The Sovereign States of the Americas Larouche’S Program for Continental Development

LAROUCHE IN 2004 www.larouchein2004.com

The Sovereign States of the Americas LaRouche’s Program for Continental Development

Contents

PREFACE 2 The Monroe Doctrine Today CHAPTER 1 8 The Deadly Change of 1789-1815 CHAPTER 2 16 Long-Wave Vernadsky Cycles CHAPTER 3 17 Our Planet’s Noëtic Regions CHAPTER 4 20 Fight for the Sovereign Republics of the Americas CHAPTER 5 29 Great Infrastructure Projects for the Americas

APPENDIX 38 Synarchism as a System

ON THE COVER: Lyndon LaRouche: EIRNS/Stuart Lewis. © September 2003 L04PA-2003-010 Paid for by LaRouche in 2004 EIRNS/Susana Gutierez Barros Lyndon LaRouche addresses a conference in Saltillo, Mexico on Nov. 5, 2002.

PREFACE The Monroe Doctrine Today by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. September 4, 2003

p to the present date, John Quincy Adams member of the U.S. House of Representatives. remains the most significant of the architects of Throughout this, the leading features of that expressed Uwhat might be fairly distinguished as “the work- genius included his foresight and contributions respecting foreign policy of the United States of America.” ing the role of diplomacy in defining the future coast-to- Although he was already a distinguished diplomat coast and north-south borders of the U.S., and in the before joining President Monroe’s Cabinet, his matured crafting of U.S. policy toward the other states of the genius is typified by three of his leading roles in design- Americas. ing our government’s approach to its foreign policies, His role in defining U.S. policy for the Americas, is beginning his part as Secretary of State under President associated, most notably, with three model precedents. James Monroe, during his role as President of the The first is his crafting of what became known as the United States, and, in a later role he conducted, less con- Monroe Doctrine of defense of the sovereignty of the spicuously, but with powerful force of influence, as a emerging states of the Americas against meddling by

2 both the British monarchy and the prospects for unleashing technolog- continental Holy Alliance powers. ical and social progress. From the The second is the parts played Texas border south, today, every- respecting U.S. policy toward thing, everywhere, is far, far worse, Mexico, by his Secretary of State than then. Some states of the Henry Clay and Ambassador to Americas have lost virtually all sub- Mexico Joel Poinsett. The third, is stance of the nominal sovereignty typified by his association with a formerly allowed them. The poverty distinguished U.S. Representative, is widespread, and deep; chaos, and and later President, as expressed by even madness spreads, or lurks in Abraham Lincoln’s “Spot Resolu- all corners. In principle, the inter- tion” against President Polk’s Dick ests and solutions for each of the Cheney-like launching of an unlaw- nations of our hemisphere are the ful war against Mexico. It was, same as in 1982, but the situation notably, President Lincoln’s leader- is, qualitatively, a far more difficult ship to victory in the U.S. war against challenge than it was back then. that tool of Jeremy Bentham’s Lord Under my Presidency, those diffi-

Palmerston and Napoleon III known Library of Congress culties can begin to be overcome. as the Confederacy, which led to the John Quincy Adams, whose role in Today, each and all of the states expulsion of France’s imperial forces crafting the Monroe Doctrine defined below the U.S. border are con- from Mexico, and to President Benito U.S. foreign policy in defense of the fronted by the paradoxical state of Juárez’s restoration of Mexico’s free- sovereignty of the emerging states of affairs, that the increasingly more the Americas, against meddling by both dom through the defeat of the fas- the British monarchy and the radical “free trade” and related, cist-like, occupying Habsburg continental powers of the Holy Alliance. more radical IMF “floating- predator known as the Emperor exchange-rate system” policies Maximilian. imposed upon Central and South America, by the On these matters of U.S. foreign policy: Since my United States, since Spring 1982, have been the great- 1977 attack on the late Walter Lippmann’s fraudulent, est single source of the deepening spread of misery Fabians’ misrepresentation of the Monroe Doctrine, my throughout that region. Yet, paradoxically, no recov- publicly stated policy, as a Democratic Presidential ery from those desperate conditions were possible candidate, toward all of the states of the Americas, has presently without the cooperation of the great, omi- been grounded explicitly, and consistently on those nous neighbor to their north, our own U.S.A. A new precedents of Adams, as complemented by the work of U.S. policy toward those states of the Americas is his collaborators Clay, Poinsett, and Lincoln. So, today, needed, a policy shaped under the admittedly new, the underlying basis for my U.S. Presidential policy worse conditions which have developed since Spring continues to be that which I set forth publicly at the 1982. What all too few U.S. citizens understand today, beginning of August 1982, in my Operation Juárez, a so far, what I must persuade my fellow-citizens to rec- policy-statement which I had crafted during the pre- ognize, is that the future security of the United States ceding month; that, in anticipation of the predatory and its citizens themselves, depends upon the U.S.A.’s assault on Mexico which erupted a few days after that adoption of a new set of policies, actually constructive statement of mine had been first issued. Like policies toward our neighbors in the Americas, about Presidents Adams and Lincoln before me, my as much as those neighbors’ future depends upon us. I expressed policy of 1982 toward the defense of need your help to make that connection clear to our Mexico’s sovereignty was presented, at that time, and citizens. now, as a defense of the sovereignty and welfare of not For just one of many important examples of that only Mexico, but each and all of the states of the paradoxical situation, look at both sides of our border Americas, including our own. with Mexico. The U.S. economy of today has degener- Look back from the present situation, to the much ated, physically and morally, to the point, that it has less unhappy days of 1982 than now. During the come to depend, to a large degree, on the very cheap Summer of 1982, before the international bankers’ raid labor of Mexicans in Mexico, and the mostly cheap on that nation, Mexico under President José López labor by persons of first- and second-generation Portillo was still a strong nation, with a strong sense of Mexican descent inside the U.S. economy itself. This its own sovereignty. For all its troubles of that time, it Mexican-American group is part of a larger, so-called was a nation which, if permitted to do so by the U.S.A., “Hispanic-American minority” which is the largest still had tremendous internal capabilities and “ethnic minority-group” inside the U.S.A. It exceeds,

3 for example, the number of FIGURE 1 Americans of African descent. Yet, The Great American Desert where the family ties among this population of Mexican descent, on both sides of the border, ought to strengthen the ties between the two neighbors, a virtually racist doctrine, such as the California Proposition 187 supported by the politically predatory freak-show entertainer and candidate Arnold Schwarze- negger, typifies the abusive follies from the U.S. side which threaten and estrange persons of Mexican descent on both sides of the border. That kind of folly promotes a potential for conflict which may come to threaten the security of both Mexico and the United States. That much said so far, after a moment or two longer spent on pre- liminaries, I shall conclude this preface of my report, with one important 1 example of my Presidential policy toward the Americas as a whole. For 2 this purpose, I focus upon a specific example of the special kind of large- scale, immediate cross-border, job- 3 creating cooperation between the U.S. 4 and Mexico which I intend to launch on my first day as President of the Annual precipitation U.S.A., in January 2005. That program of 0-500 mm. is labelled a NAWAPA-Plus develop- Deserts ment of Canada, the U.S.A., and 1 Great Basin Mexico. 2 Mojave That summary will then conclude 3 Sonoran my introduction to the body of this 4 Chihuahuan report as a whole. In the chapters following this preface, my associ- Source: EIR. ates and I situate the overall policy in five following general sections of this report as a should emerge among continental regions of develop- whole: some brief, some longer. In the first of those ment of the planet as a whole: Eurasia and Australia- chapters, I have summarized the most crucial features New Zealand, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere. In of the global historical setting of international social that chapter, I have located my policy for the role of and political developments, since the 1648 Treaty of the development in the Americas for the world as a Westphalia, in which the relations between the United whole. States and the peoples of Central and South America After that, in the fourth section, my associates have have been shaped up to the present time. In the sec- added important details to the historical summary ond, I have briefly defined the long-term environmen- which I presented in the first chapter, added historical tal management policy, a Noösphere-management facts devoted to the history of intra-American relations policy, which should already begin to shape our gen- of the United States. In the fifth and concluding sec- eral development perspective for the planet in gener- tion, my collaborators have provided a survey, includ- al, and the related development within the hemi- ing relevant maps, of some of the most crucial, pro- sphere of the Americas as such. In the third, I have posed projects which my associates and I have either summarized my view of the division of labor which developed, or adopted from the work of others, as

4 FIGURE 2 desert by organizing the water flows and North America: Elevations production and distribution of power from the Arctic Coasts of Canada, down into Mexico. My intention is an expanded version of that NAWAPA program, which will intersect Mexico’s long-standing intention to bring water from its water-rich, mountainous South, along the coasts of Mexico and by inland routes. By joining an extended NAWAPA southwards, and joining with the northward movement of water in Mexico in the region between the two Sierra Madres and in Sonora, and combining this with a modern high-speed rail/magnetic-levitation transport grid-system spread from terminals inside the U.S.A. to Mexico City, the basis for a technological revolution would be established in what are presently still marginal zones of economic activity. (Figure 3 and Figure 4.) Such a tri-national (Canada, U.S.A., Mexico) undertaking, would serve as the ful- crum for the kind of water-management system for both water-distribution and barge- traffic needed as an economical solution for such crisis-conditions as collapsing, over- taxed aquifers. Admittedly, such projects ran against the grain of the recent four decades’ trend of increasing opposition to large-scale public infrastructure of the TVA type, even against regulated systems of combined production and distribution of power. However, the inevitable, and presently catastrophic effects of deregulation, as combined with the accumulated effects of a general depression in progress since 2000, are changing increasingly frightened, even desperate, but sane currents of popular opinion; prompting more and more of our citizens to look back, goals for long-term development of the Americas away from right-wing fantasies such as President which have been worked out during the past quarter- Nixon’s Southern Strategy and anti-Roosevelt century. Democrats’ Nixon-like “suburban” fantasy, back into the direction of the world-outlook of the U.S. Franklin NAWAPA-Plus Roosevelt Presidency. The region of North America known as the Great During the time since the terrifying, successive American Desert, runs between the Rocky Mountains blows of the 1962 nuclear-missiles crisis, the assassi- and Pacific coastal mountain ranges, southward, nation of President John F. Kennedy, and the launch- across the southern border of the U.S.A., into the ing of the U.S.A.’s official war in Indo-China, there has region between the two Sierra Madre ranges of north- been a qualitative shift in public opinion, especially ern Mexico (Figure 1 and Figure 2). During the among the first generation of U.S. citizens and decades following World War II, the Parsons engineer- Europeans born after World War II, away from the ing company played a leading role in defining a project moral values of a productive society, into a cult of called The North American Water and Power Alliance “post-industrial” utopianism, an increasingly bankrupt (NAWAPA), with the included intent of conquering that and predatory, pleasure society, toward something

5 often suggestive of the decadence of FIGURE 3 Rome under Caesars such as North America: ‘NAWAPA-Plus’ Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. With that shift from “blue collar” to “white collar” values, and beyond, more and Main routes more of that shifting composition of Existing river the adult population emerging from Proposed waterway the aging process’s attrition among Rocky Mountain Trench successive generations, had less and Water Conveyance Proposals by Frías, Cooper less feeling for, even hostility toward the importance of basic economic infrastructure, and high energy-flux density, in maintaining the productive powers of society per capita. Our economy has been ruined as a result of these foolish changes of the recent Rocky Mountain span of nearly forty years. Trench In reality, the stability and net growth of a modern productive economy, such as the pre-1964 U.S.A., Montana Pump Lift requires an investment of about half Ogallala Aquifer its activity in combined investment NAWAPA in and operation of basic economic infrastructure. This infrastructure Colorado investment must be concentrated, for River the most part, in capital-intensive investments. These investments in infrastructure are embodied in, vari- R Yaqui River io ously, Federal, state, and local func- G r a n Cooper Proposals tions of government, or in govern- d e ment-regulated, but privately-owned public utilities. Included categories PLHINO PLHIGON are: production and distribution of increasing ratios of energy-flux density of power; water management Frías Proposal and related systems; transportation systems, for both freight and people; the public facilities essential for health-care and sanitation systems; Sources: Parsons Company, North American Water and Power Alliance Conceptual Study, Dec. 7, 1964; an urgently needed, sweeping reform Hal Cooper; Manuel Frías Alcaraz; EIR. of educational systems, which must be designed for the rounded development of future cit- on which the possibility for the development of agri- izens as part of a highly productive form of adult so- culture, mining, and manufacturing throughout most ciety; and, appropriate forms of urban organization of its territory, depended. In other words, the potential which efficiently integrate agricultural zones with resi- relative productivity of labor and private capital dential, industrial, commercial, and public functional investment, per capita and per square kilometer, modes of habitation and employment. either increases significantly, or even becomes barely To illustrate that point, the effective productivity possible, only with increasing capital-intensity of per capita within two otherwise apparently identical development and operation of a basic economic infra- manufacturing plants, will vary in proportion to the structure provided in the modes of governmental, or capital-intensive development of infrastructure in government-regulated investments in infrastructure- which the plant and its employed population are situ- related public utilities. ated. Thus, the development of the U.S.A. as an inte- Any attempt to cheapen costs of goods purchased by grated nation, required a certain approach to the deregulation through “free market” policies, will col- development of the transcontinental railway system, lapse the infrastructure and point-of-production pro-

6 FIGURE 4 of living and employment in the North America: Proposed High-Speed Rail Lines U.S.A. today, especially among the lower eighty percentiles of family- income brackets, especially since Bering approximately 1977 (Figure 5). Strait Presently, the U.S.A., the Americas generally, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, are nearing the fag- end of a decades-long, “free trade”- driven attrition of infrastructure- development and capital-intensive modes of production. The errant impulse of a succession of economi- cally incompetent U.S. governments, Dawson Creek since the pro-fascist turn under President Nixon, is the use of “free market” motives to cause compen- satory, “fiscal austerity” measures, austerity measures which curtail precisely those infrastructure investments, services, and employment on which the maintenance of even the Chicago present level of output depends absolutely. The only solution for such cases, is Los Angeles a large-scale increase of productive Tijuana employment in agriculture, industry, Cd. Juárez Nogales New and capital-intensive modes of basic Orleans economic infrastructure, as Nuevo Laredo President Franklin Roosevelt did in reversing the catastrophe produced by the Coolidge and Hoover adminis- trations. By raising the ration of Main routes those employed in, and capital-inten- Existing, To Upgrade Mexico Darien City Gap sity of productive output, in respect Proposed to both total population and area, and pushing this ration up to levels above break-even for the economy as a whole, a general economic recov- Sources: Hal Cooper; EIR. ery can be achieved. The contrary “free trade” policy, with its side- ductivity, by such effects as driving capital investment effects of “fiscal austerity” and “deregulation,” has and skills-levels downward, irreversibly, resulting in an produced only disaster. Cutting production, lowering inevitable relative collapse of the economy, by cutting levels of technology, will only lead toward the short-term prices through depleting essential long-term absolute ruin of an economy already in financial diffi- capital investments in people and facilities. Under such culties. trends, including effects of a zeal for “outsourcing” Most of the world, outside some important areas from cheap-labor markets, entire categories of neces- of Asia such as China, is already plunging deeper and sary skills and technologies will disappear from the deeper into bankruptcy brought about by more than labor-force and productive capacities, as has been the three decades of “fiscal austerity,” “deregulation” and case in the United States, increasingly, since the begin- related measures. This began in the U.S.A. and Britain, ning of the 1970s, and, a bit later, also on continental about the time of the outbreak of the Indo-China War Europe. and ruinous measures unleashed by Britain’s first This effect of so-called “free market” policies can Harold Wilson government. For the U.S.A., the general be seen today, as the collapse of the physical standard downturn began with the 1966-67 budget. The same

7 FIGURE 5 trend hit western continental Europe a bit later. The Top 20% of Population Have More Than Half developing sector, including South and Central Of All After-Tax Income America, were increasingly hard-hit by the combination 60% of a 1971-72 shift to a “floating-exchange-rate” monetary-financial system, and the petroleum-distribution cartel’s shenanigans of the mid-1970s. Under the conditions now existing, about three decades later, the only 55% general solution for each and every part of the world, Bottom 80% Share of All Income including the Americas, is large-scale infrastructure- building programs which raise the combined levels of useful employment and long-term capital formation, 50% with emphasis in basic economic infrastructure. Without infrastructure programs such as a NAWAPA- Plus program for Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico, there 45% Top 20% Share of All Income is, generally speaking, no longer any hope for any of these nations. That program of economic resuscitation for Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico, typifies my policy, 40% but it is only one example, which leaves a number of 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2000* things of crucial importance yet to be said. In the following chapters, my associates and I explain the dis- * = projected Sources: Congressional Budget Office; EIR tinction.

