Map 64 -Melitene Compiled by T.B. Mitford, 1996

Introduction

The map covers a dominated by mountains, the watershed of four great rivers flowing into different seas, and the transition between the endless plains of the and the highlands of eastern . Enclosed to the south by the broken ridges of the Taurus, the region is cut transversely by a more rounded massif, the rising north-easterly sweep of the Antitaurus. To the north and west, the mountains drain into the Kızılırmak (ancient Halys) as it flows towards the ; to the south, into the Seyhan (Saros) and Ceyhan (Pyramos), before they cut through the Taurus to reach the Mediterranean. To the east, large tributaries flow into the , the natural frontier between the classical world and . Much of the central area lies above the tree line, and is snowbound from November to April. Settlement has concentrated on the river plains: along the Halys between () and (Caesarea), and to the south and east around Elbistan (Ablastha) and (Melitene). These formed the main axes of communications in antiquity as today, skirting the high Antitaurus and linking Sivas, Kayseri and Malatya. The geography has changed little since ancient times, except in the east where the Keban and Karakaya dams have transformed the Cappadocian section of the Euphrates into two elongated lakes. Most of the area covered by the map fell under Persian rule, and later comprised the eastern half of the Roman and Byzantine province of . But it also includes parts of , Armenia Minor and Armenia proper. In the fifth century B.C. it was probably traversed by the Persian (described by 5.52), the great linking the Aegean with northern and . In Roman times there were military roads of the highest importance in Cappadocia, leading eastwards from Ancyra through Sebasteia towards and northern Armenia, and through Caesarea to the Euphrates at Melitene. Moreover the eastern limes ran up the Euphrates valley, to continue over the Pontic mountains to the Black Sea. is an excellent source for the region, and draws on firsthand knowledge; he visited , and wrote in Amaseia, the Pontic (Map 87 A4), under and . He is thus able to describe the physical, historical and political geography of Cappadocia in careful, if not always reliable, detail. There is copious further documentary evidence for the ancient topography. In the mid-second century compiled the coordinates of the mountains, rivers and cities of Cappadocia and Armenia Minor. The main routes diverging from Caesarea and Sebasteia, and their intermediate stations, are known from ItAnt and TabPeut. Segments of the latter reappear in GeogRav, evidently drawing on a common source. The lists of bishoprics from are no less essential. Cappadocia did not share the civilized structure of the western and coastal provinces of Minor. Isolated and undeveloped, it was a vast region sparsely covered by villages and divided into districts (strategiai) evidently tribal in origin, adapted by the Seleucid kings as a basis for centralized administration, and retained under the . Much of it was occupied by royal, later imperial, lands. About 150 place names are preserved. Most can be located in general terms, although barely half can be identified with any certainty. The fact is that war, invasion and destruction have been endemic in this region since the third century A.D. Almost all physical traces of antiquity– building materials, inscriptions, even road surfaces–have been pressed into reuse in the reconstruction of towns and villages, generally on sites already found convenient. A few ancient place names have survived in continuous use until modern times: Zara, for example, or Zimara on the Euphrates. Others have evolved in recognizable form: Sivas, Kayseri, Malatya. No comprehensive survey work has been undertaken across eastern Cappadocia as a whole. Notable, but partial, journeys of exploration were undertaken a century ago: along the southern routes by Sterrett (1888), Ramsay (1890), Munro (1893) and Hogarth (1893); in Pontus by Anderson (1903) and Cumont (1906); and up the Euphrates 986 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE valley by Hogarth and Yorke (1896). Grégoire (1909) later traveled south-westwards from (Map 87 D4), and down the R. Halys. Then, in the final decades of there, many of the names and traces of antiquity were still preserved. So locations could readily be proposed for many ancient names, and lines for many roads. The early results were collated by Ramsay (1890), and mapped by Anderson (1903). They were supplemented some forty years later by von der Osten’s (1929; 1930; 1933) automobile journeys in the north and east of Cappadocia. His map of ancient sites shows the distribution of settlements in Hittite and earlier times. The detail and conjecture of these earlier travelers cannot always be corroborated, however. For they followed–or created–rudimentary maps, and it was only the publication in 1947 of the Turkish military series (1:200,000) that permitted accurate location of physical and cultural features, and of the roads and tracks linking them. These Turkish maps retain almost all the village-names known to earlier scholars, and form the indispensable foundation of the present compilation. They show that the lines proposed for several roads are unsustainable: Grégoire's roads leading north and west from Zara, for example, or Ramsay's road north-east from Arabissos. They permit precise tracking of milestones (collated by French 1985; 1988) along the strategic road from Caesarea to the Euphrates. And they show where settlement has been possible, and where it has not. In collating evidence for the ancient place names, RE remains essential. More recent work is carefully summarized in TIB Kappadokien to provide a comprehensive study of the geography of Cappadocia in the Byzantine period. Sinclair (1989; 1989a) describes ancient sites and roads in a broader historical framework; Bryer and Winfield (1985) discuss the tortured geography of southern Armenia Minor, where the lines followed by ancient roads are not all firmly established. I have covered the eastern frontier on foot over many years. But across eastern Cappadocia as a whole, exploration has been patchy; of this, the omission from the map of a place as important as Divriği is an unwelcome reflection.

