M.A. in Sanskrit CBCS Pattern
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Sonagiri: Steeped in Faith
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Datia Palace: Forgotten Marvel of Bundelkhand Sonagiri: Steeped in Faith Dashavatar Temple: A Gupta-Era Wonder Deogarh’s Buddhist Caves Chanderi and its weaves The Beauty of Shivpuri Kalpi – A historic town I N T R O D U C T I O N Jhansi city also serves as a perfect base for day trips to visit the historic region around it. To the west of Jhansi lies the city of Datia, known for the beautiful palace built by Bundela ruler Bir Singh Ju Dev and the splendid Jain temple complex known as Sonagir. To the south, in the Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh lies Deogarh, one of the most important sites of ancient India. Here lies the famous Dashavatar temple, cluster of Jain temples as well as hidden Buddhist caves by the Betwa river, dating as early as 5th century BCE. Beyond Deogarh lies Chanderi , one of the most magnificent forts in India. The town is also famous for its beautiful weave and its Chanderi sarees. D A T I A P A L A C E Forgotten Marvel of Bundelkhand The spectacular Datia Palace, in Datia District of Madhya Pradesh, is one of the finest examples of Bundelkhand architecture that arose in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in the region under the Bundela Rajputs. Did you know that this palace even inspired Sir Edward Lutyens, the chief architect of New Delhi? Popularly known as ‘Govind Mahal’ or ‘Govind Mandir’ by local residents, the palace was built by the powerful ruler of Orchha, Bir Singh Ju Dev (r. -
Temple Structure
DR. JYOTI PRABHA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY M.R.M. COLLEGE, L.N.M.U., DARBHANGA 2ND SEMESTER, SESSION: 2019-21 CC- 8: SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN INDIAN HISTORY UNIT- 2: ART AND ARCHITECTURE Temple Structure Most of the art and architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature. That does not mean that people did not have art in their homes at those times, but domestic dwellings and the things in them were mostly made from materials like wood and clay which have perished. This chapter introduces us to many types of temples from India. Although we have focused mostly on Hindu temples, at the end of the chapter you will find some information on major Buddhist and Jain temples too. However, at all times, we must keep in mind that religious shrines were also made for many local cults in villages and forest areas, but again, not being of stone the ancient or medieval shrines in those areas have also vanished. Temple Architecture Gupta period marks the beginning of Indian temple architecture. Manuals were written regarding how to form temples. The Gupta temples were of five main types: 1) Square building with flat roof shallow pillared porch; as Kankali Devi temple at Tigawa and the Vishnu Varaha temples at Eran. The nucleus of a temple – the sanctum or cella (garbhagriha) – with a single entrance and apporch (Mandapa) appears for the first time here. 2) An elaboration of the first type with the addition of an ambulatory (paradakshina) around the sanctum sometimes a second storey; examples the Shiva temple at Bhumara(M.P.) and the lad-khan at Aihole. -
The Badoh-Pathari Saptamātṛ Panel Inscription
Indo-Iranian Journal 62 (2019) 191–226 brill.com/iij The Badoh-Pathari Saptamātṛ Panel Inscription Dániel Balogh British Museum [email protected] Abstract Located in Vidisha District, Madhya Pradesh, the area of Badoh-Pathari is home to a rock shelter with a sculpted panel depicting seven mother goddesses. A weathered inscription next to the sculptures was reported as early as 1926. The inscription is date- able to the fifth century on the basis of its palaeography and the art-historical dating of the site. Though partly effaced beyond hope of decipherment, roughly half of the text can be read with confidence, while some of the rest may be restored conjecturally, and some speculatively. The epigraph pays homage to Rudra and Skanda in addition to the Mothers themselves, and is thus a key resource concerning mātṛ worship in the Gupta period. It mentions the otherwise unknown local ruler Jayatsena of Avamukta (a region also named in the Allahabad pillar inscription), and may refer to the reign of Kumāragupta (I). Keywords Badoh-Pathari – Saptamātṛ – mother goddesses – Gupta period – Eastern Malwa – San- skrit epigraphy 1 Introduction Off the beaten path in Eastern Malwa there is a pair of villages, Badoh and Pathari. The surrounding landscape (Fig. 1) is dotted with monadnocks that tell a tale of geological time, microliths in the soil speak of human prehistory, rock paintings bridge the gap to history, and stone monuments—some now hidden in the soil—bear witness to the Gupta period and later historic times.1 Because 1 The environs have been extensively described by Anne Casile (2007, 2014). -
Temples of India
