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GALEN on Anatomical Procedures GALEN On Anatomical Procedures TRANSLATION WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY CHARLES SINGER Until recent years the works of Galen, the greatest and most prolific medical writer of antiquity, were closed books to the modern reader. Professor Singer has now added another to the very few works of Galen which have been translated from the Greek into English. Galen's work entitled De anatomicis administrationihus is the text of lectures on anatomy delivered in Rome about a.d. 177. The Greek text was translated into Latin in 153 1, and in this form the work had a profound influence on Vesalius and other great Renaissance anatomists. Although Galen had some knowledge ofhuman anatomy, especially of the bones, most of his dis^ section was done on the Rhesus monkey and the Barbary ape, in which many parts show marked differences from their human counterparts. Professor Singer has not only provided a scholarly translation of Galen's text, but he has also identic fied wherever possible the structures men^ tioned, and has attached to them their modern anatomical names. The book provides a basis for the study ofthe sources available for the foundation of modern anatomy. The dissection scene on the front of this jacket illustrates Galen demonstrating on a pig. Itjirst appeared on the title page of the Giunta edition of Galen s Works, Venice 1541-2. ^js. 6d. net Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2014 Iittps://arcliive.org/details/b20457194 PUBLICATIONS OF THE WELLCOME HISTORICAL MEDICAL MUSEUM NEW SERIES, NO. 7 GALEN ON ANATOMICAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATIONS OF THE WELLCOME HISTORICAL MEDICAL MUSEUM NEW SERIES {General Editor: Dr. E. Ashworth Underwood, Director of the Museum and Library) 1. Charles Singer and C. Rabin: A Prelude to Modern Science: being a discussion of the History, Sources, and Circumstances of the Tabulae Anatomicae Sex of Vesalius. (Cambridge University Press, 1946) All the following published by the Oxford University Press: 2. Barbara M. Duncum: The Development of Inhalation Anaesthesia, with special reference to the years 1846/1900. (1947) 3. J. H. G. Grattan and Charles Singer: Anglos Saxon Magic and Medicine, illustrated especially from the semi'-pagan text 'Lacnunga'. (1952) 4. Charles Singer: Vesalius on the Human Brain. (1952) 5. F. N. L. Poynter: Catalogue of Incunabula in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library. (1953) 6. A. D. Lacaille: The Stone Age in Scotland. (1953) 7. Charles Singer: Galen On Anatomical Procedures, Translation of the surviving books with Introduction and Notes. GALEN ON ANATOMICAL PROCEDURES TTspi AvaTOiJiiKCov Eyxeipriaecov De Anatomicis Administrationibus TRANSLATION OF THE SURVIVING BOOKS WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY CHARLES SINGER PUBLISHED FOR THE WELLCOME HISTORICAL MEDICAL MUSEUM BY GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO 1956 Oxford Unwersily Press, Amen House, London E.C. 4 OlASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI CAPE TOWN IBADAN Geoffrey Ciimberlege, Publisher to the Universky Copyright of The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum WELLCOME COLLECTION PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I OFFER my grateful thanks to the Wellcome Trustees who have made this research possible for me. I am grateful also to the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum for publishing this work, and to the Wellcome Foundation for defraying the printing and publishing costs. Dr. E. Ashworth Underwood, Director of the Museum, has taken great interest in the work throughout and has made innumerable useful suggestions. I am very much obliged to Professor W. E. Le Gros Clark of Oxford for many hints. He has provided me with bodies of Rhesus monkeys, as have both Professor S. Zuckerman of Birmingham and the Zoological Society of London. My former pupil, Mr. Richard West of Clare College, Cambridge, has made many dissections for me which have been of the greatest use and have saved me much time. The editors and publishers of Professors Hartman and Straus's Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey have graciously given me permission to use a large number of figures from that work. My debt to Mr. J. F. Grace and Professor Benjamin Farrington is acknowledged on p. XXV ofthe Introduction. To Professor A. J. E. Cave of St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College I am particularly indebted. He has read the proofs, and has acted as my mentor on anatomical matters. He has saved me from many errors, but those which will, in due course, be discovered by my critics are, I am quite sure, not of his but of my own making. I am very much obliged to Mr. C. A. Earnshaw for the immense amount of care which he has devoted to the preparation of the very full index. C. S. