,922 88 “ “ “ 1854,...... 305,778 84 “ “ “ 1855, ...... 310,427 77 “ “ “ 1856,...... 307,318 69 “ “ “ 1857, ...... 388,932 69 “ “ “ 1858,...... 334,018 48 “ “ “ 1859, ...... 350,915 45 “ “ “ 1860,...... 429,799 08 “ “ August 31, 1 8 6 1 , ...... 340,522 56 “ “ 8 1862,...... 339,080 56 “ “ “ 1863, ...... 397,079 71 “ “ “ 18G4,...... 531,985 67 “ “ “ 18G5, ...... 534,763 33 “ “ “ 18G6,...... 446,942 44 “ “ “ 18G7, ...... 437,884 77 “ “ “ 1868,...... 535,838 64 “ “ “ 1869, ...... 525,214 95 “ “ “ 1870,...... 461,058 42 “ “ “ 1871, ...... 429,160 60 “ “ “ 1872,...... 445,824 23 “ 11 “ 1873, ...... 431.844 81 “ “ “ 1874,...... 478,256 51 “ “ “ 1875, ...... 476,028 19 « “ “ 1876,...... 465,442 40 “ “ “ 1877, ...... 441,391 45 “ “ “ . 1878, ...... 481,204 73 ’■ - * ^ 1878.] PREACHERS ANI) PLACES OF MEETING. 121

PREACHERS AND PLACES OF MEETING. Year. Place o f Meeting. Pieacher. Texts. 1810. Farmington. No Sermon. 1811. "Worcester. No Sermon. 1812. Hartford. No Sermon. 1813. Boston. ♦Timothy Dwight, D. D. John x. 1G. D 1814. New Haven. ♦James Richards, n. d. Ephesians iii. 8. 1815. Salem. ♦Calvin Chapin, d . d. Psalm xcvi. 10. U 1816. Hartford. ♦Henry Davis, d . d . Psalm cxix. 9G. Northampton. j ♦Jesse Appleton, d . d . 1 Corinthians i. 21. £> 1 8 1 7 - ^ 1818. New Haven. ♦Samuel Spring, u. d . Acts viii. 30, 31. f) 1819. Boston. X- ♦Joseph Lyman, i>. d. Isaijih 1 viii. 12. u 1820. Hartford. )£ ♦Eliphalet Nott, p . d . Mark xvi. 15. 1821. Springfield. „* ♦Jedidiah Morse, D. d . Psalm ii. 8. 1822. New Haven. ♦Alexander Proudfit, d . d . Malachi i. 11. 1823. Boston. w ♦Jeremiah Day, i>. d . Nehemiah vi. 3. 1824. Hartford. * ♦Samuel Austin, d . d . Galatiuns i. 15, JG. 1825. Northampton. ♦Joshua Bates, d . d . John viii. 32. 182G. Middletown. ♦Edward D. Griffin, p . d . ^ Matthew xxviii. 18, 20. 1827. New York. ♦Lvman Beecher, i>. i>. ^ Luke xi. 21; Rev., etc. j> 1828. Philadelphia. ♦John H. Rice, p . d . 2 Corinthians x. 4. 1829. Albany. ♦Archibald Alexander, p . d . Acts xi. 'J8. 1830. Boston. ♦Thomas De Witt, d. d. Matthew ix. 37, 38. 0 1831. New Haven. ^ ♦Leonard Woods, P . i>. Isaiah Ixii. 1, 2. 1832. New York. ♦William Alien, d. d. John viii. 3G. 1833. Philadelphia. ♦William Murray, d. i». - f 2 Corinthians x. 4. f 1834. Utica. ♦Gardner Spring, D . D . Matthew x. 6. 1835. Baltimore. ♦Samuel Miller, i>. d . _ Numbers xiv. 21. 183G. Hartford. ♦John Codman, d . d . Matthew x. 8. 0 1837. Newark. ♦John McDowell, d . d . Acts iv. 12. h 1838. Portland. ♦Heman Humphrey, 1 ». D. Psalm cii. 13-1G. 1839. Troy. ♦Thomas McAuley, d . p . Isaiah xi. 9. 1840. Providence. ♦Nathan S. S. Beman, D. D. -i- Psalm Ixxii. 17. 1841. Philadelphia. ♦Justin Edwards, d. d. > Zechariali iv. G. 1842. Norwich. ♦William R. De Witt, d. d. 2 Corinthians v. 14. 1843. Rochester. ♦Thomas H. Skinner, p . p . 1 Philippians iii. 13. 1844. Worcester. ♦Rev. Albert Barnes. • Luke xiv. 28-32. 1845. Brooklyn. Mark Hopkins, D. D. Psalm Iv. 22. 1846. New Haven. ♦Joel Hawes, d . d . . 1 Samuel vii. 12. 1847. Buffalo. ♦David Magie, p . d . ; Isaiah xxxiii. 15. 1848. Boston. ♦Isaac Perris, d . d . / Matthew vi. 10. 1849. Pittsfield. Samuel H. Cox, P . i>. • Daniel vii. 27. 1850. Oswego. ♦Richard S. Storrs, D. p . ; 1 Corinthians xv. 58. 1851. Portland. David H. Riddle, d . d . . Isaiah xli. 14,15 1852. Troy. Leonard Bacon, p. d . ' 2 Corinthians v. 7. 1853. Cincinnati. William Adams, i>. d . ' Matthew xiii. 38. 1854. Hartford. ♦Charles White, d . d . Matthew vi. 10. 1855. Utica. ♦Nehemiah Adams, d . d . Galatians ii. 20. 1856. Newark. ♦George W . Bethune, D. p. 1 Timothy i. 15. 1857. Providence. ♦M. La Rue P. Thompson, d . d. Matthew xxviii. 20. 1858. Detroit. ♦George Shepard, d . d . Luke xi. 41. 1859. Philadelphia. Robert W . Patterson, p . p . Matthew xiii. 33. 1860. Boston. ♦Samuel W. Fisher, d. d. Isa. xiv. 1-6; xliii.21. 1861. Cleveland. Richard S. Storrs, Jr., D . p . 1 Corinthians i. 28. 1862. Springfield. Henry Smith, d. d. John xvii. 20, 21. 1863. Rochester. ♦Elisha L. Cleaveland, D. D. Luke xxiv. 45-47. 1864. W orcester. ♦Jonathan B. Condit, p. d . Philippians ii. 15,16. 1865. Chicago. ♦Edward N. Kirk, i>. p. 2 Corinthians v. 7. 1866. Pittsfield. Laurens P. Hickok, d. d . Philippians ii. 10, 11. 1867. Buffalo. Joseph P. Thompson, D. d . John i. 4. 1868. Norwich. Henry A. Nelson, d. d . John xii. 32. 1869. Pittsburg. ♦John Todd, p . p . Malachi i. 11. 1870. Brooklyn. J. F. Siearns. d . d . Matthew xxviii'. 18-20. 1871. Salem. Truman M. Post, d . d . Mark x. 45. 1872. New Haven. S. C. Bartlett, p . d . 1 Corinthians ii. 1-5. 1873. Minneapolis. J. H. Seelye, p . p . Romans iv. 25. 1874. Rutland. H. M. Scudder, p . d . Romans x. 14,19. 1875. Chicago. I. W . Andrews, d . p . Romans i. 14. 1876. Hartford. W . M. Taylor, p. d . Ezekiel xlvii. 9. 1877. Providence. J. H. Fairchild, D. D. 1 John iv. 20. 1878. Milwaukee. No Sermon. 122 MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. [Report,

MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD.

T h e following list presents the names of Missionaries now in connection with the Board, in the field or expecting to return, giving the Mission and Station with which each is connected.

Went MISSIONARIES. Station. Out.

Z u l u M i s s i o n . Rev. David R o o d ...... 1847 U m v o ti. Mrs. Alzina V. Rood ...... 1847 Rev. William Ireland ...... 1848 Amanzimtote. Mrs. R. 0. I r e la n d ...... 1865 Rev. Josiah T v le r ...... 1849 Umsumduzi. Mrs. Susan W. T y le r ...... 1849 Mrs. Sarah L. A b ra h a m ...... 1849 Mapumulo. Rev. Stephen C. Pixley ...... 1855 In a n d a . Mrs. Louisa P ix le y ...... 1855 Rev. Elijah R o b b in s ...... 1859 Amanzimtote. Mrs. Addie B. R o b b in s ...... 1859 Rev. Henry M. B rid g m a n ...... 1860 Umzumbi. Mrs. Laura B. B ridgm an ...... 1860 Mrs. Mary K. E dw ards ...... 1868 Inanda. M iss G e rtru d e 11. H a n c e ...... 1870 Umvoti. Miss Laura A. D a y ...... 1870 Amanzimtote. Rev. Myron W. Pinkerton ...... 1871 In d u n d u m i. Mrs. Laura M. Pinkerton ..... 1871 Rev. Charles W. K ilb o n ...... 1873 U m tw a lu m i. Mrs. Mary B. K ilb o n ...... 1873 Miss Mary E. P in k erton ...... 1874 Umzumbi. Miss Fannie M. M orris ...... 1877 Inanda. Miss Martha E. Price ...... 1877 In a n d a .

E u r o p e a n T u r k e y M i s s i o n .

Rev. Elias Riggs, d. d., ll. d ...... 1832 Constantinople Mrs Martha J. R iggs ...... 1832 Rev. James F. C la rk e ...... 1859 S a m o k o v . Mrs. Isabella G. C la r k e ...... 1859 Rev. Lewis Bond, Jr ...... 1868 Philippopolis. Mrs. Fannie G. B ond ...... 1868 Rev. William E. L ock e ...... 1868 S a m o k o v . Mrs. Zoe A. M. L o c k e ...... 1868 Miss Esther T . M a l t b i e ...... 1870 S a m o k o v . Rev. George D. M a r s h ...... 1872 Philippopolis. Mrs. Ursula C. M a rs h ...... 1875 Rev. J. W . Baird ...... 1872 Monastir. Mrs. Ellen Baird ...... 1870 Rev. J. Henry H ou se ...... 1872 S a m o k o v . Mrs. Addie S. H o u s e ...... 1872 Rev. Edward W. J cn n e y ...... 1873 Monastir. 1878.] MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. 123

Went Station. MISSIONARIES. Out.

European Turkey Mission, — Continued. Mrs. Kate M. Jenney ...... 1873 Rev. Theodore L. Byington .... C on sta n tin op le.1874 Mrs. Margaret E. B y in g ton ...... 1874 Miss Ellen M. S to n e ...... 1878 S a m o k o v .

M is s i o n t o W e s t e r n T u r k e y . Rev. George W. Wood, d. d...... 1838 Constantinople. Mrs. Sarah A. H. W o o d ...... 1871 Rev: Edwin E. Bliss, d . d ...... 1843 Constantinople. Mrs. Isabella H. B lis s ...... 1843 Rev. Justin W. Parsons . . . . . 1850 Nicomedia. Mrs. Catharine P arson s ...... 1850 Rev. W ilson A. Farnsworth, d. t>. . . 1852 Cesarea. Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth ...... 1852 Miss Maria A. W e s t ...... 1852 Smyrna. Rev. Sanford R ich a rd son ...... 1854 B ro o sa . Mrs. Rhoda A. Richardson .... 1854 Rev. Ira F. P cttib on e ...... 1855 Constantinople. Rev. Julius Y. L e o n a rd ...... 1857 Marsovan. Mrs. Amelia A. L e o n a r d ...... 1857 Rev. Joseph K. G r e e n e ...... 1859 Constantinople. Mrs. Elizabeth A. G r e e n e ...... 1859 Rev. George F. H e r r ic k ...... 1859 Constantinople. Mrs. Helen M. H errick ...... 1859 Rev. John F. S m ith ...... 1863 Marsovan. Mrs. Laura E. S m it h ...... 1863 Miss Eliza Fritclier . . . . . - 1863 Marsovan. Rev. Henrv T. Perry ..... 1866 S ivas. Mrs. Jennie H. Perry . .... 1866 Rev. Theodore A. B a ld w in ...... 1867 Constantinople. Mrs. Matilda J. B a ld w in ...... 1867 Rev. Charles C. T r a c y ...... 1867 M a rs o v a n . Mrs. Myra P. T ra cy ...... 1867 Rev. Lyman B a rtle tt ...... 1867 C esarea. Mrs. Cornelia C. B a rtlett ...... 1867 Miss Sarah A. C losson ...... 1867 C esarea. Mr. H. 0. D w ig h t ...... 1867 Constantinople. Mrs. Ardclle M. D w ig h t ...... 1869 M iss FI avia S. B lis s ...... 1868 S iv a s. Rev. John Edwin P ie r c e ...... 1868 N ico m e d ia . Mrs. Lizzie A . Pierce ..... 1868 R e v . Milan H. H itch cock ...... 18G9 Constantinople. Mrs. Lucy A. H itchcock ...... 1869 Rev. E d w a rd Rijrgs ...... 1869 M a rsov a n . Mrs. Sarah II. Riggs ...... 1869 Rev. J. 0. B a n o w s ...... 1869 Constantinople. Mrs. Clara S. B a rr o w s ...... 1869 Miss Julia A. Ruppleye ..... 1870 B ro o s a . Miss Laura Furnham ...... 1871 N icom ed ia . Miss Phoebe L. C u l l ...... 1871 M an isa. Miss Mary M. Patrick ..... 1871 Constantinople. Miss Fannie E. W ash bu rn ...... 1872 M a rsova n . Rev. A. W . Hubbard ...... 1873 S ivas. Mrs. Emma R. H u b b a rd ...... 1873 Miss Electa C. Parsons ..... 1873 N icom ed ia . Mrs. Cora W . Tomson ...... 1873 Constantinople. Rev. Marcellus B o w e n ...... 1874 M an isa. Mrs. Flora P. B o w e n ...... 1874 124 MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. [Report,

Went MISSIONARIES. Station. Out.

