DOCSLIB.ORG

Qisar-Alexander-Ollongren-Astrolinguistics.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Qisar-Alexander-Ollongren-Astrolinguistics.Pdf Astrolinguistics Alexander Ollongren Astrolinguistics Design of a Linguistic System for Interstellar Communication Based on Logic Alexander Ollongren Advanced Computer Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands ISBN 978-1-4614-5467-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-5468-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5468-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945935 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To the memory of Prof. Dr. Hans Freudenthal and to Gunvor Ollongren Preface In my perception the author of the present book appeared all of a sudden “from elsewhere” on the scene of academics and others concerned with various projects in the fi eld of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). This was in 1998. Dr. Ollongren’s entrance in the fi eld was due to a change in his research interests. They had apparently shifted from dynamical astronomy and theoretical computer science to the topic of the art and science of communication with extraterrestrial intelli- gence (CETI)—closely related to my work at the SETI Institute. His approach was and is, however, completely different from mine where human psychology is always prominently present in the background. This emeritus professor, astronomer, and theoretician whom I got to know, had a keen interest and experience in mathematics and logic. He seemed, though hesitatingly, prepared to consider formally modeling psychological aspects of human behavior in connection with interstellar message construction for possible contacts with alien highly developed intelligent societies. I, on the other hand, recognized immediately that Dr. Ollongren’s approach for the design of a Lingua Cosmica was fundamentally new, rested on a solid and sound base in logic, and carried great potential for applications. His LINCOS has only very little in common with the interesting language for cosmic intercourse of the same name introduced in 1960 by his fellow countryman and colleague Professor Hans Freudenthal. The present book describes the new LINCOS, also at work. This lingua with a simple formal language at the base is actually a system because of the multilevel structure as explained in the book. Certain aspects of the system are in my view most remarkable. The fact that LINCOS assertions can (and need to) be veri fi ed within LINCOS itself means that the system is strongly self-contained—a property of natural languages, but unusual for formal systems. The implication of this prop- erty (in fact considered to be a requirement in the design) is that formal assertions are always correct. This aspect in its turn has important consequences for the prob- lem of decoding and interpretation. An alien receiver of a message coded in Ollongren’s LINCOS can in principle apply a universal semantic engine for unrav- eling structural properties of the system. Furthermore there is the prominent absence of logical reasoning according to tertium non datur (the rejection of the law of the vii viii Preface excluded middle)—not one of the fi rst concerns in my research in psychological aspects of human reasoning fi guring in the topic of construction of interstellar mes- sages. The overall most important aspect and viewpoint of the material in this book is, however, that the linguistic system designed and employed is constructive and deterministic. An extension of the typing system employed to weak typing (involv- ing consequently non-determinism) and symbolic computing is innovative. Ways and means (with roots in intuitionism) for attaining all of this are explained in some detail. The erected framework with a beauty of its own is most useful for applica- tions in and development of CETI. In my opinion efforts in the fi eld of construction of messages for ETI should also take into consideration possibilities of symbolically coding human behavior. Fortunately LINCOS has in the realm of declarative (i.e. introductive) sentences a practically unlimited capacity of describing static aspects of this kind. This is for example illustrated in Dr. Ollongren’s paper with a treatment of human morality in my as yet unpublished book. In addition there is also a potential for describing dynamic interactions between humans. Examples of these are provided in the pres- ent book. Humans exchanging information is one case studied and explained. Since human behavior often (indeed not always) exhibits logic structure, the new Lingua Cosmica provides a powerful apparatus for formal analysis of some classes of behavioral actions. Products of such analyses can in turn be sublimated in messages for ETI. I was very interested to learn that Springer has agreed to publish the present book as the relatively new discipline called astrolinguistics by the author is gaining importance all the time due to advances in observational astrophysics, astrochemis- try, and astrobiology, but of course also cosmology. Building stones for life as we know it exist in interstellar space. It is no exaggeration to state today that our galaxy apparently teems with planets; there is ample observational evidence of that. On at least one habitable planet the symbolic species living there is concerned with devel- oping methods and means enabling them to contact other completely unknown symbolic intelligent species. The views taken and the material presented in the pres- ent book can play a prominent role in the nontrivial efforts on Earth in this fi eld. I certainly hope that the book will attract a wide circle of readers and will help to advance future work on the construction of interstellar messages. I wish the book a bright future. Professor Douglas A. Vakoch PhD, SETI Institute and California Institute of Integral Studies, Mountain View, California, United States Contents Part I Calculus of Constructions 1 Types and Declarations ......................................................................... 3 Intention ................................................................................................... 3 Typed Entities .......................................................................................... 3 Functions .................................................................................................. 5 References ................................................................................................ 