TEMPLES OF INDIA A SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOCRAPHY SUBMITTED !N PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF iHagter of librarp Science 1989-90 BY ^SIF FAREED SIDDIQUI Roll. No. 11 Enrolment. No. T - 8811 Under the Supervision of MR. S. MUSTAFA K. Q. ZAIDI Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIIVi UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1990 /> DS2387 CHECKED-2002 Tel t 29039 DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY SCIENCE AUGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 202001 (India) September 9, 1990 This is to certify that the PI* Lib* Science dissertation of ^r* Asif Fareed Siddiqui on ** Temples of India t A select annotated bibliography " was compiled under my supervision and guidance* ( S. nustafa KQ Zaidi ) LECTURER Dedicated to my Loving Parents Who have always been a source of Inspiration to me CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i - ii LISTS OF PERIODICALS iii - v PART-I INTRODUCTION 1-44 PART-II ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 - 214 PART-III INDEX 215 - 256 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere and earnest thanks to my teacher and supervisor Mr. S.Mustafa K.Q. Zaidi, Lecturer, Department of Library Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh who inspite of his many pre-occupation spared his precious time to guide and inspire me at each and every step during the course of this study. His deep and critical understanding of the problem helped me a lot in compiling this bibliography. I am highly indebted to Professor Mohd. Sabir Husain, Chairman, Department of Library Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for his able guidance and suggestions whenever needed. I am also highly indebted to Mr. Almuzaffar Khan,Reader, Department of Library Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh whose invaluable guidance and suggestions were always available to me. -
History of Buddhism and Jainism Upto 1000 A.D
Syllabus M.A. Part - II Paper - VII : (Option B) History of Buddhism and Jainism upto 1000 A.D. 1. Sources (Buddhism) a) Canonical and Non-Canonical Pali Literature b) Art and Architecture. 2. The Buddha Life of Buddha (from Birth till the Mahaparinirvana). 3. Teachings of Buddha a) Four Noble Truths. Eight fold path b) Law of Dependent Origination. (Paticcaccsamuccapada) c) Origin and Development of Sangha and Vinaya. 4. Buddhism and its Expansion a) Three Buddhist Councils b) Dhamma messengers sent by Asoka (Ashoka) after 3rd Buddhist Council, c) Buddhist Sects. 5. Impact of Buddhism on Society. a) Epistemological and Logical Aspects of Buddhism. 6. Sources (Jainism) Agamas - Literature of Jaina. Art and Architecture. 7. The Mahavira. Life of Mahavira. 8. Teachings of Mahavira a) Ethics b) NineTattvas c) Anekaravada • d) Six Dravyas 9. Spread of Jainism. a) Three Jaina councils b) King Samprati‘s contribution. c) Major Jain Sects 10. Impact of Jainism on Society 1 SOURCES OF BUDDHISM : (LITERARY SOURCES) Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Importance of Various Sources 1.3 Literary Sources Canonical Pali Literature 1.4 Non-Canonical Pali Literature 1.5 How Authentic is Pali -Literature ? 1.6 Summary 1.7 Suggested Readings 1.8 Unit End Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES (A) By reading this material student will understand which sources should be utilized for getting the information about Ancient Indian History and Culture & History of Buddhism itself. (B) Student will understand importance of the original literary sources known as ‗BUDDHA VACANA‘(Words of the Buddha) and its allied literature as a chief source for deriving information pertaining to history and culture. -
World Bank Document
RP-42 jF VOL. 2 FEBRUARIY 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK III NATIONAL HIGHWAYS PROJECT RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (REVISED) NH-2-(PACKAGE 11) CONSTRUCTION PACKAGE 'A' & 'C' Four Lmaingand Strengthening of Highway from Km 393 (Sikandara) to Km 115 (Khaga) Section of NH:-2 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Submied to: PreparedBy: Public Disclosure Authorized National Highways Authorityof India Sverdrup Civil Inc. (USA) (Ministryof SurfaceTransport) & Enviro Infra Tech (1)Pvt Ltd. (Sub-consuftant) Resettlement Action Plan for NH-2 (Package-II A & C) CONTENTS Acknowledaement Contents List of Tables List of Annexes LocationMap AlignmentMap CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMERY 1. Introduction 2. Corridorof Impact 3. Methodology 4. Project Area 5. MinimizingNegative social Impact 6. People affected by the Project 7. Livelihood 8. Land Required 9. ResettlementSites 10. Common property Affected 11. Income Restortion Schemes 12. R & R Policy Framework 13. Participationof Stakeholders 14. InstitutionalArrangement. 15. ImplementationArrangement and Schedule 16. Budget. 17. Monitoring & Evaluation CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Surveys 2.2.1 Screcizg 2.2.2 Census 2.2.3 Socio-EconomicBaseline 2.2.4 Data Feeding and Analysis 2.3 Consultation Methods 2.4 Limitations CHAPTER 3: MIIMIZING RESETTLEMENT 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Efforts for MinimizingResettlement 3.2.1 Design of Sections 3.3 Congested Areas ResettJement Actiora Plan for NH-2 (Package-1l A & C) 3.3.1 Raised carriage ways with concentric Widenin-. 3.3.2 Bypasses 3.3.3 One side expiation CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Profile of the Are. 4.1.1 Demography 4.2 Socio-economicProfile 4.2.1 Main Workers 4.2.2 MarginalWorkers 4.2.3 Non-Workers 4.3 OccupationalStructure RuralUrban 4.4 Analysis of Census 4.4.1 Project Affected People 4.4.2 Profile of Project affectedPeople 4.5 Impact on Women 4.6 OccupationalStructure CHAPR 5: RESETTLEMENTPOLLICIES & LEGALFRAMEWORK. -
