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The Kurdish Nationalist Movement (In-)Between Turkey and Europe

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The Kurdish Nationalist Movement (In-)Between Turkey and Europe The Kurdish nationalist movement (in-)between Turkey and Europe. Transnational political activism and transformation of home through the EU. Marlies Casier Dissertation presented in fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. degree in Political and Social Sciences. Option Political Sciences. Ghent University Academic year 2010-2011 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sami Zemni Contents Acknowledgments iv Abbreviations and Foreign Names vi Introduction 1 What the research was (not) about 2 Transnational political activism through the EU 4 Transnational political activism 4 Diaspora and Diaspora politics? 7 Transnational advocacy networks 10 Through the EU 12 The Kurdish nationalist movement 14 The case of Turkey’s Kurds and the PKK as transnational 16 political organization Main findings of the research 25 Methodology and ethical questions 31 Gaining confidence 33 Dealing with distrust 34 Faced with violence 36 The question of engagement 38 ‘Do no harm’ 41 Observations and interviews in differing research settings 43 Partial Knowledge 46 Questions of internal and external validity 47 Writing a PhD in the ‘collection of articles’-format 48 Structure of the dissertation 51 ii Part 1: The Quest of transforming Turkey through Europe 61 1. Gatekeepers in Homeland Politics. The case of the Flemish 62 nationalists’ receptivity to the plight of Turkey’s Kurds 2. The Kurdish Question in European Parliament 91 3. Transnational Politics and the EU-Turkey accession negotiations 115 Part 2: The Kurdish movement’s internationalization of 139 the Kurdish cause: challenges and opportunities 4. Contesting the ‘Truth’ over Turkey’s Human Rights Situation: 141 State-Association Interactions in and outside the Southeast 5. Designated terrorists. The PKK’s struggle to (re)gain political legitimacy 167 6. ‘Another Middle East is possible!’ Turkey’s Kurdish nationalist 191 movement’s engagement with the Global Justice Movement: internationalizing the cause or re-affirming local achievements?’ Conclusion 205 Appendixes 225 Background papers on the developments inside Turkey: 1. “Road Maps” and Roadblocks in Turkey’s Southeast 227 (Casier, Hilton & Jongerden) 2. Fruitless Attempts? The Kurdish Initiative and containment of 237 the Kurdish nationalist movement in Turkey (Casier, Jongerden & Walker) Tables 3. Resolutions in the Belgian Parliament 263 (Chamber of People’s Representatives & Senate), 1989 - 2003 4. Documented activities by Flemish politicians, 1990 – 2009 265 5. Resolutions and exemplary initiatives by Flemish politicians in 270 the European Parliament, 1984 – 1990 6. Family tree of the successive Flemish nationalist parties that 271 originated from the People’s Union Party or Volksunie iii Acknowledgements Writing a PhD is often considered a very lonely and solitary business. I tend not to agree with that. Even though it has indeed been up to me get things organized, setting my own deadlines and sticking to personal goals, and even though I have, just like any other PhD student experienced moments of great doubt and sometimes anxiety, feeling unable of getting a hold on the realities ‘out there’, still, looking back on these past years, what stands out is all the support I have enjoyed along this journey. That is why I would like to acknowledge everyone who accompanied me. First of all my, gratitude goes to Pascal, without whom I never would have dared to enter university, let alone start with a PhD. Pas, it is because you have never ceased to believe in me and always challenged me to do the things I did not think myself capable of that I am standing where I am standing today. You were with me all along this road, and I know that it has been a very hard and at times a very painful one, but I cannot tell you how happy I am we made it through this together. Thank you so much my love. Secondly, I want to thank Sami Zemni for his great trust, support, patience and encouragement during the years he has been my ‘boss’ and also a great colleague and friend. Sami, you gave me the freedom to explore my subject and to pursue the issues that I found important. You did not impose your own interests on me, and that is something many students can only dream off. You were confident that I would get things done and this comforted me at many points where I felt lost along this road. I truly hope that I will also be able to similarly entrust anyone who may work under my supervision in later life. Thirdly, I want to thank Joost Jongerden, for his insightful thoughts and questions, his never-ceasing enthusiasm, his curiosity and his determination that made him a ‘craft brother’ over the past four years. Joost, thank you so much for having joined me on this road. Maybe