Mission to W estern Turkey,— Continued. Rev. Charles Ii. Brooks .... 1874 Constantinople. Mrs. Fanny W. Brooks . . . 1874 Mrs. C. P. Williams .... 1875 Constantinople. Rev. Daniel Staver .... 1875 C esarea. Mrs. Abbie S. Staver .... 1875 R e v . C h a rles C . S tea rn s . . . 1875 M a n isa . Mrs. Sophie D. Stearns .... 1875 M a n isa . Miss Hattie G. Powers . . . 1875 M anU n. Miss Ellen C. Parsons .... 1875 Constantinople.

M i s s i o n t o C e n t r a l T ü r k e y R e v . T - C . T r o w b r id g e . . 1855 Aintab. M rs. Margaret R. Trowbridge 1861 M rs. J. L. Coffing . . . 1857 M a ra sh . . M iss M y r a A . P r o c t o r . . 1859 A in tab. R e v . Giles F. Montgomery . 1863 M a ra sh . M rs. Emily R. Montgomery 1863 R e v . L . H . A d a m s . . 1865 A in ta b . M rs. Nancy D. Adams . 18GG M iss Mary G. Hollister . . 1867 A in ta b . R e v . Henry Marden . . 1869 A in ta b . M rs. A . M . M a rd e n . . 1878 M iss Corinna Sliattuck . 1873 A in ta b . R e v . A m e r ic u s F u lle r . . 1874 A in ta b . M rs. Amelia D. Fuller . 1874 M iss Ellen M. Pierce . . 1874 Aintab. M iss Charlotte D. Spencer . 1875 M iirash . R e v . Thomas D. Christie . 1877 M arash . M rs. Sarah C. Christie . 1877 R e v . James L. Foivle . . 1878 M rs. Carrie P. Fowle . . 1878

Mission to Eastern T ü r k e t R e v . George C. Ivnapp . 1855 Bitlis. M rs. Alzina M. Knapp . 1855 R e v . O. P. Allen . . 1855 H a r p o o t. M rs. Caroline R. Allen . 1855 R e v . Crosby H. Wheeler 1857 H a r p o o t. M rs . Susan A. Wheeler . 1857 R e v . Herman N. Barnum, D. D 1858 H a r p o o t. M rs. Mary E. Barnum . 1859 R e v . Moses P. Parmelee, M. d . 1863 E r z r o o m . M rs. Julia F. Parmelee . 1871 M iss Hattie Seymour . . 1867 H a rp o o t. R e v . Henry S. Barnum . 1867 Van. M rs . Helen P. Barnum . 1869 R e v . A . N . A n d r u s . . 1868 M a rd in . M rs. Olive L. Andrus . . 1868 M iss Charlotte E. Elv . 1868 B itlis . M is s M. A. C. Ely ' . . 1868 B itlis . M iss Cyrene 0. Van Duzee 1868 Erzroom. R e v . R. M. Cole . . . 1868 Erzroom. M rs. Lizzie Cole . . 1868 R e v . George C. Raynolds, M. 1869 V a n . M rs. Martha W . Raynolds 1869 M iss Caroline E. Bush . 1870 H a r p o o t. R e v . J. E. Scott . . 1872 V a n . M rs . Annie E. Scott . . 1872 1878.] MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. 125

IVent MISSIONARIES. Station. Out!

Mission to Eastern Turkey,— Continued. Daniel M. B. T h o m , m . d ...... 1874 Mardin. Mrs. L. H. T i m m ...... 1874 Miss Sarah E. S c a r s ...... 1874 M a rd in . Miss Clarissa H. P r a tt ...... 1875 M a rd in . R e v . J o h n K . B r o w n e ...... 1875 lia r p o o t. Mrs. Leila B row ne ...... 1876 Rev. Willis C. l)c \ v c y ...... 1877 M a rd in . Mrs. Seraphina S. D e w e y ...... 1877 M is s M a ry F. B l i s s ...... 1878 E rzro o m .

* M a h r a t t a M i s s i o n . Rev. Samuel B. Fairbank, d. d ...... 1846 Ahmednuggur. Rev. Lemuel Bissell, d. d...... 1851 Ahmednuggur. Mrs. Mary E. B is s e ll ...... 1851 Rev. Charles H arding ...... 1856 Sholapur. Mrs. Elizabeth I). H a r d i n g ...... 1869 Rev. Henry J. B ru ce ...... 1862 Saturn. Mrs. Hepzibeth P. B ru ec...... 1862 Rev. S. R. W ells ...... 1869 Panehgani. Mrs. Mary L . W e l l s ...... 1869 Rev. Charles W . P a r k ...... 1870 Bombay. Mrs. Anna M. P a r k ...... 1870 Rev. Richard W in s o r ...... 1870 Satara. M rs. M a ry C. W i n s o r ...... 1870 Miss Sarah F. Norris, M. p. . , . - 1873 B o m b a y . Rev. Robert A. H u ra c ...... 1874 Ahmednuggur. Mrs. Abbie S. H u m e ...... 1874 W illiam 0. Ballantine, m. d...... 1875 R a h u ri. Rev. Edward S. Plume . . - . - 1875 B o m b a y . Mrs. Charlotte E. H u m e ...... 1875 Rev. Lorin S. G a te s ...... 1875 S h o la p u r. Mrs. Frances A . G a t e s ...... 1875 Miss Emma K. Ogden, m . d . . . . . 1876 S h o la p u r.

M a d u r a M i s s i o n . Mrs. Emily F. Tracy ...... 1836 Tirupuvanam. Rev. John R e u d a ll ...... 1845 M a d u ra . Rev. James Herrick ...... 1845 Tirumangalam. Mrs. Elizabeth H. H errick ...... 1845 Rev. John E. C handler ...... 1845 P u ln e y . Mrs. Clmrlotic H. Chandler .... 1845 Rev. Thomas S. Burnell ...... 1848 M e lü r. Mrs. Martha B u rn ell ...... 1848 Rev. Joseph T. N o y e s ...... 1848 Periakulam. Mrs. Elizabeth A . N o y e s ...... 1848 Mrs. Sarah B. C a p ro n ...... 1856 M a d u ra . Rev. Edward Chester, m . d . .... 1858 D in d ig u l. Mrs. Sophia C h ester ...... 1858 Rev. George T. Washburn ...... 1860 P a su m a la i. Mrs. Eliza E. W a sh b u rn ...... 1860 Miss Martha S. T a y l o r ...... 1867 Mandapasalai. Rev. William S. H o w l a n d ...... 1873 Mandapasalai. Mrs. Mary L. H o w la n d ...... 1873 R e v . J o h n S. C h a n d l e r ...... 1873 Battalagundu. Mrs. Jennie E . Chandler .... 1873 Mrs. Judith M. M i n o r ...... 1873 Battalagundu. M iss Henrietta S . Chandler...... 1876 P u ln e y . Rev. James E. T r a c y ...... 1877 Tirupuvanam. 126 MISSIONARIES OF THE BO ARD. [Report,

Went MISSIONARIES. Out. Station.

M a d u r a M i s s i o n , — Continued. Mrs. Fannie S. Tracy . 1877 Misa Henrietta S. Rendall . . 1877 Madura. Rev. John P. Jones . . 1878 Mrs. Sarah A. Jones . . . 1878

C e y l o n M is s io n Miss Eliza Agnew . . 1839 Oodooville. Rev. William W. Howland. 1845 Tillipally. Mrs. Susan R. Howland 1845 Rev. Eurotas P. Hastings . 1846 Batticotta. Mrs. Anna Hastings . 1846 Miss Harriet E. Townshend 1867 Oodoopitty. Miss Hester A. Hillis . 1870 Panditeripo. Rev. Thomas S. Smith . 1871 Manepy. Mrs. Emily M. Smith . 1871 Rev. Samuel W. Howland . 1873 Oodooville. Mrs. Mary E. K. Howland 1873 Miss Susan R. Howland . 1873 Tillipally.

Foocnow Missi Rev. C. C. Baldwin, d . d . . 1847 Foochow. Mrs. Harriet F. Baldwin 1847 Rev. Charles Hartwell 1852 Nantai. Mrs. Lucy E. Hartwell 1852 Rev. Simeon F. Woodin 1859 Nantai. Mrs. Sarah L. Woodin 1859 Miss Adelia M. Pavson 1868 Nantai. D. W. Osgood, m . d . . 1869 Nantai. Mrs. Helen W. Osgood 1869 Rev. J. E. Walker . 1872 Shao-wu. Mrs. E. A . Walker . 1872 Rev. J. B. Blakely . 1874 Shao-wu. Mrs. Isabella V. Blakely 1874 Henry T. Whitney, m. d . 1877 Shao-wu. Mrs. Lurie Ann Whitney 1877 Miss Ella J. Newton . 1878

M i s s i o n t o N o r t h C h i n a . Rev. Henry Slodget, d. d. . 1854 Peking. Mrs. Sarah F. li. Blodget 1854 Rev. C. A. Stanley . . 1862 Tientsin. Mrs. Ursula Stanley . 1862 Rev. Lyman D. Chapin . 1862 Tungcho. Mrs. Clara L. Chapin . 1862 Rev. Cbauncey Goodrich . 1865 Tungcho Mrs. Justina E. Goodrich 1878 Rev. Mark Williams . . 1866 Kalgan. Mrs. Isabella B. Williams 1866 Miss M. E. Andrews . . 1868 Tungcho. Miss Mary H. Porter . 1868 Poking. Rev. Dcvcllo Z. Sheffield . 1869 Tungcho. Mrs. Eleanor W . Sheffield 1869 Miss Naomi Diament . . 1870 Peking. Rev. Isaac Pierson . . 1870 Pautingfoo. Mrs. Sarah E. Pierson • . 1877 Miss Jane E. Chapin . 1871 Peking. Rev. Henry D . Porter, m . d . 1872 Tientsin. .1878.] MISSIONARIES OF THE BOAED. 127

Wttnt MISSIONARIES. Out. Station.

Mission to Nortzi China,— Continued. Rev. Arthur H. S m ith ...... 1872 Tientsin. Mrs. Emma J. S m it h ...... 1872 Tientsin. Miss Jane G. E v a n s ...... 1872 Tungcha. Rev. William P. Sprague ...... 1874 Iialgan. Mrs. Margaret S. S p ra g u e ...... 1874 Rev. William S. A m e n t ...... 1877 Pautingfoo. Mrs. Mary Alice Am ent ...... 1877 Rev. James H. R o b e r ts ...... 1877 Peking. Mrs. Grace L. R oberts ...... 1877 Mr. W illis C. N o b l e ...... 1878 Peking. Mrs. Will* J. Noble ...... 1878

J apan M ission. Rev. D. C. G r e e n e ...... 18G9 Yokohama. Mrs. Mary J. G r e e n e ...... 1869 Rev. 0. H. G u lic k ...... 1871 Kobe. Mrs. Ann E. G u lic k ...... 1871 Rev. J. D. Davis ...... 1871 Kioto. Mrs. Sophia D . D a n s ...... 1871 John C. Berry, m . d ...... 1871 Kobe. Mrs. Maria E. Berry ...... 1871 Rev. M. L. Gordon, m . d ...... 1872 Osaka. Mrs. Agnes H. G ordon ...... 1872 Rev. John L. Atkinson ..... 1873 Kobe. Mrs. Carrie E. A tk in son ...... 1873 Miss Eliza T a lc o tt ...... 1873 Kobe. Miss Julia E. D u d le y ...... 1873 Kobe. Rev. H. H. L e a v i t t ...... 1873 Osaka. Mrs. Mary A. L e a v i t t ...... 1876 Osaka. Miss Mary E. Gouldy ...... 1873 Osaka. Rev. Wallace Tavlor, m . i>...... 1873 Kioto. Mrs. Mary F. T a y l o r ...... 1873 Miss Julia G u lick ...... 1874 Kobe. Rev. J. H. De F o r e s t ...... 1874 Osaka. Mrs. Elizabeth S. De F o r e s t ...... 1874 Arthur H. Adams, m. d ...... 1874 Osaka. Mrs. Sarah C. A d a m s ...... 1874 Miss Frances A. S te v e n s ...... 1875 Osaka. Rev. Dwight W. L e a r n e d ...... 1875 Kioto. Mrs. Florence H. Learned ...... 1875 Miss Martha J. Barrows . . . ; . 1876 Kobe. Mi^ss Alice J. Starkweather ..... 1876 Kioto. Mr. De Witt C. Jencks ...... 1877 Kobe. Mrs. Sarah M. J e n c k s ...... 1877 Miss Julia A. W ils o n ...... 1877 Kioto. Miss H. Frances Parm elee ...... 1877 Kioto. Rev. W. W. Curtis . . . •. . . 1877 Osaka. Mrs. Delia A . C u r t i s ...... 1877 Miss Virginia A. C la rk son ...... 1877 Kobe. Rev. John T . G u l i c k ...... 1878 Kobe. Rev. Otis Cary, J r ...... 1878 Kobe. Mrs. Ellen M. C a r y ...... 1878 Rev. R. Henry D a v is ...... 1878 Mrs. Frances W. D a v is ...... 1878 Rev. James H. P e tte e ...... 1878 Mrs. Isabella W . Pettee ..... 1878 Miss Fannie H. G a r d n e r ...... 1878 128 MISSIONAKIES OF THE BOARD. [Report,

Went MISSIONARIES. Out. Station.