Concept and Features of North Indian and South Indian Temples with Special Reference to Temples in Kerala
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 4, April 2020 246 ISSN 2250-3153 Concept and Features of North Indian and South Indian Temples with Special Reference to Temples in Kerala Sumitha SS Research Scholar , Department of History , University of Kerala DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.10.04.2020.p10029 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.04.2020.p10029 Abstract- The paper tries to analyse the similarities and monuments to last for centuries and give us a fairly good idea what differences which are generally seen in North Indian and South the contemporary religious architecture built Stupas and Indian temples. It was visible in iconographs, design and Chaityas, which are in essence temples, in the Estern Andhra and architecture of temples. The influence of Buddhism and Jainism northern Karnataka regions, too have survived because of the in the construction temples are also discussed. The prevalence of adoption of stone for their protective casing and sculptured veneer Nagara and Versa architecture in the construction temples and its not to mention the stone railings which totally imitated timber expansion to differed parts of India is also analysed. The work in their journey and fixtures. These Stupas and Chaityas expansion of the temple architecture of the Pallavas, Pandyas and show their own distinct regional characters as against their Cholas to Kerala is another area of discussion in the paper. Kerala compeers in North an North –Western India. has great cultural legacy of temples and temple arts. Most of the Buddhism almost went into complete eclipse soon. The temples are constructed either in Pallava or Pandya style of Hindu temples to a greater extent and the Jain ones to a lesser architecture. -
Unit 15 Sculpture and Architecture*
UNIT 15 SCULPTURE AND Languages and Literature ARCHITECTURE* Structure 15.0 Objectives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Post-Mauryan Phase (c.200 BCE-200 CE) 15.2.1 Architecture 15.2.2 Sculpture 15.3 Gupta Phase (c. 300-600 CE) 15.3.1 Architecture 15.3.2 Sculpture 15.4 Post-Gupta Phase 15.4.1 Pallava Architecture 15.4.2 Pallava Relief Sculpture 15.4.3 Architecture under the Chalukyas 15.5 Summary 15.6 Key Words 15.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 15.8 Suggested Readings 15.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to learn about: stupa architecture in post-Mauryan period; evolution of Buddhist rock-cut architecture; temple architecture of the period under study in the context of both cave temples and free-standing temples; and various sculptural schools and their chief features. 15.1 INTRODUCTION This Unit is a survey of art and architecture between the period c.200 BCE- c. 750 CE. It is a vast period that can be divided into three phases: post-Mauryan, Gupta and post-Gupta. Each period was marked by significant contributions to art and architecture. We shall start with the post-Mauryan period: a time of great prosperity. It was marked by refinement of Mauryan architecture whether it is the stupa or cave-buildings. Accompanying this was the emergence of three schools of sculpture: Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati. Gupta epoch set new standards in rock cut architecture and sculpture. There was also the first emergence of Hindu cave and structural temples. In post-Gupta era major contributions were made by Pallava and Chalukya dynasties to temple architecture. -
Temple Architecture in India (Outline Map Not to Scale)
Temple architecture in India (Outline map not to scale) 2021-22 6 TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE OST of the art and architectural remains that survive Today when we say 'temple' Mfrom Ancient and Medieval India are religious in in English we generally nature. That does not mean that people did not have art in mean a devalaya, devkula their homes at those times, but domestic dwellings and mandir, kovil, deol, the things in them were mostly made from materials like devasthanam or prasada wood and clay which have perished. This chapter introduces depending on which part of India we are in. us to many types of temples from India. Although we have focussed mostly on Hindu temples, at the end of the chapter you will find some information on major Buddhist and Jain temples too. However, at all times, we must keep in mind that religious shrines were also made for many local cults in villages and forest areas, but again, not being of stone the ancient or medieval shrines in those areas have also vanished. Chatur Mukhlinga, Nachna- Kuthara (Inset) Early Temples While construction of stupas continued, Brahmanical temples and images of gods also started getting constructed. Often temples were decorated with the images of gods. Myths mentioned in the Puranas became part of narrative representation of the Brahmanical religion. Each temple had a principal image of a god. The shrines of the temples were of three kinds—(i) sandhara type (without pradikshinapatha), (ii) nirandhara type (with pradakshinapatha), and (iii) sarvatobhadra (which can be accessed from all sides). Some of the important temple sites of this period are Deogarh in Uttar Shiva temple, Nachna-Kuthara, Madhya Pradesh, fifth century CE 2021-22 70 AN INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN ART Pradesh, Eran, Nachna-Kuthara and Udaygiri near Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. -
