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A T T I Della A T T I DELLA SOCIETÀ DEI NATURALISTI E MATEMATICI DI MODENA Vol. CXL 2009 Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena è una rivista annuale, fondata nel 1866, che pubblica articoli originali riguardanti discipline scientifiche e ambientali (con particolare riguardo alla Regione Emilia-Romagna e all’Italia) e gli atti sociali. La rivista viene distribuita gratuitamente ai Soci e alle Società e Accade- mie corrispondenti, italiane e straniere, in tutte le parti del mondo. La rivista è indicizzata da: Bibliography and Index of Geology, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Zoological Record e Referativnyi Zhurnal. Consiglio Direttivo (2008-2010) Presidente: Prof.ssa Carla Fiori Consiglieri: Prof. Pietro Baraldi, Dr. Fabrizio Buldrini, Dr.ssa Isabella Massamba N’siala, Prof.ssa Lucrezia Mola, Prof.ssa Elisabetta Sgarbi, Prof. Giovanni Tosatti Revisori dei Conti:, Prof. Ivano Ansaloni, Dr.ssa Milena Bertacchini, Prof.ssa Marisa Mari, Sig. Pietro Rompianesi (membro supplente) Norme per l’accettazione degli articoli Le comunicazioni sottomesse agli Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena per la pubblicazione, dopo che la Redazione abbia verificato la loro perti- nenza con gli ambiti disciplinari della rivista, saranno sottoposti al giudizio di uno o due referee esterni, che valuteranno i lavori sia sotto l’aspetto dei contenuti sia sotto quello formale ed esprimeranno il loro parere vincolante circa l’accettabilità dei lavo- ri stessi. I lavori presentati in inglese e gli Abstract saranno inoltre sottoposti a con- trollo linguistico da parte di docente madrelingua. Settori disciplinari e relativi revisori scientifici Meteorologia, Climatologia: Prof. Dino Zardi (Università di Trento), Dr. Paolo Fron- tero (ARPA Veneto) Geografia, Geologia, Geomorfologia: Prof. Claudio Tellini (Università di Parma), Dr. Alessandro Pasuto (C.N.R.–IRPI, Padova) Botanica, Agraria: Dr.ssa Claudia Angiolini (Università di Siena), Dr.ssa Laura Sadori (Sapienza Università di Roma) Zoologia, Ecologia: Prof.ssa Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini (Ca’ Foscari Università di Venezia), Prof. Vincenzo Vomero (Direttore Musei Scientifici di Roma) Matematica: Prof. Sergio Invernizzi (Università di Trieste) Fisica: Prof.ssa Marisa Michelini (Università di Udine) Chimica, Scienze Farmaceutiche: Prof. Gabriele Caviglioli (Università di Genova) Archeologia, Antropologia: Dr. Marco Bettelli (C.N.R.–ICEVO, Roma), Dr. Alessan- dro Vanzetti (Sapienza Università di Roma) Lingua Inglese: Prof.ssa Andrea Mary Lord (Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia) ISSN 0365 - 7027 Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Modena n. 387 del 10/8/1962 Direttore Responsabile: Giovanni Tosatti Redazione: Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena, via Università 4, 41121 Modena A CHARLES DARWIN SOCIO ONORARIO DELLA SOCIETÀ DEI NATURALISTI E MATEMATICI DI MODENA, NEL SECONDO CENTENARIO DELLA SUA NASCITA, CENTOCINQUANTA ANNI DOPO LA PUBBLICAZIONE DELL’OPERA SULLA ORIGINE DELLE SPECIE, È DEDICATO IL PRESENTE VOLUME Atti Soc. Nat. Mat. Modena 139 (2008) Luca Lombroso1, Salvatore Quattrocchi1, Giulia Silvestri2 Annuario delle osservazioni meteoclimatiche dell’anno 2009 registrate dall’Osservatorio Geofisico di Modena Riassunto Il 2009 è stato un anno ritenuto dalla “sensazione popolare” normale se non freddo, tuttavia l’og- gettività delle osservazioni strumentali conferma la tendenza in atto ormai da due decenni: anche il 2009 risulta infatti non solo un anno caldo ma quasi da record. Gli strumenti posti nel torrione di levante di Palazzo Ducale, dove dal 1830 l’Osservatorio Universitario di Modena rileva i parametri meteoclimatici, ci dicono che la temperatura media annuale è risultata di 15,6 °C, il secondo più alto valore mai registrato dall’inizio delle misurazioni, nel 1830, valore identico, quindi “ex equo” con il 2008 ed il 2000 e superato solo dal 2007, con 15,9 °C. Le precipitazioni totali (pioggia e neve fusa) assommano a 681,9 mm, sostanzialmente un quantitativo normale per la nostra città, ma spiccano ben 125 giorni con precipitazioni misurabili e una distribuzione ancora una volta alquanto irregola- re: marzo ed aprile straordinariamente piovosi, piuttosto ricchi di precipitazioni anche giugno e dicembre ma molto secchi i mesi da maggio a ottobre. Riguardo la neve, il totale annuale è di 41 cm, con un massimo giornaliero di 16 cm il 19 dicembre (la nevicata del 18-19 dicembre assomma a 23 cm), valori indubbiamente “interessanti” per gli amanti della neve, ma per nulla straordinari: nevi- cò di più, senza andare molto indietro nel tempo, nel 2004 e nel 2005, ma anche nel 1999. È molto difficile, specie di questi tempi, mantenere attive le lunghe serie storiche, è costoso e impegnativo ma tanto importante da far sì che dalla Conferenza ONU sul Clima di Copenhagen (COP 15) è uscito anche un importante documento in cui le Nazioni Unite fanno appello agli Stati e alle agenzie ed enti nazionali e internazionali di mantenere e supportare le osservazioni