7 2 Functions and Induction........................................................................ 9 Intention ................................................................................................... 9 Constructing Entities ................................................................................ 9 Inductive Entities ..................................................................................... 11 Facts ......................................................................................................... 14 Connectives, Continued ........................................................................... 16 Typing Existence and Equality ................................................................ 17 Booleans ................................................................................................... 19 3 Hypotheses .............................................................................................. 23 Intention ................................................................................................... 23 Contradictions .......................................................................................... 23 Double negation ....................................................................................... 25 Hypotheses ............................................................................................... 28 Reference
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Santa Cruz Other Recent Work
    UC Santa Cruz Other Recent Work Title Robert B. Stevens: UCSC Chancellorship, 1987-1991 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95h8k9w0 Authors Stevens, Robert Jarrell, Randall Regional History Project, UCSC Library Publication Date 1999-05-21 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95h8k9w0#supplemental eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Introduction The Regional History Project conducted six interviews with UCSC Chancellor Robert B. Stevens during June and July, 1991, as part of its University History series. Stevens was appointed the campus’s fifth chancellor by UC President David P. Gardner in July, 1987, and served until July, 1991. He was the second UCSC chancellor (following Chancellor Emeritus Robert L. Sinsheimer) recruited from a private institution. Stevens was born in England in 1933 and first came to the United States when he was 23. He was educated at Oxford University (B.A., M.A., B.C.L., and D.C.L.) and at Yale University (L.L.M.) and became an American citizen in 1971. An English barrister, Stevens has strong research interests in legal history and education in the United States and England. He served as chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the American Bar Foundation, has written a half dozen books on legal history and social legislation, and numerous papers on American legal scholarship and comparative Anglo-American legal history. Prior to his appointment at UCSC he served for almost a decade as president of Haverford College from 1978 until 1987. From 1959 to 1976 he was a professor of law at Yale University.
    [Show full text]
  • George W. Whitehead Jr
    George W. Whitehead Jr. 1918–2004 A Biographical Memoir by Haynes R. Miller ©2015 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. GEORGE WILLIAM WHITEHEAD JR. August 2, 1918–April 12 , 2004 Elected to the NAS, 1972 Life George William Whitehead, Jr., was born in Bloomington, Ill., on August 2, 1918. Little is known about his family or early life. Whitehead received a BA from the University of Chicago in 1937, and continued at Chicago as a graduate student. The Chicago Mathematics Department was somewhat ingrown at that time, dominated by L. E. Dickson and Gilbert Bliss and exhibiting “a certain narrowness of focus: the calculus of variations, projective differential geometry, algebra and number theory were the main topics of interest.”1 It is possible that Whitehead’s interest in topology was stimulated by Saunders Mac Lane, who By Haynes R. Miller spent the 1937–38 academic year at the University of Chicago and was then in the early stages of his shift of interest from logic and algebra to topology. Of greater importance for Whitehead was the appearance of Norman Steenrod in Chicago. Steenrod had been attracted to topology by Raymond Wilder at the University of Michigan, received a PhD under Solomon Lefschetz in 1936, and remained at Princeton as an Instructor for another three years. He then served as an Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago between 1939 and 1942 (at which point he moved to the University of Michigan).
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 February
    ARTICLE .1 Macro-Perspectives beyond the World System Joseph Voros Swinburne University of Technology Australia Abstract This paper continues a discussion begun in an earlier article on nesting macro-social perspectives to also consider and explore macro-perspectives beyond the level of the current world system and what insights they might reveal for the future of humankind. Key words: Macrohistory, Human expansion into space, Extra-terrestrial civilisations Introduction This paper continues a train of thought begun in an earlier paper (Voros 2006) where an approach to macro-social analysis based on the idea of "nesting" social-analytical perspectives was described and demonstrated (the essence of which, for convenience, is briefly summarised here). In that paper, essential use was made of a typology of social-analytical perspectives proposed by Johan Galtung (1997b), who suggested that human systems could be viewed or studied at three main levels of analysis: the level of the individual person; the level of social systems; and the level of world systems. Distinctions can be made between different foci of study. The focus may be on the stages and causes of change through time (termed diachronic), or it could be at some specific point in time (termed synchronic). As well, the focus may be on a specific single case (termed idiographic), in contrast to seeking regularities, patterns, or generalised "laws" (termed nomo- thetic). In this way, there are four main types of perspectives found at any particular level of analy- sis. This conception is shown here in slightly adapted form in Table 1.1 Journal of Futures Studies, February 2007, 11(3): 1 - 28 Journal of Futures Studies Table 1: Three Levels of Social Analysis Source: Adapted from Galtung (1997b).