M i c r o n e s i a . Rev. Benjamin G. Snow 1851 Ebon. M r s . Lydia V. Snow . 1851 Rev. Albert A. Sturges 3 852 Ponape. Mrs. Susan M. Sturges 1852 Rev. Hiram Bingham, Jr. 1856 At Honolulu. Mrs. M inem i C. Bingham 1856 Rev. Joel IT. Whitney 1871 Ebon. Mrs. Louisa M. Whitney 1871 Rev. Robert W. Logan 1874 Ponape. Mrs. Mary E. Logan . 1874 Mr. Frank E. Rand . 1874 Ponnpe. Mrs. Carrie T. Rand . . 1874 Rev. Edmund M. Pease, m. n. 1877 Ebon. Mrs. Harriet A. Pease . . 1877

N o r t h P a c i f i c M i s s i o n a r y I n s t i t u t e Rev. Charles M. Hyde, d . d ...... 1877 Honolulu, S. I. Mrs. Mary Knight Hyde ....

D a k o t a M i s s i o n . Rev. S. R. Riggs, l/l. d . .... 1837 ( Sissiton Airy. Mrs. Annie B. liiggs . } Dak. Rev. Alfred L. Riggs . 1870 Santee A gy. Neb. Mrs. Marv B. Riggs < 1870 Mr. Wvllvs K. Morris . 1870 ( Sissiton A c t . Mrs. Martha Riggs Morris 1870 \ Dak. Rev. Thomas L. Riggs . 1872 Bogue, Dak. Miss Mary C. Collins . 1875 Bogue. Miss Murilia A. Shepard 1875 Santee A gy.N eb. Miss Lucy Dodge . 1876 San lee Airy. Neb. Rev. Chas. L. Hall . . 1876 i ’ort Berthold. Mrs. Emma C. Hall . 1876 Miss Myra Calhoun . 1877 Fort Berthold.

M i s s i o n t o W e s t e r n M e x i c o Rev. David F. Watkins . . . 1872 Guadalajara. Mrs. Edna M. Watkins .... 1874 Rev. John Kdwards .... 1875 Guadalajara. Mrs. Mary J. Edwards .... 1875

M i s s i o n t o S p a i n . Rev. William II. Gulick . , . 1871 Santander. Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick . . . 1871 Rev. Thomas L. Gulick . . . 1873 Zaragoza. Mrs. Alice Wulbridge Gulick . . . 1873

M i s s i o n t o A u s t r i a . Rev. H. A. Schauffler . . . . 1872 Brünn. Mrs. Clara E. Schauffler . . 1872 ReT. A. W. Clark . . . . 1872 Prague. Mrs. Nellie M . Clark . . . 1872 Rev. Edwin A. Adams . . . 1872 Prague. Mrs. Caroline A. P. Adams . . 1872 1878.] MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. 129

Went MISSIONARIES. Out. Station.

M issionaries R esident at the H a w a iia n I s l a n d s . Mrs. Maria P. Chamberlain .... 1827 Honolulu. Rev. Dwight Baldwin, m. d ...... 1830 Honolulu. Rev. Lorenzo L y o n s ...... 1831 Waimea. Mrs. Lucretia G. L y o n s ...... Rev. David B. L y m a n ...... 1831 Hilo. Mrs. Sarah B. L y m a n ...... Rev. William P. Alexander .... 1831 Wailuku. Mrs. Mary Ann A lexander ...... Mrs. Ursula S. E m erson ...... 1831 Waialua. Mrs. Rebecca H. H itchcock ...... 1831 Honolulu. Rev. Lowell Smith, d . D ...... 1832 Honolulu. Mrs. Abba W . S m i t h ...... Mrs. Mary E. P arker ...... 1832 Honolulu. Rev. Titus C o a n ...... 1833 Hilo. Mrs. Lois S. J o h n s o n ...... 1836 Waioli. Rev. Elias B o n d ...... 1841 Kohala. Mrs. Ellen M. B o n d ...... Rev. J. D. Paris ...... 1841 Honolulu. Mrs. Mary C. P a r i s ...... Rev. James W . Smith, m.. d ...... 1842 Koloa. Mrs. Melicent K. Smith . . . . . Mrs. Maria K. P o g u e ...... ’ 1844 Honolulu.

9 130 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

CORPORATE MEMBERS.

[The names under each State arc arranged according to the time of election.]

M a in e -

1832. ENOCH POND, d . d . , Bangor. 1856. WILLIAM W. THOMAS, Esq., Portland.

1864. JOHN .T. CARRUTHERS, d . d . , Portland. 1870. JOHN 0 . FISKE, D . D ., Bath. 1870. JOSEPH S. WHEELWRIGHT, Esq., Bangor.

1871. WILLIAM WARREN, d . d . , Gorham. 1877. Hon. JOSEPH TITCOMB, Kennebunk.

* New Hampshire. 1860. Hon. GEORGE W . NESMITH, Franklin.

1860. SAMUEL C. BARTLETT, d . d . , l l . d . , Hanorer. 1864- Hon. JOHN W. NOYES, Chester.

1867. ALONZO H. QUINT, d . D ., Dover. 1871. JOSEPH B. WALKER, Esq., Concord.

1871. JOSIAH G. DAVIS, d . d . , Amherst.

Vermont. 1867. Hon. JOHN B. PAGE, Rutland. 1869. CHARLES F. THOMPSON, Esq., Brattleborough.

1874. GEORGE B. SAFFORD, D . d . , Burlington. 1876. Hon. FREDERICK BILLINGS, Woodstock.

1877. MATTHEW H. BUCKHAM, D d . , Burlington.

1877. GEORGE L. WALKER, D . d ., Brattleborough. 1877. Rev. JAMES GIBSON JOHNSON,.Rutland. 1877. Rev. HENRY FAIRBANKS, St. Johnsbury.

1877- CALVIN B. HULBERT, d . Middlebury. 1877. Hon. HORACE FAIRBANKS, St. Johnsbury.

Massachusetts.

1832. RUFUS ANDERSON, d . d . , l l . d . , Boston.

1838. MARK HOPKINS, d . d . , l l . d ., Wiliiamstown. 1840. EBENEZER ALDEN, M . D . , Randolph.

1846. HENRY B. HOOKER, d . d . , Boston.

1848. LAURENS P. IIICKOK, d . d . , l l . d . , Amherst.

^849. AUGUSTUS C. THOMPSON, d . d . , Boston. 1854. JOHN W. CHICKERING, D . D - , Wakefield. 1854. JAMES M. GORDON, Esq., Auburndale. 1857. Hon. ALPHEUS HARDY, Boston. 1862. ABNER KINGMAN, Esq., Boston. 1862. Hon. WILLIAM HYDE, Ware. 1863. EDWARDS A. PARK, J>. D., Andover.

1865. NATHANIEL GEORGE CLARK, d . Boston. 1878.1 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 131

1865. LANGDON S. WARD, Esq., Boston. 1866. JOHN 0 . MEANS, i>. D., Boston. 1867. DANIEL T. FISKE, d. d., Newburyport. 1867. SAMUEL M. LANE, Esq., Southbridge. 1867. JOSHUA W. WELLMAN,». j>., Malden. 1868. EZRA FARNSWORTH, Esq., Boston. 1869. EDMUND K. ALDEN, D . d., Boston. 1870. GORDON HALL, p. d., Northampton. 1870. JOSEPH S. ROPES, Esq., West Roxbury. 1870. J. RUSSELL BRADFORD, Esq., Boston. 1870. ELEAZAR PORTER, Esq., Hadley. 1870. Rev. ISAAC R. WORCESTER, Auburndale. 1871. GEORGE W. BLAGDEN, d. d., Boston. 1871. PETER SMITH, Esq., Andover. 1871. SAMUEL G. BUCKINGHAM,d . D-, Springfield. 1871. JAMES H. MEANS, ». d ., Dorchester. 1871. EDWIN B. WEBB, n. p., Boston. 1871. EBENEZEH CUTLER, d. d. , Worcester. 1871. Hon. CHARLES T. RUSSELL, Cambridge. 1871. JOHN N. DENISON, Esq., Boston. 1871. Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, Greenfield. 1871. GEORGE R. CHAPMAN, Esq., Salem. 1873. CHARLES P. WHITIN, Esq., Whitinsville. 1873. JOSEPH C. TYLER, Esq., Boston. 1873. HENRY F. DURANT, Esq., Wellesley. 1873. JAMES S. HOYT, D. D., Cambridge. 1873. Rev. EDWARD S. ATWOOD, Salem. 1873. THOMAS P. FIELD, d. d., Amherst. 1874. A. E. P. PERKLNS, D. Ware. 1874. NATHAN CARRUTH, Esq., Dorchester. 1874. DANIEL L. FURBER, d. i>., Newton Center. 1874. RICHARD H. STEARNS, Esq., Boston. 1874. PHILIP L. M0EN, Esq., Worcester. 1874. SAMUEL JOHNSON, Esq., Boston. 1875. EGBERT C. SMYTH, d. d., Andover, 1875. Rev. JOHN W. HARDING, Longmeadow. 1875. Rev. GEORGE N. ANTHONY, Cambridge. 1875. ARTHUR W. TUFTS, Esq., Boston Highlands. 1875. SAMUEL D. SMITH, Esq., West Roxbury. 1875. A. LYMAN WILLISTON, Esq., Florence. 1876. JULIUS H. SEELYE, d. d., Amherst. 1876. CHARLES C. BURR, Esq., Auburndale. 1876. ELBRIDGE TORREY, Esq., Boston. 1877. JACOB M. MANNING, D. Boston. . 1877. WILLIAM II. WILLCOX, d. d., Reading. 1877. Rev. JONATHAN L. JENKINS, Pittsfield. 1877. SEWALL G. MACK, Esq., Lowell. 1877. Hon. THOMAS J. BORDEN, Fall River. 1877. CHARLES MERRIAM, Esq., Springfield. 1877. Hon. EDWARD B. GILLETT, Westfield. 1877. ELIZUR SMITH, Esq., Lee. 1878. DAYID WHITCOMB, Esq., Worcester.

Rhode Island.

1846. THOMAS SHEPARD, d . d . , Bristol. 1857. AMOS D. LOCKWOOD, Esq., Providence. 1867. Hon. AMOS C. BARSTOW, Providence. 1868. CONSTANTINE BLODGETT, D . D., Pawtucket. 1870. THACHER THAYER, D. d., Newport. 1871. ROWLAND HAZARD, Esq., Peacedale. 132 MEMBERS 0 Ï THE BOARD. [Report,

1875. THOMAS LAURIE, ». d., Providence.

1877. JAMES G. VOSE, d . » ., Providence.

Connecticut.

1842. ALVAN BOND, » . » ., Norwich. 1842. LEONARD BACON, d. » ., New Haven. 1843. WILLIAM PATTON, ». » ., New Haven.

1845. CALVIN E. STOWE, d . » ., Hartford. 1862. CALVIN DAY, Esq., Hartford. 1863. OLIVER E. DAGGETT, D. D ., Hartford. 1863- Hon. SAMUEL MILLER, New Haven. 1870. CHARLES BENEDICT, Esq., Waterbury. 1870. JOHN N. STICKNEY, Esq., Rockville. 1870. Rev. EDWARD HAWES, New naven. 1871. NOAH PORTER, D . d., lt. D., New Haven. 1871. Rev. SAMUEL G. WILLARD, Colchester. 1»71. Hon. BENJAMIN DOUGLAS, Middletown. 1871. FREDERIC N. MARQÜAND, Esq., Southport. 1871. Rev. CHARLES RAY PALMER, Bridgeport. 1871. Rev. DANIEL W . LATHROP, New Haven. 1873. Rev. JOHN E. TODD, New Haven. 1873. JOHN B. ELDRIDGE, Esq., Hartford. 1874. WILLIAM THOMPSON, ». D., Hartford. 1874. Hon. GEORGE C. WOODRUFF, Litchfield. 1874. ROLAND MATHER. Esq., Hartford. 1875. JOHN T. ROCKWELL, Esq., West Winsted. 1876. WILLIAM C. CRUMP, Esq., New Loudon. 1876. HENRY E. SAWYER, Esq., Middletown. 1876. Rev. BURDETT HART, Fairhaven. 1876. Rev. L. T. CHAMBERLAIN, Norwich. 1877. FREDERICK A. NOBLE, » . » ., New Haven. 1877. Hon. NATHANIEL SHIPMAN, Hartford. 1877. Rev. JOSEPH W. BACKUS, Thomaston. 1877. JONATHAN N. HARRIS, Esq., New London. 1877. ROBBINS BATTELL, Esq., Norfolk.

New York.