CHAPTER 1 The Deadly Change of 1789-1815

lthough the existence of a modern form of sover- republic which might be an indispensable model for eign nation-state dates from the successive estab- reform of the governments of Europe itself. Alishment of Louis XI’s France and Henry VII’s By the middle of the Eighteenth Century, Benjamin England during the latter half of Europe’s Fifteenth Franklin had been established as the figure around which Century, the reactionary, pro-feudalist backlash, led by Europe’s efforts might establish a true republic in North Venice’s reactionary financier oligarchy and the Norman America. These efforts were centered, for France, in the medieval tradition, engulfed Europe in terrible religious legacy of Mazarin and Jean-Baptiste Colbert. At the begin- and related warfare over the interval 1511-1648. It was ning of the Eighteenth Century, the relatively likely only a Europe led by France’s Cardinal Mazarin, which prospect that Gottfried Leibniz might become the Prime ended the terrible religious war of 1618-1648, with his Minister of England, came and passed. A relative dark age crucial part in bringing about that Treaty of Westphalia called the English and French “Enlightenment,” spread which has been the hallmark of sane and moral relations like a cancer across Europe, until the eruption of the among nation-states ever since. Europe-wide Classical Humanist movement centered However, the damage done over the course of around followers of Leibniz and J.S. Bach such as Europe’s 1512-1648 “Little New Dark Age” of religious Germany’s Abraham Kästner, Gotthold Lessing, and warfare, had so crippled Europe’s ability to develop gen- Moses Mendelssohn, fought back, with significant success, uine republics, that, more and more, the greatest intel- against the sodden sophistry of the Enlightenment. Early, lects of Europe looked to the Americas, especially the circles of Germany’s Kästner centered upon Franklin English-speaking North America, as the only visible as the leading intellect of North America around which to opportunity to sponsor the establishment of a true build preparations for a republic in North America.

8 The point was not missed in Charles III’s Spain, or the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The same spirit of the Classical Humanist revolution which mobilized Europe’s aid for the cause of a North American republic, produced important, parallel surges toward progress and freedom among Spain’s American colonies. Sadly, during the immediate effects of the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte’s tyranny, during the 1789-1815 interval, the leaders of those movements in the Spanish colonies were not only crushed, but often literally butchered out of existence, as if by the Adolf Hitlers of their time. Nonetheless despite the Hitler-like butchery of the U.S. co-thinkers of the Spanish-speaking Americas, most notably in Mexico and Colombia, the example of the continued existence of United States itself rekindled the spark of American republicanism in those emerging nations, a spark which was richly nourished by President Lincoln’s victory and the U.S. expulsion of the French occupying forces from Mexico. The American System of political-economy, as identified with such names as Alexander Hamilton, Mathew Carey, Frederick List, Henry C. Carey, and Abraham Lincoln, gave impetus to what President Adams, Clay, and Poinsett had worked to www.clipart.com effect in Mexico. Britain’s Lord Shelburne, of Barings Bank and the East India Company. He acted to turn the French Revolution The victory of President Lincoln’s U.S.A. over into blood-drenched Jacobin horror, intending to use that Palmerston’s and Napoleon III’s Confederate assets, horror as to crush both France, and the English colonies of established the United States as a great power which North America. would not be conquered from the outside. From about the time of the U.S. Philadelphia Centennial celebration governments with which they share power. of 1876, the American System of political-economy was These parliamentary systems are to be understood as spreading in Germany, Russia, Japan, and elsewhere in modern relics of an earlier, medieval arrangement, under the old world. However, the developments, centered in which the imperial maritime power of Venice’s financier- France of 1789-1815, had produced lasting differences oligarchy shared power with that Norman military sys- between the U.S. and European systems of government, tem infamously associated with Venice’s direction of differences which have not been cured to the present what were known as “The Crusades,” and the horrid, pro- day. It is those differences which must be understood to Inquisitional expulsion of the Jews from Spain by the locate the historical root of the principal difficulties government of Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1492, and the affecting the relations among the U.S.A., the other states racist, anti-Christian “purity of blood” dogma of Spain’s of the Americas, and of Europe, still today. reactionary laws. The great ecumenical Council of The American System of political-economy, which is Florence and the subsequent Fifteenth-Century rise of the characteristic intent of the U.S. Federal Constitution the modern nation-state, as in Louis XI’s France and of 1787-1789, is implicitly dedicated to a system of Henry VII’s England, had prompted a reaction from the national banking and protectionism, as the first U.S. Venice-dominated forces of the period of English history Treasury Secretary, Hamilton, described this. The from Henry II through Richard III. This reaction was European systems, insofar as they have been freed from expressed in such forms as the pro-Inquisition influences the murky relics of Habsburg rule, are premised upon a on Ferdinand and Isabella, a horrid event followed by the system contrary to the intent of the U.S. Constitution, a 1511-1648 religious warfare which Venice orchestrated system sometimes called “capitalism.” That form of “cap- with cooperation of the Habsburg dynasty. italism” is a defective system, praised as “scientific” by This period of religious warfare spawned a new lead- the misguided Karl Marx, which has been modelled upon ing force in Europe, directed by the Venetian financier- the Anglo-Dutch Liberal system of parliamentary govern- oligarchy, but centered by the followers of Venice’s Paolo ment. The central flaw in such systems of parliamentary Sarpi in a nominally Protestant interest traced from the government, is the role of what has become known today Rho-ne in France, into the Netherlands, extended across as “independent central banking systems,” which, period- the maritime regions of Northern Europe, including ically, exert a more or less openly dictatorial rule over the England.

9 That emerging Anglo-Dutch Liberal system was still Venetian, to the degree that the British East India Company of Lord Shelburne’s Eighteenth-Century Great Britain proudly claimed itself to be a ruling “Venetian Party.” Shelburne’s party was, therefore, the party of usury, the party which, predominantly, reigns over Europe still today. The characteristic of the Liberal system, called “capitalism” by most, is that a private interest, a consort of private, family-controlled merchant banks, exerts an effective monopoly over the issue and regulation of cur- rency and banking, and thus has its hand on the throats of what claim, ironically, to be sovereign nations. This conflict between the American and Venetian systems was the cause of the terrible events of 1789-1815 in Europe. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt understood the significance of that history, as, unfortunately, only a few leading political figures understand that, as I do, today. It must be understood as the key to all leading features of world history since, including the specific problems of the states of the Americas today. Without that understanding, the next President of the U.S.A. would assuredly make a mess of everything important. Therefore, I summarize the highlights of that matter here and now.

Shelburne and the 1789 Birth of Fascism www.clipart.com The principal author of the French Revolution of July The spectacle of the Jacobin Terror, folllowed by Napoleon Bonaparte’s emergence as the first modern fascist dictator, 14, 1789 was Britain’s Lord Shelburne, the leading politi- unleashed successive waves of cultural pessimism in cal figure of the twin institutions of Barings Bank and Europe, from which European culture has not recovered. the British East India Company. Shelburne’s preparations for his intended crushing of both the English North Martinists, based in Lyons, France, but deeply embedded American colonies and France, had begun at about the in the life of France and French-speaking Switzerland. time of Shelburne’s assignment of his lackey Adam This cult, which was then led by the charlatans Cagliostro Smith for the ground-work of what became Smith’s 1776 and Mesmer, and the fanatic freemason Joseph de attack on the American cause, Smith’s so-called The Maistre, a cult which based itself on the pro-satanic Wealth of Nations, better named Stealing The Wealth of model of the ancient Phrygian cult of Dionysus, was Nations. Shelburne’s direct steps toward launching a rev- responsible for the famous Phrygian Caps of the French olution against France began during the 1782-1783 inter- Terror. The successive “left” and “reactionary” (e.g., val he was Prime Minister of Britain, the time during “Bonapartist”) phases of the French Revolution of 1789- which he launched separate peace-negotiations among 1815 have served as a model for what became known, the United States and U.S. allies France and Spain. alternately, as Synarchism, and fascism, during the peri- At the point in mid-1789 the French patriots Bailly od between the close of World War I and World War II. and Lafayette had crafted a proposed constitution for For example, for the information of our Spanish- France’s monarchy based upon American principles, speaking readers, the Nazi Party ran a network through Shelburne and his lackey struck from London, beginning fascist Spain into the Spanish-speaking Americas during that July 14 storming of the Bastille which was organized the period leading into and during World War II. The by Shelburne agents Philippe Egalité and Swiss banker Mexico base, including the fascist Jacques Soustelle, was Jacques Necker. Later, other British agents, such as centered in the assassins of Mexico’s President Obregón, Danton and Marat, who had been trained by, and were and was used, together with Paul Rivet and Jean de directed from London, by the head of Shelburne’s Secret Menil, to coordinate Nazi assets throughout the Committee, Jeremy Bentham, led the way into both the Americas, a Synarchist network embedded in Europe’s Jacobin Terror and the first fascist dictatorship of mod- terrorist networks, Those same, sundry nominally “left” ern Europe, that of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. and “right” networks, left over from the Nazis, were, and Shelburne’s agents for this set of operations were con- are deployed as a subversive pro-fascist network through- centrated in a pro-satanic freemasonic cult, known as the out the Americas, from Mexico to Cape Horn, still today.

10 These Synarchist networks are the greatest internal from turning Britain and its navy over to a Synarchists’ threat to the security of the nations of the Americas, to alliance against the U.S.A., an alliance intended to be the present day. assembled from among Britain, defeated France, from Shelburne’s purpose was threefold. First, his intent, as Italy, Germany, and Japan. When we take into account he had confided this to his lackey Gibbon, was to create a the financier-oligarchical circles of both New York City new pro-paganist Roman Empire modelled upon and London, who had put Adolf Hitler into power in Gibbon’s portrayal of the successes and fatal defects of Germany in 1933, the way in which those same financier the ancient Roman Empire. Second, Shelburne was circles supported Roosevelt and Churchill against the determined to eradicate the influence of the American Synarchist continental alliance with Japan, is most Revolution throughout both Europe and the Americas. remarkable. Those English-speaking financier-oligarchi- Third, as Shelburne had confided to his lackey Adam cal interests which had been zealous to put Hitler into Smith in 1763, he was determined to destroy not only the power in 1933, discovered themselves to be unwilling to North American economies, but also France, that as a become mere colonies of a continent-based Synarchist part of preventing any development on continental international led by Hitler. So, they supported Roosevelt Europe which might threaten the world-imperial designs and Churchill against Hitler then, but returned to prac- of the financier-oligarchical British East India tice their evil old ways, after June 1944, once it was cer- Company’s position as the world’s leading maritime tain that the war was coming to an end. power, an imperial maritime power virtually established Until August 1945, when the nuclear bombs were by the Company’s subjugation of India. dropped on civilian targets at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Not only did Shelburne and his lackey Jeremy the financier oligarchies of Britain and the U.S.A. were Bentham follow such policies during the 1789-1815 peri- not prepared to import the Synarchist pestilence which od of Bentham’s rise to power, until the 1830s, as the Shelburne had inflicted upon continental Europe. The shaper of British imperial foreign policy and world-wide change came, when the followers of Bertrand Russell’s secret-intelligence operations. Since 1815, Bentham and imperialist dogma of “world government through preven- his heirs ran revolutions around the world, including the tive nuclear warfare” was adopted by that utopian U.S. Americas, as continued by Bentham protégé faction associated with Vice-President Dick Cheney Palmerston’s control over Mazzini’s “Young Europe” rev- today. The change was, and is, that the enemy was no olutions of 1848-49; Bentham trainee Lord Palmerston’s longer from outside our borders, but largely within. deployment of France’s Napoleon III; Britain’s control of Prior to Hiroshima 1945, the effect of what is today the anti-American slave-trading Spanish monarchy of known as the Synarchist International, in its sundry Isabella II; and the installation of the fascistic beast operations, including major wars and revolutions on the Maximilian upon the throne of Mexico. This same tradi- continent of Europe, had been essentially “geopolitical”: tion was continued in such forms as the role of certain Britain’s determination to keep Europe largely under the leading financier circles of London and New York City in imperial and intellectual domination of the United initially putting Adolf Hitler into power in Germany; this Kingdom, and in the grip of the Anglo-Dutch Liberal par- was typical of the way certain London-centered liamentary model of financier-oligarchical control. This financier-oligarchical interests have repeatedly used the meant to British geopoliticians, to keep the nations of Martinist/Synarchist organization originally deployed for continental Eurasia at each other’s throats. Today, since the French Revolution, again and again, in their attempts Hiroshima, the pro-Synarchist financier-oligarchical to prevent the rise of land-based power on the continent interest is determined to use the United States itself as its of Eurasia, as also in the Americas. base of operations for such a form of imperial world The novelty is, that after President Lincoln’s victory power. It is these habituated tendencies, as spread from over Palmerston’s puppet, the Confederacy, Britain could Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Europe into other no longer conquer the U.S.A. physically. Therefore, there parts of the world, including leading ideologies within was a shift toward reliance on pro-Martinist/Synarchist the U.S.A. itself, which are the only source of essential networks based in relevant, U.S.-linked, international differences in the way of thinking about the world at financier-oligarchical circles, such as the controllers of large between Europe and the U.S.A. from the French Vice-President Cheney and former Secretary of State Revolution of 1789-1815, up to the present time. George Shultz today, ultimately shifting the base of their operations to the interior of today’s U.S.A. The Crucial Difference Look back from today to 1940, when the remaining To understand the task I face, as a U.S. Presidential forces of the British army were chiefly threatened with candidate, within the Americas at large today, consider liquidation as a force, at Dunkirk. At that time, Defense the break in the trans-Atlantic continuity of European Minister Winston Churchill turned to U.S. President culture which developed as a result of the effects of the Franklin Roosevelt, for common actions to prevent 1789-1815 developments leading into Metternich’s admirers of Hitler from among even British oligarchs Congress of Vienna. The essential division is between the

11 original intention of the U.S. Federal Constitution of lutions of 1848, and brought Napoleon III to the throne. 1787-1789, and the prevalence of the Anglo-Dutch Martinism, then becoming known as Synarchism, grew Liberal model of parliamentary government, still today. as a force during the later Nineteenth Century and pre- We in the U.S. have, in large degree, submitted to the organized World War II on behalf of Britain’s “Lord of treasonous introduction of the anti-Constitutional the Isles,” Edward VII. The Synarchist International as Federal Reserve System, a concoction of the British such, organized the succession of fascist regimes leading monarchy of Edward VII, foisted upon the United States into World War II. The cult was spread throughout the by the pro-Confederacy Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Americas. and Ku Klux Klan fanatic Woodrow Wilson. The cultural legacy of Martinism/Synarchism infects Until the events of approximately 1789-1806, from the much of the world to the present day. Its influence comes storming of the Bastille to Napoleon’s defeat of Prussia in to the surface in sundry ways. the battle of Jena-Auerstädt, the leading political current Contrary to the Martinist/Synarchist freemasonry, the in Europe was the Classical Humanist renaissance, a exemplary cases of John Quincy Adams’ role, the inspir- revival of, explicitly, the legacies of both Gottfried ing role of President Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin Leibniz and J.S. Bach, spread from the Germany circles Roosevelt, demonstrate a deeply embedded cultural of Kästner, Lessing, and Mendelssohn, into France, potential, within a national tradition, that of our own England, North America, and elsewhere. This anti- nation, transmitted over successive generations. I illus- “Enlightenment,” Classical Humanist influence, had trate that transmission by reference to my own case. been the most crucial element in the broader basis for Excepting a trace of American Indian descent, my 1776-1789 international support for the cause of inde- first ancestors in North America arrived in the late pendence of the United States. Seventeenth Century, in Quebec and English immi- The spectacle of the Jacobin Terror, followed by grants into Pennsylvania, respectively. The line of Jacobin Napoleon Bonaparte’s emergence as the first English descent featured notable leaders of the anti-slav- modern fascist dictator, unleashed successive waves of ery movement, including a certain Daniel Wood, my cultural pessimism, especially following such signal great-great-grandfather who was a contemporary of events as Napoleon’s crowning himself a new Caesar Lincoln, and an admirer of Henry Clay, from the locality and Pontifex Maximus, and his triumph at Jena- of Woodville in Delaware County, Ohio. This celebrated Auerstädt. This wave of cultural pessimism is what is Daniel Wood was a frequent topic of first-hand accounts known as the Nineteenth-Century Romanticism which at my grandparents’ dinner-table, as I observed, with assumed the form of acute pessimism in the wake of the some fascination, back during the late 1920s. Both sets 1815 Congress of Vienna and the Metternich-sponsored, of my grandparents were born during the 1860s. The fascistic Carlsbad decrees. These successive steps of Quebec side immigrated into the U.S. as a picaresque political and moral degeneration of prevalent European figure of some distinction among the circles of his peers. culture, led into the emergence of such forms of pes- His wife bore Irish ancestry. The Scottish side, my simism respecting the nature of mankind, as radical pos- maternal grandfather, came to the U.S.A. in 1862, as a itivism and the emergence of the existentialist current babe, accompanying a professional Scottish dragoon, a from such predecessors of Nazism as Schopenhauer, fierce man when wielding saber or whisky, who had Richard Wagner, and Nietzsche: the so-called come to the U.S. to join the U.S. First Rhode Island “Conservative Revolution” represented in the United Cavalry against slavery. The dragoon’s brother was a States today by the self-styled “neo-conservatives” gath- rather famous Scottish sea-captain for the White Star ered momentarily around Vice-President Dick Cheney. line, who, among his other achievements, induced his Similar trends toward Romanticism spread into the brother to give up that saber which my great-grandfa- United States itself, as around the neo-Kantian Concord ther had used to punctuate points of an argument, too circles of Ralph Waldo Emerson et al. and the pro- often for the comfort of the local whisky-drinkers of Fall Napoleonic, South Carolina founders of the River, Massachusetts. My son has added Jewish ancestry Confederacy. to his credentials, and his children have added Polish to Although Napoleon’s rule ended with his transport to the package as a whole. St. Helena, the Martinist cult which had run, successive- In short, I am, for all my lack of certain additional ly, both the Terror and Napoleon’s tyranny, lived on. ancestries I was not awarded, typically a product of an G.W.F. Hegel, the leftist who turned obscene admirer of American melting-pot cult tradition. That, in itself, is an Napoleon, wrote the theory of the Napoleonic dictator- emphatically North American cultural distinction; that ship; the Martinist freemasonic cult of Talleyrand sur- melting-pot characteristic of many among us, is a specifi- vived Napoleon’s defeat to run Restoration-monarchy cally American cultural characteristic, even through France by appointments of Britain’s proconsul, the Duke mixed-up ancestries such as my own, while frequent, are of Wellington. Martinism, still steered by Jeremy not the universal among us. Family brawls aside, for Bentham and Bentham’s Lord Palmerston, ran the revo- those who share the kind of melting-pot background I