    [Show full text]
  • Carl Sagan's Groovy Cosmos
    CARL SAGAN’S GROOVY COSMOS: PUBLIC SCIENCE AND AMERICAN COUNTERCULTURE IN THE 1970S By SEAN WARREN GILLERAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of History MAY 2017 © Copyright by SEAN WARREN GILLERAN, 2017 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by SEAN WARREN GILLERAN, 2017 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of SEAN WARREN GILLERAN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _________________________________ Matthew A. Sutton, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ Jeffrey C. Sanders, Ph.D. _________________________________ Lawrence B. A. Hatter, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been years in the making and is the product of input from many, many different people. I am grateful for the support and suggestions of my committee—Matt Sutton, Jeff Sanders, and Lawrence Hatter—all of whom have been far too patient, kind, and helpful. I am also thankful for input I received from Michael Gordin at Princeton and Helen Anne Curry at Cambridge, both of whom read early drafts and proposals and both of whose suggestions I have been careful to incorporate. Catherine Connors and Carol Thomas at the University of Washington provided much early guidance, especially in terms of how and why such a curious topic could have real significance. Of course, none of this would have happened without the support of Bruce Hevly, who has been extraordinarily generous with his time and whose wonderful seminars and lectures have continued to inspire me, nor without Graham Haslam, who is the best teacher and the kindest man I have ever known.
    [Show full text]
  • Enabling Sustainable Exploration Through the Commercial Development of Space
    54th International Astronautical Congress 2003 (IAC 2003) Bremen, Germany 29 September - 3 October 2003 Volume 1 of 8 ISBN: 978-1-61839-418-7 Printed from e-media with permission by: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. Copyright© (2003) by the International Astronautical Federation All rights reserved. Printed by Curran Associates, Inc. (2012) For permission requests, please contact the International Astronautical Federation at the address below. International Astronautical Federation 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren 75015 PARIS - France Phone: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 [email protected] Additional copies of this publication are available from: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2634 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Enabling Sustainable Exploration through the Commercial Development of Space .................................................................................1 Mark Nall, Joseph Casas Space Telescope Mission Design For L2 Point Stationing .............................................................................................................................6 Jill M. Cattrysse Interplanetary Missions Utilising Capture and Escape Through Lagrange Points..................................................................................14 Stephen Kemble A Numerical Study of the Gravitational
    [Show full text]
  • 1: for Me, It Was Personal Names with Too Many of the Letter "Q"
    1: For me, it was personal names with too many of the letter "q", "z", or "x". With apostrophes. Big indicator of "call a rabbit a smeerp"; and generally, a given name turns up on page 1... 2: Large scale conspiracies over large time scales that remain secret and don't fall apart. (This is not *explicitly* limited to SF, but appears more often in branded-cyberpunk than one would hope for a subgenre borne out of Bruce Sterling being politically realistic in a zine.) Pretty much *any* form of large-scale space travel. Low earth orbit, not so much; but, human beings in tin cans going to other planets within the solar system is an expensive multi-year endevour that is unlikely to be done on a more regular basis than people went back and forth between Europe and the americas prior to steam ships. Forget about interstellar travel. Any variation on the old chestnut of "robots/ais can't be emotional/creative". On the one hand, this is realistic because human beings have a tendency for othering other races with beliefs and assumptions that don't hold up to any kind of scrutiny (see, for instance, the relatively common belief in pre-1850 US that black people literally couldn't feel pain). On the other hand, we're nowhere near AGI right now and it's already obvious to everyone with even limited experience that AI can be creative (nothing is more creative than a PRNG) and emotional (since emotions are the least complex and most mechanical part of human experience and thus are easy to simulate).