1845. JOHN FORSYTH, ». d., West Point. 1846 Hon. HESRY W. TAYLOR, ll. » ., Canandaigua. 1846. Hon. CALVIN T. IIULBURD, Brasher Falls. 1851. JOHN C. HOLBROOK, d. » ., Syracuse. 1853. OLIVER E. WOOD, Esq., New York city. 1853. MONTGOMERY S. GOODALE, » . » ., Amsterdam. 1B54. RAY PALMER, » . d., New York city. 1855. GEORGE B. CHEEVER, ». d., New York city. 1855. JACOB M. SCHERMERHORN, Esq., Homer. 1857. Hon. WILLIAM E. DODGE, New York city. I860. SIMEON B. CHITTENDEN, Esq., Brooklyn. 1862. JAMES B. SHAW, ». d., Rochester. 1863. RICHARD S. SXORRS, ». »..Brooklyn. 1863. ZEBULON S. ELY, Esq., New York city. 1864. WILLIAM I. BUDINGTON, ». Brooklyn. 1864. JOSEPH P. THOMPSON, » . » . , Berlin, Germany. 1864. LOUIS CHAPIN, Esq., Rochester. 1867. HENRY M. STORRS, ». D., New York city. 1870. Rev. HENRY WARD BEECHER, Brooklyn. 1870. RICHARD P. BUCK, Esq., Brooklyn. 1£70. ALFRED 3. BARNES, Esq., Brooklyn. Iß71. D. WILLIS JAMES, Esq., New York city. 1878.] MEMBERS OF TEE BOARD.

1871. HENRY M. SCUDDER, D. p., Brooklyn. 1871. CHARLES P. BUSH, d . d ., New York city. 1873. WILLIAM M. TAYLOR, D. D., New York city. 1878. AUGUSTUS F. BEARD, D. D-, Syracuse.

New Jersey.

1843. BENJAMIN C. TAYLOR, d. d., Jersey City. 1867- AARON CARTER, Esq., Orange. 1870. SAMUEL HOLMES, Esq., Montclair.

Pennsylvania. 1872. Rev. J. H. COULTER, Brownsville. 1873. GEORGE L. WEED, Esq., Philadelphia.

District of Columbia.

1869. WILLIAM W . PATTON, d . d., Washington. 1871. Hon. PETER PARKER, Washington. 1877. Rev. ELIPHALET WHITTLESEY, Washington.

Virginia.

1840- DAVID H. RIDDLE, d, d., Martinsburg.

Ohio. 1843. SAMUEL C. AIKEN, D. D., Cleveland. 1853. DOUGLAS PUTNAM, Esq.. Harmar. 1863. JOSEPH PERKINS, Esq., Cleveland. 1867. SAMUEL WOLCOTT, D. d., Cleveland. 1867. ISRAEL W. ANDREWS, D . D -, Marietta. 1869. ANDREW L. GRIMES, Esq., Mansfield. 1870. JAMES H. FAIRCHILD, d. d .. Oberlin. 1870- WILLIAM J. BREED, Esq., Cincinnati. 1870. HIRAM C. HAYDN, d. D., Cleveland. 1871. THERON H. HAWKS, D. n., Marietta. 1871. SETH H. SHELDON, Esq., Cleveland. 1873. FRANCIS C. SESSIONS, Esq., Columbus. 1876. Hon. UEMAN ELY, Elyria. 1878. ROBERT G. HUTCHINS, D. d., Columbus.

Indiana. 1867. SAMUEL H. POTTER, Esq., Terre Haute. 1874. NATHANIEL A. HYDE, d. D., Indianapolis.

Illinois.

1851. JULIAN M. STURTEVANT, d. d., Jacksonville. 1851. ROBERT W. PATTERSON, d. d., Chicago. 1853- AUGUSTUS T. NORTON, ». Alton. 1853. WILLIAM S. CURTIS, D. D., Galesburg. 1867. Hon. CHARLES G. HAMMOND, Chicago. 1869. Gen. S. LOCKWOOD BROWN, Chicago. 1869. GEORGE N. BOARDMAN, d . d ., Chicago.

1871. EDWARD P. GOODWIN, d . d., Chicago. 1871. ELIPHALET W. BLATCHFORD, Esq., Chicago. 1871. RALPH EMERSON, Esq., Rockford. 1871. Rev. SIMON J. HUMPHREY, Chicago. 1873. HOWARD Z. CULVER, Esq., Chicago. 1874. Hon. WILLIAM I. PHELPS, Elmwood. 9

184 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

1875. CHARLES H. BULL, Esq., Quincy. 1876. Rev. E .N . PACKARD, Evanston. 1876. JAMES W . SCOVILL, Esq., Oak Park. 1877. CHARLES II. CASE, Esq., Chicago. 1877. MARTIN K. WHITTLESEY, p. p., Jacksonville.

1878. FRANKLIN W . FISK, i>. p . , Chicago. 1878. J. K . SCARBOROUGH, Esq., Payson.

M ichigan. 1851. HARVEY D. KITCHELL, j>. Detroit. 1867. Hon. SOLOMON L. WITHEY, Grand Rapids.

1867. PHILO R. HURD, d . p . , Detroit. 1871. PHILO PARSONS, Esq., Detroit. 1876. Z. EDDY, p. p., Detroit. 1876. Rev. MOSES SMITH, Jackson.

■Wisconsin. 1851. AARON L. CHAPIN, j>. p., Beloit. 1860. Rev. ENOS J. MONTAGUE, Fort Atkinson. 1870. WILLIAM E. MERRIMAN, p. p., Ripon. 1876. E. H. MERRELL, p. p., Ripon. 1876. Hon. SAMUEL D. HASTINGS, Madison.

Minnesota. 1871. JAMES W. STRONG, p. d., Northfield. 1872. Rev. L. HENRY COBB, Minneapolis. 1875. M- McG. DANA, p. p., St. Paul. 1876. Rev. HENRY A. ST1MSON, Minneapolis.

Iowa.

1867. ALDEN B. ROBBINS, s . p .. Muscatine. 1867. Hon. JOHN G. FOOTE, Burlington. 1871. Hon. SAMUEL MERRILL, Des Moines. 1876. GEO. F. MAGOUN, p . p . , Grinnell. 1877. Rev. HENRY S. DEFOREST, Muscatine.

M is s o u ri

1857. TRUMAN M. POST, p . p . , St. Louis. 1860. JOHN B. JOHNSON, M. P . , St. Louis.

1870. CONSTANS L. GOODELL, p . d . , St. LoaU

Kansas. 1874. RICHARD CORDLEY, p. p., Emporia.

Dakota. 1877. Rev. JOSEPH WARD, Tankton.

Oregon. 1871. Gen. OLIVER 0 . HOWARD, Portland.

California.

1865. ANDREW L. STONE, p. p . , San Francisco. 1870. JESSE W . HOUGH, p . P . , Santa Barbara. 1871. JOHN K. McLEAN, p . P . , Oakland. 1876. EDWARD P. FLINT, Esq., Oakland. 1876. ISRAEL E. DWINELL, P . D ., Sacramento. 1878.J MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 135

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Great Britain. Election. 1840. JOHN STEVENSON, d. ». 1840. Rev. GEORGE CANDT. 1843. Lieut.-Cal. ROBERT ALEXANDER. 1851. Lord STRATFORD Dz REDCLIFPE. lo6 MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED. [Report,

CORPORATE MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED.

[The names under each State arc arranged according to the time of decease or resignation The year is that ending with the annual meetings in September or October.]

Death or Election. M a in e . Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1813 JESSE APPLETON, d. ». 1820 1818 ZEPHANIAH SWIFT MOORE,».». 1823 1826 EDWARD PAYSON, d. 3>. 1828 1811 JEDIDLAH MORSE, » . d . 1826 1842 DAYID DUNLAP, 1843 1812 Hon. WILLIAM PHILLIPS, 1827 1813 Gen. HENRY SEWALL, 1845 1810 JOSEPH LYMAN, ». ». 1828 1842 WILLIAM RICHARDSON, 1847 1823 EDWARD A. NEWTON, r. 1828 1842 ELTPHALET GILLETT, » . » . 1849 1812 Hon. JOHN HOOKER, 1829 1836 LEY! CUTTER, 1856 1812 JEREMIAH EYARTS, 1831 1845 ASA CUMMINGS, ». D. 1856 1822 SAMUEL AUSTIN, ». ». 1831

1838 JOHN W. ELLTNGWOOD, d . d . 1860 1831 ELIAS CORNELIUS, ». D. 1832 1838 BENJAMIN TAPPAN, d. d . 1864 1828 BENJAMIN B. WISNER, ». b . 1835 1851 GEORGE F. PATTEN, Esq. 1869 1818 Hon. WILLIAM REED, 1837 1831 WARREN FAY, ». D .,r. 1839 1810 WILLIAM BARTLETT, 1841 New Hampshire. 1842 Rev. DANIEL CROSBY, 1843 1812 JOHN LANGDON, l l . » . 1820 1821 SAMUEL HUBBARD, l l . » . 1848 1812 SETH PAYSON, ». » . 1820 1826 JOHN CODMAN, » . d . 1848 1820 Hon. THOMAS W . THOMPSON, 1822 1832 Hon. SAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG, 1850 1830 H o d . GEORGE SULLIVAN, 1838 1826 Hon. LEWIS STRONG, r. 1852 1820 JOHN HUBBARD CHURCH, » . » . 1840 1835 DANIEL NOYES, _ 1852 1842 Hon. MILLS OLCOTT, ‘ 1845 1839 BELA B. EDWARDS, » . d. 1852 1842 Rev. ARCHIBALD BURGESS, 1850 1842 Hon. ALFRED D. FOSTER, 1852 1840 Hon. EDMUND PARKER, 1856 1826 JUSTIN EDWARDS, ». ». 1853 1838 SAMUEL FLETCHER, 1859 1819 LEONARD WOODS, d. » . 1854 1842 Rev. JOHN WOODS, 1861 1821 JOSHUA BATES, ». » . 1854 1832 NATHAN LORD, ». » . 1870 1840 Hon. DAVID MACK, 1854 1862 EDWARD SPAULDING, m. d., r. 1870 1851 Hon. DANIEL SAFFORD, 1856 1840 ZEDEKIAH S. BAR3TOW, d. ». 1873 1840 DANIEL DANA, ». ». 1859 1862 ALVAN TOBEY, ». » . 1874 1823 HEMAN HUMPHREY, » . d. 1861 1842 JOHN K. YOUNG, ». ». 1875 1838 THOMAS SNELL, » . d. 1862 1842 BENJAMIN LAB AREE, d. d., r. 1876 1845 Hon. WILLIAM J. HUBBARD, 1865 1859 Hon. WILLIAM HAILE, 1876 1832 Rev. DAVID GREENE, 1866 1858 ASA D. SMITH, ». d 1877 1840 ALFRED ELY, ». ». 1866 1857 NATHANIEL BOUTON, » . D . 1878 1840 HORATIO BARDWELL, » . d. 1866 V erm o n t. 1842 WILLIAM T. DWIGHT, D. d. 1866 1847 SAMUEL M. WORCESTER, » . ». 1866 1818 Hon. CHARLES MARSH, 1849 1834 Rev. SYLVESTER HOLMES, 1867 1840 WILLIAM PAGE, 1850 1840 WILLIAM JENKS, ». ». 1867 1838 JOHN WHEELER, ». ». 1862 1848 Hon. SAMUEL H. WALLEY, r. 1867 1842 Hon. ERASTUS FAIRBANKS, 1865 1850 Hon. JOHN AIKEN, 18C7 1859 LEWIS H. DELANO, 1867 1812 WILLIAM ALLEN, d . d . 1868 1839 SILAS AIKEN, » . d . 1869 1843 SWAN L. POMROY, d . d. 1869 1838 CHARLES WALKER, ». » ., r. 1870 1852 WILLIAM ROPES, Esq. 1869 1842 Rev. JOSEPH STEELE, 1872 1855 AMOS BLANCHARD, ». ». 1869 1867 THADDEUS FAIRBANKS, Esq., r. 1877 1828 HENRY HILL, Esq., r. 1870 1873 WILLIAM H. LORD, d . » . 1877 1845 Hon. LINUS CHILD, 1870 1873 ALDACE WALKER, d . » . 1878 1827 JOHN TAPPAN, Esq. 1871

M assachusetts. 1842 EBENEZER BURGESS, » . d . 1871 1810 SAMUEL H. WALLEY, r. 1811 1842 JOHN NELSON, » . » . 1872 1810 SAMUEL SPRING, ». d. 1819 1871 JOHN P. WILLISTON, Esq. 1872 1810 SAMUEL WORCESTER, p. ». 1821 1871 ALFRED B. ELY, Esq. 1872 1878.] MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED. 137