climatiche. Abstract 2009 was a year considered by the general public as normal tending to cold. Nevertheless, the objec- tivity of instrumental observations confirms the trend of the past two decades: also 2009 was not only a warm year but nearly a record one. The meteorological instruments located on the eastern tower of the Dukes’ Palace in Modena (Italy) – where meteo-climatic data have been recorded by the Geophysical Observatory of Modena University since 1830 – showed that the annual average tem- perature in 2009 was 15.6 °C, which is the second highest value ever recorded, identical to the 2008 and 2000 values, and second only to 2007, when an average temperature of 15.9 °C was recorded. Total precipitation (rainfall and snowmelt) added up to 681.9 mm, a typical normal amount for our 1 Osservatorio Geofisico, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell’Ambiente, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vignolese 905, 41125 MODENA, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, L.go S. Eufemia 19, 41121 MODENA 8 L. Lombroso, S. Quattrocchi, G. Silvestri city, although there were 125 days with measurable precipitation distributed rather irregularly: March and April were extremely rainy months followed by June and December, whereas the months of May and July to October were extremely dry. As regards snow, the annual total amount was 41 cm, with a daily peak of 16 cm on 19 December. These values are within the norm, whereas 2005, 2004 and 1999 were characterized by heavier snowfalls. At present it is rather difficult and costly to main- tain active the long historical series of meteo data. Nevertheless, this monitoring activity is so impor- tant that at the UN Conference on Climate held in Copenhagen (COP 15) an important document was produced which appeals to all States and national and international agencies to maintain and sup- port meteo-climatic observations. Parole chiave: meteorologia, climatologia, Modena Key words: meteorology, climatology, Modena, Italy Tab. 1 – Riepilogo dei principali dati meteoclimatici del 2009 registrati presso l’Osservatorio Geofisico posto sul torrione est del Palazzo Ducale di Modena Annuario delle osservazioni meteoclimatiche dell’anno 2009 9 Temperatura La temperatura media dell’anno 2009 è risultata di 15,6 °C, nettamente superiore al valore medio del trentennio climatico di riferimento 1971-2000 (13,8 °C) ed anche alla media 1997-2007 (15,2 °C), periodo in cui si è con- cretizzato il maggior aumento di temperatura, in linea con le tendenze globa- li. Il 2009, in particolare, risulta essere il secondo anno più caldo della serie termometrica dell’Osservatorio Geofisico, che risale al 1861. Il valore del 2009 è identico a quello del 2008 e del 2000, mentre un valore superiore si ritrova solo nell’anno 2007 (15,9 °C). I dieci anni più caldi sono, nell’ordine, 2007 (15,9 °C), 2009-2008-2000 (15,6 °C), 2003 (15,5 °C), 1997-2002-2006 (15,2 °C), 1998-2001 (15,1 °C). In Italia il 2009 è risultato il 5° anno più caldo con un’anomalia di 1,15 °C rispetto alla media del periodo 1961-1990 (CNR ISAC). Anche le medie globali (NOAA, NCDC ) indicano il 2009 come 5° anno più caldo da quando esistono i rilievi strumentali. Il dato di Modena è quindi sostanzialmente in accordo con i dati nazionali e globali. Per quanto riguarda Modena, il calcolo della temperatura media avviene mediante il metodo di “ (Tmin+Tmax) /2”, ovvero come semplice media arit- metica della temperatura minima e massima. Tutta la serie, già in occasione della pubblicazione del volume “L’Osservatorio di Modena: 180 di misure meteo climatiche” (Lombroso & Quattrocchi, 2008), è stata così ricalcolata in quanto questo metodo riduce i problemi di mancanza dati e omogeneità riguar- do ai valori orari delle temperature ed è usato in vari lavori in bibliografia. La particolarità del 2009, che ha forse contribuito a dare una sensazione diversa dalla realtà dei dati oggettivi misurati, risiede nei notevoli sbalzi ter- mici. Il grafico dell’andamento annuale delle temperature giornaliere (Fig. 1) mette infatti in evidenza grandi sbalzi e bruschi passaggi a condizioni diverse nel corso dell’anno, durante il quale si sono alternati periodi abbastanza lun- ghi di temperature notevolmente sopra le media a brevi ondate fredde, tanto che si contano 285 giorni sopra la media contro 80 sotto media, distinti in 153 giorni “anomali caldi” contro solo 21 “anomali freddi” (ovvero superiori o inferiori alla deviazione standard delle medie giornaliere). Più in particolare, il mese di gennaio 2009, apparentemente freddo, risulta sostanzialmente allineato alle medie, con solo pochi giorni inferiori alla media ad inizio anno. Febbraio vede un inizio mese nettamente superiore alla media e un periodo freddo che altro non è stato che un rientro ai valori normali. Anche a marzo si notano giornate nettamente più calde della media seguite da un brusco calo dopo metà mese. Considerevole il periodo caldo di maggio, culminato nella massima di 34 °C del giorno 25, che supera nettamente il pre- 10 L. Lombroso, S.
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