12 have, racism and chauvinism are not specifically American cultural tradi- tions, but aberrations contrary to the essential features of our national character. The working point to be emphasized, is the manner in which cultural tradi- tions are transmitted across many generations, not only by reading reports of various sorts, but through first-hand transmission through family and related transactions at the dinner table, and otherwise. I have been sometimes star- tled, and often fascinated by recollec- tions of my frequent experience with the way such intra-family cultural influences pop up from a span of two or more generations past. There is a specifically American cultural type, in this sense. FDR Library Through contrasting this experience President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. The English-speaking financier- with what I encounter among typical oligarchical interests supported him and Churchill against Hitler during the war— cultural representatives of other parts of only to return to their evil old ways, once it was certain that the war was going to the world, the practical significance of come to a victorious end. my own experience of a specifically American culture, emerges. U.S.A., who have a knowledgeable view of modern world For example, until changes introduced during the history, as I do, are able to recognize the nature of, and 1960s and later, a typical public-school education causes for the differences between the convergent ways emphasized actual American political history. There was of thinking of Europeans and North Americans during a great deal of what is lately called “spin” in the text- the pre-1789 decades, and after the events of 1789-1815. books and classroom proceedings, but a sense of history, Those who shared the late-Eighteenth-Century Classical including our nation’s own, was there for all of us who Humanist tradition then, as between those in North attended a reasonably competent sort of public school- America and Germany, had a greater relative affinity on ing. These resources were available to the child and ado- crucial matters of statecraft than is met among educated lescent through books generally, and library books in strata of the U.S. and Europe today. particular. We had a sense of history, including our own For example: The most important such divergence for national history, most emphatically; it was not always today is the degree to which Europeans conditioned to a exactly truthful, but the provocation to discover that his- sense of “rightness” of the Anglo-Dutch Liberal parlia- tory was there. Later, in my dealing with cultures from mentary model, resist the idea of ending the reign of outside the U.S.A., since my military service in South independent central banking systems, including the pre- Asia during World War II, I have accumulated a sensibili- sent form of authority accorded to the IMF. We, in the ty of the practical effects of differences in culture upon U.S.A., have a clear historical precedent for such ideas, in the way in which experience is perceived and preferences our Federal Constitution and otherwise. Europe thinks of registered, as we move from persons of one national-cul- a difference between capitalism, as defined by the British tural background to another. If we reflect upon our own East India Company’s mis-education of Karl Marx, and cultural development, in attempting to understand the socialism, as either the only desirable, or simply abhor- roots of a different cultural development in others, we rent only alternative to such capitalism. Like Karl Marx, gain the ability to understand the relevant forms of cul- the typical European rejects the American System of tural difference between the U.S.A. and Europe, or the political-economy as an illiterate frontiersman’s aberra- U.S.A. and the cultures of South and Central America. tion, or, as simply proven to be “wrong” by the generally There are several points of comparison to be acknowl- accepted standard of educated European tradition. For edged in the setting of this report. example, an educated European will usually insist that First of all, people of differing cultural backgrounds the basis for the original Bretton Woods system is John become conscious of, and react to those differences. The Maynard Keynes. He simply refuses to recognize that the reaction is often functional in character, rather than U.S. system was never intended to establish a central merely negative or positive. Those among us, in the banking system of the sort to which Keynes’ notion

13 might be applicable, and that Franklin Roosevelt’s Dutch model. The roots run very deep in European cul- approach was always that of the American System stan- ture; it is precisely such roots we must pull out, roots dard of Alexander Hamilton, and of Hamilton’s collabo- which should have been pulled out for all of European rator, and Roosevelt’s most honored ancestor Isaac civilization at the close of the Eighteenth Century, when Roosevelt. they were first pulled out, at least temporarily, and on On that same point of difference, the typical view several later occasions, inside the U.S.A. from Central and South America today, tends to be simi- The institution of the consortium of private, family- lar to that of the European. This is aggravated by a wide- held merchant banks is very old, even much older than spread hatred against “Yanqui imperialism”; one tends to the financier oligarchy of medieval Venice. It is an insti- think the worst of any idea, even if that thought is, in tution with deep Latin roots in the principles of Roman fact, based upon a lying version of history, if that idea is family law, the legacy of the Delphi cult of Apollo earlier, associated with one assumed to be one’s evil oppressor. and Tyre and the ancient Mesopotamia referenced by the The leading point which I am stressing in this connec- use of “the Whore of Babylon.” That conception of the tion, is the following. role of money and finance is a heathen legacy which The practical problem the next President of the U.S.A., affects the way in which the notion of property is and also the rest of the world, must face, is that there is defined, with which most nations still define money as no solution for the presently onrushing general break- such. Today, only a suitable American President were down crisis of the world’s present, floating-exchange-rate likely to represent the cultural and related potential to monetary-financial system, except by eliminating all ves- bring the nations around the table, and say, “Clear the tiges of independent central banking systems, through table of this rubbish. We are assembled here to create a bankruptcy reorganization of the existing world mone- new system free of such evil relics of the past.” It is on tary-financial system. That monetary-financial reorgani- this pivotal point, that the American Revolution of 1776- zation, on which the near-term survival of civilization 1789 expresses a unique moral authority for leading the now depends absolutely, requires the uprooting of those world out of the morass which the legacies of Venice, aspects of both government and tradition which reflect Lord Shelburne, and the Martinists have imposed upon the long hegemony of the so-called independent central- more than two centuries of modern history up to this banking system, that in favor of the precedent of the point. Only a U.S. President who represents that role is American System, as typified by the argument of likely to enjoy the moral, cultural qualifications needed Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. to lead the nation at this most critical point in modern As a result of the global impact of these economy- world history. With all my personal burdens taken into related and cohering historical-cultural considerations, I account, and suitably discounted, I remain, for the have a distinct world role to play as the next President of moment, the only candidate who could play such a role the U.S.A. The pivotal feature of that role is my unique competently. responsibility for bringing nations together, not only to put the presently bankrupt world monetary-financial sys- Three Reigns of Terror tem into receivership by governments, for reorganization Since 1789, globally extended modern European civi- in bankruptcy. My uniquely American, leading role on lization has been subjected to three principal intervals of this account is to ensure that we bring to an end the rule Martinist/Synarchist terror, which have each added to over this planet by concerts of independent central bank- the crippling of civilization’s moral capacity to avert and ing systems, including the presently wretched form overcome the effects of those great shocks. The first of which the U.S. Federal Reserve System has assumed these was the British East India Company’s orchestra- under the successive misleaderships of Paul Volcker and tion of the French Revolution and its Napoleonic sequel. Alan Greenspan. The second was the way in which the effects of World The problem I confront on this account is, that the War I were exploited to produce that Synarchist pesti- institution of the independent central banking system is lence of Hitler et al. The third was the combination of not only a form of institution; it is a deeply rooted cultur- allied terror-bombing of civilian targets which culminat- al characteristic of that Anglo-Dutch Liberal model of ed in the launching of Bertrand Russell’s age of imperial parliamentary system which gave the world such mon- preventive nuclear warfare, with President Truman’s sters as Lord Shelburne and his Jeremy Bentham. This dropping of the nuclear bombs on the civilian targets of cultural impact is deeply rooted in the accumulated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The latter unfolded in such effects of its persistence upon even the minutiae of life forms as the 1962 nuclear missiles crisis, the assassina- within European and other nations. Therefore, anyone tion of U.S. President Kennedy, and the launching of the who seeks to uproot that tradition, will be subjected to U.S.’s official war in Indo-China. The cumulative effects ten thousand deadly ambushes from those who sense of these three, and related, interspersed shocks have themselves as having a culturally rooted deep interest in greatly crippled the intellectual and moral powers of those institutionalized habits built up around that Anglo- entire populations.

14 who commits crimes so monstrous, so unthinkable, that terrified populations will embrace the feet of that oppressor with unquenchable love, seeking to do to others as he, the monster, has done before their eyes. The model for such modern forms of such terror existed in the Spanish Inquisition, in the religious war launched by Spain’s Philip II, and the Thirty Years War. It was against this cult of terror that the Treaty of Westphalia wisely focussed its anti- Hobbesian, anti-Lockean medication of the political soul: the advantage of the other. The wont to do evil which such terror instills in the susceptible observ- er, is the goal and method of the Martinist such as Joseph de Maistre, or the Adolf Hitler of the holocaust against his Jewish victims. The three principal cycles of Hitler’s reign of terror was one of the three principal cycles of Martinist/Synarchist bestiality that are relatively most crucial for history today: Martinist/Synarchist bestiality I have the accumulated scars of the soul which the nations and populations of thus singled out as relatively most cru- extended European civilization continue to bear as part of their legacy. cial for history today, are the accumulated scars of the soul which the nations Coming back from World War II, I watched the terror and populations of extended European civilization con- expressed by President Truman’s evil act against tinue to bear as part of their legacy today. This legacy Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the eyes of those who had corrupts the soul like a vile disease; the cure is, in part, to just returned from the preceding war. I saw most of them be aware of this, to recognize how such experiences have transformed, thus, into something much less than them- worked, to recognize, for example, that to admire selves. I saw the nightmare in their eyes during what Napoleon Bonaparte, or his spiritual descendant, Adolf became known as the “Cold War” of the late 1940s and Hitler, is as if to worship Satan within that tabernacle the 1950s. I watched men and women go insane, en which is yourself. masse, during the most critical days of the 1962 missiles Often, we must do good, so that we might defy the evil crisis. I saw the aggravated effect on the minds of my legacy which reaches from within us to take us over, and generation and its children, as President Kennedy was win that fight by doing good with audacity, not out of a shot down. I saw the degradation induced by the plunge negative sense of obligation, but out of a passion to expe- into the useless journey into Hell which was the 1962- rience within ourselves the act of doing a good which 1972 U.S. Indo-China war. I felt that I had lost them all, defies the legacy of evil which Martinism/Synarchism as if they were lemmings who have run off the cliff in ter- typifies. The North American will do good for the people ror. of South America only if this action is impelled by a com- These kinds of things have happened, en masse. If we pulsion to defy evil within himself, or herself, by doing do not understand this, we shall not muster ourselves to good. Great good is not done out of the negative quality heal that hurt in them. If we do not, what, then, might of a sense of obligation, a duty; great good is done out of become of humanity? the passion to fulfill a mission, a mission of the quality Leading Martinist ideologues, such as Joseph de which is, in and of itself, the realization of being no Maistre, have been explicit. The object of the Martinist beast, but as human as a beneficial creature made in the freemasonic cult, and its Synarchist continuation, was to likeness of the Creator must be. In Greek, for the sake of destroy the conception of man associated with Europe’s agape¯. Fifteenth-Century Renaissance, the conception of man Martinism—synarchism—must be brought to an end expressed by the American Revolution, The model was now. The mission of freeing mankind from the worship the ancient Phrygian cult of Dionysus, the same pro- of the presently still prevalent misconceptions of banking satanic theme later stressed by Friedrich Nietzsche. Use and money is key to that urgently needed result. True a great terror to ready populations to worship the com- wealth is, as our Cotton Mather and Benjamin Franklin ing of the Dionysus who is the great beast, a creature taught, the act and fruit of doing good.

15 CHAPTER 2 Long-Wave Vernadsky Cycles

he full development of such a NAWAPA-Plus pro- of two examples of the problem of global management of gram, will span a capital-cycle of about two gener- these resources, that of those Eurasian and American Tations—fifty years, including a primary construc- regions in which the greater part of resources to be devel- tion cycle of about a quarter-century. This is comparable oped are to be found on those continents today. to the present long-term development program of China. The experimental methods developed and refined by China’s long-term infrastructure building, such as the Vernadsky and his followers, showed that, first, life is Three Gorges Dam and kindred ventures, will develop an anti-entropic principle which can not be derived the interior regions of China with significant improve- from non-living processes; it is an independent princi- ments, leading into a take-off growth of productivity to ple of the universe, which interacts with non-living erupt during the second twenty-five-year interval of a processes, but is not derived from them. Second, the fifty-year span. The development of the system NAWA- anti-entropic, human creative processes, by means of PA-Plus development, from the Arctic down to Mexico’s which discoveries of universal principles are made and southern border, will be a comparable effort. This applied by mankind, do not exist in the typical physics includes not only the abiotic aspects of the system, but of non-living processes, and do not exist among forms must also allow for the water systems settling in, and the of life lower than man. These three distinct, interacting progress of forestation and other integral features of the principles, have experimentally distinguishable charac- functioning, completed installation. There will be a sig- teristics, just as the axiomatically anti-entropic living nificant improvement in the levels of employment and processes have a different time-scale, and tend to take living conditions of populations from the start, but over what is usually assumed to be the axiomatically reaching a degree of relatively prosperous, preliminary entropic non-living domain, and as the characterstically phase of economic equilibrium of key, initial project-ele- anti-entropic human creative processes have a different ments as such. As in the post-war U.S.A. of the middle time-scale and tend to take control over both the non- 1950s, the initial projects will require the cumulative living and living. progress achieved over a decade or more. Contrary to the popularized delusions among many These estimated time-tables are based on two some- self-styled ecologists, human progress does not necessari- what overlapping sets of facts. First, what has been ly occur at the expense of the well-being of other living learned from similar kinds of work from the past, as processes, but, rather, with the guidance of science, the under President Franklin Roosevelt. Second, a branch of Biosphere as a whole is improved by man in ways which physical science, geobiochemistry, as developed by one of the Biosphere could not benefit otherwise. The implica- the most accomplished scientists of the Twentieth tion of the work of Vernadsky, and others, is that the uni- Century, Russia’s famous geobiochemist Vladimir I. verse is overall, characteristically anti-entropic, not Vernadsky’s concept of the Noösphere. Second, the rela- entropic, and that man as a species makes possible a tionship of scientific progress to the needed functional, degree and rate of anti-entropic development of both abi- as much as quantitative transformations of the otic and living processes not possible other than by Biosphere. mankind’s intervention. Vernadsky, working from the same general standpoint The one qualification to be said on the conflict of experimental physical chemistry as his teacher D.I. between entropy and anti-entropy, is that man must will Mendeleyev, defined the processes of the planet Earth as to cause the anti-entropy to progress, a will which must a combination of three distinct classes of physical causes: be informed by the progress of science. non-living, living, and human-mental-creative. I shall not The relevant results of those distinctions include the go into the details of the science involved, except to indi- following. cate the importance of Vernadsky’s work for long-term The mineral resources on which society presently management of the natural resources on which society depends, are found in economical concentrations, depends. I focus on comparing certain common features chiefly, in sedimentary deposits, where those concentra-

16 tions have been left as “the ashes” of living processes. physical and kindred principles, sets the human species Thus, there is a rate at which such deposits are being absolutely apart from and above all forms of animal life. depleted by man, as compared with the rate at which The specifically anti-entropic power of the human mind, equivalent deposits are being produced. In some cases, a power so defined, enables man to transform the the presently achieved rate of exhaustion of relevant Biosphere, and also the abiotic domain at rates which deposits presents society with a serious medium- to long- tend, by their nature to overpower the lower forms of term challenge. abiotic and biological processes. We must consider a combination of ways for dealing This power, which sets mankind above the beasts, is with those limits on known types of sources which we typified by the power of the individual to make an origi- either know or suspect to exist. One way, is management nal valid discovery of a universal physical principle, or of choices of materials used for manufacture. Another to re-create the act of making such a discovery. To the way is to attempt to accelerate the processes by which degree we cease to treat large portions of our popula- living processes “gather” and concentrate certain miner- tions as if they were human cattle, and emphasize als. Another way, is controlled transmutation, which may forms of education and employment that nourish the be feasible in more ways than we have previously sus- development of the creative powers of the mind of a pected. There may be means other than “brute force” larger ration of our people, the rate of human mastery modes of thermonuclear fusion, which can cause desired of our planet will be accelerated accordingly. We may transmutations to occur. master the seeming limits of the Biosphere, only by see- The development of the Biosphere is of more immedi- ing man in his true nature, as the expression of the ate importance. The increase of efficient and useful Noösphere. growth of living processes, such as grasses, trees, and The conquest of the Great American Desert shared what-not, is the best known, anti-entropic way to trans- between the U.S.A. and Mexico, and the proper develop- form solar radiation, directly, or indirectly into useful ment and use of vast areas of the Biosphere, in addition biomass, and better weather. We already know much; we to the great mineral resources, of South America, are a have much more to learn; in the meantime, we must great challenge to cooperation among sovereign nations practice doing better with what we do know. of the hemisphere over, immediately, the next half-centu- There is another, often overlooked human dimension ry to come. Such is the challenge within our hemisphere; to these matters of managing the Biosphere: the fact that an analogous challenge is faced in Eurasia, Africa, and man’s mind, our power to discover and deploy universal Australia/New Zealand.

