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LES PÊCHES DES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DANS L EST DU QUÉBEC Innus, Malécites Et Micmacs

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LES PÊCHES DES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DANS L EST DU QUÉBEC Innus, Malécites Et Micmacs SUB Hamburg A/612914 OUVRAGE COLLECTIF PRÉPARÉ SOUS LA DIRECTION DE Paul Charest Camil Girard Thierry Rodon LES PÊCHES DES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DANS L EST DU QUÉBEC Innus, Malécites et Micmacs PUL Presses de l'Université Laval Table des matières Liste des figures • XIII Remerciements XV Préface i XVII LÉO ST-ONGE Introduction 1 PAUL CHAREST, CAMIL GIRARD ET THIERRY RODON PARTIE 1 LA PÊCHE ALIMENTAIRE . CHAPITRE 1 • Pêche alimentaire et participation autochtone à la gestion - de la pêche aux salmonidés 23 PAUL CHAREST, CAMIL GIRARD ET THIERRY RODON Introduction 23 1. La pêche traditionnelle des Innus 26 2. La dépossession des Innus 27 3. La gestion du saumon au Canada et au Québec 33 4. Les systèmes de cogestion impliquant des autochtones 34 5. Les Zones d'exploitation contrôlée au Québec (ZECs) : . 35 6. La cogestion et l'autogestion du saumon 37 7. Les cas particuliers de la communauté de Mashteuiatsh et du groupe malécite de Musquaro/La Romaine 39 8. Gestion autochtone, pérennité de la ressource et contrôle local. ; . 41 Références ,\ . ' 42 VIII LES PÊCHES DES PREMIERES NATIONS DANS L'EST DD QUÉBEC. Innus, Malécites et Micmacs H CHAPITRE 2 Revendications globales chez les Pekuakamiulnuatsh (Innus de Mashteuiatsh au Lac-Saint-Jean) et gestion des ressources halieutiques . 47 CAMIL GIRARD ET JULIE COURTOIS-GIRARD Introduction „ 47 1. Survol de l'histoire de l'occupation du peuple innu dans le nord-est du Québec 49 2. L'Approche commune ou entente de principe (mars 2004) 54 3. Développement chasse et pêche chez les Innus de Mashteuiatsh 59 Conclusion ...... 72 Références '. 74 CHAPITRE 3 La participation des Innus d'Essipit à l'exploitation et à la gestion du saumon de la rivière des Escoumins/ Essipit 81 PAUL CHAREST . Introduction 81 1. Les Innus et la pêche au saumon 83 2. Le village et la réserve des Escoumins, l'exploitation forestière et la pêche au saumon ! 85 3. La Corporation de gestion de la rivière à saumon des Escoumins (CGRSE) et la participation des Innus à la gestion du saumon 91 4. La ZEC-saumon de la rivière des Escoumins-Essipit : un cas de cogestion ou de. partenariat ? . 100 Conclusion ; • 106 Références... 107 CHAPITRE 4 Les Innus d'Uashat mak Mani-Utenam et la pêche au saumon de la Moisie : de la confrontation à la cogestion 113 THIERRY RODON Introduction... 113 1. Les Innus et le saumon de la Mishtashipu : . 114 2. La réappropriation de la pêche au saumon par les Innus 118 Conclusion 130 - Références 131 • Table des matières IX CHAPITRE 5 L'autogestion du saumon par les Innus d'Ekuanitshit 133 JEAN-FRANÇOIS RICHARD Introduction 133 1. Un peu d'histoire : la dépossession et la « reconquête » des rivières ... 134 2. L'autogestion du saumon 147 3. La légitimité de l'autogestion . 158 Conclusion : . 163 Références 164 CHAPITRE 6 . Accès à la ressource et protection du saumon de la rivière Natashquan 167 MARIE MASSUARD Introduction ; . 167 1. Les activité de pêche au saumon sur la rivière Natashquan . 170 2. Une rivière comme drapeau 172 3. Un diagnostic sur la santé de la population de saumon ? . 175 4. Accès à la ressource : une possible conciliation des intérêts ? 178 Conclusion 184 Références 186 CHAPITRE 7 L'exploitation du saumon par les Innus d'Unamen Shipu et par les Jenniss de Musquaro 191 EMMANUEL MICHAUX 1 Introduction 191 1. Exploitation des rivières jusqu'au XIXe siècle 192 2. ' Accès à la ressources saumon au XXe siècle 197 3. Gestion du saumon : réglementation et négociations . ' 204 Conclusion 213 Références 215 X LES PÊCHES DES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DANS L'EST DD QUÉBEC. Innus, Malécites et Micmacs I PARTIE II LA PÊCHE COMMERCIALE CHAPITRE 8 L'accès des autochtones à la pêche commerciale et leur participation à sa gestion 225 ' PAUL CHAREST Introduction 225 1. La mise en place de la Stratégie relative aux pêches autochtones (SRAPA) 226 2. Le Programme autochtone de gestion des ressources aquatiques et océaniques (PAGRAO) et l'Agence Mamu Innù Kaikusseth (AMIK). 