Death or Death or 'Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1830 CHARLES STODDARD, Esq. 1873 1868 HENRY P. HAVEN, Esq. 1876 1842 RICHARD S. STORKS, D . d . 1873 1875 CHARLES BOSWELL, Esq.,r. 1876 1853 JOHN TODD, d. ». 1873 1842 HENRY WHITE, Esq., r. ■ 1877 I860 Hon. REUBEN A. CHAPMAN, 1873 1842 Hon. SAMUEL WILLISTON, 1874 N ew Y o rk . 1850 Hon. WILLIAM T. EUSTIS, 1874 1818 Col. HENRY LINCLEAN, 1822 1867 RICHARD BORDEN, Esq. 1B74 1819 DIVIE BETHUNE, 1825 1838 AARON WARNER, d. ». 1876 1812 JOHN JAY, l l . D . 1829 1863 WILLIAM A. STEARNS, ». D-, 1824 Col. HENRY RUTGERS, 1830 l l . d . 1876 1826 Col. RICHARD YARICK, 1831 1871 NAHUM GALE, d . d .^ 1876 1871 JOHN FIELD, Esq. * 1876 1812 EGBERT BENSON, l l . D . 1833 1822 JONAS PLATT, l l . j>. 1834 1878 NATHAN DURFEE, M . D . 1876 1843 Rev. SELAII B. TREAT, 1877 1826 WILLIAM McMURRAY, », ». 1836 1848 ANDREW W . PORTER, Esq. 1877 1826 JOHN NITCHIE, 1838 1868 GEORGE MERRIAM, Esq., r. 1877 1816 STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, l l . d . 1839 1887 NEIIEMIAH ADAMS, d . d . 1878 1824 ELEAZAR LORD, 1841 1854 SETII SWEETSER, d . d . 1878 r. 1832 ZECHARIAH LEWIS, 1841 Rliodc Island. 1840 GERRIT WENDELL, 1841 1812 WILLIAM JONES. 1812 JAMES RICHARDS, J>. ». 1843

1850 JOHN KINGSBURY, l l . D . 1875 1813 ALEXANDER M. PROUDFIT, ». d . 1843 1832 ORRIN DAY, 1847 Connecticut* 1835 WILLIAM J. ARMSTRONG, ». ». 1847 1810 TIMOTHY DWIGHT, d . d . , l l . d . 1817 1843 WALTER HUBBELL, 1848 1810 Gen. JEDIDIAH HUNTINGTON, 1819 1843 ASA T. HOPKINS, ». » . 1848

1810 JOHN TREADWELL, LL. » . 1823 1838 HENRY WHITE, d . d . 1850

1830 Hon. ROGER MINOT SHERMAN, r. 1830 1842 JOHN W . ADAMS, d . d . 1850

1836 HENRY HUDSON, 1843 1824 DAVID PORTER, d . d . 1851 1819 JOHN COTTON SMITH, LL. D . 1846 3838 D. W. C. OLYPHANT, r. 1851 1842 Rev. THOMAS PUNDERSON, 1848 1839 ELIPHALET WIOKES, 1851

1840 DANIEL DOW, d . d . 1849 1848 ERSKINE MASON, i>. ». 1851 1810 CALVIN CHAPIN, D . D . 1851 1812 HENRY DAVIS, d . j>. 1852 1848 NATHANIEL O. KELLOGG, 1854 1826 NATHANIEL W. HOWELL, l l . ». 1852

1823 BENNET TYLER, d . d . 1858 1824 PHILIP M1LLEDOLER, » . d . 1853 1851 CHARLES J. STEDMAN, 1859 1838 ELISHA YALE, ». » . 1853 1842 CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D . D . 1860 1840 ANSON G. PHELPS, 1854

1852 ABEL McEWEN, d . ». 1860 1840 HIRAM H. SEELYE, 1855 1838 Hon. JOSEPH RUSSELL, 1861 1836 Rev. HENRY DWIGHT, -1857

1836 THOMAS S. WILLL\MS, l l . d . 1862 1842 CHARLES M. LEE, LL. ». 1857 1843 Rev. DAVID L. OGDEN,' 1864 1854 ANSON G. PHELPS, 1858 I860 JOHN A. DAVENPORT, 1865 1846 JAMES CROCKER, 1861

1832 NOAH PORTEIt, d . d . 1866 1826 THOMAS McAULEY, d . d . , l l . d . 1862 1840 Hon. SETH TERRY, 1866 1842 HORACE HOLDEN, 1862 1854 SAMUEL S. W. DUTTON, D . D . 1866 1823 LYMAN BEECHER, ». d. 1863

1860 ELISHA L. CLEVELAND, d . D . 1866 1842 HARVEY ELY, 1863

1817 JEREMIAH DAY, d . d . , l l . ». 1867 1843 EDWARD ROBINSON, » . ». 1863

1838 JOEL HAWES, d . d . 1867 1838 PELATIAH PERRIT, 1864 1843 JOEL H. LINSLEY, ». » . 1868 1848 WILLIAM M. HALSTED, 1864

1859 THEODORE D. WOOLSÉY, d . d ., 1860 JAMES W. McLANE, d . d . 1864 L L .' D ., T. 1808 1848 DAVID WESSON, r. 1865 1840 JOHN T. NORTON, Esq. 1869 1848 ABRA:M V. HASBROUCK, l l . d ., r . 1865 1855 GEORGE KELLOGG, Esq. 1870 1851 Rev. SIMEON NORTH, l l . D . , r . 1865

1867 WILLIAM W . DAVENPORT, d . d . 1870 1812 ELIPHALET NOTT, » . ». 1866 1852 Gen. WILLIAM WILLIAMS, 1871 1840 Hon. CHARLES W. ROCKWELL, 1867 1860 LUCIUS BARBOUR, Esq. 1873 1842 Hon. WILLIAM L. F. WARREN, r. 1868

1838 MARK TUCKER, d . d . 1875 1840 REUBEN H. WALWORTH, l l . D . 1868 1838 Hon. THOMAS W. WILLIAMS, 1875 1848 SIMEON BENJAMIN, 1868 1859 Hon. WILLIAM A. BUCKING­ 1838 WILLIAM W . CHESTER, Esq. 1869 HAM, LL- D . 1875 1840 DIEDRICH WILLERS, » . » ., r. 1869

1867 JOSEPH ELDRIDGE, ». d. 1875 1834 JAMES M. MATTHEWS, d . d . 1870 188 MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED. [Report,

Death or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1852 ISAAC N. WYCKOFF, d. d. 1870 1832 CORNELIUS C. CUYLER, ». d . 1850 1863 FREDERICK STARR, Esq. 1870 1826 THOMAS BRADFORD, 1852 1842 SAMUEL H. COX, d. d., l l . » ., r. 1870 1838 MATTHEW BROWN, ». ». 1853 1842 WILLIAM ADAMS, D. D.,r. 1870 1842 ELIPHALET W . GILBERT, ». » . 1853 1843 WILLIAM W . STONE, Esq., r. 1870 1838 THOMAS FLEMING, 1865 1845 BAXTER DICKINSON, ». D ., r. 1870 1826 JOHN LUDLOW, » . ». 1857 1855 PHILEMON H. FOWLER, d. » .,r . 1870 1848 CHARLES S. WURTS, r. 1858 1855 SAMUEL T. SPEAR, d. d., r. 1870 1835 WILLIAM S. PLUMER, ». » ., r. 1859 1860 WILLIAM A. BOOTH, Esq., r. 1870 1826 WILLIAM NEILL, ». ». 1860 1862 JOHN G. ATTERBURY, » . » ., r. 1870 1832 JOHN MCDOWELL, ». » . 1863 1863 ROBERT R. BOOTH, ». d., r. 1870 1840 J. W . NEYIN, d. ».,r. 1865 1863 GEORGE L. PRENTISS, D. D., r. 1870 1856 MATTHIAS W*. BALDWIN, 1866

1838 THOMAS H. SKINNER, d . ». 1871 1859 THOMAS BRAINERD, ». ». 1866 1842 ARISTARCHUS CHAMPION, Esq. 1871 1840 BERNARD C. DeWOLFF, d. » ., r. 1867

1850 ROBERT W. CONDIT, d . d. 1871 1838 WILLIAM R. DeWITT, » . d . 1868

1854 WALTER CLARKE, » . D. 1871 1840 WILLIAM JESSUP, l l . d . 1868 1864 SHERMAN B. CANFIELD, » . ». 1871 1855 Hon. WILLIAM STRONG, r. 1870 1842 ANSEL D. EDDY, ». r. 1871 1840 Rev. ALBERT BARNES, 1871 1855 M. LA RUE P. THOMPSON, d. 1>.,r. 1871 1840 Hon. WILLIAM DARLING, 1871 1852 GEORGE W. WOOD, d . d . , r. 1872 1855 GEORGE A. LYON, d . ». 1871 1840 CHARLES MILLS, Esq. 1872 1838 AMBROSE WHITE, Esq., r. 1871 1824 GARDNER SPRING, D. D. 1873 1864 SAMUEL SMALL, Esq., r. 1871 1838 ISAAC FERRIS, D. D. 1873 1869 Hon. HENRY W . WILLIAMS, r. 1871 1852 WALTER S. GRIFFITH, Esq. 1873 1855 JOHN A. BROWN, Esq. 1873 1826 THOMAS DeWITTE, d. » . 1874 1843 SAMUEL H. PERKINS, Esq. 1874 1840 DAVID H. LITTLE, Esq. 1874 1859 JAMES W . WEIR, Esq. 1878 1860 JONATHAN B. CONDIT, ». » . 1875 1860 WILLIAM S. SOUTHWORTH, Esq. 1875 M ary lan d . 1839 WILLIAM B. SPRAGUE, » . d . 1876 1834 WILLIAM NEVINS, d . d . 1836 1840 WILLARD CHILD, ». ». 1877 1838 JAMES G. HAMNER, ». d . , r. 1865 1852 Hon. WILLIAM F. ALLEN. 1878 District of Columbia. New Jersey. 1819 ELIAS BOUDINOT CALDWELL, 1825

1812 ELIAS BOUDINOT, l l . d . 1822 1826 JOSEPH NOURSE, 1841 1823 EDWARD DORR GRIFFIN, d. ». 1838 1842 JOHN C. SMITH, » . r. 1870 1812 SAMUEL MILLER, d. ».,r. 1839 1826 JAMES CARNAHAN, ». d., r. 1849 V irgin ia. 1826 ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER, » .» ., r. 1850 1823 JOHN H. RICE, » . » . 1881 1855 F. T. FRELINGHUYSEN, r. 1859 1832 GEORGE A. BAXTER, ». ». 1841 1826 THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN, 1826 WILLIAM MAXWELL, 1857 l l . » . 1 8 6 2 1834 THOMAS P. ATKINSON, m. » ., r. 1859 1860 Hon. WILLIAM PENNINGTON, 1862 1826 Gen. JOHN H. COCKE, 1866 1840 Hon. JOSEPH C. HORNBLOWER, 1864 1823 S. V. S. WILDER, 1865 North Carolina. 1838 DAVID MAGIE, D. ». 1865 1834 JOSEPH CALDWELL, d . d . 1835 1856 LYNDON A. SMITH, h. » . 1866 1884 W . McPHETERS, ». » . 1843 1838 RICHARD T- HAINES, r. 1867 1855 Rev. THORNTON A. MILLS, 1867 South Carolina. 1842 J. MARSHALL PAUL, at. » ., r. 1870 1853 JONATHAN F. STEARNS, ». D., r. 1870 1826 MOSES WADDELL, d . d . 1840 1842 JOEL PARKER, » . » . 1873 1826 BENJAMIN M. PALMER, d . d . 1848 1832 Hon. PETER D. VROOM, 1874 1839 REUBEN POST, ». » ., r. 1865 1856 GEORGE E. ADAMS, » . ». 1876 1848 Hon. DANIEL HAINES. 1878 Georgia* 1826 JOHN CUMMINGS, ». 1838 Pennsylvania. 1834 THOMAS GOLDING, » . ». 1848 1812 ROBERT RALSTON, 1836 1834 Hon. JOSEPH H. LUMPKIN. 1812 ASHBEL GREEN, » . d., t. 1840 1834 ALEXANDER HENRY, 1847 Tennessee. 1826 SAMUEL AGNEW, m. » . 1850 1826 CHARLES COFFIN, ». ». 1878.] MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED. 139

Death or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1834 ISAAC ANDERSON, p. P. 1853 DAVID A. SMITH, 1865 1842 SAMUEL RHEA, Esq. 1864 1851 Rev. ARATAS KENT, r. 1865 1851 WILLIAM H. BROWN, 1867 Ohio. 1868 DEVILLO R. 1IOLT, Esq., r. 1870 1832 JAMES HOGE, p. p., r. 1847 1826 NATHAN S. S. BEMAN, p. p. 1871 1826 ROBERT G. WILSON, p. p. 1855 1853 Rev. WILLIAM CARTER, 1871 1834 ROBERT H. J5ISHOP, D . p. 1855 1853 Rev. J. W. CUNNINGHAM, r. 1871 1851 GABRIEL TICHENOR, 1855 1871 HENRY HITCHCOCK, Esq., r. 1872 1845 Rev. HARVEY COE, 1860­ 1857 Rev. W . HENRY WILLIAMS, 1877 1853 ROBERT W. STEELE, r. 1865 1851 HENRY SMITH, p . p.,r. 1867 M ic h ig a n . 1857 TRUMAN P. HANDY, Esq.,r. 1870 1838 EUROTAS P. HASTINGS, r. 1865 1838 GEORGE E. PIERCE, d. p. 1871 1851 Hon. CHARLES NOBLE, 1876 1851 D. HOWE ALLEN, p. d . 1871 1853 HENRY L. HITCHCOCK, p. p., r. 1871 W is c o n s in . 1B67 Hon. C. N. OLDS, r. 1871 1840 lU;v. CHAUNCEY EDDY, 1861 1851 SAMUEL M. FISHER, d. d. 1874 1851 ELIPHALET CRAMER, Esq. 1871 1840 EDWARD W. HOOKER, p. p. 1876 I n d ia n a . I o w a . 1838 ELTHÜ W . BALDWIN, p. d. 1841 1843 WILLIAM WISNER, p. p .. 1871 1853 SAMUEL MERRILL, 1855 1842 CHARLES WHITE, p. p. 1862 M is s o u r i. 1851 Hon. JEREMIAH SULLIVAN, r. 1867 1840 ARTEMAS BULLARD, p. p. 1856 1867 JOSEPH TUTTLE, p. p. r. 1874 1851 HENRY A. NELSON, p. p., r. 1870

I llin o is . M in n e s o ta .