CHAPTER 3 Our Planet’s Noëtic Regions

he present physical-economic challenges of our rather than monetary-financial terms; 2.) The 25- to time divide the planet as a whole among, chiefly, 50-year span of principal and associated development Tthree principal continental regions: the Eurasian of basic economic infrastructure of power generation continent, Africa, especially sub-Sahara Africa, and the and distribution, water management, mass transporta- Americas. Australia and New Zealand are of auxiliary tion, urban development, and sanitation; 3.) The very- significance. In each of these cases, the long-term view long-term physical-economic management of the is premised on studies of the functional interdependen- Noösphere. cy between certain principal concentrations of popula- The political-economic characteristics of each include tion and of long-term natural resources, with initial the following highlights. It will now become clearer why emphasis on mineral resources, as this matter is a more adequate approach to the treatment of the addressed in the preceding chapter. The three principal Americas as a continental development region, had to factors defining each of these regions in a functional wait until we were willing to consider the lessons to be way are: 1.) The political-economic relations within the learned from the work of Vernadsky. region as a whole, as defined in physical-economic, Eurasian development for today is defined primarily

17 in terms of long-term physical-economic relations pivot- contain two leading concentrations of the mineral ted among Europe, the Eurasian nation of Russia, and resources on which the future of humanity presently the population-centers of East, Southeast, and South depends. The third is the vastly underdeveloped nations Asia. This development defines a qualitative shift of pop- of South America. ulation from emphasis on the riparian areas bordering seacoasts, toward development and increasing concen- Terra-Forming the Americas tration of population and production in areas more Successful manned exploration of the interior of the deeply inland. This development requires a massive and Solar System began, chiefly, in Germany during the long-term development of the large-scale systems of 1920s and 1930s, and was taken over chiefly by the basic economic infrastructure needed to render these U.S.A. and Russia during the decade immediately follow- more inland areas fully habitable in a way suitable for ing the close of World War II. By the early 1950s, the high-gain production. U.S.A.’s adopted space pioneer Wernher von Braun Although Asian nations such as India, China, Japan, posed the task of sending a flotilla to Mars, a space-flight and Korea, are capable producers of relevant capital which von Braun described, explicitly, as a version of goods, the present needs for development of inland and Christopher Columbus’ voyage of rediscovery of the other underdeveloped regions exceed the present and Americas. Our late friend Krafft Ehricke described to us immediately foreseeable capacities of those portions of in detail his design for the kind of production facility, to Asia. This defines a special opportunity for long-term be built on the Moon, which would be indispensable for trade with Asia, for western and Central Europe. In gen- bringing mankind to other planets. After Krafft’s death, eral, the basis for this trade depends upon a foundation during late 1985 into early 1986, I developed a proposed in long-term capital formation for infrastructure and forty-year policy, in his memory, for establishing a work- related projects of twenty-five to fifty-year maturities. ing science-city under the surface of Mars. At the same This represents a change in the history of economy; with time, I emphasized that any technology suited for devel- the introduction of high-speed transportation through oping a sustainable science-city under the surface of economic development across the interior of the Mars, would enable us to master what might have been Eurasian continent, land transport becomes absolutely considered the most forbidding places on the surface of cheaper, and much quicker, in general, than sea trans- the Earth. port: since land transport operates through areas in Speaking in generalities, we human beings must come which transport is integrated with local production of to face up to our obligation to manage the ecology of our wealth. planet as an enlightened farmer turns a wilderness into A special role is played in this by Russia and prosperous agriculture. The vast areas of virtual waste- Kazakhstan. Scientific potentials of Russia, presently land in the North and South of the Americas, considered kept largely fallow, will be of crucial importance in the together with the vast mineral and biological resources development of the region between the western and east- of the hemisphere, especially the mighty Amazon system, ern portions of the Eurasian continent as a whole. are one of the great challenges for science and mankind. Within this setting, we should foresee the establishment How could any man, woman, or child be poor in a part of long overdue peace and peaceful cooperation in of the world inherently so rich as this one could be made Southwest Asia, as contributing a cross-roads connection to become? between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions. We may look at Australia and New Zealand with the This does not signify the exclusion of the Americas same eyes we aim at the three principal continental from this Eurasian development; it signifies the qualita- regions. We can increase the function of life on this plan- tive greater role of internal economic development, et; we can, with aid of use of principles of life, improve rather than external trade, within Eurasia itself. the management of the abiotic processes of our planet. The rational development of the African continent Therefore, we of the Americas, must adopt a long-rang- requires both the uprooting of the intentionally genocidal ing program of this kind as our mission for the “inner policies imposed upon Africa, from the U.S.A. and else- space” of the planet we presently inhabit. With such a where, under population-control policies, such as then program we may be certain that the population of South National Security Advisor Henry A. Kissinger’s NSSM- America will be greatly increased during the remainder 200, adopted during the 1970s. On condition that that of the present century, and, yet, the time could come, at presently continuing practice of genocide is ended, the some not distant time, when no child need be poor. great challenge for Africa’s development is the develop- The practical mechanism we require for both mis- ment of the large-scale basic economic infrastructure, on sions of that sublime quality, or even more ordinary which the rational economic development of the nations, ones, can be, and must be brought into being as our especially those of sub-Sahara Africa, will depend response to the profound economic crisis which grips the absolutely. hemisphere, especially in southerly regions, today. We Central and North Asia, and the African continent must, as I proposed in my 1982 Operation Juárez, develop

18 a new credit-mechanism within the hemisphere, through senses. In the use of spoken and written language, bes- which we create and manage large flows of created long- tiality takes the form of simple dictionary-like alleged term, low-cost credit, credit generated by sovereign gov- meanings of words. These are so-called literal meanings, ernments acting in concert, for capital improvements in or, in technical terms, they represent a nominalist point basic economic infrastructure and production technolo- of view, such as the nominalism of the medieval irra- gies, at borrowing costs of not more than 1-2% net annu- tionalist William of Ockham. al simple interest. In the literate use of language, as in great Classical Inside the U.S.A. itself, the included intent of this con- poetry or drama, words do not have simply literal mean- tinental program of economic development must include ings. Literate speech refers to ideas which correspond to the expansion of those industries which produce the cap- realities existing beyond the simple experience of our ital goods which our partners in Central and South senses. Intelligent speech, even among relatively illiterate America require. We must also develop crucial fountains people, is distinguished by the role of irony; Classical of technology from within various regions of the hemi- poetry is typical of this role of irony. sphere. All of this must function within the framework of As we are assured by speakers of Spanish in Ibero- an economic protectionist form of fixed-rate monetary American nations today, the same root language, order among the currencies of the Americas, similar to Spanish, has different connotations as we move from the the successful initial phase of the original, post-war conventional Spanish used in one part of Central and Bretton Woods monetary-financial system. South America to another. These differences are chiefly The development of such an arrangement and per- expressions of irony, the same kind of irony presented by spective within the Americas will directly complement all great Classical poetry and drama. By irony, we mean and mesh with the similar system of continental-wide an array of multiple meanings of words and phrases, cooperation now emerging within the Eurasian conti- according to the context in which they are expressed. nent. These two continental systems, will be the founda- In any culture, the history specific to that culture is tion for a global system with many features of the intent reflected in the differences among the ironies which have and functioning of the immediate post-war Bretton become built into a national language-culture through Woods form of protectionist system based on fixed successive generations. The capacity of a people to exchange-rates and gold-reserve denomination of fixed- express what Shelley pointed toward as “profound and rate convertibility. impassioned conceptions respecting man and nature,” With the establishment of such a fruitful form of lies in the apt employment of such legacies of irony. It is cooperation between Eurasia and the Americas, we shall through the sharing of such ironies that a people is be able to supply the aid urgently needed for the princi- enabled to arrive at those insights by which it can effec- pal large-scale infrastructural features of the develop- tively govern itself, by means of which poor Sancho ment of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa. In the Panza might have become able to govern an island. meantime, our ability to push through a NAWAPA-Plus If we attempt to transform existing, irony-rich lan- program of cooperation among Canada, the U.S.A., and guages into a nominalist form of argot, we strip a people Mexico, will attest to the continent as a whole, that we of the power to govern itself intelligently. It were better, are determined to succeed in our stated goals for all of in every respect, to develop self-government around a the hemisphere, and beyond. language rich in such a repertory of ironies, and as free as possible from slavery to nominalism. Let the speakers Culture and Nation from different nations come to understand themselves When I hear the words “world government,” I remem- and others through comprehension of the bridge of ber the Biblical Tower of Babel, and I wonder: Could that ironies by which two language-cultures may develop the Biblical account be true? Then, I think of “world govern- insight needed to govern both the internal affairs of each, ment,” and I know that the principle expressed by that and the relations among them all. Biblical account is true, whatever the actual time or The notion of special forms of mission-oriented coop- place that account might refer to. It is true because it eration among a group of nations which have some would be the certain consequence of world government closely interdependent set of goals, requires that cooper- to produce a tragic result of precisely that general classi- ation not be degraded into something like a Tower of fication. Babel. Rather, let the differences in understanding be the I explain that point, as briefly as possible, and as ironies which prompt the several nations to make discov- much as my duty here requires. eries which would probably never be thought of if mat- The essential difference between man and beast, is ters were left to each nation to solve in isolation from the that only the human individual is capable of discovering other. Let our differences make us richer, in knowledge those experimentally validatable universal principles, and in spirit. such as Kepler’s unique discovery of a universal principle What I propose is a system of sovereign nation-states of gravitation, which are not directly accessible to the of the Americas as a whole, as such a region.

19 CHAPTER 4 Fight for the Sovereign Republics of the Americas

common struggle for economic development, and Kästner, and by the apostles of Leibniz’s French patron, against financiers’ imperialism and feudalism, has Jean Baptiste Colbert. Now Franklin, Washington and Ajoined the efforts of patriots in the United States, Hamilton were employing Colbert’s government-guided Mexico, and South America since the U.S. alliance with industry creation program. France and Spain in the American Revolutionary War. And the scientific and political leaders who emerged During his years in Paris (1776-85), Benjamin Franklin in New Spain (present-day Mexico and parts of Central forged a military pact and improved other ties with the America), New Grenada (Venezuela, Colombia, French and Spanish kingdoms, which were both ruled by Ecuador), and the Viceroyalties of Peru, Chile, and Rio members of the Bourbon family. Following the victory of de la Plata, were products of exactly the same European the three nations over the British Empire, Franklin networks which were Franklin’s partners. returned home to oversee the framing of the U.S. The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt, Constitution, and the transfer to the Republic’s first Kästner’s student, commented in great detail during his Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton, of Franklin’s 1799-1804 tour of South America on the results of King own ideal of government-sponsored progress—protection- Charles III’s policies. “No European government sacri- ist tariffs and public credit to create industry and replace ficed greater sums” than the Spanish Bourbon kings, backward agrarian society with modern conditions. Humboldt wrote, to advance scientific knowledge in the When George Washington took office as the first U.S. New World. “We everywhere observe a great intellectual President (April 30, 1789), there were stunning prospects activity, and among the youth a wonderful facility of for mankind’s advancement. seizing the principles of science . . . .” America’s friends, General Lafayette and Franklin’s Charles III devised his plan for the Americas with the astronomer colleague Jean Sylvain Bailly, led France’s aid of Franklin’s collaborator the Count of Aranda, and new National Assembly towards a constitutional monar- Colbertian economist Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes. chy that was to have guaranteed freedom and prosperity. Aranda helped consolidate Spain’s “Family Compact” Meanwhile, Spain and its American colonies, spurred alliance with France in 1762-63, and as Minister to by the 1759-88 reign of the extraordinary King Charles III, France in 1777, he met with Franklin and his ally the were beginning to create a transatlantic commonwealth French Minister Vergennes, to discuss aid to the with humanist science and political economy, closely American Revolution. Aware that the Society of Jesus had tied to Franklin and his legacy. organized Jacobin uprisings against the Crown in Paraguay, Peru, and New Grenada, Charles had The Revolution Spreads Through Campomanes prepare the 1767 order expelling the Jesuits Spanish America from the entirety of Spain’s overseas colonies, charging, The American Revolution’s universal acclaim, and its among other things, that the Jesuits had maintained rapid spread, opened the door to a new structure of “treasonable relations” with the British in the colonies. world power, of sovereign nations and peoples. The mor- Campomanes had established throughout Spain the tally threatened British leadership made a bloody Economic Societies of the Friends of the Country. He response to the events of 1776-89, unleashing the Jacobin patterned these groups on Colbertian societies in France, Terror on France, and identical operations, using the as well as on the American Philosophical Society (APS) same stable of “philosophical radicals” and murderous in Philadelphia, which Benjamin Franklin had formed in terrorists, against the Western Hemisphere. 1743 as an offshoot of Franklin’s own private “Junto” From the 1740s through the 1770s, Benjamin Franklin philosophy club. had been in a continual transatlantic seminar with the The Economic Societies were also founded in every circles of Germany’s Gottfried Leibniz, led by Franklin’s Spanish colonial capital. They were the gathering places science partner, Gottingen University’s Abraham for the region’s leading scientists, who increasingly

