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Up 1h~ {~Ji()}Oec41.,! t;7/JI~,.rt5 vel ,J-~cpt:fT ~)11. I ~ SqP1~ /? /lA.f "'6~n~ ~ 6V"C~Mk';, .-.If?t)J M4fer Z,I/ lCJop.r - ~.t'1 ..r I'e-t ".r . !l4'C~1/ ,-1"1/}'/ , 70. f!ql'~ ~ N.~ - 1. .. I. r--/,./r ~ ~ J ! "c ~r~1H ,-~/~ POT- SHors NO · IISI Don't take the -Pr'esent m oment too sertousld;J gt ~"n' be h ere for to~. :TABLE b: SCORECARD ;1Lt. ,A. ,Never /yery REPORT Numbel' of Number i* Operation Number in operation Number eventually Number 'eventually unlikely Identifiable ~ 15 yr *fter report ,;;; 15 yr after report built with built with Items with mostly federal with mostly other ' mostly federal mostly other Requested funding , fundingCs tate, funding funding ptiyate, foreign) Whitford 13 6 0 0 , 1 6 Greenstein 21 5 (+1 similar) 2' 4 1 8 Fie ld 21 3 (+2 similar) 2 3 2 9 Baheall 29 11 6 5 () 7 McKee-Taylor 23 8 1 5 3 6 TOTAL 106 33 (::t, 3 similar) 11 17 7 36 /" PANEL ON ASTRONOMICAL FACILITIES A. E. W bittw:d.. Chairman, Lick ObsefvatofY, University of California R. N. lJrqcewell, Radio Astronomy Institute"-Radioscience Laboratory, Stanford Univefsity - Frank D. Drake, Department of Astronomy, Cornell Univefsity Frederick T. Haddock, Jr., Radio Astronomy Observatory, University of Michigan ,..-----William Liller, Department of Astronomy, Harvard University W. W. Morgan, Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago Bruce H. Rule, California Institute of Technology · ·-~\llan R. Sandage, Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institution of Washington Whit£ODd - publ .. 1964 ITEM $M RESULT m array, 3 cm 40 VLA 1978 17 X 25, 100 X 85' Owens Valley to 6-8 X 130' nnn 10 OVRO + BIMA -CARMA 2007, many dishes 2 X 300' fully 16 Greenbank 300', 1962 s teerable parabs 140' 1965 to 3 cm Goldstone 210' 1967 mostly tracking 15 smaller, special 30 Clark Lake 68; other purpose, not NRAO U Md 69-70; Haystack 64; Hat Creek 66-68; Stanford 70; III 70 Iowa 67-70; -FCRAO 70 Cornell 70; Harvard 71 Penn State 68-72 Design study, max. 1 - No (Arecibo 63 + up­ fully steerable grades; rebuilt GBT) paraboloid ~,((JbJIK.PI~ (~~~"".p) Better short" radio NRAO 12m nnn dish 1967 recelvers. / Solar radar not recommended - - -------------------- =====-------_.­ JESSE L. GREENSTEIN... California Institute of Technology, Chairman '-HELMUT A. ABT, Kitt Peak National Observatory P " JACQUES BECKERS, Sacramento Park Observatory 0·, GEOFFREY BURBIDGE, University of California, San Diego {l,. "BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology !'( ALASTAIR G. W. CAMERON, Yeshiva University Tv 'FRANK D. DRAKE, Cornell University «" , "'RAY L. D ~COMBE, U.S. Naval Observatory \ - D.. ' 'GEORGE FIELD, University of California, Berkeley /1\' HERBERT FRIEDMAN, Naval Research Laboratory "If ~JOHN E. GAUSTAD, University of California, Berkeley 0 LEO GOLDBERG,Kitt Peak National Observatory :) ''-DA VID HEESCH EN , National Radio Astronomy Observatory !( tEOFFi'EY KELLER , Ohio State University '\. 0 , '''ROBERT p, KRAFT, University of California, Santa Cruz () ROBERT B. LEIGHTON, California Institute of Technology ;4 - h"r , "DONALD C. MORTON, Princeton University Observatory ! i~' '---ROBERT NOYES, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory "~£;, ';;',1· ~ fj) "CHARLES R. O'DELL, Yerkes Observatory (;} , ./" JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER, Princeton University Observatory~, r.j· BRUNO B. ROSSI, Massachusetts ' Institute of -Technology '\ ~' HARLAN J. SMITH , University of Texas [.'. '. r LYMAN SPITZER, Princeton University Observatory T,,-, ., - ' . BRUCE N. GREG9RY, Executive Secretary ...---" 6 reel?