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V INTRODUCTION xiii BOOK I On Dissection in General and on Muscles and Ligaments of Upper Limh in particular 1. Galen's Reasons for writing i 2. How to study the Skeletons of Men and Apes 2 3 . Distinctiveness of Muscles and Neglect of the Ancients in dissecting 5 Them 4. Certain of Galen's Differences from his Predecessors 9 5. Muscles of Flexor Surface of Forearm 12 6. Muscles of Extensor Surface of Forearm 17 7. Origins of Wrist Muscles 19 8. Insertions of Internal and External Muscles of Forearm 21 9. Small Muscles of Hand 23 10. Ligaments of Wrist and Hand 25 11. Extensors and Flexors of Forearm 27 BOOK II On Muscles and Ligaments of Lower Limh 1. Why the Ancients wrote no such Books 31 2. The Particular Uses of Dissections 32 3. Why Anatomy is neglected or mistaught 34 4. Muscles of the Thigh inserted on the Tihia 36 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. Muscles moving the Knee-joint 41 6. Muscles of the Hip 43 7. Muscles of the Leg 48 8. Muscles arising from the Fibula 51 9. Muscles of the Foot unknown to Galen s Predecessors 5 3 10. Some Ligaments of Leg and Foot 55 11. On the Nails 57 BOOK III NerveSy Veins, and Arteries of Hand and Foot 1. Needfor Anatomy of Surgically Accessible Parts 60 2. Precautions in removing the Skin 63 3 . Nerves in Upper Arm 65 4. Nerves to Forearm and Hand 70 5. Veins of Axilla and Arm 74 6. Venesection 77 7. Deep Veins of Forearm 79 8. Deep Arteries mid Veins of Arm 79 9. On the Care needed in investigating Nerves and Vessels 81 10. Nerves in the Thigh 83 11. Nerves of Leg and Foot 86 12. The Two Veins of the. Leg 87 13. Arteries of Lower Limb 89 BOOK IV Muscles of Face, Head, Neck, and Shoulders 1. Function and Order of Anatomical Works 91 2. The Five Kinds of Muscles of the Mouth 93 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 3. The Six Kinds of Quadrupeds, The Lips and their Movements. 97 4. Masticatory Muscles 100 5. Discussion of Eyemuscles postponed 104 6. Muscles of Forehead and Neck, and Movers of the Head 104 7. Four Small Muscles behind the Skull and on the First Two Vertex hrae 109 8. Movements of First and Second Vertebrae 112 9. Muscles uniting the Skull with Sternum and Clavicle 114 10. Muscles which move the Scapula 115 11. The Twin Muscles that open the Mouth 118 BOOK V Muscles of Thorax, Abdomen, Loins, and Spine 1. Muscles uniting Thorax to Humerus and Scapula 120 2. Shoulder Muscles 124 3. Muscles moving the Thorax 127 4. The Intercostal Muscles 131 5. The Diaphragm 13 3 6. The Abdominal Muscles 1 3 3 7. The Abdominal Muscles continued I37 8. The Diaphragm again 140 9. The Lumbar Muscles i43 10. The Intrinsic Spinal Muscles 145 BOOK VI On the Alimentary Organs 1. Principles of Comparative Anatomy 147 2. The Three Kinds of Alimentary Organs 150 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. The Three Grades of Digestion in Different Animals 152 4. The Peritoneum 154 5. The Great Omentum and Other Abdominal Structures 156 6. The Peritoneum again 160 7. Coats of Stomach and Intestines 161 8. The Liver 162 9. The Intestines 163 10. The Spleen 164 11. Vessels of the Liver 165 12. The Bile Ducts 166 13. Kidneys and Ureters 167 14. Muscles which retain or expel Excrement 169 BOOK VII Heart, Lungs, and Arteries 1. Organs of Respiration 172 2. The Pleura 173 3. Views on the Pericardium 175 4. Views on the Functions of the Lungs 175 5. Coats of Veins and Arteries 178 6. The Great Vessels 179 7. HetTJ'^ 180 8. Substance and Motion of the Heart 181 9. Vessels and Valves of the Heart 184 10. The Coronary Arteries and the Heart^one 186 11. Ventricles and Orifices of the Heart 188 12. Vivisection of Heart and Lungs 190 13. A Slave cured in whom the Sternum was excised 192 TABLE OF CONTENTS x 14. Conclusions from Vivisection of Thorax 193 15. Movement of the Heart investi^gated 196 16. Against the View that Arteries are Empty 197 BOOK VIII The Remaining Thoracic Organs 1. The Rihs and Boundaries of the Thorax 201 2. Some Errors as to the Movement of the Chest 203 3. Results of cutting the Intercostal Muscles 205 4. Results of injuring the Intercostal Nerves 208 5. Control of Thoracic Movements 211 6. Operations on the Spinal Cord 214 7. Operations involving Loss of Voice 215 8. Further Experiments to illustrate Thoracic Movements 218 9. Transverse Sections of Spinal Cord 221 10. How to see the Site and Movement of the Pleura 222 BOOK IX On the Brain 1. Dissecting the Brain 226 2. Membranes and Veins of Brain 229 3. Chorioid Plexus and Pineal Gland 231 4. The Fornix 233 5. Corpora Quadrigemina and Vermis 236 NOTES ON TEXT 238 ILLUSTRATIONS 255 INDEX 279 ILLUSTRATIONS (See note on p.
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