20 the leading faction within the developing independence movement. The region was alive with pro-U.S. ferment, with copies of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and Rights of Man, as well as pins and pendants symbolic of the American Revolution, circulat- ing everywhere. While the Gazeta de Caracas wrote several articles on the advantages of the U.S. Constitution, Juan Germán Roscio authored the first Venezuelan Constitution in 1811, modelled on that of the United States. Shaken, London Painting by Howard Chandler Christy Crafts a Response Prominent in this painting of the Constitutional Convention, presided over by George Washington, is Benjamin Franklin—in many ways the real father of this country, and the British oligarchs, led by Lord architect of Revolutionary America’s alliance with France and Spain. Shelburne, were committed at all costs to preventing the embraced the republican principles and conception of spread of revolutionary republican ideas and institutions man that had driven the founding of the United States. It in Europe and the Americas. The use of terrorism and was these Economic Societies that Humboldt visited at the spread of sham “democracy” were the two favored each stop on his South American tour, bringing knowl- weapons in their colonialist arsenal. edge of the latest European scientific breakthroughs, and Lord Shelburne, in effect the “Doge” of the Anglo-Dutch transmitting the works of these gifted republicans to “Venetian Party” of rentier-financial oligarchs, chaired the Europe and to Ben Franklin’s APS in Philadelphia. An omnipresent Secret Committee of the British East India avid hispanist, Franklin stocked his library at the Company. The Company maintained a larger and better- American Philosophical Society with many works from equipped army and navy than the British Crown, and was the most talented intellectuals in Spain and its New linked to the leading City of London banking houses, par- World colonies. ticularly the Baring Bank, whose Francis Baring held one The unprecedented number of scientific expeditions of the three seats on Shelburne’s Secret Committee. At his and emissaries sent to the New World during Charles’s Bowood Estate, Shelburne ran an extensive salon—the reign served to uproot the remains of feudal Hapsburg pol- equivalent of today’s tax-exempt think tanks—and main- icy, replacing them with productive economic and trade tained such propagandists as Adam Smith, Edward activity. New Spain’s royal inspector and later Minister to Gibbon, James Mill, and Jeremy Bentham as the East the Indies, José de Gálvez, for example, overturned the India Company’s leading counterinsurgents. brutal repartimiento system which had enslaved the Indian Bentham, in particular, had come to Shelburne’s atten- population. Expeditions travelled to every corner of Spain’s tion, following the publication of his October 1776 tirade New World colonies, creating a large number of scientific against the American Declaration of Independence. and academic institutions, whose curricula included the Bentham rejected the very notion of “inalienable rights,” teachings of Leibniz, astronomer Johannes Kepler, mathe- defining all human thought and action as the pursuit of matics Karl Gauss (Kästner’s student), and others of sensory pleasure and the avoidance of pain, and all forms Europe’s leading humanists. of government as inherently repressive. By 1810, some 20 years after Charles III’s death, when Bentham was Shelburne’s leading operative in the war the colonial “juntas” were now demanding full indepen- against the spread of republicanism into France and the dence, it was clear that the republican leadership that Americas. When Shelburne became Foreign Minister had emerged from Charles’s Leibnizian renaissance, and, later, Prime Minister, during the period of the nego- identified with, and aspired to model their soon-to-be- tiations of the Treaty of Paris ending the American fully-independent nations on the example of a young Revolution (1782-83), a portion of the East India United States. Humboldt’s and Franklin’s contacts in Company’s foreign policy and intelligence apparatus was Peru, New Grenada, Chile, and New Spain constituted brought into the government. In effect, Shelburne and

21 Bentham launched the British Foreign Office and the “liberal” constitution for the free states of the Americas British Secret Intelligence Service, an event commemo- actually established a dictatorial rule, by a body he called rated 200 years later by a Royal Institute for the “Public Opinion Tribunal,” which would totally regu- International Affairs (Chatham House) event addressed late society on the basis of Bentham’s bestial “pleasure- by Henry A. Kissinger on May 10, 1982. pain calculus.” Among the Bentham writings that were At Shelburne’s Bowood Estate, Bentham was the cen- translated into Spanish and widely circulated among the tral figure in a “radical writers’ workshop,” which pro- British “revolutionary” agents were In Defense of Usury duced many of the major speeches delivered by the French and In Defense of Pederasty. Jacobin leaders Marat, Danton, and Robespierre. Miranda was one of a score of British agents in South Bentham’s rants against the idea of a Constitutional America whose counter-revolutions exterminated many of Monarchy, his appeal to mob rule, and his elaborate codes the most important Mexican, Venezuelan, and Colombian of law, all based on his “pleasure-pain calculus,” were allies of the American republicans. Among Bentham’s translated into French, and shuttled across the English leading correspondents and agents: the Argentine Channel into the hands of the leaders of the Jacobin Bernardo Rivadavia; “The Liberator,” slavishly pro-British Terror. Bentham was rewarded with honorary citizenship and pro-monarchy Simón Bolívar of Venezuela; José del in Jacobin France, and his schemes for outright slave- Valle of Guatemala; Chile’s Bernardo O’Higgins. labor concentration camps, his infamous Panopticon, Bentham penned a series of pamphlets calling on were about to be constructed, with Bentham himself plan- Spain to “liberate” all her colonies in South and Central ning to move to France to become Minister of Prisons. America, in order to facilitate British-led “revolutions” By 1808, Bentham’s focus had shifted, and he spent aimed at breaking all ties between the U.S.A. and the new the remaining 24 years of his life largely focussed on targets of British soft-imperial conquest. His pamphlets operations inside the Western Hemisphere to block the polemicized against both any form of constitutional spread of the American Revolution southward, into what monarchy, and any kind of federal constitutional sys- was still “Spanish America.” tem—i.e., the American model. His “utopian” state was a Bentham held a series of meetings, in August 1808, centralized dictatorship, practicing British East India with the American traitor, and killer of Treasury Company free trade—i.e., perpetual looting by the Secretary Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr. Burr had London-centered European oligarchy. been acquitted on charges connected with his aborted attempt to conquer Mexico and the U.S. Southwest, but War in South and North America still faced state murder charges. Burr had fled to England, Beginning around 1806, increasing British naval where he began immediately soliciting the backing of his attacks and British-armed Indian uprisings goaded the longtime patrons at the East India Company and the United States toward a second, defensive, war of inde- British Crown, for an imperial adventure in Mexico and pendence. Nationalists, led by Speaker of the House the Caribbean. Bentham described the scheme in a later Henry Clay in 1810, called for reversing the free trade letter to his secretary John Bowring: “He (Burr) came and budget cuts that had, under Presidents Jefferson and here expecting this government to assist his endeavours in Madison, squeezed the economy and wrecked the armed Mexico; but the government had just made up their quar- forces. The U.S. declared war on Britain in 1812. rel with Spain . . . . He meant really to make himself This re-assertion of national vigor coincided with Emperor of Mexico. He told me, I should be the legisla- strong action from the movement sympathetic to the tor, and he would send a ship of war for me. . . . He said, U.S. throughout Spanish America, especially following the Mexicans would all follow, like a flock of sheep.” Napoleon’s 1808 invasion of Spain, and the installation While the Burr-Bentham scheme did not materialize of the puppet Joseph Bonaparte as Spanish monarch. at the time, it would form the basis for the later Anglo- Communications poured into Washington D.C. from French-Hapsburg invasion of Mexico, which installed the new governing juntas in South America, urging polit- Maximilian on a Mexican throne from 1864 to 1867. ical alliances and aid to guarantee the success of the East India Company intelligence officer James Mill drive for independence from Spain. On the eve of its own established himself as Bentham’s liaison to General war, the United States observed the unfolding battle in Francisco de Miranda, a British agent of Venezuelan South America with great sympathy and interest, but birth who had been part of Shelburne’s stable of opera- could not commit any sizable resources to Ibero- tives deployed inside France during the Jacobin Terror. American independence, although Henry Clay and some The collusion with Bentham deepened when Miranda other leaders urged the U.S. to immediately recognize was dispatched back to Venezuela, to “liberate” the the newly independent South American nations. region from Spain, and impose a new regime, based on American consular agent Joel Poinsett, in his 1810 Bentham’s exhaustive schemes for “constitutional” dicta- deployment to Argentina and Chile, found overwhelming torship, concentration-camp slave-labor, and other “utili- sentiment for establishing U.S.-style sovereign republics tarian” tricks of mass social-control. Bentham’s model in these nations. Poinsett guided Chilean patriots in writ-

22 ing a constitution, and urged the Economic Society of two of those scientists were then gruesomely displayed in the Friends of the Country to adopt the U.S. protectionist the streets, along with those of Hidalgo and two close tariff plan. But British naval attacks and terror tactics associates, in the city of Guanajuato. forced Poinsett out, paving the way for their own puppet, the “Liberator” Bernardo O’Higgins, and Chile became a The Pro-Nationalist Monroe Doctrine notorious British client-state. Following the War of 1812-15, in which the British After the war of 1812-15, the U.S. sent Dr. Jeremy burned the White House and Capitol, nationalists Robinson to Peru in 1818, where he organized republi- advanced towards power in the U.S. with broad public can leaders to oppose plans for monarchy and to emulate support. Hamilton’s Bank of the United States was the U.S. model. He was considered such a threat to the rechartered after a lapse, and reopened in Franklin’s region that he was murdered by British assets in 1823. Philadelphia. The Platonist priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called Mathew Carey, Irish Catholic refugee who had for an alliance with the U.S. as he started Mexico’s War worked for Franklin in Paris and taken Franklin’s place for Independence. On Dec. 13, 1810, Father Hidalgo as a Philadelphia publisher, now began writing and issu- named an ambassador invested with all necessary pow- ing protectionist analytical literature, which Henry Clay ers to “be able to deal with, adjust and arrange an offen- diligently studied, sharpening their joint attacks on sive and defensive alliance” with the United States. Adam Smith’s British Free Trade dogma. Carey’s agents Father Hidalgo’s successor, José María Morélos, sent a brought his publishing ventures all throughout the message to U.S. President Madison: “We trust, finally, in Hemisphere, down to Buenos Aires and Caracas. the powerful help of the United States, who, just as they Meanwhile, outstanding nationalists came north from have guided us wisely by their example, will grant their Spanish America, making Carey’s home and Franklin’s assistance generously, previous to treaties of friendship Philosophical Society their revolutionary headquarters and alliance, in which good faith would predominate, in exile. and reciprocal interests not be forgotten. . . . We are After writing Venezuela’s Constitution, Juan Germán especially encouraged . . . that, being friends and allies, Roscio was arrested, regained his liberty, and went to America of the North and Mexican America will influ- Philadelphia in 1818. Carey published Roscio’s book, ence each other reciprocally in matters of their own hap- Triumph of Liberty Over Despotism. piness, and will make themselves invincible in the face of Manuel Torres helped lead the early independence aggressions based on greed, ambition, and tyranny. . . .” movement in New Grenada, fled from arrest, and began While its selected “Liberators” tried to steer the inde- a permanent exile in Philadelphia in 1796. His writings pendence movement in a Benthamite direction, Britain and personal discussions helped shape the U.S. outlook also oversaw the outright slaughter of the republican on the Hemisphere. In 1820 the Republic of Colombia leaders who threatened British geopolitical aims. It was appointed Manuel Torres its ambassador to the United the Duke of Wellington who “suggested” to Spain that it States. In 1822, President Monroe began the formal deploy Gen. Pablo Morillo, an experienced veteran of the recognition of the new Latin American republics by Peninsular War, to lead the reconquest of New Grenada receiving and accrediting Manuel Torres, then near (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador) in 1815, to pacify rebel- death, in a dramatic ceremony at the White House. lious subjects. With supplies provided by the British, In his later years, Torres’ main sponsor was Morillo captured Bogotá in May 1816, and proceeded to Philadelphian Nicholas Biddle, whom President Monroe systematically butcher the region’s most outstanding and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams had uti- humanist intellectuals. Among them was Humboldt’s lized as an intelligence officer for Spanish American associate Francisco José de Caldas, correspondent of the affairs. American Philosophical Society. By the end of 1816, the President Monroe in 1823 appointed Biddle president sadistic Morillo had murdered over 500 top humanist of the Bank of the United States. Biddle, Carey, and their cadres in New Grenada alone, shouting, like the Jacobin friends formed the Pennsylvania Society for the mobs of the French Revolution, “The revolution doesn’t Promotion of National Industry, which put a high tariff need scientists.” As a result of this, one diarist wrote at law through the Clay-led Congress, along with authoriza- the time, New Grenada would “live forever in ignorance tion for Army engineers to begin planning the first U.S. and darkness.” railroads. Carey and other APS members formed the At almost the same time, in 1815, the Inquisition of “Franklin Institute,” a research center for a complex of New Spain (Mexico) executed the pro-U.S. independence state and private transport, manufacturing, and mining leader Morelos on charges of being a heretic. Three years enterprises, to begin the government-backed national earlier, in 1811, Father Hidalgo was also savagely killed industrialization. by the Inquisition, along with his general staff, of which This Pennsylvania initiative resounded globally. One five members had studied at the renowned School of apostle of Hamilton and Carey, German emigré econo- Mines which Humboldt had so admired. The heads of mist Friedrich List, planned mines, lobbied for tariffs,

23 then returned to Europe as a U.S. consular agent. List’s who lose the most by our decision. The great danger of work for a Zollverein (tariff union) and railroad-building the time . . . was a division of the world into European led to feuding petty states being unified into a German and American, Republican and monarchical; a league of nation. Mathew and his son Henry C. Carey, with worn-out governments on the one hand and of youthful Friedrich List, would become well known in Ibero- and stirring nations with the United States at the head, on America as the “American System” economists. the other. We slip in between, and plant ourselves in Secretary of State John Quincy Adams declared in Mexico. The United States have gotten the start of us in May 1823, “The emancipation of the South American vain; and we link once more America to Europe. Six continent opens to the whole race of man prospects of months more—and the mischief would have been done.” futurity, in which this Union will be called in the dis- Canning crowed, “Spanish America is free and, if we do charge of its duties to itself and to unnumbered ages of not mismanage our matters sadly, she is English.” posterity to take a conspicuous and leading role. . . . That Adams became President in 1825 and made Clay his the fabric of our social connections with our southern Secretary of State. They sent Joel Poinsett as the first for- neighbors may rise in the lapse of years with a grandeur eign ambassador to newly independent Mexico. Royalist, and harmony of proportions corresponding with the pro-British aristocrats then dominated Mexico’s govern- magnificence of the means placed by providence in our ment, grouped in the party known as the “Escoses” power, and in that of our descendants, its foundations (Scots) because most were members of Scottish Rite must be laid in principles of politics and of morals, new Freemasonry, run by Britain’s secret service. and distasteful to the thrones and dominations of the Poinsett began counselling the more numerous but elder world, but coextensive with the surface of the globe unorganized pro-republican citizens, and at his initiative and lasting as the changes of time.” many activists were organized into York Rite freemason- In Monroe’s Dec. 2, 1823 Annual Message to Congress, ic lodges, tied to Pennsylvania. They became known as a section prepared by Adams came to be known as the the Yorkinos, or the Liberal party. Poinsett discouraged Monroe Doctrine. It warned Europeans “that we should their plans for military revolution, advising education consider any attempt . . . to extend their system to any and political organizing for electoral victory. They won portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace Mexico’s Congressional election in 1826, and were on and safety. . . . [W]ith the Governments who have their way to Presidential victory in 1828 for the declared their independence . . . we could not view any Revolutionary General Vicente Guerrero. interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or con- The British diplomatic representative, Ward, mobi- trolling in any other manner their destiny, by any lized the royalists against Poinsett and American influ- European power in any other light than as the manifesta- ence. In 1827 the Puebla and Vera Cruz legislatures, tion of an unfriendly disposition toward the United under “European party” control, demanded Poinsett’s States.” expulsion from Mexico. Though the Liberals succeeded Monroe’s declaration drove the feudalists wild. in making Guerrero President in 1828, Britain’s hate Austria’s Prince Metternich wrote to Russian Foreign campaign finally resulted in Poinsett’s being recalled. Minister Count Nesselrode on Jan. 19, 1824, “These The financier oligarchy and their Dark Ages church United States of America . . . have astonished Europe by allies have ever since maintained that Poinsett was a a new act of revolt, more unprovoked, fully as audacious, masonic meddler, but that the British Foreign Office and no less dangerous than the former. They have . . . acted rightly with their masons. But Poinsett advanced announced their intention to set not only power against the nationalist cause, helping to form patriot leadership power, but . . . altar against altar. . . . [T]hey have cast that could defend Mexico in its greatest crisis. blame and scorn on institutions of Europe most worthy Proponents of the American System emerged in of respect, on the principles of its greatest sovereigns. . . . Mexico in the 1840s led by Colbertian Estevan de In . . . fostering revolutions wherever they show them- Antuñano, allied to Henry Clay’s continuing fight in the selves, in regretting those which have failed, in extending U.S. A student of Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich a helping hand to those which seem to prosper, they lend List’s protectionist policies, Antuñano authored a new strength to the apostles of sedition, and re-animate detailed plan for Mexico’s industrialization, his 1845 An the courage of every conspirator. If this flood of evil doc- Economic Political Plan for Mexico, followed in 1846 by trines and pernicious examples should extend over the his Platonic Plan to Make Mexico Happy, Under a Federal whole of America, what would become of our religious Regime, So Similar to the United States of America. But and political institutions, of the moral force of our gov- the following year his country was plunged into war. ernments, and of that conservative system which has saved Europe from complete dissolution?” Lincoln vs. the Traitors and Their Wars British Foreign Minister George Canning wrote on Jan. Northeastern bankers and Southern slaveowners com- 8, 1825, shortly after Britain had recognized some new bined in the Democratic Party to dominate U.S. policy nations, “the Yankees will shout in triumph; but it is they for most of the 1829-60 period, beginning with the