    [Show full text]
  • IMU Secretary An: [email protected]; CC: Betreff: IMU EC CL 05/07: Vote on ICMI Terms of Reference Change Datum: Mittwoch, 24
    Appendix 10.1.1 Von: IMU Secretary An: [email protected]; CC: Betreff: IMU EC CL 05/07: vote on ICMI terms of reference change Datum: Mittwoch, 24. Januar 2007 11:42:40 Anlagen: To the IMU 2007-2010 Executive Committee Dear colleagues, We are currently experimenting with a groupware system that may help us organize the files that every EC member should know and improve the voting processes. Wolfgang Dalitz has checked the open source groupware systems and selected one that we want to try. It is more complicated than we thought and does have some deficiencies, but we see no freeware that is better. Here is our test run with a vote on a change of the ICMI terms of reference. To get to our voting system click on http://www.mathunion.org/ec-only/ To log in, you have to type your last name in the following version: ball, baouendi, deleon, groetschel, lovasz, ma, piene, procesi, vassiliev, viana Right now, everybody has the same password: pw123 You will immediately get to the summary page which contains an item "New Polls". The question to vote on is: Vote-070124: Change of ICMI terms of reference, #3, see Files->Voting->Vote- 070124 for full information and you are supposed to agree, disagree or abstain by clicking on the corresponding button. Full information about the contents of the vote is documented in the directory Voting (click on the +) where you will find a file Vote-070124.txt (click on the "txt icon" to see the contents of the file). The file is also enclosed below for your information.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Astronautical Federation (IAF)
    www.iac2008.co.uk Call for papers & registration of Interest Contents Welcome by the President of the British Interplanetary Society .......................................... 02 Message from the President of the IAF .................................................................................. 03 Message from the Chairman of the Local Organising Committee ........................................ 03 Message from the IPC Co-Chairs ............................................................................................ 04 The International Astronautical Federation (IAF).................................................................... 05 IAF Member Organisations ...................................................................................................... 06 The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA).................................................................... 09 The International Institute of Space Law (IISL) ...................................................................... 09 The Technical Programme - Summary of IAC sessions ........................................................ 10 The Technical Programme - by Category................................................................................ 14 Instructions for submitting an abstract .................................................................................. 34 How to submit an abstract ...................................................................................................... 35 Welcome to the IAF web site user restricted area.................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
    Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Alien Encounters and the Alien/Human Dichotomy in Stanley Kubrick's <Em>2001: a Space Odyssey</Em> and Andrei Tark
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-1-2010 Alien Encounters and the Alien/Human Dichotomy in Stanley Kubrick‘s 2001: A Space Odyssey and Andrei Tarkovsky‘s Solaris Keith Cavedo University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Cavedo, Keith, "Alien Encounters and the Alien/Human Dichotomy in Stanley Kubrick‘s 2001: A Space Odyssey and Andrei Tarkovsky‘s Solaris" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1593 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alien Encounters and the Alien/Human Dichotomy in Stanley Kubrick‘s 2001: A Space Odyssey and Andrei Tarkovsky‘s Solaris by Keith Cavedo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Phillip Sipiora, Ph.D. Lawrence Broer, Ph.D. Victor Peppard, Ph.D. Silvio Gaggi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 1, 2010 Keywords: Film Studies, Science Fiction Studies, Alien Identity, Human Identity © Copyright 2010, Keith Cavedo Dedication I dedicate this scholarly enterprise with all my heart to my parents, Vicki McCook Cavedo and Raymond Bernard Cavedo, Jr. for their unwavering love, support, and kindness through many difficult years. Each in their own way a lodestar, my parents have guided me to my particular destination.
    [Show full text]
  • Why SETI Will Fail ‡
    Why SETI Will Fail z B. Zuckerman1 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The union of space telescopes and interstellar spaceships guarantees that if extraterrestrial civilizations were common, someone would have come here long ago. PACS numbers: 97.10.Tk arXiv:1912.08386v1 [physics.pop-ph] 18 Dec 2019 z This article originally appeared in the September/October 2002 issue of Mercury magazine (published by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific). Why SETI Will Fail 2 1. Introduction Where do humans stand on the scale of cosmic intelligence? For most people, this question ranks at or very near the top of the list of "scientific things I would like to know." Lacking hard evidence to constrain the imagination, optimists conclude that technological civilizations far in advance of our own are common in our Milky Way Galaxy, whereas pessimists argue that we Earthlings probably have the most advanced technology around. Consequently, this topic has been debated endlessly and in numerous venues. Unfortunately, significant new information or ideas that can point us in the right direction come along infrequently. But recently I have realized that important connections exist between space astronomy and space travel that have never been discussed in the scientific or popular literature. These connections clearly favor the more pessimistic scenario mentioned above. Serious radio searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) have been conducted during the past few decades. Brilliant scientists have been associated with SETI, starting with pioneers like Frank Drake and the late Carl Sagan and then continuing with Paul Horowitz, Jill Tarter, and the late Barney Oliver.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements
    Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 9 | Issue 2 July 2019 Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre University of Alicante Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Sepulcre, J. "Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 9 Issue 2 (July 2019), pages 93-129. DOI: 10.5642/ jhummath.201902.08 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol9/iss2/8 ©2019 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, SPAIN [email protected] Synopsis This report aims to convince readers that there are clear indications that society is increasingly taking a greater interest in science and particularly in mathemat- ics, and thus society in general has come to recognise, through different awards, privileges, and distinctions, the work of many mathematicians.
    [Show full text]