229 3. La participation des autochtones à la gestion des ressources halieutiques 232 4. Les retombées économiques et sociales de la Stratégie relative aux pêches autochtones (SRAPA) ^ 238 5. Les difficultés rencontrées par les Innus et les Malécites dans le développement de leurs activités de pêche 242 6. Les pêches autochtones et le développement régional 244 Références ' 245 CHAPITRE 9 La pêche commerciale chez les Innuat d'Ekuanitshit : pôle de développement socioéconomique et communautaire 247 MATHIEU BERGERON Introduction 247 1. Le contexte historique 248 2. Les permis communautaires " 250 3. Les principales espèces exploitées 252 4. La flotille de pêche innue • 256 5. Partenariat autochtone '259 6. L'approche de gestion autochtone 261 7. La participation des Innus à la gestion des pêches commerciales 262 8. La pêche : modèle de développement économique, social et communautaire . 263 9. Persistance des problèmes socioéconomiques 265 Conclusion . 266 Références 267 • Table des matières XI CHAPITRE 10 I • Le travail de pêcheur à Uashat mak Mani-Utenam : conflictualité et créativité 269 BRIEG CAPITAINE Introduction . 269 1. Une ethnographie du travail de pêcheur à Uashat mak Mani-Utenam . • • ; • 271 2. L'entrée d'Innu Takuaikan Uashat mak Mani-Utenam dans les pêches commerciales 273 3. Conflictualité autour du travail : l'impasse culturaliste ,. 276 4. Le travail de pêcheur : réflexivité et subjectivation 281 5. Le métier de pêcheur au centre des organisations politiques 285 Conclusion 302 Références 303 CHAPITRE 11 Les pêches commerciales des Malécites de Viger : l'exploitation et la gestion du crabe des neiges et de la crevette nordique 305 EMMANUEL MICHAUX Introduction 305 1. L'exploitation des ressources halieutiques par les Malécites : subsistance et commerce 306 2. L'industrie des pêches des Malécites de Viger : les ressources exploitées en 2006 - 313 3. La gestion des ressources 321 Conclusion : Vers un développement durable ? 328 Références 330 CHAPITRE 12 La représentation médiatique de l'intégration des Micmacs du Québec à la pêche commerciale. '. 333 ARIANNE LORANGER-SAINDON . Introduction 333 1. Le jugement Marshall dans la presse 334 2. La pêche commerciale des Micmacs de la Gaspésie 337 Conclusion 361 Liste des journaux cités 364 Les auteurs 365 Liste des figures Carte 0.1 Les Premières Nations des Innus, des Malécites et des Micmacs de l'est du Québec 10 Carte 1.1 Les rivières à saumon exploitées par les Innus . 25 Carte 2.1 Nations autochtones et régimes territoriaux du Québec . 55 Carte 2.2 Régime territorial de Mamuitun 57 Figure 2.1 Nombre de filets printaniers tendus par les Pekuakamiulnuatsh entre 1987 et 2004 66 Tableau 2.1 Statistiques de pêche des Montagnais du Lac-Saint-Jean depuis 1988 67 Figure 2.2 Effort de pêche printanier du doré jaune et de la ouananiche de 1987 à 2004 • 68 Tableau 3.1 Sommaire de l'exploitation de 1984 à 2008 de la rivière des Escoumins. Zone salmonicole : Q7, n° de rivière : 07020000 .... 97 Carte 4.1 Zones de pêche de la rivière Moisie 121 Tableau 4.1 Moyenne annuelle de récolte de saumons dans la rivière Moisie (1984-1998) 122 Figure 4.1 Evolution de la pêche de subsistance de saumon par rapport à la pêche sportive dans la rivière Moisie 129 Carte 5.1 Plan du terrain acquis par le Ministère des Affaires indiennes pour fin de réserve indienne à Mingan, Québec ; 145 XIV LES PÊCHES DES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DANS L'EST DD QUÉBEC. Innus, Malécites et Micmacs H s ! V Tableau 5.1 Statistiques de pêche sportive de la pourvoirie sur la rivière Mingan, 1991-2000... 152 Figure 5.1 Données biologiques sur le saumon de la rivière Mingan . 157 Carte 7.1 ' . Les six rivières à l'étude 193 .
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