Directory All place names are in Turkey

Abbreviation

TIB Kappadokien F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2, Kappadokien (Kappadokia, , Sebasteia und ), DenkWien 149, 1981

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E4 Ablastha R?L Elbistan TIB Kappadokien 260 H4 Ad AHRL Pirot? Dillemann 1962, 117 B1 Agranai RL near Muşalım Kalesi TIB Kappadokien 137 §Agriane B1 Akdağmadeni R?L TIB Kappadokien 138 F2 Alacahan R?L? han with ancient remains TIB Kappadokien 138 H1 Analib(l)a RL Hasanova? RE; Bryer 1985, 25, 31 § Bubalia L § Dalana? § Dar(a)nalis B3 HR Kara Eyük / Kültepe Cumont 1932 C4 Antitaurus M. HRL Antitaurus TIB Kappadokien 143 D4 Arabissos/ CRL Afşin, formerly Yarpuz TIB Kappadokien 144, 264 Tripotamos F2 Arane A?HRL Akçakale TIB Kappadokien 146 § Aranda §Arangae B2 Arapözü L ruins to S TIB Kappadokien 147 B3 Arasaxa RL Akmesçit, formerly TIB Kappadokien 147 § Arathia Zerezek MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE 987

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F4 Arca RL Akcadağ, formerly Arga RE Arka 4; TIB Kappadokien 152 §Karmala? §(M)arkala? A3 Archalla R Erkilet? TIB Kappadokien 147 § Archelais G2 Arege RL? signal station, 8 miles Sinclair 1989a, 68 WNW Kemaliye A3 Argaeus M. RL S Caesarea RE ’Αργαῖον ὄρος G3 [Argaous] L TIB Kappadokien 150 C3 Ariaratheia HRL Pınarbaşı, formerly Azizie TIB Kappadokien 151 C2 Armaxa R ? RE § Armaza G2 Armenia Minor HR RE H3 Arsanias fl. See Map 89 D3 Aşağı Kızıl Çevrek L? 11 miles NE Pınarbaşı von der Osten 1933, 123 H2 Aşutka RL? 3 miles N Dutluca T.B. Mitford B1 Azapbaşlı R?L ruins 1 mile N Azapbaşlı TIB Kappadokien 155

B4 Bagadania RL land S Argaeus M. TIB Kappadokien 178 G4 Bahçebaşı ARL 3 miles S Eski Malatya, TIB Kappadokien 249 formerly Orduzu D1 [Bathys Rhyax]/ L/ 8 miles SE Yıldızeli TIB Kappadokien 157-58 [Krya ]? L B3 Bünyan C Persian royal park Cook 1983, 180

Caesarea = Mazaka H1 Capotes? M. R Kurtlu Tepe RE; T.B. Mitford B2 Cappadocia CHRL RE Kappadokia B2 Cappadox? fl. See Map 63 Carsa(g)is = Chorsabia G4 Chabina fl. RL Cendere See Map 67 H1 ? RL Bozoğlak, formerly Ihtik RE 4; Mitford 1998 H1 Chorsabia/ RL Melik Şerif? Cumont 1906, 327; RE Carsa(g)is § Elegarsina RE Elegarsina H2 Chosomachon R?L Çemişgezek Howard-Johnston 1983, 255-56 = Comana B4 HR around and NE Caesarea TIB Kappadokien 43 D4 Coduzalaba/ R/ Köy Yeri / Sarız? RE Sabalassos? R C4 Comana/ ACHRL Şar TIB Kappadokien 208-209 / Chryse Comassa=Kamisa

