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Section B. Agrichemicals and Their Properties

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Section B. Agrichemicals and Their Properties SECTION B. AGRICHEMICALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Ed Peachey Revised March 2021 Section contents Agrichemicals and Their Properties (Revised March 2021) . B-1 Restricted-use Herbicides in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (Reviewed March 2021) . B-24 Testing for and Deactivating Herbicide Residues (Revised March 2021) . B-25 Managing Herbicide-Resistant Weeds (Revised March 2021) . B-26 Cleaning Spraytanks (Revised March 2021) . B-31 This information provides specifications for users of this handbook. Action in plant Mimics natural plant hormones. For more information regarding the physiological or biochemical Site of action Group 4: synthetic auxin activity and behavior in or on soils, refer to the Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. Chemical family Phenoxy acetic acid Koc Average is 20 mL/g for the acid and DMA salt, and 100 The Acute toxicity LD50 (lethal dose to 50% of the test animals) has been stated for the formulated product when known. Refer to mL/g (estimated) for esters of the oil-soluble amine Managing Herbicide-resistant Weeds in this handbook for further 2,4-DB information on site of action and chemical family. Trade name(s) Butyrac, 2,4-DB 200 The adsorption coefficient (Koc) is included for most herbicides. The Koc represents how strongly an herbicide adsorbs to soil when Manufacturer(s) Albaugh, Drexel, Winfield, normalized for the amount of organic matter (OM) in a soil. Values Formulation(s) 1.75 and 2 lb/gal emulsifiable and soluble less than 300 indicate high potential for leaching. This value is of- concentrates, formulated as amine salts and esters, and 75% ten an average of several soil types with varying levels of OM and, water-soluble powders. therefore, should be used with the understanding that the actual values could be plus or minus twice the listed value for a particular Remarks A phenoxy compound used as a selective, postemer- soil. gence, translocated herbicide, particularly for broadleaf weed control in legumes. Material is beta-oxidized to 2,4-D very slowly Caution! This handbook is not intended as a complete guide to by most legumes and rapidly by broadleaf weeds. Selectivity herbicide use. Before using any chemical, read the container’s label. decreases with maturity of the legumes. A chemical must be thoroughly tested before it can be recommend- ed for a specific use. Following the label’s recommendation can Water solubility 40 ppm prevent many problems from arising due to wrong use of a chemi- Storage conditions Read each product label. cal. Any use of a pesticide contrary to instructions on the printed Acute toxicity LD - 1,960 mg/kg label is illegal and is not recommended. 50 Action in plant Mimics natural plant hormones. 2,4-D Site of action Group 4: synthetic auxin Trade name(s) Many Chemical family Phenoxy acetic acid Manufacturer(s) Corteva, Helena, Nufarm, and others Koc Average is 440 mL/g (estimated) for the acid, 500 mL/g for Formulation(s) Numerous acids, salts (amines usually), and the butoxyethyl ester, and 20 mL/g (estimated) for the dimethyl- esters. Sold as liquids, water-soluble powders, dusts (seldom used amine salt due to drift hazard), granules, and pellets. 2,4-DP Remarks A selective, foliar-absorbed, translocated phenoxy herbicide used mainly in postemergence applications. 2,4-D is See dichlorprop effective against many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. ACETIC ACID Ester formulations are the most volatile, the amines least volatile. Plants are most susceptible when they are young and growing Trade name(s) WeedPharm Weed and Grass Killer and others rapidly. Manufacturer(s) Pharm Solutions Water solubility 900 ppm Formulation(s) 20% acetic acid Storage conditions Amine formulations are relatively stable, Remarks Organic herbicide. Nonselective contact herbicide, whereas esters depend on emulsifying system. Read each product applied undiluted to three- to five-leaf, actively growing weeds. label carefully. Results are best when applied in full sunshine at temperatures above 50°F. Acute toxicity LD50 - 300 to 1,000 mg/kg PNW Weed Management Handbook B1 ACETOCHLOR AMETRYN Trade name(s) Breakfree, Cadence, Surpass Trade name(s) Evik Manufacturer(s) Corteva, DuPont, Loveland Manufacturer(s) Syngenta Formulation(s) 6.4 and 7 lb/gal emulsifiable concentrate; 3.2 lb/ Formulation(s) 80% wettable powder gal capsule suspension Remarks A selective, contact herbicide with some soil residual Remarks A selective, soil-active herbicide applied preplant or activity. Postemergence treatments must be directed on most preemergence to corn. crops. Absorbed through foliage and roots; penetrates foliage Water solubility 223 ppm rapidly, minimizing its removal by rain. Storage conditions Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area Water solubility 185 ppm away from sources of heat or flame. Storage conditions Slight sensitivity to extreme temperatures and natural light. Acute toxicity LD50 - 2,148 mg/kg Acute toxicity LD - 1,750 mg/kg Action in plant Disrupts protein synthesis. 