24 regime of Andrew Jackson. (British bankers started to Buchanan regime was so treasonous that Mexican have direct powerful influence in New York’s Wall Street President Benito Juárez, leader of the Liberals, sent his financial district: August Belmont arrived in the U.S. in ambassador Matías Romero, secretly, to meet with 1837 representing the Rothschilds.) The banker-slave- Lincoln (known to be pro-Mexican) in Illinois before owner gang made war on Mexico (1846-48), and not long his inauguration. Romero told Lincoln that the afterwards turned around and made war against the Mexican government had been under attack from the United States, with the Southern Rebellion. “clergy and army . . . in order to defend the privileges Tennessee slaveowner James K. Polk won the and influence which they enjoyed during the colonial Presidency in 1844; the Whig Party revealed that the regime.” British Free Trade Association had financed Polk’s cam- Romero recorded in his diary, “I told him that Mexico paign. Polk got a declaration of war by lying to Congress had congratulated itself a great deal on the triumph of that Mexico had invaded Texas. Polk’s regime immedi- the Republican Party, because it hoped that the policy of ately reached a secret agreement to give Great Britain this party would be more loyal and friendly, and not like ownership of what is now British Columbia, a part of the that of the Democratic [Party], which had been reduced then-disputed Oregon Territory, for British backing for to taking Mexico’s territory to extend slavery.” the war on Mexico. Lincoln “asked me what was the condition of the John Quincy Adams, the former President serving in peons . . . since he had heard . . . that they were in a veri- Congress, had called for an effort to drive Britain entirely table slavery, and he was pleased when I said that the out of North America, and had demanded peace with the abuses were only in a few places and were contrary to sister republic of Mexico. Henry Clay, then in retirement, the law.” called the Mexican War, a war of “offensive aggression” Lincoln “said . . . he would seek to do everything and “rapacity.” Young Congressman Abraham Lincoln, a which was in his power, in favor of the interests of Whig with Adams and Clay, introduced the “Spot Mexico, and that full justice would be done in everything Resolutions” into Congress, proving Polk had lied, which would occur, and that [Mexico] was considered a demanding he name the exact spot where Mexico had friendly and fraternal nation. He added that he believed supposedly invaded the United States. nothing could make him change this objective.” When Lincoln was elected President in 1860, the British Prime Minister Palmerston greeted Queen Southern secession crisis was beginning. The outgoing Victoria Jan. 1, 1861, by celebrating “the approaching and virtually accomplished dissolution in America of the great Northern Confederation.” Britain, Napoleon III’s France, and Spain then invaded Mexico while the U.S. was tied down in Civil War. This allowed Mexico to be used as a smuggling route for war supplies from Britain and France into the slaveowners’ Confederacy. When the Aus- trian Hapsburg Maximilian was imposed as Mexican Emperor, the U.S. could do nothing militarily to aid President Juárez’s guerrilla resistance war. But when the Confederacy surrendered, the U.S. moved troops to the Mexican border and equipped Library of Congress/Alexander Gardiner portrait Juárez with arms, and Before his 1861 inauguration, Abraham Mexican President Benito Juárez. During Mexican independence was Lincoln told Benito Juárez’s ambassador America’s Civil War, Britain, France, and restored. that as President, he would do everything in Spain imposed on Mexico a Hapsburg Britain acted upon the con- ‘Emperor,’ but with the end of the Civil his power ‘in favor of the interests of fusion immediately following Mexico, and that full justice would be done’ War, the United States equipped Juárez on behalf of Mexico as a friend to the United with arms, and Mexican independence Lincoln’s 1865 murder, how- States. was restored. ever, orchestrating the geno-

25 cidal 1865-70 Triple Alliance War against the nation of partners’ power. Wall Street took over the Mexican rail- Paraguay, wiping out 40 years of stunning American ways in mid-construction and began terminating the System educational, infrastructural, and industrial whole national building program. progress. The level of development that had been From 1868 to the early 1870s, Peru’s nationalist gov- achieved in that nation was such that American consul ernment brought in U.S. developer Henry Meiggs to Edward Augustus Hopkins described it as “the most unit- build South America’s first grand-scale railroad project, ed, the richest, and the strongest nation of the New parallel to efforts in Brazil involving U.S. engineer World.” W. Milnor Roberts. Lincoln had restored relations with Peru cut by President Buchanan, and American engi- To Make a New World neers began going in. Yet the economic programs of the Lincoln The Peruvians planned Meiggs’ lines to go across the Administration, going far beyond fulfilling immediate titanic Andes mountain range into Brazil and wartime needs, continued to amaze and improve Argentina, and Peruvian steel and manufacturing com- mankind for a generation after Lincoln’s assassination. plexes were projected to supply to the unified continent Government-financed railroads, tariffs blocking import- the tools needed for modernization. The rail lines pro- ed cheap-labor British goods, free farmland, free colleges ceeded into the Andes, the first of their kind in the and public credit issuance, all brought vast increases in world, but merciless international financial attacks pre- U.S. employment and productive power, and new indus- vented transcontinental completion. Peru and Meiggs tries on a scale dwarfing the previous leader, imperial were bankrupted. Britain. Japan, Germany, and Russia dumped British The British then used their client-state, Chile, with methods and adopted this shockingly successful British money and warships, for an invasion to destroy American System. Peru. U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine came to The politically nationalist industrial and scientific Peru’s rescue diplomatically and otherwise in this 1879- complex in Philadelphia remained the center of U.S. 81 War of the Pacific. The tide was turning when the U.S. strategic planning. Economist Henry C. Carey’s writ- President, James Garfield, was shot to death, and Blaine ings and political influence reached every country, in was dismissed. Peru went under a direct bankers’ dicta- open defiance of the London axis with New York’s torship to be looted and reduced to bestial poverty, Wall Street bankers, while his Pennsylvania Railroad destroying 30 years of magnificent achievements by four partners built America’s machines, steel mills, and Peruvian Presidents. Blaine was hauled before infrastructure. Congressional “corruption” hearings chaired by Perry With Matías Romero as intermediary to the Juárez Belmont, son of Rothschild U.S. representative August and later governments, the Philadelphians planned and Belmont. Blaine valiantly testified that the attack on Peru launched construction of a national network of rail was a British operation, for the benefit of London lines in Mexico. William J. Palmer, a Civil War Medal finance. of Honor cavalry general and Pennsylvania Railroad Blaine had another chance as Secretary of State from partner, designed the Mexican National Railways in 1889 until his death in 1892. He developed the concept of 1872-73. While the first lines were being built, mem- protectionist “reciprocity” with other hemispheric bers of Palmer’s staff organized and financed Thomas nations, trade balanced so as to deliberately create high- A. Edison’s New Jersey “invention factory,” and quality good-wage industries in all countries simultane- Franklin Institute chief scientist George Barker guided ously. And Blaine pushed through plans to build railways Edison to the pioneer development of electric lighting, uniting all North and South America. which led to the creation of the world’s public power The last 25 years of the 19th century saw a resurgence stations. of American System policies across Ibero-America. The Thousands of miles of railroads were actually built in governments of Argentina’s Carlos Pellegrini and Vicente Mexico according to Palmer’s plans. Fidel López (1890-92), Chile’s José Manuel Balmaceda Mexican allies of this development included Carlos de (1886-91), Colombia’s Rafael Nuñez (President 1880-82, Olaguíbel, who sided with Juárez and Matías Romero 1884-86, 1887-88), and the emerging group of protection- and attacked the theories of Jeremy Bentham and Adam ists in Brazil, best exemplified by Ruy Barbosa, Finance Smith. Olaguíbel warned in his 1875 book Protectionism Minister of the newly created Republic in 1891, sought to in Mexico that the Malthusian system imposed on transform their nations using the protectionist policies Mexico “is fatal because it prevents population growth associated with Hamilton, Friedrich List, and Henry [which] we so urgently need, and which will have to be Carey. sustained even if it increases too much, as long as indus- The Intercontinental Railway Commission, started try is protected.” by Blaine, employed U.S. Army engineers to survey and But along the way, financial warfare led by Wall project lines tying the United States through to Argentina Street’s J.P. Morgan bankrupted Palmer and crippled his and Brazil, presenting a completed map of the intended

26 “Among the fundamental principles of public international law which humanity has consecrated, one of the most precious is that which determines that all states, regardless of the power at their disposal, are legal entities—perfectly equal among themselves and thereby, in reciprocity, deserving of the same consideration and respect . . . at a given moment, compulsive and immediate [debt] collection by force could only result in the ruin of the weakest nations and their absorption by the powerful of the Earth. . . . “The principles proclaimed on this continent . . . state otherwise. ‘The con- tracts between a nation and particular individuals are enforceable according to the conscience of the sovereign and cannot be the object of compulsory force’ wrote the famous Alexander Hamilton. ‘Outside of the sovereign will, they cannot be enforced.’. . . “This situation appears to visibly con- tradict the principles so often advocated by the nations of America, particularly the Monroe Doctrine, always so ardent- ly maintained and defended always by the United States.” But TR did not even respond to the Drago letter. In 1905 Teddy Roosevelt cancelled the Monroe Doctrine by announcing a “corollary”: the U.S. could

Intercontinental Railway Commission invade the Hemisphere’s nations at will, for debt collection and similar aims. And Small section of the 1898 survey map for the Intercontinental Railway. U.S. President William McKinley was murdered, and no railway or road was ever this evil was repeatedly done, in what built connecting North and South America. the world called “Dollar Diplomacy.” Under TR, J.P. Morgan’s Wall Street project to President William McKinley in 1898. McKinley completed its takeover and monopolization of major commemorated Blaine’s plans as the future of humanity, United States industries—railroads, steel mills, electric speaking in 1901 at the Pan-American exposition in companies—which had been built by Wall Street’s nation- Buffalo—where McKinley was shot to death. alist opponents. McKinley was replaced by his political opponent and But certain 19th-century methods and goals could not Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt (“TR”), who ended be so easily crushed. the Lincoln-era U.S. relations with Ibero-America. TR’s Edward J. Doheny independently developed transatlantic financier faction had begun this coup earli- California’s petroleum in the 1890s, after Pennsylvania er, in 1898, forcing upon President McKinley a war he had created the petroleum industry and the Rockefellers did not want against Spain, with the conquest of Cuba, and British financiers had rushed to dominate it. Doheny Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. independently went into Mexico in 1900 to pioneer oil Pro-Americans to the south would not quit, though production there, so that the railroads planned for the anti-Americans had seized the U.S. government. In Hemisphere could work effectively with fuel oil instead December 1902, in a famous diplomatic note to Teddy of imported coal. Roosevelt, responding to the forcible gunboat collection Doheny and other planners envisioned the creation of of Venezuela’s debt by British, German, and Italian credi- a vast industrial and infrastructure complex, linking the tors, Argentine Foreign Minister Luis María Drago reaf- U.S. Pacific states, Ibero-America, and the Far East. A firmed the primacy of the Monroe Doctrine: Doheny syndicate, tied to incoming U.S. President

27 Warren Harding, negotiated a deal with Soviet leader financial looting imposed by his unlamented cousin, Lenin in 1920, to develop the oil and coal of Siberia and President Teddy Roosevelt. In its place, he restored John to export to Russia $3 billion in railroad equipment and Quincy Adams’ foreign policy, as expressed in the 1823 other capital goods. This would have turned the new Monroe Doctrine, premised on an overriding commit- Soviet regime toward resuming the ruptured U.S.- ment to the establishment of a community of principle Russian alliance. among perfectly sovereign nation-states, and large-scale In November 1920, a group of California businessmen industrialization. went to the inauguration of Mexican President Alvaro In his March 4, 1933 inaugural address, FDR Obregón—a revolutionary nationalist whom the U.S. explained his New Deal, which would boldly transform government refused to recognize as President. The the United States through Hamiltonian credit creation, Californians sought to resume the U.S.-Mexican develop- great infrastructure projects, public works, and protec- ment alliance, earlier severed by Teddy Roosevelt and his tionist regulation. And, “I would dedicate this nation to predatory backers. the policy of the good neighbor—the neighbor who res- The American System current of Estevan de Antuñano olutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects and Carlos de Olaguíbel from the 1840-70 period of the rights of others—the neighbor who respects his oblig- Mexico, had been carried forward directly into the ations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and Mexican Revolution of 1910, expressed in the idea of the with a world of neighbors.” “interventionist state” later advocated by Obregón and The Good Neighbor Policy of 1933-45 produced pow- his Finance Minister Alberto J. Pani. erful effects—seen, for example, in Roosevelt’s deftly Pani’s program emphasized the need for a dirigist siding with Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas in his state to oversee industrialization. Pani noted that “the 1938 nationalization of Shell Oil and Standard Oil wonderful story of Japan’s transformation during the interests. Meiji Revolution” should be replicated in Mexico—i.e., The groundbreaking mission sent to Brazil in 1942-43, Japan’s overthrow of feudalism, and government spon- by FDR’s close ally Morris Llewellyn Cooke, produced sorship of heavy industry. detailed plans to make Brazil a modern industrial power- In a manifesto to the nation issued when he house; similar missions went to other countries. At the announced his Presidential candidacy on June 25, 1927, same time, FDR mobilized Ibero-American nations to Obregón said: “We have to be very cautious about the defeat fascism in the period 1938-45. investments that the imperial interests of Wall Street FDR’s grandest vision was to end British-French- would try to make in our territory, but [we should] give Portuguese colonialism, and to develop in a capital- all kinds of facilities, compatible with our laws, to the intensive, power-intensive mode all of the world’s industrial, business and agricultural capital from our underdeveloped nations. Eximbank financing of neighboring country, which would want to cooperate Brazil’s impressive Volta Redonda steel complex, and with us in the development and exploitation of our natur- support for industrial projects in other countries, al resources. We want to be better known by the honest exemplified the approach. Roosevelt’s commitment to capital of our neighboring republic, which is going to development generated enormous good will for the always be our ally in letting the truth be known among United States, and great respect for Roosevelt personal- its own citizens, when Wall Street’s absorbing interest ly, among Ibero-American leaders, as reflected in the would try to distort the truth, to create conflicts and letter outgoing Mexican President Cárdenas wrote to international crises between the Foreign Ministries of FDR in 1940. our two countries, as has happened constantly.” “I want to express my thanks for the understanding President Harding died mysteriously in 1923. Doheny and patience you have shown in solving the numerous and other Harding supporters who had power indepen- and inescapable difficulties that always arise between dent of Rockefeller and Wall Street, were prosecuted in neighbors,” Cárdenas said. “. . . Only with your adminis- the concocted “Teapot Dome” scandal, and their enter- tration have we Mexicans felt able to discuss problems prises were largely destroyed. The United States now freely, disregarding our differences as far as power is entered a time of maniacal speculation and organized concerned, and thus pursuing common decisions dictat- crime, while the Wall Street and London bankers pro- ed solely by our search for justice . . . .” moted the rise to power of fascist regimes. John F. Kennedy’s early-1960s Alliance for Progress was an attempt to revive aspects of the Good Neighbor Monroe Doctrine Revived: The Good Policy, but his 1963 assassination aborted any possibility Neighbor Policy of achieving that goal. Starting in 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt This leaves the revival of America’s mission of justice effected a revolutionary shift in U.S. strategic and eco- entirely in the hands of the present generation. nomic policy in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt —Anton Chaitkin, Cynthia Rush, uprooted the destructive policy of raw materials and and Jeffrey Steinberg

28 CHAPTER 5 Great Infrastructure Projects For the Americas

he economic development potential of the FIGURE 6 Americas is vast, both in terms of the given natural The Americas: Priority Railway Routes Tresource base, and man-made “natural” resources—created through infrastructure projects. The maps shown here are a brief survey of selected key projects, many on the drawing boards for decades, awaiting only the policy go-ahead. The land mass of North and South America combined 1 (16,300 sq mi, or 42,215 km2) ranks close to Asia, the largest continent (17,400 sq mi, or 45,065 km2), and has many of the planet’s unique features; for example, the great Amazon River—the world’s longest, most abun- dant, and most navigable over its length. In this context, the priority rail routes shown on the Americas map here (Figure 6)—part of the World Land- Bridge (see Figure 17 and Figure 18, page 38)—are not simply proposed speedy travel routes from point-to- point, with connections to Eurasia/Africa (1, Bering Straits crossing), and new inter-oceanic routes (2, a new canal through Central America—a new sea-level canal at the Darien Gap, or in the adjacent Colombia region); 2 rather, these routes indicate corridors of development, whose pattern arises from topography, key mineral and other physical resources, and also historical settlement patterns (where populations are already concentrated), and where proposed new development zones should be. 1 Bering Strait The rail route/corridors indicate intended locations of 2 Darien Gap new concentrations of energy, water, agricultural and industrial activity, and also, centers for health care, cul- Main rail lines tural, and educational activity. This is how the 19th- Existing century trans-continental rail development worked in Proposed North America, crossing the U.S. plains and mountains of the West, sowing new towns, advancing farming and industry. Source: EIR.