F3 Dalanda RL ? Ramsay 1890, 309-10 § Delendis H3 Dascusa RL Pağnik? TIB Kappadokien 169-70 § Daseusa § Dagousa C3 Dasmenda? RL Kuşkalesi RE; TIB Kappadokien 300-301 G1 Dastracus M. R Kızıl Dağ?, SE Nicopolis RE; Magie 1950, 1222; T.B. Mitford G4 Dulluk Tepe RL signal station, 2 miles SE Mitford 1980, 1186 Melitene

C3 Ekrek R?L Köprübaşı, 30 miles E TIB Kappadokien 173 Kayseri H4 R vicinity of Kömürhan RE 2 Erp(h)a = (H)Erp(h)a G2 Eski Arabkir RL ruins 2 miles NW Arabkir TIB Kappadokien 146 C3 Euagina/ RL vicinity of Gemerek RE Euagena Sebagena? § Eudagina 988 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E1 Eudoixata R Tutmaç? RE § Eudoxiana? B2 Eulepa RL Gölova, formerly Palas TIB Kappadokien 137 § Aipolioi H1 Euphrates fl. See Map 93 Eusebeia = Mazaka E2 Euspena RL TIB Kappadokien 288

B4 Fırakdın A Gümüşören von der Osten 1930, 32-33; TIB Kappadokien 177 Foroba? =

E3 Gauraina RL? Gürün TIB Kappadokien 181-82 D1 Gökkaya R?L? rock tombs Cumont 1906, 231 E1 Gundusa R Gündüz? TIB Kappadokien 296

B2 Halys fl. See Map 87 H3 Hastek Kale RL? Yenipayam, above TIB Kappadokien 187 Arabkir Çay Herakleopolis = C3 (H)Erp(h)a HR at crossing of Karmalas fl. RE Karmalas Hierapolis = Comana

D2 In Medio R Karacalar? RE In Medio? = Symposion

C4 Kabassos RL Doğanbeyli?, W RE 1 §Kabissos Kokousos H4 Kale L above Pirot Sinclair 1989a, 42-43 E1 Kamisa/ HRL/ settlement and mine RE Comassa R §Eumeis? R RE D2 Kantariz Kalesi L SW Boğazdere, formerly TIB Kappadokien 198-99 Kantariz F3 Kara Kavak R very large settlement 1 von der Osten 1929, 81; TIB Kappadokien mile ENE Hasan Çelebi 187 D3 Karakuyu L spring and settlement 4 von der Osten 1933, 123-27 miles E Şerefiye Karana? = Sebastopolis A4 Karmalas? fl. See Map 67 D2 Karnalis H?R Viranşehir? RE § Komaralis C4 Kataonia HRL around Comana TIB Kappadokien 202 H2 Kemaliye L 3 miles S Kemaliye town von der Osten 1929, 110 H4 Kerar Kale L below rock citadel on S TIB Kappadokien 204-205 bank of Şiro Çay B2 Kerpiç HR temple, 2 miles S Kerpiç Grégoire 1909, 46-53 G3 Kiakis RL vicinity of Morhamam TIB Kappadokien 165 § Chiaca B4 [Kiskisos] L Yaylacık, formerly Kiske TIB Kappadokien 206 H2 Kız Kalesi A?R?L? smallcitadelNW von der Osten 1929, 110-15 Kemaliye C2 Kızıl Şehir L? 6 miles SW Şarkışla Grégoire 1909, 42 D4 Kızoğlan Kalesi L? 1 mile NW Kaşanli TIB Kappadokien 201 C4 Kokousos RL Göksun TIB Kappadokien 217-18 G4 [Korakesios] fl. L Su TIB Kappadokien 265 D3 Korax fl. R Hurman Çay TIB Kappadokien 190 H4 Korne RL Kerar Kale? / vicinity of RE; Mitford 1998 ŞiroÇaymouthand Bürçköy H3 Korpinik Hüyük RL signal station above mouth PECS 259; Mitford 1980, pl. 2 of Arabkir Çay MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE 989

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 Kötükale L? small fortress at Hısarcık von der Osten 1930, 102-104; TIB 10 miles SE Darende Kappadokien 217 C1 Kouloupene HR around Sebasteia and RE §Colopene Sebastopolis [KryaPege]?=[Bathys Rhyax] C4 Külek Dağ L? large fortress of great Sterrett 1888, 233 antiquity on summit above Şar H1 Kurtlu Tepe R?L? signal station, 6 miles ESE Mitford 1998 Refahiye, on Capotes? M.?