you were not on my initial ‘roadmap’, as in retrospect you should have been my co-promotor, but surely you made this road so much less bumpy and all the more exciting. I have learned so much through co-writing and publishing with you and through the hundreds of mails we have sent back and forth over the last years. Thank you so much for sharing, daring and encouraging. Fourth, I want to express my gratitude to Ahmet Akkaya, and my other friends from Turkey: Gaye, Mete, Ezgi, Fatih, İrem, Berivan and Çiğdem for their warm friendships and enormous hospitality. I truly have been lucky getting to know you all. I feel like I have learned so much from you, including, and maybe most importantly, the deep sense of humanity and solidarity and perseverance to defend those things you believe in. You have allowed me to grasp much better the complexity and the beauty of Turkey, the Kurdish regions and the people living in these contested places. iv Fifth, I want to thank all my colleagues at the Department of Third World Studies. In particular, my appreciation goes to Christopher Parker, Bert Suykens, Koenraad Bogaert, Sigrid Vertommen, Omar Jabary-Salamanca, Annemie Vermaelen and Karen Büscher. I have loved working with you and you all made this place a second home. Thank you for having been there during the good days and the bad days. I do hope this is no farewell yet. I am also grateful to have enjoyed a four-year scholarship for this PhD from the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), which not only provided me with an income but also with the means to go into the field and conduct fieldwork, as well as attend (overseas) conferences. I am also indebted to Andy Hilton, who has done a great job editing most of my writings. Andy, you managed to struggle through my Dutchified English and time and again got my way too long sentences straight. Besides that, I have very much appreciated your queries, suggestions and insightful comments. The same is true for Nicole Watts, who has challenged and inspired me. Thanks Nicole. Finally, I owe so much to my loving family and friends. Papa and Mama, Papa Patrick and Mama Annie, Bompa and Bomma, thanks for having supported me all those years, probably often wondering what it exactly was that I was doing. Mieke, Els, Karlien, Annemie, Elke D, Soetkin, Phille, Mich, Stijn, Ben, Elke H and Nancy, thanks for being there for me and for Pascal during the past years. I don’t know where I would have been without the support of all of you guys (and girls)! I love you all. v Abbreviations and Foreign Names ADYÖD – Association for Higher Education in Ankara (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğretim Derneği) AKP – Justice and Development Party (AK Partisi, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) AKSA – Organization of Kurdish Student Movements Ala Rizgarî – Flag of Liberation ALDE – Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ANAP – Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi) ARGK – Kurdistan People’s Liberation Army (Arteşa Rizgarîya Gele Kurdistan) ASALA – Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia CHP – Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CPT – Committee for the Prevention of Torture DDKD - Revolutionary Cultural Associations of the East (Devrimci Doğu Kültür Derneği) DDKO – Revolutionary Cultural Hearths of the East (Devrimci Doğu Kültür Ocakları) DEHAP – Democratic People’s Party (Demokratik Halk Partisi) DEP – Democracy Party (Demokrasi Partisi) Dev Sol – Revolutionary Left (Devrimci Sol) Dev-Genç – Revolutionary Youth (Devrimci Gençlik) Dev-Yol – Revolutionary Path (Devrimci Yol) DHKD – Revolutionary People’s Cultural Association (Devrimci Halk Kültür Derneği) DHKP – Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party (Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi) DHKP/C - Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi/Cephesi) DİSK – Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu) DİSP – Revolutionary Socialist Workers’ Party (Devrimci Sosyalist İşci Partisi) DTH – Democratic Society Movement (Demokratik Toplum Haraketi) DTP – Democratic Society Party (Demokratik Toplum Partisi) EC – European Commission ECHR – European Court of Human Rights EMEP – Labor Party (Emek Partisi) EP – European Parliament ERNK – Kurdistan National Liberation Front (Enîya Rizgarîya Netewayi Kurdistan) EU – European Union EEC – European Economic Community EFA –European Free Alliance EHP – Labor Movement Party (Emekçi Hareket Partisi) vi Eğitim-Sen – Education and Science Worker's Union (Eğitim ve Bilim Emekçileri Sendikası) ESF – European Social Forum ETA – Basque Country and Freedom (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) EUTCC – EU Turkey Civic Commission EZLN – Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional) Fazilet Partisi – Virtue Party FHDD – Palestinian People Solidarity Association (Filistin
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