North America: Rail Grid, ‘New’ Water the United States/Canada/Alaska line—already mapped In Chapter 1, the North America maps (Figures 1-4, out by the Army Corps of Engineers in the 1940s! Second, pages 4-7), show in more detail the key proposed high- build the Pan-American rail connection southward link- speed rail routes (to be electrified as soon as possible), ing Central America and South America with the North, and the projects required to increase the water resource likewise planned for decades. Third, upgrade the existing base of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. rail grid in Mexico, the United States, and Canada, which The North America rail map is simple (Figure 6). had been developed as of mid-20th century, then taken First, build the intercontinental lines planned for decades: down drastically during the last 40 “post-industrial” years.

29 FIGURE 7 South America: Great Rail Projects

Panamá Buama Caracas Caracas

PANAMÁ

5 , 0 1

BogotBogotá á

QuitoQuito az o Am on Belén Rí as Saramirisa Santarém Saramirisa Santarém PaitaPaita

Etén Pucallpa ío Madeira Eten Pucallpa PortoR Velho

IñIñapariapari Callao LimaLima Puerto Maldonado Puerto Maldonado CuiabCuiabáá Huancayo SalvadorSalvador Conete DesaguaderoDesaguadero Brasilia MollendoMataran Santa Cruz IloIlo Santa Cruz SantaSanta F Féé AricaArica dodo Sul Sul

AntofagastaAntofagasta SSããoo PauloPaulo

FIGURE 8 Córdoba South America: Topography Córdoba SantiagoSantiago

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires

Main rail lines Existing Proposed

Source: EIR.

30 FIGURE 9 How to bring new water sup- South America: Great Water Projects plies into these desert lands? The 1950s-60s North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA) plan proposed divert- c VENEZUELAOrino ing some of the plentiful north- PANAMA ATLANTIC ern continental waters south- GUYANA FRENCH OCEAN GUIANA SURINAM ward, as shown on the map COLOMBIA (Figure 3, page 6). In Mexico,

Negro likewise, some of the ample run- ECUADOR off of the Southern and Western s s Saramirisa a ó Sierra Madre can be diverted on Santaré az apaj A m T northward. In addition, nuclear- powered seawater desalination, Madeira BRAZIL

Arinos on coastal sites, can provide PERU Guapor é additional supplies, as well as desalting inland brackish water. Cuiabá Santa Cruz 1. New Panama Canal Specific proposed designs for BOLIVIA Três Lagoas this are shown on the map, from 2. Atrato-Truandó Canal PARAGUAYPARAGUAY á

Paraguay Hal Cooper, a U.S. engineer; and 3. Orinoco-Negro Canal Paran CHILE key routes in eastern Mexico, 4. Madeira-Guaporé Canal proposed by Manuel Frías PACIFIC São Paulo 5. Lake Mamoré-Guaporé Alcaraz, a Mexican engineer. OCEAN y 6. Guaporé-Paraguay Canal With vast new supplies of ugua UrUruguay 7. Arinos-Paraguay Canal power and water, and a modern Córdoba URUGUAY 8. Chaco Canal transportation system, the six Buenos Río Aires de 9. Bermejo Canal states of northern Mexico, and la seven states of the U.S. 10. Tietê Canal ARGENTINA Southwest—located in the 11. Lake Iberá “Great American Desert”—would 12. Ibicui-Yacui Canal constitute a new “development zone,” where its current popula- Navigable rivers tion of only 86 million people Proposed canals (this includes 34 million in Concentration of California and 21 million in production Texas) could increase many Vectors of times over, as new economic technology activity locates in the once deso- late desert areas. This would be Source: EIR. real development, not maquiladora slave-labor camps. This new The priority routes for high-speed are shown. Note in par- type of development would absorb Mexican labor into ticular how Mexico City is interlinked with the entire working in high-productivity jobs, rather than fleeing northward grid, and to the south. across the border into the U.S. in search of survival. In terms of its water resource base, North America is Millions of new high-skilled jobs would be created, and cut by an isoline of 500 mm of average annual rainfall new towns arise. (running north-south through the High Plains), defining the eastward lands as humid (more than 500 mm), and South America: Economic Integration westward as drylands (well under 500 mm), to the point In South America, the map (Figure 7) shows key prior- of desert. The “Great American Desert” (Figure 1, page 4) ity rail routes to be built, especially to ring the continent, thus covers a vast part of the states of northern Mexico proceeding along the Andean spine in the west, with key and the Western U.S. (apart from the Pacific coastal links across the mountains, whose features are indicated region). The relief map (Figure 2, page 5) shows that the on the relief map (Figure 8). This kind of network will act landforms in the various sub-areas of the Great to integrate growing economic activity. As of mid-20th cen- American Desert vary from mountainous, to rolling, to tury, parts of Argentina and Brazil had very dense regional flat terrain. rail networks (see Figure 9, showing “Concentration of

31 Production”), but over the last 40 years, this was undermined. A continental grid was never built at all. The map in Figure 9 shows priority water improvement projects for intra-continental navigation, as well as flood control, power, irrigation and all other uses. The continent is well-endowed with navigable rivers (dark lines). The proposed canals (dashed lines) make key link-ups to form a continuous inland water route. “The Great Waterway” is the name given by Brazilian expert Vasco Azevedo Neto, for the north-south link-up of the Orinoco to the Amazon system (No. 3 on the map), and the Amazon to the Rio de La Plata (No. 7 on the map). Neto’s 1996 work, Transportation in South America: Continental Development and Integration, spoke of how “rivers unite.” The Itaipu Dam, on the Paraná River, has 12,600 MW of installed capacity, and is the world’s largest (until completion of China’s Three Gorges Dam, Visualize from the mouth of the Orinoco, which will have 18,200 MW). Itaipu supplies 25% of Brazil’s electricity continuing the water route northward needs, and 90% of Paraguay’s. throughout the Caribbean Sea, and into North America via the Mississippi and Tombigbee crops grown, what methods used, what infrastructure Basins, or the East Coast—thus, an intercontinental built, for the benefit of the public good, not the service of “Great Waterway of the Americas.” the cartel demands. The shaded “Concentration of Production” area span- “The Cerrado Syndrome” is a term coined by Lyndon ning parts of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, refers to LaRouche, to refer to the general principle involved. He the concentration here of population, industry—in par- submitted a paper, “The Future of Brazil’s Agriculture,” to ticular machine-tool capacity, science, and R&D, and a Brasilia conference titled, “Brazil and the Free Trade output potential of all kinds (aviation, steel, automobile, Agreement of the Americas,” in October 2001. LaRouche nuclear power, high-tech farming), which can provide needed technology transfer inland, throughout the conti- FIGURE 10 nent—indicated by the shaded arrow-vectors. Brazil's Cerrado Region

The Cerrado, the Rio de la Plata GUYANA FRENCH VENEZUELA GUIANA The maps in Figure 10 and Figure 11 focus on the SURINAME agriculture side of this vast potential. COLOMBIA

Figure 10 shows the Cerrado region in Brazil, the Am azon Amazon River huge area of well-watered grassland of 205 million River r e iv hectares, or 24% of Brazil’s total land area of 846 mil ha. R River

The riparian Cerrado is crossed by the Araguai, adeira M Tapajos Tocantins (Amazon system), the San Francisco, and the River BRAZIL Paraná Rivers (Rio de la Plata). The agricultural potential San Francisco River

Tocantins River is unparalleled, for all variety of output—livestock, crops, Araguaia viticulture, given high-tech farming methods. Indicative PERU is soybeans, whose production in the Cerrado went from BOLIVIA CERRADO 0.3 million metric tons in 1975 to 11.3 million in 1995.

The question posed, however, is: for whose benefit will River á this superb resource be used? For looting under free trade? PARAGUAY Paran

Or for the development of Brazil, the Americas, and world- CHILE r wide? For example, soybean output from Brazil (now the ive ay R world’s largest producer) is being used as export-source gu ara P commodities by the world food cartel (Cargill, ADM, ARGENTINA Smithfield et al.) for “free trade” world food control. In reality, it is in the sovereign power and interest of URUGUAY Brazil, to determine how the Cerrado is developed—what Source: EIR.

32 FIGURE 11 spoke of the need for “management Argentina: Great Water Projects of the biosphere” in a way to transform it to “higher levels of fruitful- Iquique BOLIVIA Fortin Madrejon ness”—which is necessary for Tarija PARAGUAY Paraguay R. Brazil’s long-term survival as a G Paraná R. nation, and for the “presently imper- F Pilcomayo R. Antofagasta CHILE 12 Concepcion illed continent as a whole. The real- San Salvador De JujuyBermejo R. Salta ization of the potential of the Itaipu Dam E Asuncion It Cerrado typifies the kind of adopted sense of mission which is presently San Miguel De Tucuman 7 Pacific 4 5 6 required for not only Brazil, but the Resistencia 8 Ocean C 9 continent as a whole. That is what I A 3 signify by, ‘the Cerrado Syndrome.’ ” B Porto Alegre Going from the Cerrado south- D Uruguay R. BRAZIL ward, the map in Figure 11 shows Cordoba 2 10 Tacuarembo Great Water Projects for Argentina. ARGENTINA Paysandu11 Mendoza In the Chaco region of northern Valparaiso ParanáRosario R 1 Durazno Argentina, a whole system of dams

SantiagoTunuyan R. Salado R. URUGUAY . and canals is proposed, in order to San Rafael Rio de la Plata Buenos Aires Montevideo drain and control the water in this Neuquén R. area, where the level terrain is marked by marshes and scrub, char- 14 acterized by a parched season, alter- Mar Del Plata 13 Bahia Blanca Atlantic nating with summer rains and 18 Neuquen Colorado R. 15 Negro R. Valdivia Ocean floods. Water management will open 16 17de Bariloche up the Chaco, along with the entire Puerto Montt Limay R. Gulf of San Matias Rio de la Plata Basin (comprising portions of Uruguay, Bolivia, Dam Rawson Paraguay, and southern Brazil, as Aqueduct or Canal well as Argentina) for fabulous pro- (Adolfo Mochkofsky) Comodoro ductivity and settlement. Coihaique Rivadavia Gulf of Santa Cruz R. To the south, the Pampas is San Jorge Bermejo River Canals Source: EIR, 2003 world-famous for its extensive tracts 20 Grand Canal for Chaco of grasslands, fertile soils, vast plains Gallegos R. 19 River perfect for farm machinery, abun- dant water, and temperate climate. Puerto Santa Cruz The proposed dams and waterworks MALVINAS ISLANDS Puerto on the southern river systems will Natales Rio Gallegos Port Stanley Strait of Magellan further increase the productivity of the southern lands. Punta Arenas Tierra Del Fuego

Ushuaia

Source: EIR, 2003 Rio de la Plata and Neuquén, Negro and Santa Cruz River Up-River Systems Limay Rivers System —Dams A-Lake Iberá 3-Paraná Medio Patí —Dams 19-La Barrancosa B-Mirinay River 4-Itatí 13-El Chocón 20-Condor Cliff C-Aguapey River 5-Yacyretá Compensador 14-Cerros Colorados D-Corrientes River 6-Yacyretá 15-Michihuao E-Santiago del Estero Canal 7-Corpus 16-Piedra del Agua F-Lateral Canal 8-Roncador 17-Alicurá G-Canal to Bolivia 9-Garabí 18-Collón Curá 10-San Pedro —Dams 11-Salto Grande 1-Guazú 12-Zanja del Tigre 2-Paraná Medio Chapeton

33 Peru: God’s Challenge to Engineers Brazilians have a plan to join Inapari to Sao Paulo, on The rough Peruvian geography, with the seemingly the Atlantic, and also a proposal for a connection to inhospitable High Andes, is “God’s challenge to engi- Salvador on the Atlantic, farther to the north (see the neers” (Figure 12). These two maps show details of what Great Rail Projects map, Figure 7). In Peru, critical can best be conceptualized as three proposed develop- links of rail line need to be extended to Pucalpa, and ment corridors, land-bridges linking the Pacific and from there to the Brazilian border. Atlantic Oceans. The southern or “Liberators” corridor, which idea Begin in the north. From the industrial port of Paita, dates from the independence era, begins with the indus- proceed eastward along a rail and high-speed highway trial ports of Matarani and Ilo, proceeding eastward to route (it would best be rail, though current plans for Desaguadero, thence to La Paz, Bolivia—a 460-km highways are being constructed) for at least 200 km in stretch. It already has a recently completed highway, and length, to Saramirisa, a future industrial port on the rim there are Peruvian government plans for some 1,200 km of the jungle. This uses the lowest cut through the Andes of interconnections with Juliaca, Puno, and other loca- in Peru, called the Porcuya Pass (2,400 meters above sea tions. Peru and Bolivia have agreements to promote a level). The rail and highway routes would then intersect rail line between Ilo and La Paz; and a pipeline between the Amazon system, through the Maranon River. The Ilo and Cochabamba in Bolivia, to bring Bolivian gas Amazon headwaters region is shared by both Peru and westward to Pacific Ocean ports. Brazil. Energy projects in Peru (Figure 13) are essential to In the second, or central, corridor, proceed eastward provide the power needed for development—metal pro- from Lima, to Inapari, at the border with Brazil. The cessing, manufacturing, high-tech agriculture, and so on.

FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13 Peru: Integrated Transportation Infrastructure Peru: Great Energy Projects

COLOMBIA COLOMBIA

ECUADOR ECUADOR

Am (1) Am azon River Iquitos azon River Neolmar Saramirisa River River (2) ón ón Marañ M arañ Piura r Palta e iv Rentema Ravine Manceriche Ravine R li BRAZIL Aguirre Ravine BRAZIL Olmos M ya Begua r ca ara U U ve Chiclayo i ñó c Etén Huallaga River R a n River y a a g

Trujillo l R l

i a Pucallpa

nta v

u a R

S e H i r v

e Chimbote Huánuco r Huanuco PERU M a PERU n ta Iñapari Sheque-Mantaro ro R Camisea V i Pacific v i l La Oroya e c Lima r a

A n Ocean Lima o La p lo Huancayo u Convención R Callao rí i mac v Ri e Cuzco v r Puerto e

Huancavelica r Cañete Maldonado Ica Titicaca Majes-Sihuas

Juliaca Lake Titicaca BOLIVIA Arequipa Highways 1. Pan American Puno Matarani Desa- 2. Marginal Great hydroelectric projects guadero Existing railroads Ilo Tacna Proposed railroads Petrochemical projects CHILE Waterways CHILE New cities Nuclear projects Industrial ports

Source: EIR. Source: EIR.

34 The hydro-potential is gigantic. Harnessing just the other rivers have excellent sites for hydro-power, as indi- potential of the Maranon River in the north, using 20 cated by the map symbols. Peru (and Bolivia) also have proposed plants, would have a combined capacity of gen- enormous natural gas reserves. The famous Neolmar erating 12,000 MW—the equivalent of the great Itaipu nuclear project is planned near Saramirisa in the north; Dam (see photo, page 32), and more than double all the and another project on Lake Titicaca is planned in the current installed capacity in Peru of 5,000 MW! Many south.

FIGURE 14 Colombia: Great Rail Projects

Ríohacha

Cartagena Sta.Marta

P A N A M A VENEZUELA

Barranca- Arauca bermeja Medellín

Colombia, Central America Bogotá

As shown for Peru, there are vital infra- Buenaventura Villavicencio structure projects on the drawing boards Cali Neiva for every nation in South America, for the Caribbean island and coastal nations, and throughout the Hemisphere, that are Tumaco awaiting a world political and financial Pasto shift. Space limits what can be shown here. But the map of Colombia (Figure 14) makes the point. In Colombia, there are few existing ECUADOR principal rail lines (black); extensive new lines (double) are needed, which would both bind together the nation, and also link Colombia outward—to Ecuador (via BRAZIL Pasto), to Brazil (via Leticia), with two PERU Main rail lines new lines eastward into Venezuela, and to Existing North America via a mainline northward Proposed Leticia into Central America. The engineering Source: EIR challenge is to deal with the trifurcation of the Andes Mountain ranges (running north-south) in rail line to link the Americas. the western half of the nation, which, without rail and The “Dry Canal” proposal, though smaller-scale good transportation, renders whole parts of Colombia than many other Hemispheric projects, is just as criti- isolated. cal, in terms of forcing a change in policy outlook. The map of Central America (Figure 15), shows the Already, construction of a new container port at La proposal for an “Inter-Oceanic Dry Canal” highway (in El Unión, is set to break ground in early 2004, on the Salvador and Honduras), the Darien Gap location for a Gulf of Fonseca, through a loan from Japan. The facil- new Panama Canal, and the vital proposed Hemispheric ity will serve El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

35 FIGURE 15 Central America and the Proposed ‘Inter-Oceanic Dry Canal’

Gulf of Mexico

MEXICO

BELIZE Caribbean Sea

Puerto Cortés GUATEMALA HONDURAS

Pacific San Lorenzo Acajutla Ocean NICARAGUA EL SALVADOR Corinto

La Unión

Panama Canal Gulf of Existing Highway COLOMBIA Proposed Highway Fonseca COSTA RICA Existing Rail Lines Proposed Rail Lines PANAMA

Darien Gap

Source: EIR. But, with the construction of merely FIGURE 16 100 km of new highway (dotted line Mexico: Population, Emigration and Development on the map) to connect with the existing highway in Honduras, to Puerto Cortes, a new land-bridge will exist UNITED STATES between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean/Atlantic (Inter-Oceanic Dry Canal). A container truck could drive from the Pacific to the Atlantic in seven and one-half hours! MEXICO The Greatest Resource: Population The stalled development potential in El Salvador exemplifies the situation throughout the Hemisphere: the last 40 years of shift to free trade, cheap labor, and anti-infrastructure development, have meant worsening poverty and dis- 7 BELIZE location for tens of millions of people Population Concentration Belt throughout the entire Hemisphere. Emigration Centers Across Ibero-America, mega-cities have GUATEMALA grown with millions of displaced peo- Proposed Development Zone ple—Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and others—with no infrastructure base to serve the population. Source: INEGI (Mexico); EIR.