‘Lagalasso’ = Leugaisa D2 Laouiansene HR NE Cappadocia RE Laviansene [Lapara] = [Lykandos] G4 Leugaisa/ R/ Gözene TIB Kappadokien 184 ‘Lagalasso’ L E4 [Lykandos]/ L/ Kızlar Kalesi TIB Kappadokien 224-25 [Lapara] L

B3 Makelle L imperial estate, near TIB Kappadokien 226-27 Hisarcık? C2 Malandara RL Şarkışla TIB Kappadokien 228 §Mardara? Ramsay 1890, 270 G3 Malyan RL? signal station, 20 miles Mitford 1998 NNE Melitene D4 Maroga/ R/ Dağlıca, formerly RE; TIB Kappadokien 153 Sarromaena R Maragos A3 Mazaka AC?H Eskişehir, 2 miles S TIB Kappadokien 193-96 Kayseri A3 Mazaka/ ACH/ Kayseri TIB Kappadokien 193-96 Eusebeia/ HR/ Caesarea RL Megalopolis? = Sebasteia B3 Melas fl. RL? Karasu, N Caesarea TIB Kappadokien 233 E3 Melas fl. RL? Tohma Su Mitford 1980, 1185 E4 Melitene HRL district W Euphrates RE G4 Melitene ARL Eski Malatya TIB Kappadokien 233-37 H4 Meydancık R?L? 3 miles W Pirot T.B. Mitford H4 Miasena RL Tahniç RE; Mitford 1998 § Mesena B3 Moutalaske L Talas TIB Kappadokien 242

H4 Nymphaios fl. See Map 67

G2 Odur Kalesi A 8 miles SW Divriği von der Osten 1929, 118 H4 Omma fl. R Euphrates at Taurus gorge RE Ommas E4 Osdara R Demircilik? RE §Asdara E3 Osmandede L? W Gurun TIB Kappadokien 252 E4 Ouarsapa R?L Küçük Yapalak? TIB Kappadokien 272

E4 Pagrum R?L E Elbistan RE D1 Phiara R Yıldızeli / Yeni Han? RE §Siara §Simos? B3 Phlabianai L Erciyes TIB Kappadokien 259 D4 Preion M. R NW Hurman Kale Sterrett 1888, 304 (no. 352) C4 (P)Saros fl. See Map 66 B4 Pusatlı L 25 miles SE Kayseri TIB Kappadokien 263 E4 Pyramos fl. See Map 67 990 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B2 Rümdiğin R building in Grégoire 1909, 43-45

Sabalassos? = Coduzalaba G1 Sabrina fl. RL Karabudak RE 2 H2 Sabus RL Çit Harabe RE 1; Mitford 1980, 1189 Sam(m)a Castorum = Semissos B2 Saraouene HR N Halys RE C3 Sargarausene HR E Caesarea RE Σαργαραυσηνή Saros fl. = (P)Saros fl. Sarromaena = Maroga G3 Sartona R Çermik? Pliny, NH 5.84; T.B. Mitford B4 Satıköy L church and rock tombs 39 TIB Kappadokien 273 miles SSE Kayseri G1 Scordiscus M RL Sarmısak (‘garlic’) tepe? RE; T.B. Mitford Sebagena? = Euagina E1 Sebasteia/ A?HRL Sivas Cumont 1906, 217-28; RE Talara; TIB Megalopolis?/ Kappadokien 274-76 Talaura? C1 Sebastopolis/ HRL RE 3; Mitford 1991, 182-83 Herakleopolis/ Karana? G4 Semissos/ R/ Pınarbaşı RE Σηµισσός; TIB Kappadokien 270-71 Sam(m)a Castorum L B1 Serm(o)usa RL near Kadışehir RE Σερµοῦσα § Sermouga A1 Sibora/ RL Karamağara? RE; TIB Kappadokien 276 Foroba? § Sobara? G3 Siniskolon H?RL Fethiye, formerly RE Σινὶς Κολωνία § *Sinis Colonia Hasanbadrık TIB Kappadokien 190 § Pisonos? § ? § Sinispora? RE C4 Siricis RL near Keklikoluk TIB Kappadokien 289 §Saricha? B3 Skandos L near Talas TIB Kappadokien 282 B1 Skylax fl. H?R Çekerek Irmak RE Scylax 5 D4 Sobagena R Hurman Kalesi TIB Kappadokien 153 B4 Söğütlü L? columns, capitals in reuse, TIB Kappadokien 285-86 32 miles SE Kayseri E4 Söğütlü Dere R NNE Elbistan TIB Kappadokien 286 H2 See Map 89 D3 Symposion/ RL Kaleköy RE; TIB Kappadokien 288-89 In Medio?