1821 GIDEON BLACKBURN, p. p. 1839 1867 DANIEL W. INGERSOLL, Esq., r. 1870 140 OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

Death or Death or Election. Presidents. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1810 JOHN TREADWELL, 1 1 . D . 1823 1876 CHARLES C. BURR, Esq. 1823 JOSEPH LYMAN, ». d . 1826 1876 ELBRIDGE TORREY, Esq.

1826 JOHN COTTON SMITH, l l . d 1841 1878 Rev. ISAAC R. WORCESTER. 1841 THEO. FRELINGHUYSEN, L L . D . 1857 Corresponding Secretaries. 1857 MARK HOPKINS, d . D ., l l . d . 1810 SAMUEL WORCESTER, d . d. 1821 1821 JEREMrAH EYARTS, Esq. 1831 Tice Presidents. 1831 ELIAS CORNELIUS, d . d. 1832 1810 SAMUEL SPRING, p. d. 1819 1832 BENJAMIN B. WISNER, d . d. 1835 1819 JOSEPH LYMAN, » . d . 1823 1832 RUFUS ANDERSON, D . d . 1866 1823 JOHN COTTON SMITH, l l . d . 1826 1832 Rev. DAYID GREENE, 1848 1826 STEPHEN YAN RENSSELAER, 1835 WILLIAM J. ARMSTRONG,d . d . 1847 l l . d. 1839 1847 Rev. SELAH B. TREAT. 1877 1839 THEO. FRELINGHUYSEN, l l . d . 1841 1848 SWAN L. POMROY, D. » . 1859 1841 THOMAS S. WILLIAMS, l l . d . 1857 1852 GEORGE W . WOOD, d . d . 1871 1857 WILLIAM JESSUP, l l . d. 1864 1865 N. G. CLARK, d . d . 1864 WILLIAM E. DODGE, Esq. 1876 EDMUND K. ALDEN, D. D.

Prudential Committee. Assistant Corresponding Secre- 1810 WILLIAM BARTLET, Esq. 1814 taries. 1810 SAMUEL SPRING, d . d . 1819 1824 Rev. RUFUS ANDERSON, 1832 1810 SAMUEL WORCESTER, d . d . 1821 1828 Rev. DAVID GREENE. 1832 1812 JEREMIAH EVARTS, Esq. 1830 Recording Secretaries. 1815 JEDIDIAH MORSE, d . D . 1821 1818 Hon. WILLIAM REED, 1834 1810 CALVIN CHAPIN d . d 1B43 1843 Rev. SELAH B. TREAT, 1847 1819 LEONARD WOODS, d . d . 1834 1817 SAMÜEL M. WORCESTER, 3). 3). 1866 1821 SAMUEL HÜBBARD, l l . D . 1843 1866 JOHN O. MEANS, D . D . 1821 WARREN FAY, D . d . 1839 1828 BENJAMIN B. W1SNER, d . d . 1835 Assistant Recording Secretaries. 1831 ELIAS CORNELIUS, D . D . 1832 1835 CHARLES STODDARD, Esq. 1839 1832 Hon. SAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG, 1850 1839 BELA B. EDWARDS, D D . 1842 1832 CHARLES STODDARD, Esq. 1873 1842 Rev. DANIEL CROSBY, 1843 1834 JOHN TAPPAN, Esq. 18G4 1835 DANIEL NOYES, Esq. 1845 Treasurers.

1837 NEHEMIAH ADAMS, d . d . , 1869 1810 SAMUEL H. WALLEY, Esq. 1811

1839 SILAS AIKEN, u. d . 1849 1811 JEREMIAH EVARTS, Esq. 1822 1843 WILLIAM W . STONE, Esq. 1850 1822 HENRY HILL, Esq. 1864 1845 Hon. WILLIAM J. HUBBARD, 1859 1854 JAMES M. GORDON, Esq. 1865

1819 AUGUSTUS C. THOMPSON, d . d . 1865 LANQDON S. WARD, Esq. 1850 Hon. WILLIAM T. EUSTIS, 1868 A u d ito rs. 1850 Hon. JOHN AIKEN, 1865 1810 .TOSHÜA GOODALE, Esq. 1812 1851 Hon. DANIEL SAFFORD, 1856 1812 SAMÜEL H. WALLEY, Esq. 1813 1854 HENRY HILL, Esq. 1865 1813 CHARLES WALLEY, Esq. 1814 1856 ISAAC FERRIS, D. » . 1857 1814 CHESTER ADAMS, Esq. 1817 1856 ASA D. SMITH, d . d . 1863 1817 ASHDR ADAMS, Esq. 1822 1856 WALTER S. GRIFFITH, Esq. 1870 1822 CHESTER ADAMS, Esq. 1827 1857 Hon. ALPHEUS HARDY. 1827 WILLIAM ROPES, Esq. 1829 1859 Hon. LINUS CHILD, 1870 1829 JOHN TAPPAN, Esq. 1834 1860 WILLIAM S. SOUTHWORTH, Esq. 1865 1829 CHARLES STODDARD, Esq. 1832 1863 Rev. ALBERT BARNES, 1870 1832 Hon. WILLIAM J. HÜBBARD, 1842

1863 ROBERT R. BOOTH, d . d . 1870 1834 DANIEL NOYES, Esq. 1835 1865 ABNER KINGMAN, Esq. 1877 1835 CHARLES SCÜDDER, Esq. 1847

1865 ANDREW L. STONE, d . d . 1866 1842 MOSES L. HALE, Esq. 1868 1865 JAMES M. GORDON, Esq. 1876 1B47 Hon. SAMÜEL H. WALLEY, 1867 1866 RUFUS ANDERSON, d . d. 1875 1867 JOSEPH S. ROPES, Esq. 1870 1868 EZRA FARNSWORTH, Esq. 1868 Hon. THOMAS H. RUSSELL, 1876

1869 EDMUND K. ALDEN, d . d . 1876 1870 Hon. AVERY PLÜMER, 1870 J. RUSSELL BRADFORD, Esq. 1874 R. H. STEARNS, Esq. 1875 1870 JOSEPH S. ROPES, Esq. 1875 ELBRIDGE TORREY, Esq. 1876 1875 EGBERT C. SMYTH, d . d . 1876 3. M. GORDON, Esq. 1876 EDWIN B. WEBB, d . d . 1876 A. W. TUFTS, Esq. 1878.] HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 141

HONORARY MEMBERS.

FR O M O C T O B E R 1, 1875, TO S E P T E M B E R 30, 1878.1

MAINE. Bunker, Andrew | Dickerman, Edward Popo. Butler, Rev. E. P. ! Doubleday, Otto M. Adams, George II- Butterfield, Joseph W. i Duncan, George F. E. Barrett, Charles E. Carter, William S. Ellis, Lucy R. Bickford, Rev. Warren F. Oavis, Harry Minot . HarnioD, George Spencer Brown, William W. Chadwick, Mrs. Frances G. Harwood, E. V. N. Carter, John W. D. Chandler, P. H. Hathaway, Mrs. Adonirutn Chalmers, Key. John B. Clarke, Greenleaf , Haven, Mrs. Mary L. Cogswell, Rev. Joseph S. Cochran, Joseph A. i Haywood, Geo, P. Cole, Samuel V. Davis, Rey. Wm. V. W. ! Henry. George A. Crosby, Key. James H. Dole, Seth R. | Herrick, Rev. Edward E. Dewey, Mrs. A. G. Drake, Mrs. Priscilla B. ! Ilicks, Rev. R. Dickerman, Rev. G. S. Dutton, Rev. J. M. j Hobart, George SolomOD Dickerman, Sherwood 0. l’arley, Perry j Hodges, James W. Ellis, Agher Gerrish, Sarah J. | Hollister, J. B. Farley, Cyrus Hamlin Haseltine, Charles H. ! Howe, Edith. Fogg, Lemuel R. Haskins, litv. Robt. W. | Jones, Mrs. Hannah E. Furbish, John. Hazelton, Emily J. j Jones, Kittie A. Gould, JohD M. Iiodgdnn, E. A. , Kendrick, John Hurwjird, Mrs. Charlotte S. Holt, Mark R. | Kinney, Joseph C. Harward, Emma F. Jewell, John P. Knowlton, Rev. Stephpu Hill, Samuel W. Jewett, Mrs. Hannah A. C- Lyon, Rev. Amzi B. Hobbs, William H. Kelly, Mary E. Moore, Kate M. Lathe, Rev. Herbert W. Lancaster, Geo. C. Norris, A. B. Leavitt, Rev. J. G. Marston, George H. Page, Katherine Rebecca Lewis, Rev. George Mason, Charles Pnge, Mrs. Harriet E. Liscombe, John F. Mason, Mrs. Ellen P. Park, Anna C. Locke, Charles Russell McQuestion, Mrs. J. Y. Park, Sophia E. Loring, Rev. Herbert A. Melvin, Rev. Chas. Tenney Purdy, R. T. Mayo, John G. Merrill, Lizzie J. Ramney, Charles F. McKecD, Frances Morrison, Robert G. Read, Rev. Edward Griffin Moses, Mrs. Susan C. Moulton, Susan R. Redfield, Robert B. Nichols, Rev. C. L Nims, Mrs. Augustus F. Rice, B. H. Ropes, Mrs. Annie M. Page, Abigail L. Richardson, Charles E. Ropes, R«v. C. J. H. . Phelps, Mrs. Charlotte. Richardson, Rev. C. J. Sampson, Rev. Cassander C- Pinkerton, George W. Rogers, Mrs. Jonathan Sacderson, Horace Pressey, Jonathan Ryder, II. D. Smith, Charles H. Quick, Rev. A. J. Scott, Samuel S. Soule, Samuel B. Seymour, Rev. B. N- Small, Frederic L. Spalding, Joel Sleeper, Edmund Smith, Timothy Dwight Sprague, Peleg Smith, Mrs. Kezia A. tUoue, Mrs. Anna Tead, Rev. Edward S. Staniele, Rufus P. Swift, Theodore Thorpe, Lewis Tappan, Mrs. Mira Rice Tenney, Alice L. Warren, llenry P. Thompson, Mrs. Mary W. Watts', Jenney C. Warren, Mrs. Mary H. Wilson, Elizabeth G. Whitcomb, Lucy P. Warren, Sam’l H. Wingate, J. C. A. Wilder, Rev. S. P. Warren, Mrs. Sam’l H. Wiogate, Mrs. Mary GreeD Wilds, Manley S. Warren, Sarah H. Wood, Mary Thurber Woolson, Charles A. Webster, Grace Alden Woolson, Mrs. Mary E. Webster, Joseph H. Woolson, William D. VERMONT. Wilson, Rev. John G. Bailey, Nelson MASSACHUSETTS. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Barnard, Henry F. Bigelow, W. H. Abbott, Mrs. Mary Adams, Rev. John Bingham, Hiram Aldrich, P. Emory Averill, Ella Augusta Carpenter, Charles Allen, Frederick Baker, Frank De F. Chamberlin, Laura B. Allen, Isabella Blood, Parker Chase, Rev. L. G. Allis, Mrs. Cornelia Boies, Lauretta M. Davis, George A. i Allis, Irving Bracewell, John Davis, William Henry I Amsden, William U. 1 The names of all Honorary Members constituted such from the beginning up to 1870 may be found in the Annual Report for that year, and those constituted from 1870 to 1875 in the Report for 1875. The full list is omitted here to save expense. 142 HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