~Ictl,R4"l~ DAVID S . HEESCHEN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Chainnan GEOFFREY BURBIDGE, University of California, San Diego BERNARD F . BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MARSHALL H. COHEN, California Institute of Technology FRANK D. D RAKE, Cornell University GEORGE B . FIELD , University of California, Berkeley GORDON H . PETTENGILL , Massachusetts Institute of Technology JAMES w. WARWICK, University ofColorado GART WESTERHOUT, University of Maryland ALASTAIR G. W. CAMERON , Yeshiva University, Chairman \ ROBERT C . BLESS, University of Wisconsin RICHARD GOODY, Harvard University ROBERT 1. GOULD, University of California, San Diego RICHARD HUGUENIN, University of Massachusetts JACK R . JOKIPII, California Institute of Technology DOUGLAS P. McNUTT, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory TOBIAS OWEN , State University of New York, Stony Brook JACK B. ZIRKER , University of Hawaii RO BE R TO. DO Y L E, Harvard College Observatory, Consultant to Panel Greenstein -publQ 1972 ITEM $M RESULT VLA 62 Yes - 1978 Large rom array 10 ALMA 2011; ARO 2000+ or 10m dish . (NRAO, Hertz) Large em array 35 No (though VLA to cm)etc Panel: also steerab1e em, large mrn for molecules Radio · from space for AGNs; longer baseline interferometrv . 1 3K radiation to be studied from balloons and • . (T.TUV???) rockets Will. ••• 1974 NASA AO yielded 3 satellite CMB proposals. Merged (forcefully). COBE 1989 • • ' . .. -- ""="' • . -. ...GEORGE B. FIELD, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, -r}\, Chairman MICHAEL J. S. BELTON, Kitt Peak National Observatory ' 0 . -; E. MARGARET BURBIDGE" University of California, San Diego ,. GEORGE W. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ~. s. M. FABER, University of California, Santa · Cruz ;; CARL E. FICHTEL, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ',,· ! :,,': ROBERT D. CEHRZ, University of .Wyoming ' . - , :c: . EDWARD J. GROTH, Princeton University-· --: ;.<..,'" JAMES E. CUNN, Princeton University _:" <".~ . i"'~ . DAVID .HEESCHEN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory c RICHARD c. HENRY, The Johns Hopki_ns University -' l RICHARD A. McCRAY, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics and the University of Colorado "'­ JEREMIAH OSTRIKER, Princeton University · ~ EUGENE N . PARKER, University of Chicago Q MAARTEN SCHMIDT, California Institute of Technology o j HARLAN J. SMITH, University of Texas, Austin STEPHEN E. STROM, Kitt Peak National Observatory (ex officio) 0 PATRICK THADDEUS, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies· and 5;; C9lumbT~ University , --:- ' CHARLES H . ~?~J;~ University /of California, Ber-keley C)"=.. J. ARTHUR B. C; WALKER, Stanford University \,... ~ , E. JOSEPH WAMPLER> University of California, Santa Cruz ~ PAUL BLANCHARD, Executive Secretary . DALE Z. RINKEL, Administrative Secretary PANEL ON RADIO ASTRONOMY ReId P A TRICK THADDEUS, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University, Chairman BERNARD BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MARSHALL COHEN, California Institute of Technology FRANK DRAKE, Cornell University MORTON ROBERTS, National Radio Astronomy Observatory JOSEPH TAYLOR, Princeton University WILLIAM J. WELCH, University of California, Berkeley DAVID WILKINSON, Princeton University ROBERT WILSON, Bell Laboratories Consultant GEORGE A . DULK, University of Colorado ./ / Field - publ 1982 ITEM $M RESULT VLBA 60 Yes - 1992 m ' 1.,.rIrf 10 deployable 300 (Herschel 2009; reflector in space WFIRST in 2010 report) for FIR, mm Space VLBI 60 No (TDRS prototype; HALCA 1997; RadioAstroD Russia) m CSO 1988. Hertz SMT 10 for submm 4 , 3 1994; now ARO MIR heterodyne 3 Townes at Mt. 'W. interferometer Panel: 100m steerable to 1 cm; radiospectro­ graphs & polarimeters on Star Probe & Solar Coronal Explorer; development for 10-m subrnm in NEO; 5-10m mmfor So. Hemisphere Very important non-US: JCMT, IRAM • • • ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE .-/."'