Talaura? = Sebasteia D4 Tanadaris RTanir REΤαναδαρίς § Ptandaris E3 Taranta L NW Darende TIB Kappadokien 290-91 G4 Taurus M. See Map 66 D1 Tavra R?L? rock tombs 3 miles NNW Cumont 1906, 226-28 Sivas G2 Teucila RL Ortaköy? RE; Mitford 1998 F1 Tödürge R?L? rock tombs S Halys Grégoire 1909, 40 B4 L columns, capitals 25 miles TIB Kappadokien 296 SE Kayseri H4 Tomisa HRL near İzolu? RE Τόµισα D2 Tonosa R Altınyayla, formerly TIB Kappadokien 296-97 Tonus MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE 991

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Tripotamos = Arabissos

H2 Vereuso? R Geruşla, 2 miles S Mitford 1998 Kemaliye, formerly Eğin

H2 Zabulbar R beside R. Euphrates T.B. Mitford F1 Zara RL Zara RE §Sara G2 Zimara RL Pingan? RE §Sismara? F4 Zizoatra R?L Doğanşehir (Viranşehir) TIB Kappadokien 286-87 E2 Zoana R Tecer Han? TIB Kappadokien 296

Bridges

No. Grid Location Period Reference

1 C1 at Sebastopolis over Çekerek Irmak (Skylax RL Cumont 1906, 201 fl.) 2D112 miles WNW Sivas at Yıldızırmak L? Cumont 1906, 215-16 3 F2 NW Arane at Koç Köprüsü R von der Osten 1929, 80 4G2SW Zimara at Burmahan on Çaltı Çay RL Mitford 1980, 1185 5 H1 SW Analib(l)a over Karabudak (Sabrina fl.) R Mitford 1980, 1185 6 H1 S Charax? L? Yorke 1896, Map; Mitford 1998, 267 7 C4 6 miles E Comana at Kemer over Saros fl. RL TIB Kappadokien 203 8 E4 NE Pagrum? at Gâvur Ören on Sögütlü Dere R Hogarth 1893, 686; Sinclair 1989, 492-93 9 F4 5 miles NW Arca L TIB Kappadokien 152 10 F4 1.5 miles NE Zizoatra at Kırıkköprü R? TIB Kappadokien 287 11 G4 N Melitene at Kırk Göz Köprü on Tohma Su R?L Mitford 1980, 1185 (Melas fl.) 12 G3 S Kiakis on Kuruçay R?L? Mitford 1998, 261 13 H3 NNW Korpinik Hüyük at Bahadın on Arabkir R Mitford 1980, 1185 Çay 14 H3 S Hastek Kale at Kara Mağara Köprü over L TIB Kappadokien 142, 200 Arabkir Çay

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Caesarea → Arasaxa → Comana → Kokousos → Magie 1950, 1349-50; Hild 1977, 86-87 Melitene Caesarea → Sebasteia Hild 1977, 72 Lacotena → Melitene (frontier road) Hild 1977, 142; Mitford 1998, 257-59 Melitene → Dascusa → Zimara → E Mitford 1998, 261-67 Melitene → Sebasteia Hild 1977, 106 Sibora → Sebasteia → Kamisa → Zara Ramsay 1890, 264-66; Munro 1893, 722-27; Cumont 1906, 318-30 Sebastopolis → Serm(o)usa? → Map 63 Anderson 1903, 31-34; Magie 1950, 1079-80 Caesarea → Bünyan → (H)erp(h)a TIB Kappadokien map Arasaxa → (H)erp(h)a → Tanadaris → Arabissos Sinclair 1989, 443-521 Arasaxa → Ariaratheia → Gauraina → Melitene TIB Kappadokien, 125 992 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE

Itinerary Period Reference

Caesarea → [Kiskisos] → Map 67 TIB Kappadokien, 125-27 Caesarea → [Kiskisos] → Comana TIB Kappadokien, 125-27 Ariaratheia → Sebasteia Hild 1977, 131 Gauraina → Euspena TIB Kappadokien map Melitene → Kerar Kale → Map 89 Mitford 1979; 1998, 257-60 Melitene → Zizoatra → Map 67 TIB Kappadokien map Sebasteia → Gökkaya Cumont 1906, 228-36 Analib(l)a → Zara T.B. Mitford Roads around Capotes? M. Mitford 1998, 265-68