Anderson, Henry B. Cristy, Henry F. Hills, Mrs. Abigail H. Arms, Mrs. Sarah Phillips Cummings, Mrs. Ellen Hobart, Walter Page Atwood, Daniel Cutting, Mrs. Lucinda Holbrook, Anna E. Bacon, Charles F. Dana, S. H. Holbrook, Elisha Bacon, Isaac B. Dane, George R. Holbrook, Farrington Bacon, S. Emma Davis, George Peabody Holbrook, Mrs. Olive M. Baldwin, Rev. Charles H. Davis, Mrs. Mary Holmes, Edmund W. Baldwin, Mrs.Elizabeth McM. Davis, Mrs. Mary F. Holt, Mrs. N. W. C. Baldwin, Kollin M. Davis, Thomas Rich Howard, Thomas F. Bancroft, Mrs. Fannie K. Day, Mrs. Mary Ann Howe, Rev. Geo. M. Bardwell, Oscar Dean, Mrs. Clara C. Howe, Mary J. Barrows, Charles G. Delano, Clara A. Hubbard, Alanson Bassett, Mrs. Annette Ashby Delano, William C. Hubbard, Mrs. Frances D. Bassett, Charles W. Denio, Rev. Francis B. Hubbard, J. Clark Batchelder, Geo. L. Dexter, Annie G. Hubbard, Rev. W. H. Batcheldt-r, Geo. W . Doane, George H. Hunt, Suiie N. Bates, Orin B. Dodge, Ellen A. Hyde, Mrs. Alexander Betdeu, Alfred Dodge, Frances R. llsley, David P. Bell, John W. Dodge, Mrs. Rebecca L. Jackson, Caroliue B. Bell, Robert Donald, William C. Jackson, Cornelia W. Bicknell, Thomas W . Doty, William H. James, Mrs. Hannah B. Billings, Mrs. Mary Drake, Grace Jewett, Mrs. Lydia M. Blanchard, Rev. C. P. Drake, Priscilla B. Johnson, Otis Bliss, William D. P. Dyer, William Johnson, Mrs. Otis Blodgett, Wm. Ernest Eastman, George P. Jones, Mrs. Alice F. Bly, Mrs. Hannah 11. Eddy, Charles E., Jr. Jones, Mrs. Mary B. Bond, Ephraim Ward Edward?, Madison Jones, Mary P. Bond, Thomas D. Ellison, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Kelly, Albert F. Borden, l6aac Everett, Alice L. Kelly, Mrs. S. R. Bosworth, Mrs. Edward Fairbauks, Herschell P. Kendall, Edward Bowdoin, J. Edwin Fairfield, Mrs. Caroline A. Kendall, Geo. Francis Boynton, Eben M. Faulkner, William P. Ketidall. George M. Brackenridge, Mrs. Mary R. Fearing, Clarence Keyser, Rev. Calvin Bray ton, John S. Fenn, Elwin C. Kidder, Kev. Samuel T. Brewer, James Fenn, George C. Kilhaui, Chas. H. Brickett, Mrs. Lucy M. Findley, Catherine A. Kingtnun, Robert Briggs, Mrs. M. Louisa Fiske, George W. Kingman. Wm. Alden Browu, Elizabeth Ford, C. R. Kinney, George E. S. Brown, Mrs. Gardner A. Foster, Rev. Frank H. Kinsman, Joanna Brown, John T. Foster, Thomas Kitfield, Mrs. Henry Buckland, Joseph P. Fowle, Rev. James L. Kittredge, Mrs. Clarissa J. Burgess, Edward P. Frary, Eugeue M. Kittredge, George A. Burnell, Alfred Hastings Frederich, Emily Knapp, Mrs. Clara Augusta Burnham, Albert W. Freeland, Mrs. Eliz. L. Knight, Mrs. E. D. Burrill, Alfred W. French, George Koepha, Henry Buttrick, James G. French, George William Lane, Richmond J. Capen, Samuel A. Frink, Mrs. M. E. W. Leavitt, Benjamin F. Capen, Samuel Billings Frost, Charles H. Leavitt, Mrs. Hart Carlton, 0. G. Frost, Henry Leonard, Charles T. Carpenter, Mrs. Samuel N. Fullarton, Jacob Leonard, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Carruther.s, Rev. Wm. Fuller, Hezekiah Leonard, Sarah C. Carver, Henry I. Gage, Mrs. Julia M.. Lewis, Edward Case, L>m«n G. Gallienne, Thomas Lewis, Mrs. S. Sophronia Caswell, Albert B. Gamwell, F. B. Lewis, William E. Chuffee, Norman S. Gidding.s Rev Edward J. Lincoln, George G. Chapia, Giles S. Gifford, Sloses S. Logan, Jatne;«. Cbapin, Joseph A. Goodhue, Mary T. Loomis, Oscar M. Chapin. William Goodrich, Mrs. AnnaL. Loomis, Rev. Samuel L. Chase, Mrs. Mary E. Grant, Joshua Lord, F. D. Chase, Mrs. Mary J. Graves, Erastus Lord, Rev. John M. Chase, W. Stickney Haile, Mrs. William H. Loring, Edward P. Clienery, William Haley, John F. Lovejoy, Benjamin P. Cbilds, Hattie Newell Hall, Alice D. Lovejoy, Sarah Cutts Child«, Rev. James H. Hall, Mrs. Angie M. Lyinau, Mrs. Carrie E. Childs, James Merriam Hall, Rev. Geo. E. LymaD, Stephen. Childs, Jenuie Louise Hall, Harriet E. Mallory, ltev. Chas. W . Childs, Mrs. Sara V. Hall, James M. W. Mason, Mortimer B. Churchill, Rev. J. Wesley Hamilton, Rev. H. H. Mason, Mrs. Sarah E. Clark, George L. Hamilton, Mrs. Helen Mc­ McPherson, George Clark, Mr-. Oramel Gregor McReccimie, Elizabeth Clement, Abby H. Hannaford, Rev. H. A. Merriam, Mrs. Adeline M. Cleveland, Harriet A. Hannis, Beojamin Merriam, Rev. Alexander R. Coggin, Jacob Harding, Oliver M. Merrill, Kmwa Couverse, Mrs. Charlotte A. Hardiug, W . Annie Metcalf, Mrs. Elizabeth H. Converse, Ellen Harriman, Charles H. Middleton, David Cooley, William H. Harrington, Geo. R. Miles, Mrs. Catherine S. Coolidge, Mrs. Harriet A. Haskell, Jacob Miles, Charles Edward Cousens, Mrs. Beulah F. Hewitt, George Ross Miner, George A. Cowan, James Heywood, Wm. H. Moore, IlollitJ Crane, Joshua E., Jr. Hildreth, Milo Morey, Albert J. 1878.] FROM OCTOBER 1, 1875, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1878.

Morris, Edward L. Spar hawk, Mrs. Laura B. Donle, Abner J. Morse, George A. Sparrow, James H. Dudley, William A. Moseiey, Edward S. Spaulding, Rev. William A. Earle, John Dexter, Jr. Munroe, Charles W. Sperry, Rev. Willard G. Forbes, Eliza S. Newton, Dauiel H. Sprague, Rev. Franklin M. Golf, Lyman Thornton Nichols, George K. Stewart, Rev. S. J. Greene, Alpheus L. Noyes, Mrs. Adelia M. Stone, Amasa G. Harris, Mrs. George Noyes, Henry D. Stowell, Ilannah Haskell, Ellen M. Otis, Edward 0. Stratton, Charles F. Hatch, Frederick A. Packard, Austin Cary Sturtevant, Charles Hopkins, Charles A. Paine, Levi Sullivan, Rev. Z. T. Horton, Lucy W. Palmer, II. 0. Swazey, Henry B. Hunt, Benjamin, Jr. Palmer, Solomon H. Sweet, A. A. Jepherson, George Parker, John E. Sweet, Mrs. Everett L. Keep, Frederick E. Parker, Mrs. John E. Sweetser, Joseph Leavitt, Charlotte E. Parker, Walter 0. Thacher, Susan B. Leonard, Norah Parmenter, P. C. Thomas, Rev. Reuen McAdam, Samuel Parsoos, Rev. John, Jr. Thompson, Lizzie Medburv, Phebe R. Partridge, David E. Thompson, Theodore S. Metcalf, Edwin Partridge, Mrs. H. M. Thompson, Thomas Nickerson, Sparrow H. Peck, Mrs. A. L. Tomlinson, Mrs. PriscillaN. Potter, Esther W. Peirce, William Treadwell, Henry S. Putney, Jairus Penniman, Mrs. Ezra Trowbridge, W. Otis Reed, Samuel W. Perkins, R. S. Tucker, Mrs. Mary P. Rose, Freeman M. Perry, Beryamin G. Tucker, Samuel A. Simmons, Mrs. Anna B. Phelps, David B. Turner, Mary S. Smith, Elizabeth J. Phillips, Mary Emma Tuttle, Mrs. Harriet E. Smith, Emily E. Pickens, Janies M. Tuttle, John E. Smith, Harriet B. Pierson, Lizzie B. Upton, Mrs. Lucy K. Smith, Louise B. Pike, Heory A. Veasey, George D. Taft, Royal C. Piper, J. Ellery Wade, Huram. Waters, Hardin C. Pitkin, Wm. H., 2d. Walley, Abigail B. P. Weeden, Arthur P. Poor, Alfred Walley, Hetty S. B. Poor, William G. Ward, Martha Storer Potter, Mrs. Emily F. Ward, Mary Isabella CONNECTICUT. Prentiss, Samuel Ward, Nellie Spalding Rainger, Lucy Ward, Waldo F. Adams, Luke W. Reed, Charles E. Wardwell, William H. Allen, Frederick J. Reed, George W. Watson, Rev. C. C. Allen, Ruth E. Reed, Sumner H. Watson, Mrs. Roxanna Angell, Jotm Reed. Mrs. Susan B. Weinschenlc, Gustave Atkins, Kev. Doane Rich Rice, Mrs. Helen G. Wellman, Annie D. Atwater, Henry J. Rich, Thomas W. Wellman, Ellen H. Bacon, Rev. Edward W. Richardson, Rosa E. Wentworth, Mrs. Hattie A. Bailey, Lucinda Ricker, George E. Westgafce, Rev. A. W. Baldwin, Joseph B. Roberts, Mrs. Mary E. Wbipple, Mrs. E. A. Baldwiu, Truman P. Robinson, William H. Whipple, George N. Beach, Eliza Rogers, Alice White, Edmund Beach, Mrs. Maria T. Rogers, Jacob Whiting, George Beecher, Wells M. Root, Kev. E. P. Wilcox, Melissa R. Belknap, Leverett Ropes, Mrs. Anna L. Wilkinson, Ida Bell, Rev. Robert C. Ropes, Mrs. Harriet L. Williams, Alexander G. Bemis, Robert W. Ross, Rev. James 33. Williams,‘H. Parker. Berry, Rev. Loren F. Rowe, Moses E. Williams, 0. S. Bidwcll, Charles W. Sargent, Albert Willis, Clara Bidwell, Francis Saunders, George S. ’ Wilson, Mrs. Henry Billings, S. M. Schermerhorn, Henry V. R. Withrow, Mrs. Anna Judson Booth, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Seabury, Rev. Joseph B. Withrow, Rev. J. L., D. D. Bosworth, Rev. Q. M. Searle, Martha E. Wood, Charlotte T. Bowen, Emily J. Searle, Susan A. Wood, Frank . Brinsuiade. Frederick Segur, Jennie A. Woodbury, Asenath 0. Brinsmade, Sherman Sellon, Henry B. • Woodbury, Mrs. Emily F. Buel, Lester P. Shannon, Mrs. Wm. A. Woodbury, Ezra L. - Bull, Mrs. S. Alice Shaw, Mrs. Dorinda Woodbury, George P. Burnham, Mabel L. Sheldon, Harvey Woods, Rev. Robert McEwen Burnham, W. R. Sherman, Rev. Barker B. Woodworth, Rev. L. S. Callan, Michael J. Shurtleff, Rev. David Work, Mrs. Sarah Campbell, Mrs. Ida S. Silsby, Mr*. Eleanor H. Wright, Rev. N. S. Carpenter, Hubert E. Simonds, Mrs. Mary B. Young, Mrs. Lucy Cate, Rev. C. N. Simons, Henry K. Charter, Henry W. Skeele, H. E. Churchill, Frederick H. Sinead, S. S.. RHODE ISLAND. Churchill, Wm. Smith Smith, Fanny L. Arnold, Rev. Henry T. Collins, William A. Smith, John W. Baker, Mary Elizabeth Cooke, Janies Dexter Smith, Mrs. I/>uisa H. Behrends, Rev. A. J. F., D. D. Cowles, Dotha A. Smith, Mary E. Bnhrends, Hattie H. Cowles, Mrs. J. N. Smith, Mary Shannon Carpenter, Mrs. F. W. Cristy, Moses Smith, Sarah Jacobs Carpenter, Sarah T. Curtis, Mra. Mary A. Smyth, Mrs. Elizabeth B. D. Church, Frederic P. Curtis, Sarah Snow, Daniel E. Congdon, Mrs. J. H. Darrow, George 144 HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