> JOHN N. "BAHCAL,k, Institute for Advanced Study, Chair j h CHARLES A. BEICHMAN, Institute for Advanced Study, Executive Secretar.. CLAUDE CANIZARES, Massachusetts Institute-of Technology · JAMES CRONIN, University of Chicago DAVID HEESCHEN, National Radio Astronomy 'Observatory ! JAMES"H OUCK, Cornell University' DONALD HUNTEN, University of Arizona CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE, University of California, Berkeley ROBERT NOYES, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics G/ JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER, Princeton University Observatory 1\ WILLIAM PRESS , 'Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 1~ WALLACE L.W. SARGENT, California Institute of Technology 0 BLAIR SAVAGE, University of Wisconsin (r .ROBERT W. ,sON, AT&T Bell Laboratories .'7. #­wn . SIDNEY WOLFF, National Optical Astronomy Observatories /'; '..,,/ h c~/J RADIO ASTRONOMY KENNETH I. KELLERMANN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Chair; DAVID HEESCHEN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Vice-Chair; DONALD C. BACKER, University of California, Berkeley; M-ARSHALL H. COHEN,* California Institute of Technology; MICHAEL DAVIS, National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center; IMKE DE PATER, University of California, Berkeley; DAVID DE YOUNG, National Optical Astronomy Observatories; GEORGE A. DULK, * University of Colorado, Boulder; J.R. FISHER, National Radio Astronomy Observatory; W. MILLER GOSS, National Radio Astronomy Observatory; MARTHA P. HAYNES, * Cornell University; CARL E. HEILES, University of California, Berkeley; WILLIAM M. IRVINE, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; KENNETH J. JOHNSTON,* Naval Research Laboratory; JAMES MORAN, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; STEVEN J. OSTRO, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; PATRICK PALMER,* University of Chicago; THOMAS G. PHILLIPS, California Institute of Technology; ALAN E.E. ROGERS, Haystack Observatory; NICHOLAS Z. SCOVILLE, California Institute of Technology; PHILIP M. SOLOMON, State University of New York, Stony Brook; JILL C. TARTER, NASA Ames Research Center; JOSEPH H. TAYLOR, JR.,* Princeton University; PATRICK THADDEUS,* Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; JUAN M.USON, National 'ff
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  • Particle Detectors Lecture Notes

    Particle Detectors Lecture Notes

    Lecture Notes Heidelberg, Summer Term 2011 The Physics of Particle Detectors Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik Introduction Historical Developments Historical Development γ-rays First 1896 Detection of α-, β- and γ-rays 1896 β-rays Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been An x-ray picture taken by Wilhelm Röntgen of Albert von fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. Kölliker's hand at a public lecture on 23 January 1896. Historical Development Rutherford's scattering experiment Microscope + Scintillating ZnS screen Schematic view of Rutherford experiment 1911 Rutherford's original experimental setup Historical Development Detection of cosmic rays [Hess 1912; Nobel prize 1936] ! "# Electrometer Cylinder from Wulf [2 cm diameter] Mirror Strings Microscope Natrium ! !""#$%&'()*+,-)./0)1&$23456/)78096$/'9::9098)1912 $%&!'()*+,-.%!/0&1.)%21331&10!,0%))0!%42%!56784210462!1(,!9624,10462,:177%&!(2;! '()*+,-.%2!<=%4*1;%2%)%:0&67%0%&!;1&>!Victor F. Hess before his 1912 balloon flight in Austria during which he discovered cosmic rays. ?40! @4)*%! ;%&! /0%)),-.&1(8%! A! )1,,%2! ,4-.!;4%!BC;%2!;%,!D)%:0&67%0%&,!(7!;4%! EC2F,1-.,%!;%,!/0&1.)%21331&10,!;&%.%2G!(7!%42%!*H&!;4%!A8)%,(2F!FH2,04F%!I6,40462! %42,0%))%2! J(! :K22%2>! L10&4(7! =4&;! M%&=%2;%0G! (7! ;4%! E(*0! 47! 922%&%2! ;%,! 9624,10462,M6)(7%2!M62!B%(-.04F:%40!*&%4!J(!.1)0%2>! $%&!422%&%G!:)%42%&%!<N)42;%&!;4%20!;%&!O8%&3&H*(2F!;%&!9,6)10462!;%,!P%&C0%,>!'4&;!%&! H8%&! ;4%! BC;%2! F%,%2:0G! ,6! M%&&42F%&0! ,4-.!;1,!1:04M%!9624,10462,M6)(7%2!1(*!;%2!