Revisiting the Terracotta Temples of Cooch Behar: a Survey on Iconographic and Architectural Features
International Journal of Innovative Studies in Sociology and Humanities (IJISSH) ISSN 2456-4931 (Online) www.ijissh.org Volume: 4 Issue: 6 | June 2019 Revisiting the Terracotta Temples of Cooch Behar: A Survey on Iconographic and Architectural Features Arka Acharjee1 Abstract: Temple in India is considered as an abode of God Almighty, a center of reverence. The Hindu temple, in more than one sense, epitomizes the numerous sides and complex processes of the cultural development of Hinduism through its architecture. The history of Indian temple architecture since its beginning has witnessed various stylistic trends found in all parts of India. From late mediaeval period Bengal may be singled out as a region which massively followed the application of terracotta as a medium of art in its architecture. Actually the topographical characteristics of Bengal favored this kind of artistic movements by virtue of which Bengal holds an important status in the architectural atlas of India. Though this type of exclusive and unique architectural stylewas mainly prevalent in the Southern part of Bengal but Cooch Behar (a peripheral part of Bengal) was also influenced by this trend which is proved by the construction of two rare and unique terracotta temples dating from the late mediaeval to the modern period.Through this article an attempt has been made to explore, examine and perceive the distinguishable features of these temples by undertaking field survey in Cooch Behar. Keywords: Regionalism, Pluralism, Hybridism, Quadrangular, Amalgamation, Terracotta Plaques. “Architecture is the matrix of civilization” -Lethabyi The Gupta period marks the beginning of structural temple architecture. As evident from the extant monuments, there was experimentation in a number of forms and designs, out of which two significance temple styles evolved, one in the north and the other in the south. -
Hinduism-And-The-Religious-Arts.Pdf
RELIGION AND THE ARTS Series Editor: John Hinnells, University of Derby The arts have always been one of the primary means of communicating religious traditions; indeed, visual or performing arts may complement, predate or supplant many scriptural sources. This series explores how the visible has been used to express the invisible, and is designed to provide an understanding of the world's religions through the various art forms associated with religious practice and experience. Already published Art and Religion in Africa by Rosalind I. J. Hackett Arts in the Religions of the Pacific by Albert C. Moore Ganesa, Orissa, thirteenth century. Hinduism and the Religious Arts Heather Elgood CASSELL London and New York Cassell Wellington House, 125 Strand, London WC2R OBB 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6550 First published 1999 First published in paperback 2000 © Heather Elgood 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-304-70739-2 (paperback) ISBN 0-304-33820-6 (hardback) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elgood, Heather, 1950- Hinduism and the religious arts / Heather Elgood. p. cm.—(Religion and the arts) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-304-33820-6 (hardcover) 1. Art, Hindu—India. 2. Art, Indie-India. 3. Hindu symbolism. 4. Art patronage-India. -
Prehistoric Sites of Ballari District – an Overview
Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Prehistoric Sites Of Ballari District – An Overview *Dr.Thippeswamy.H. Associate Professor of History, Dept of History and Archaeology, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari. Abstract This paper attempts to study Prehistoric Sites Of Ballari District that refers to the time where there was no writing and development. It consists of five period – Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic & Iron Age. Human colonization in India encompasses a span of at least half-a-million years and is divided into two broad periods, namely the prehistoric (before the emergence of writing) and the historic (after writing). The prehistoric period is divided into stone, bronze and iron ages. The stone age is further divided into palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic periods. As the name suggests, the technology in these periods was primarily based on stone. Economically, the palaeolithic and mesolithic periods represented a nomadic, hunting-gathering way of life, while the neolithic period represented a settled, food-producing way of life. Subsequently copper was introduced as a new material and this period was designated as the chalcolithic period. The invention of agriculture, which took place about 8000 years ago, brought about dramatic changes in the economy, technology and demography of human societies. Human habitat in the hunting-gathering stage was essentially on hilly, rocky and forested regions, which had ample wild plant and animal food resources. The introduction of agriculture saw it shifting to the alluvial plains which had fertile soil and perennial availability of water. Hills and forests, which had so far been areas of attraction, now turned into areas of isolation.