50 Site of action Group 15: inhibits very long chain fatty acid synthesis Action in plant Inhibits photosynthesis. Chemical family Chloroacetamide Site of action Group 5: photosystem II inhibitor Koc 0.4 mL/g for a Lintonia sand with 0.7% OM; 1.1 mL/g for a Chemical family Triazine Ray silt loam with 1.2% OM; 1.6 mL/g for a Spinks sandy loam with Koc Average Koc is 300 mL/g 2.4% OM, 2.7 mL/g for a Drenner silty clay loam with 3.4% OM. AMICARBAZONE ACIFLUORFEN Trade name(s) Xonerate Trade name(s) Blazer, Snapback, Ultra Blazer Manufacturer(s) UPL, FMC Manufacturer(s) BASF Corp, UPL Formulation(s) 70% water dispersible granule Formulation(s) 2 lb/gal water miscible concentrate Remarks A selective postemergence herbicide with some soil Remarks A selective preemergence or postemergence contact residual activity for control of annual bluegrass and other grass herbicide for use in certain large-seed legume crops. and broadleaf weeds in turf. Water solubility 250,000 ppm Water solubility Not available Storage conditions Store above 32°F. Warm and shake, if frozen. Storage conditions Store in a cool, dry place Acute toxicity LD50 - 3,330 mg/kg Acute toxicity LD50 - >2,000 mg/kg (male rat); 1105 mg/kg Action in plant Acts as a selective contact that disrupts cell (female rat) membrane. Action in plant Inhibits photosynthesis. Site of action Group 14: protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor Site of action Group 5: photosystem II inhibitor Chemical family Diphenylether Chemical family Triazolinone Koc Average is 113 mL/g (estimated) Koc 23 to 37 mL/g on silt loam ACROLEIN (RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE) AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Trade name(s) Magnacide H Trade name(s) Method. Perspective, Streamline, and Viewpoint Manufacturer(s) Baker Petrolite are premixes that include aminocyclopyrachlor Formulation(s) 92% liquid Manufacturer(s) Bayer Remarks A highly volatile, contact, aquatic herbicide. Use only Formulation(s) 25% and 50% SG under the supervision of licensed pesticide applicators. Remarks Highly active on most broadleaf weeds and brush. Water solubility 215,000 ppm Some conifers are very sensitive to this, including ponderosa pine. Storage conditions Highly reactive or forms insoluble poly- mers (white precipitate) in presence of oxygen. Therefore, avoid Water solubility 3,100 to 3,800 ppm (pH 4 to 9, respectively) contamination with any foreign materials, especially alkaline or Storage conditions Store in a cool, dry place strong acids. Do not store opened product. Acute toxicity Dermal and oral LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg Acute toxicity LD - 46 mg/kg 50 Action in plant Mimics natural plant hormones. Action in plant General cell toxicant that destroys enzyme systems. Site of action Group 4: synthetic auxin Site of action General cell toxicant Chemical family pyrimidine carboxylic acid Chemical family None generally accepted Koc Average is 24 mL/g Koc Average is 0.5 mL/g PNW Weed Management Handbook B2 AMINOPYRALID Acute toxicity LD50 - 5,100 mg/kg Trade name(s) Milestone Action in plant Inhibits photosynthesis. Manufacturer(s) Corteva Site of action Group 5: photosystem II inhibitor Formulation(s) 2 lb (ae) soluble concentrate Chemical family Triazine Remarks A selective, foliage-applied herbicide used to con- Koc Average is 100 mL/g trol broadleaf weeds with some residual activity in the soil. BENEFIN Opensight is aminopyralid + metsulfuron; Capstone is aminopy- ralid + triclopyr amine. Trade name(s) Balan Water solubility 2,480 ppm Manufacturer(s) Loveland Products Storage conditions Store above freezing; but if exposed to freez- Formulation(s) 1.5 lb/gal emulsifiable concentrate, 2.5% gran- ing, warm to at least 40°F and agitate well. ule, 60% dry flowable Acute toxicity LD - more than 5,000 mg/kg Remarks A dinitroaniline compound used as preplant, soil-incor- 50 porated, selective herbicide. Requires incorporation with or imme- Action in plant Mimics natural plant hormones. diately after application to prevent loss of activity. Residual activity at Site of action Group 4: synthetic auxin higher rates or in dry regions may be a problem on subsequent crops. Chemical family Pyridine Water solubility 0.1 ppm Koc Average is 10.8 mL/g Storage conditions Store above 40°F. If frozen, poor weed AMMONIUM NONANOATE control may result. Acute toxicity LD - 5,000 mg/kg Trade name(s) Racer 50 Action in plant Inhibits mitosis, both in shoots and in roots. Manufacturer(s) Falcon Lab Site of action Group 3: microtubule assembly inhibitor Formulation(s) 3.3 lb ai/gal Chemical family Dinitroaniline Remarks Organic herbicide. Nonselective contact herbicide. A C9 saturated-chain fatty acid. Koc Average is 10,000 mL/g ASULAM BENSULIDE Trade name(s) Asulox, Asulox XP Trade name(s) Prefar Manufacturer(s) UPL Manufacturer(s) Gowan Co., PBI/Gordon Formulation(s) 3.12 and 3.34 lb/gal soluble concentrate Formulation(s) 2.9 and 4 lb/gal emulsifiable concentrate, 3.6% and 12.5% granules Remarks A carbamate to control actively growing grasses and certain broadleaf weeds.
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