Darrow, Titus II. Monson, Curtiss J. Boswell, John H. ' Day, Ephraim W. Newton, Mrs. Rollin C- Budlong, Mrs. Sarah A. Day, Wilbur F. Norton, Henry Bush, Homer Dayton, Samuel T. Norton, Mrs. Henry Clapp, Henry L. Denison, Rev. John H. Nott, Charles E. Clift, Mrs. Lucy C. Dewey, Mary W. Oviatt, S. B. Colville, Rev. Andrew A. Dexter, Mrs. C. II. Palmer, Timothy R. Cross, Rev. R. T. Dickinson, Seth B. Parsons, E. W. Dixon, Herbert M. Dudley, Rev. Myron S. Peck, John Duncan, Margaret B. DuttoD, Rev. Samuel T. Perrin, John G. Dunham, James H. Dwight, Rev. William B. Perry, George Buckley Fay, Lydia B. Eldridge, Joseph B. Perry, Iiermon Flanders, Gideon Ellis, Benjamin S. Phelps, Ashel Gibson, Anna Fellowes, R. J. Pierson, S. C. Hartwell, J. B. Ferry, Mrs. C. C. Pitkin, Maria Hickok, Lewis A. Finch, Jared. Porter, Frederick E. Hickok, Mrs. Mary L. Fitch, Itev. Charles N. Pratt, Russell R. Hills, Henry F. Frisbie, Samuel Qulttmeyer, Theodore H. Hinsdale, Mrs. Grace W. Fuller, Addison R. Raymond, Albert C. Hubbard, T. S. Gallup, Erastus Raymond, Mrs. Esther B. Humphrey, Sarah W. GammoDS, Warren S. Raymond, W. E. Johnson, Rev. Charles C. Gardiner, Rev. Abraham S. Richards, Lucas Johnson, Mrs. Hannah A. Gleason, Mrs. Olive M. Riddle, Rev. M .B .,D . D. Jones, Rev. Ree3 G., D. D. Gold, Theodore S- Robbins, Silas W. Kendall, Rev. R. R. Goodnough, Rev. Arthur Robinson, Mrs. J. J. Leavitt, James T. Goodyear, Edward L. Roe, Azel S. Lyons, George H. Gordon, Rev. Charles E. Rogers, Henry B. Mathews, Rev. James Gordon, Jackson Scranton, Charles W. Morton, Levi Parsons Gould, George A. Seeley, Mary E. Newton, Belle W. Gregg, Rev. James B. Sherman, F. C. Newton, Gertrude B. Griggs, Mrs. Lucy Paulina Sisson, Elizabeth G. Newton, Mrs. Jane Griswold, Gilbert M. Smith, Alice H. Newton, Lois Amelia Griswold, Martin S. Smith, John B. Packard, Otis .Guernsey, Mrs. Wm. B. Smith, Nellie M. Platt, Zephaniah C. Hale, H. D. Southworth, Palmer Rockwood, Mrs. Ellen M. Hall, Ilev. Alfred H. Spaulding, Wayland Rockwood, Rev. Geo. A. llallock, Rev. Leavitt H. Spencer, A. L. Ropes, William II. Hanna, Rev. John A. Spencer, Charles E. Scoville, Samuel, Jr. Harris, Charles E. Spencer, Dwight Severance, Mrs. A. M. Harris, George W. Sperry, Edwin Smart, Rev. Wm. S., D. D. Harrison, James R. Stacy, Clara V. Smith, Charles S. Hart, Mrs. Anna F. C. Starr, Rev. E. C. Smith, Kate W. Hart, Mrs. Burdett Stoughton, Ira H. Smith, Stewart W. Hatch, Rev. Frank S. Sweet, James 0. Talcott, James Hayden, Mrs. Sarah M. Talcott, Mrs. C. D. Thomas, Sarah Hillhouse, David Talcott, Mrs. S. A. Washburn, Juhn H. Hillhouse, Mrs- Harriet Tiffany, E. D. Watson, A. Hillhouse, James Townsend, Mrs. lleber Wells, E.alph Hillhouse, Sarah P. Tracy, Rev. Melville M. Wilkinson, Fannie M. Hiuedale, Mary Pitkin Treadwell, Levi P. Witherbco, Charlotte S. Holbrook, Mrs. C. M. Treat, J. W. Woods, Mrs. Elizabeth H. Holbrook, Rev. D. S. Tyler, Morris Frank Young, Albert Hovey, Mrs. Helen L. Utley, James R. Hubbard, Rev. B. Utley, John K. Hubbard, L. P. Warner, Worcester R. NEW JERSEY. Haber, Jacob F. Weitzel, Rev. Charles T. Huntington, Sara L. Welch, M rs.W . \V. Adams, Mary L. Hutchins, Joseph I Welles, George Carter, Rev. Thomas Hyde, George K. Welles, John Ferguson, Rev. James A. Hyde, Lewis H. WestoUj Mrs. Agnes Leek, Mrs. Minerva H\de, Mary Anna Wheeler, Lucy B. Underwood, Mrs. H. B. Jenkins, Edward Hopkins Whitman, Mrs. Mary E. Wheeler, Isaac B. Kellogg, Hudson H. Witter,-John Kingsbury, Andrew Woodhouse, Herbert H. Knapp, Horace B. Woodruff, John H. PENNSYLVANIA. Knapp, Isaac Seeley Knapp, William B. Axtell, Rev. Phillip Talcott, Mervin T. NEW YORK. Biddle, Isaac Law, Rev. Sidney G. Edwards, Rev. T. C. Lawrence, E. Grove Allen, Frank W. Eynon, A. B. Lee, William Storrs Allen, Mrs. Lucy W . Eynon, Thomas Leete, Charles S. Andrews, Wm. C. C. Jones, Rev. E. W. Liilie, Ruth M. Atterbury, Anson G. P. Lake, Rev. Lot Lloyd, Josephine A. Atwood, Rev. Eugene F. Smith, Leonard 0. Lockwood, Charles E. Babcock, Clara Nazro Thomas, Rev. H. E., D. D. Lockwood, Wm. A. Baker, Ashley D. L. Mack, Rev. J. A. Barnum, Rev. A. McCall, David II. Beach, Elias DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. McLaughlin, Wm. M. Beardsley, J. Miln, Rev. Geo. C. Bliss, Cornelius N. Fairfleld, Rev. M. W. 1878.] FROM OCTOBER 1, 1875, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1878. 145

SOUTH CAROLINA. Hildreth, Rev. Edward Bell, John E. Hill, Rev. D. D. Bovey, Charles A. Campbell, Mary B. Howe, Edward G. Gale, Mrs. Samuel C. Jones, Thomas J. H. Gal<*, Mrs. n . A. Lee, Samuel J. Gates, Addie TENNESSEE. Leonard, John J. Gray, Emily J. Leonard, Mary J. Griswold, Rev. Charles Berry, Mrs. C. C. Leonard, Philip Hanson, Mrs. John B. Lewi*. William, Jr. Kennedy, Ernest Lord, G. P. Lawton, Mrs. John KENTUCKY. Moody, Dwight L. Lewis, Mrs. Mark W. Munger, David S. Martin, Mrs. Mary A. Adams, Mrs. Lucy B. Pettilmne, Philo Foster McMillan, Putnam D. Rath bun, E. Pillsbury, Mrs. Mahala Robbins, Daniel E. Sanderson, George FLORIDA. Sanford, Mrs. Hatta Seldt-n, Henry E. Sanford, Whitfield Shepherd, Georpe B. Perit, Rebecca L. Shires, William Williams, lluv. J. N. Silsby, Benj. F. Wright, Rev. C. E. Steele, Rev. Edward S. Young, A. H. OHIO. Strong, W W. Talcott, Mrs. Fanny C. Abbott, Lucretia W. Talcott, Sylvester IOWA. Babbitt, H. S. Thompson, Ellen Bewlay, Elizabeth Washburn, Mrs. R. M. Cotton, Edward Burrows, Rev. E. B. Washburn, Thomas D. Cowles, Chester W. Creegan, Rev. C. C. Williams, J. M. Crawford, Rev. Sidney Edwards, Rev. Wm. P. Woodbury, Rev. Frank P. Frisbie, Rev. A. L. Ely, George H. Hale, George W. Griffiths, Samuel T. Hcald, A. R. Hills, B. D. MICHIGAN. Ilerrick, S. H. Hopkins, Lewis'G. Pinkerton, Rev. David Hulbut, J. L. Alden, Rev. E. J. Rehkopf, B. F. Hunt, Mrs. Laura A. Beach, John C. Richards, John W. Hunt, Rev. Myroa Winslow Bennett, Mrs. Lucy E. Richards, William S. Laird, Rev. James H. Bourne, A. Sanford, John D. Monroe, Rev. T. E. Brokau, E. V. W. Sherman, Henry Nelson, T. L. Brown. Rey. T. Lincoln Swan, Josephine Newhall, Pliny Bruske, Rev. A. F. Reed, Rev. Arthur T. Clark, Sara B. Ruggles, Charles B. Curtis, E- T. WISCONSIN. Scott, William Day, Rev. Warren F. Shaffer, Lewis W. Fairfield, Rev. M. W. Dowd, Rev. Quincy L. Smith, Lewis S. Fox, C. E. Goodrich, John R. Strong, Rev. Josiah Gaylord, Rev. J. F. Hamilton, Alfred K. Viets, Henry Howard, A. Hamilton, Woodman C. Walker, Joseph Pierce Jones, E. D. Jackson, Joseph Lathrop, Mrs. Alice M. Kilbourn, Rev. James Lathrop, Arthur D. Lewis, William E. . INDIANA. Lathrop, George H. Merrill, Rev. E. H. Lathrop, George H ., Jr. Nelson, Rev. Geo. W. Haddock, Joseph E. Miller, Rev. Elisha W. Sawin, Rev. T. P., Jr. Kent, Ernest B. Milligan, F. White, Rev. L. J. Miller, Denton Porter, Mrs. H. L. Miller, S. E. Rogers, Converse C. Peck, Lizzie E. Sailor, Rev. John KANSAS. Williams, Mrs. Lucy B. Styles, Rev. E. R. Thompson, Rev. George Hamiltou, Frederick Vrooman, Ida May Pettyjohn, Jonas ILLINOIS. Wright, James Wright, James N. Abbott, Rev. Charles NEBRASKA. Bickford, Rev. L. Frank Birge, Luther MISSOURI. Bro8S, Rev. H. Blenkarn, Rev. W . T. Jellieon, Mrs. Georgiana E. Chandler, Mrs. Ellen Frances Ashley, Rev. George H. Reed, Rev. Julius A. Chandler, Harrison T. Benedict, Asenith V. A. Cheney, W. W . • Ed gel 1, Mary C. Coffin, William Fuller, C. C. OREGON. Converse, William Harwood, Rev. J. H. Corbin, Lucius B. Lattridge, MrsftS. B. Condon, Rev. Thomas Corgan, L. F. Steele, A. J. Crary, Mrs. J. M. Stobie, William Dixon, Rev. J. H. CALIFORNIA. Fales, David Ferner, Rev. J. W . MINNESOTA. Brewer, Mrs. Margaret A. Foster, Mrs. L. C. Craig, W. H. Fullerton, Rev. Geo. H. Andrews, George Fisher, Galen M. Hale, Kate Baldwin, Rufus J. Fisher, Mrs. Susan T. Hamilton, Irenus K. Bell, Charles C. Flint, Augustus P. 10 146 HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. [Report,

Kellogg, Charles W . ENGLAND. SWEDEN. Pope, Rev. Charles H. Post, Arthur H. Malan, C. H. Möller, P. v. Temple, Emma

GERMANY. COLORADO. INDIA. Jenkins, Dr. N. S. Tenney, Rev. Edward P. Chamberlain, Rev. Jacob, M. D. AFRICA. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Pixley, Rev. Stephen C. CHINA. Eells, Arthur H. Sells, Rev. Cushing Stanley, Rev. C. A. Eells, Eva Alice Eells, Gertie F&irbank TURKEY. Eells, Ida M. Raynolds, George C., M. D. SYRIA. Rig?s, Rev. Edward DAKOTA TERRITORY. Trowbridge, Rev. T. C. Washburn, Fannie E. Dale, Rev. Gerald F., Jr. Biggs, Rev. Thomas L.

JAPAN. CANADA. MICRONESIA. Brooks, Charles Davis, Rev. Geo. Wadsworth Stevenson, Rev. I. F. Okabe, Nag&moto Pease, Dr. E. M. 1878.] CONTENTS. 147

CONTENTS.

PAGE p a g e A nnual M eeting...... iii Missionary M ap...... 13 Corporate Members present...... iii Aid from Publishing Societies...... 13 Honorary Members present...... iv Woman's Auxiliaries...... 14 Organization...... yi Financial Review of the Year...... 16 Dr. Alden’s Paper— The Proclamation Receipts and Expenditures...... 18 of Christ, a Personal Responsibility.. vii Dr. Clark’ s Paper — The Gospel in the The Missions. Ottoman Empire...... xvii Zulu Mission...... 20 Committees appointed...... xxviii European Turkey Mission ...... 23 Report on Dr. Alden’s Paper...... xxix Western Turkey Mission...... 28 Report of Committee on Home Depart­ Central Turkey Mission ...... 41 m ent...... XXX Eastern Turkey Mission...... 48 Committees to report Next Year...... xxxi Mahratta Mission...... 56 Letters of Excuse...... xxxii Madura Mission...... 64 Report on Dr Clark’s Paper...... xxxii Ceylon Mission...... 73 Reports of Committees on the several Foochow Mission...... 75 M issions...... xxxiv North China Mission...... 79 Report on Treasurer’s Accounts xlii Mission to Japan...... 84 Place and Preacher for next Meeting.. . xlii Micronesia Mission...... 93 Officers...... xliii Dakota Mission...... 99 New Members...... xliii Mission to Western Mexico...... 103 Committee on New Members...... xliii Mission to Spain...... 105 Resolutions of Thanks...... xliv Mission to the Austrian Empire...... 107 Remarks...... xliv General Summary...... 112 REPORT OF THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE* Pecuniary Accounts...... 113 Home Department. Summary of Donations ...... 117 Necrology...... 1 Receipts from the first...... 120 Missionary Reinforcements...... 1 Preachers and Places o f Meeting...... 121 Agencies...... 2 Missionaries o f the Board...... 122 The New England Field...... 6 Corporate Members...... 130 Sunday Schools...... 7 Corporate Members Deceased or Resigned.. 136 The Missionary Herald...... 8 Officers...... 140 Other P ublications...... 12 Honorary Members...... 141