36 Millions have relocated to the slave-labor work camps at power potential is in South America. In the United the maquiladora centers, again with no infrastructure, by States, hydrologists estimate that over 80% of the definition. Still more from Central and South America impoundment potential has been achieved, on major have fled to the United States or Canada, driven there in rivers such as the Colorado, the Columbia, and others, an attempt to make a life. El Salvador has suffered heavy where management systems were built in the 1930s and out-migration, as have many other Central American ’40s, thanks to the Franklin Delano Roosevelt infrastruc- states. Remittances to the home country from migrants ture drive. to the U.S., are now a significant source of local spending But in South America, the huge Itaipu Dam on the throughout Central America and Mexico. Indeed, Paraná River illustrates the fact that throughout the con- Mexicans working in the U.S. now send $10 billion a year tinent, there are many favorable dam sites for power, as back to Mexico, the country’s second largest source of well as for water control, navigation, etc. foreign exchange after oil and the single largest remit- It is nuclear power, the most advanced, energy- tance flow in the world. (Wall Street schemes are in the dense power source, that must be resumed full-force. works to grab some of this money stream.) Soon after the 1953 announcement by President Mexico today would have a population of 120-125 mil- Eisenhower of the “Atoms for Peace” program, lion people, instead of its current population of 101 mil- Argentina became the first nation to sign an agreement lion, except that 21 million Mexicans—18%—are living in for cooperation on the peaceful uses of nuclear power. the United States! The breakdown of this 21 million is: 9 Its first reactor came online in 1974, the Atucha; and million Mexicans (legal and illegal), born in Mexico, are its second, the Embalse, came online in 1983. As of in the U.S.; and 12 million Mexican-Americans, second 1979, four new plants were planned to go operational generation, born in the U.S. of Mexican-born parents, are between 1987 and 1997, but it never happened. The in the United States. global economic downturn and IMF austerity dictates The map in Figure 16 shows the region (dark shad- stopped all such programs. Today, the Atucha II reac- ing) of the heaviest out-migration from Mexico to the tor stands 80% finished. United States. (It overlaps significantly the heaviest pop- In Brazil, the same thing happened, although scien- ulation concentration zone in the middle of Mexico.) In tists were conducting experiments in nuclear fission the state of Zacatecas, located in what would be the there in the 1930s. Today, only two Brazilian plants are “Development Zone” for a new Great American Desert operational, Angra I (1982) and Angra II (2000). “Super-TVA” program, fully half the population has left In Mexico, President López Portillo (1976-82) had to live in the United States! plans for 20 nuclear plants. Today, there is one. Overall, as of 2002, at least 33.1 million of the entire In all of the Americas, there are 124 nuclear generat- U.S. population of 292 million were immigrants (legal ing plants operational in 2003: United States, 104; and illegal), the highest number ever, and the highest Canada, 14; Argentina and Brazil with two each, and percentage in 70 years. Ibero-America accounts for 52% Mexico with one. Engineers had said 50 years ago, “2000 of U.S. immigrants, with 30% coming from Mexico by 2000!”—the world needs 2000 nuclear plants by alone. Y2000. But as of 2003, there are only 441. The alternative to this destruction? Launch the infra- There is no scientific or safety impediment stopping structure projects. Begin the rebuilding of national nuclear power development. It is a policy war, in which it economies, and undertake mutual-interest trade. is critical to win the battle for government re-regulation Outlaw slave-labor/free-trade practices. With the mil- of energy in the public interest, and then to proceed to lions of new jobs, people of the Americas can look for- build infrastructure. ward to building, not leaving, their homelands—old or During the Enron era in which the nouveaux energy new. pirates bilked California, the same companies raided the power systems of Central and South America. Enron Energy for Economic Development itself bought up gas lines in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Critical to the economic re-building process, is the and Bolivia. A swarm of foreign companies bought con- provision of plentiful, cheap energy. This means the trolling interests in the electric utility systems of South appropriate combination of high-tech use of fossil fuel and Central American nations, amounting to 26% of all deposits, hydro-power potential where available, and electricity there as of 2000. Some examples: 76% of everywhere, the resumption of nuclear power develop- Chile’s installed capacity (U.S.-based AES, and Spain- ment. There are major deposits of fossil fuels at many based Endesa); 96% in Bolivia (U.S.-based GPU, NRG points throughout the Americas, from coal, oil, and gas and PPL); and 52% in Argentina (AES and Endesa). In in Alaska/Yukon, to natural gas in Peru and Bolivia, Argentina, these interests are now demanding the IMF besides the famous Mexican, Venezuelan and force electric users to pay hyper-high prices to the for- Texas/Oklahoma deposits. But the vast untapped hydro- eign interests, no matter what.

37 FIGURE 17 The World Land-Bridge

Bering Strait 1 A Northern Corridor

5 6 B Central Corridor

C 2 Southern Corridor

1 Bering Strait 2 Darien Gap 3 Sakhalin Bridge Main rail lines 4 English Channel Existing 5 Strait of Gibraltar Proposed 6 Suez Canal

Source: EIR.

FIGURE 18 It is the LaRouche mobilization in the United The World Land-Bridge, Polar Projection States, to break this political and financial chokehold once and for all, that opens the prospect for unprecedented Hemispheric development, hope, and world peace. AFRICA World Land-Bridge SOUTH The final maps show the World Land-Bridge (Figure Madrid AMERICA 17 and Figure 18). Especially when seen from a polar ATLANTIC Bogotá Paris viewpoint, they convey the idea that the entire planet is OCEAN one; that the Land-Bridge is a single continuous route Berlin that can integrate and develop Earth as a whole, from Washington Tierra del Fuego in South America, to the Cape of Good Moscow Hope in Africa. It reminds us of the reality that the Mexico City human mind and human creativity are the determinant, and also the most important resource to develop, in the course of developing the physical-economic condition of North the world. Pole Los Angeles —Marcia Merry Baker

Main rail lines Bering Existing Strait Proposed

Source: EIR.

38 APPENDIX Synarchism as a System by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.

o understand efficiently the psychological mecha- of Ockham as the empiricists Paolo Sarpi, Galileo Galilei, nisms underlying those beastly practices known Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. The T variously as Martinism, Synarchism, and fascism, various expressions of the view that man’s knowledge of the following is essential. the physical universe is limited to sense-certainty, coin- In Plato’s The Republic, Socrates describes man’s percep- cide with the practiced opinion of such as Britain’s tion of the universe around him as like the shadows cast Thomas Huxley and Frederick Engels, that man is essen- upon the wall of a dimly lit cave. Our senses are part of our tially an animal, distinguished, perhaps, in degree, but mortal organism, which, therefore, do not show us the uni- not in principle, from lower forms of life. verse around us, but, rather, present us with the reaction of In European history, this difference between the our biological sense-perceptual apparatus to the impact of Platonists and the nominalists, respecting the nature of the outside world upon them. It is only through what man, is key to the millennia-long struggle to free mankind Vernadsky identifies as the noëtic powers of the human from forms of society in which a relatively few subject the mind, that the human individual, and only the human indi- many to the practical status of either wild (hunted) or vidual is able to recognize the existence of unsensed univer- herded cattle. The feudalism practiced under imperial sal physical principles, through solving those paradoxes of rule of medieval Venice and the Normans, is an example sense-perception which betray the efficient presence of a of this. The system of slavery is an example of this; the universe beyond the scope of sense-perception as such. system of feudalistic peonage in oligarchy-dominated In the language of modern mathematical physics, the aspects of Mexico’s past is an example of this. In modern difference between substance and shadow, between experi- times, the defense of the practice of keeping the generality mentally validated discoveries of universal physical princi- of mankind practically in that virtual status of cattle, is ples and mere sense-certainty, is reflected in what Carl typified by such cases as John Locke, the Physiocrat Dr. Gauss, in opposition to Euler and Lagrange, defined, in François Quesnay, and the Adam Smith who copied 1799, as the complex domain. In other words, the discrep- (some say “plagiarized”) his own doctrine of “free trade” ancy between the shadow-world of sense-perception and from Quesnay’s bestialist doctrine of laissez-faire. the principles expressed by the real universe beyond sense- In medieval times, the struggle to free man from the perception, is the difference between our ephemeral mor- juridical status of human cattle was expressed by the cen- tality, and that real, unseen universe which is acting to pro- turies-long effort to overturn that pro-bestial, ultramon- duce those apparent discrepancies which Johannes Kepler tane tradition of ancient imperial Rome merely typified by had defined as typified by the elliptical eccentricities the Code of Diocletian. This struggle is typified by the expressing the physically efficient impact of the unseen work of Dante Alighieri on behalf of the specificity of the universal physical principles from beyond the shadows of a Italian language, and his defense of sovereign government merely apparent reality. Such is the physical science first in his De Monarchia. It was only during the Fifteenth- introduced by Gauss’s successor, Bernhard Riemann. Century Renaissance, that works such as Cardinal In theology, this division between perceived shadow Nicholas of Cusa’s Concordantia Catholica and De Docta and unseen substance, defines the efficient principle of Ignorantia cleared away the rubble of pro-bestial, imperial the human mind as that which sets the human individual ultramontanism sufficiently to give birth to modern, scien- absolutely apart from, and above the lower species of life. tifically progressive nation-states such as that of Louis XI’s Theology so defines the embodiment of this superior, France and Henry VII’s England. It was in these states noëtic quality, as the human soul. that, for the first time in known history, the sovereign was Prior to Europe’s Fifteenth-Century, Italy-centered made subject to that obligation of natural law, which is to Renaissance, the general condition of mankind was defend not only the sovereignty of the whole nation, but to based on the practiced presumption that, although there bend his own will to the service of the general welfare of might exist something in the universe beyond the powers all of the people and their posterity. of sense-perception, that something might nonetheless That division between pro-bestial ultramontanism and be believed to exist, but could not be actually known. The humanism, has been the root-issue of all the bloodiest latter, exotic distinction, was typical of those ancient conflicts in globally extended European civilization since sophists who perpetrated the judicial murder of Socrates the Fifteenth-Century Renaissance. Martinism and over precisely this issue, and such modern nominalists as Synarchism are outgrowths of the pro-bestialist defini- the medieval William of Ockham, as also such followers tion of man expressed by the modern Venetian-Party tra-

39 dition of Sarpi, Galileo, Hobbes, Locke, Quesnay, functions of astronomy, had been prescribed by Kepler as, Shelburne’s Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant. The dis- together with the related development of the calculus later tinction among such pro-bestialists as these is, that the developed by Leibniz, work assigned to future mathemati- Martinist cult which Britain’s Lord Shelburne unleashed cians. This had led Leibniz’s follower Kaëstner to pose the upon the world, carries the pro-bestialist, ultramontane importance of developing an anti-Euclidean geometry to (imperialist) impulse to such extremes as Adolf Hitler’s replace the neo-Euclidean, Cartesian geometries rampant holocaust against the Jews, and even worse. among the Eighteenth-Century empiricists’ Enlightenment. The facts bearing upon the foregoing matters are readily This had led Gauss to his explorations of the deeper impli- available to qualified scholars and relevant others. What is cations of elliptical functions, and those related notions of often lacking, even among relatively many specialists who the general principles of curvature of the complex domain have their evidence in good order, is a want of comprehen- which Riemann brought to a crucial point of fruition. sion of the systemic principle which, so to speak, makes A purely arithmetic mathematics may be referenced as Martinists/Synarchists such as Cagliostro, Mesmer, and the typical of a radically empiricist standpoint. A Euclidean monstrous Joseph de Maistre “tick.” The solution for that or Cartesian mathematics typifies the introduction of shortcoming is to be found along the lines of the argument arbitrary belief in purely fanciful forms of “self-evident” I have summarized in the preceding paragraphs. definitions, axioms, and postulates, as replacement for Pose the question, thus: How is the utopian (ultramon- those competently defined universal physical principles tane, “integrist”) cult of Martinism/Synarchism/Fascism— whose experimentally efficient presence is expressed like the “preventive nuclear war doctrine” of H.G. Wells and mathematically by Gauss’s and Riemann’s successive defi- Bertrand Russell, and the Unification of the Sciences cult— nitions of the complex domain. The key to discovering the derived from ancient, medieval, and modern forms of nomi- mechanism of Martinism/Synarchism/Fascism and radi- nalism, such as modern empiricism and existentialism? cal positivism generally, is to see the implications of In principle, the mechanism used to effect such results, extending the application of arbitrary, utopian forms of can be most quickly understood by putting one’s mental definitions, axioms, and postulates from the domain of finger on the nature of the intrinsic fraud of Euclidean mathematics, into the domain of social theory, law, and geometry. The relevant argument runs as follows. religious belief. Make up your own ideal society. Define it in terms of an The Cartesian Model arbitrary set of rules of the game, rules whose interconnec- Nominalism denies the experimentally knowable exis- tion is defined as nominalist “consistency.” U.S. Associate tence of discoverable universal physical principles Justice Antonin Scalia’s fascist (“Thrasymachian,” beyond the scope of sense-perception. However, it leaves Synarchist) doctrine of “text,” is typical of some of the its believers free to imagine what might be “out there, worst concoctions brewed in such ways. The late Professor beyond,” a belief which depends upon nothing but an Leo Strauss’s lying effort to induce his foolish dupes to arbitrary choice of some doctrine which could be made accept Plato as an admirer of Thrasymachus, is typical of to appear to explain away the questions of principle such frauds. The horrors of the Spanish Inquisition are an which lie beyond the powers of sense-perception. These example of such frauds, in addition to being an important arbitrary choices are sometimes named “self-evident precedent in the design of the Martinist/Synarchist cult truths,” or “principles a priori,” such as those doctrines today. The recruitment of the ostensibly right-wing strain of a Euclidean geometry which were introduced as of Synarchists in Central and South America under the replacement for the previously established constructive Nazi Party’s direction, and still today, has relied heavily on geometry of Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, et al. a specifically fascist dogma of Hispanidad which looks On this account, the leading Eighteenth-Century back apologetically to such satanic orgies as the Spanish mathematician Abraham Kästner (1719-1800), the most Inquisition and the Habsburg role in the religious wars of important of the teachers of both Gotthold Lessing and the 1511-1648 interval as a precedent for the Carl Gauss, pointed out that those paradoxes exposed by Dionysiac/Neo-Cathar dogma of such original Martinists work from Kepler through Leibniz and Jean Bernouilli, such as Joseph de Maistre. required the junking of aprioristic Euclidean geometry, The antidote to such travesties as Martinism and its like, is in favor of an ante- or anti-Euclidean geometry which a clearheaded distinction between the meaning of the verbs returned to the standpoint of the constructive geometry of “to believe” and “to know.” The hysterical quality permeating the school of Pythagoras and Plato. This notion of an the Synarchist’s lying version of the history of the Americas, anti-Euclidean geometry, more or less explicitly stated in for example, expresses his need to invent a falsified interpre- Gauss’s 1799 definition of The Fundamental Theorem of tation of history as a mere belief which might serve a sin- Algebra, was established, implicitly, by the opening para- cerely integrist fanatic’s history as a utopian fiction. It is graph of Bernhard Riemann’s revolutionary 1854 habili- the blood-soaked, beast-man axiom of fanciful belief in tation dissertation, on the subject of The Hypotheses Martinism/Synarchism, which is the most significant dis- Which Underlie Geometry. tinction of Martinism/Synarchism from other modern The general study of the implications of the elliptical forms of nominalist social theory and theology in general.