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Ad Praetorium R vicinity of or Hasan TIB Kappadokien 187 Çelebi Apenzinsos L in Cappadocia Ramsay 1890, 307 Argos H?R fortress high in Taurus RE 6 Arianodum R?L SW Zizoatra ItMiller 762 Arsanus fl. R distinct from Arsanias? RE Arsanias 2 R E Caesarea ItAnt 180.1 Asarinum L 24 miles from Kokousos RE Attagaina L in Orp(h)anene RE Azamora HR? stronghold in Cappadocia RE

Blandi R between Sebasteia and Melitene RE Borissos L in Cappadocia RE Suppl. 1

Claudias/ RL fort and road station, perhaps at TIB Kappadokien 197 Kerar Kale Coeranus fl. R in Cappadocia RE 1

Dandaxina/ R between Kokousos and Melitene RE Dandexina Dastarkon R shrine of , probably on RE Zamantı Su below Ekrek Dasteira H settlement near Dastracus M. RE; Magie 1950, 1222 Dogana R Devekse RE Zara 1

Euesa/ L in Orp(h)anene, NNW Caesarea, Jones 1971, 434; TIB Kappadokien 176, 250 Euaissa?/ or in Armenia Minor Seioua?/ Ptol. 5.6.14 Siva? Eusimara/ R in Melitene RE Phousipara?

Garnake R in E Cappadocia RE Getasa L in Cappadocia Ramsay 1890, 308

(H)Ispa RL between Sebasteia and Melitene RE Hispa

Iassos R in Melitene RE Ἰασσός 1

Kanotala L in Cappadocia RE Karape R in Armenia Minor RE Καράπη Karmalas fl. H dams above (H)Erp(h)a, on RE Zamantı Su? Kizara R in Laouiansene RE Korsagaina L in Orp(h)anene Ramsay 1890, 314 Kritalla C marshalling point of Xerxes’ army RE; Cook 1983, 117 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE 993

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Ladoineris R in Melitene RE Suppl. 4 Larissa RL vicinity of (H)Erp(h)a or on RE 11; TIB Kappadokien 221; Karasekdüzü, 12 miles WSW Sinclair 1989, 462-63 Kangal? Laugasa/ R in Laouiansene RE Laustasa? Lerisus R?L in Cappadocia or Armenia GeogRav 2.16

Mallos H near (H)Erp(h)a and Karmalas fl. RE Karmalas Mogariassos L? vicinity of Comana TIB Kappadokien 238

Nocotesso L W Melitene ItMiller 738 Nosalene R in Laouiansene RE Νοσαλήνη

Oromandros R in Armenia Minor RE Orp(h)anene/ L district in Armenia Minor or RE Suppl. 7; TIB Kappadokien 250 Orbisene? Saraouene Orsa/ R next to Orbisene RE 2 Orsene?

Pacosanda R?L near Melitene? GeogRav 2.16 Pasarne R in Laouiansene Ptol. 5.6.24 Phargamous L in E Cappadocia? TIB Kappadokien 258 Phouphagena/ R in Armenia Minor Ptol. 5.6.20 Phouphena? Phousipara? = Eusimara Pisingara R in Armenia Minor RE

Sabagena R in Laouiansene RE Σαβάγηνα Sadagena R in Sargarausene RE Σαδάγηνα Sandrales/ RL in Cappadocia TIB Kappadokien 271 Sandiale Seioua? = Euesa Sinervas/ R in Armenia Minor RE Σίνηρα 3 Sinibra/ Sinera Siva?=Euesa L in Cappadocia TIB Kappadokien 287-88

Titarissos R in Melitene RE R in Kataonia RE

Zenokopis R vicinity of Kemaliye RE; T.B. Mitford Zomeri L? village in vicinity of Sebasteia TIB Kappadokien 308 Zoparistos R in Melitene RE

False Toponyms

Name Period Reference

Castabola intrusion from or Cilicia ItMiller 737; RE Kastabala Cilissa/ corruption of Cilicia ItMiller 737 Ingilissis Kaparkelis intrusion from , in Ptol. 5.7.10 Laouiansene Salius fl. R at Comana, corruption of Saros fl. Pliny, NH 6.3 Singa R intrusion from Commagene ItMiller 738; Ramsay 1890, 66 994 MAP 64 CAESAREA-MELITENE

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