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Riesenberg 1972 the Organisation of Navigational Knowledge on Puluwat THE ORGANISATION OF NAVIGATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON PULUWAT Author(s): Saul H. Riesenberg Source: The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 81, No. 1 (MARCH 1972), pp. 19-56 Published by: The Polynesian Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704826 Accessed: 08-10-2018 13:49 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms The Polynesian Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Polynesian Society This content downloaded from 74.93.217.178 on Mon, 08 Oct 2018 13:49:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms THE ORGANISATION OF NAVIGATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON PULUWAT Saul H. Riesenberg Smithsonian Institution This article describes some of the mnemonic devices and systems of classification employed by the navigators of the atoll of Puluwat (Central Caroline Islands) to arrange their knowledge of geography and of star courses into organised bodies of data. The word geography is used here in a very broad sense, to include both natural and mythical phenomena, and animate beings as well, when they are part of those bodies of data and are used as reference points by navigators in finding their way on the high seas. The material presented here is far from exhaustive. Its collection was done incidentally to other work in May, 1967,(1) and was cut short by events of the field trip. But what is presented provides some idea of the extraordinary quantity of information learned by qualified navigators and of the imagery employed in order to retain it in memory and to order the items into manageable inventories of knowledge/2) Ten of the eleven categories of information described in the body of this paper consist of geographical arrangements based on as many meta phors. The narrator of the system imagines himself in a canoe, following a path from place to place, real or mythical, in accordance with the scheme of the metaphor; or he extends a breadfruit picker from one island to another to draw back some desirable object; or he pursues an ever escaping fish while trying to spear it at esoterically-named reef-holes on 1. My two colleagues in this expedition were Dr Thomas Gladwin and Dr Samuel Elbert, to both of whom I am grateful for their helpful collaboration in the field. With his kind permission, I have drawn freely on Gladwin's unpublished field notes for this study. 2. A Yale University student, Peter Ochs, who assisted me in the summer of 1969 with the support of the National Science Foundation's undergraduate research partici pation programme was motivated to spend the following summer on Puluwat, aided by a Yale University grant. While I described in this study some 11 systems of classification of knowledge, Ochs writes to me that T., one of my two principal informants, gave him some 70 or 80 groupings and sub-groupings of navigational information, including all of the systems I recorded (with some changes of detail) in addition to ceremonies, magic, songs, taboos, etc. I take the opportunity to acknowledge my debt to Peter Ochs for his work in plotting charts from my field notes during the summer he assisted me; some of that work is described here whenever allusion is made to attempts to pinpoint place-names on the map. 19 This content downloaded from 74.93.217.178 on Mon, 08 Oct 2018 13:49:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ORGANISATION OF NAVIGATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON PULUWAT successive islands; or he seeks a fish with the aid of a torch as he hunts him from place to place. The figure of speech is an instrument, Puluwatans agree, which enables them to learn and to remember the relationships between geographical phenomena, and between such phenomena and the courses of the stars. But the categories are more than just lists of items of information (though they are presented in this paper in the form of such lists); they are also a kind of literature, and some of them are chants; parts of them are secret, known only to ordained navigators, and some of the language is in the arcane yitang speech. The captain of a sea-going canoe in the Central Carolines commands as aids to his navigation far more than knowledge of the mountain tops that rise just above the level of the sea to form the dozen or two dozen islands that he visits. To him, the ocean's surface is studded with hundreds, perhaps thousands, of other things, whose names, locations, and relation ships he knows, and which function as sea-marks for him. Some of them are real enough phenomena; some must seem to us to be in the realm of the fabulous. There are the islets, the reefs, the sandbanks; perhaps also the discoloured patch of water or the shark that is always to be found at a particular reef is also real; but then there are the two-headed whale, the hovering frigate bird with the plover constantly flying circles around it, the spirit who lives in a flame, the man in a canoe made of ferns. And all of these, the real islands and the fantastic monsters alike, are permanent geographical features; all of them are more or less useful sea-marks, all of them bear names, and all of them are seriously regarded?though not all are equally important?as navigational aids. What and where they are, and how they are grouped, form the descriptive part of this article. The metaphor employed in any one system determines in part, according to its nature, what kinds of information will be included in that system. Some of the systems, in addition, impose rules upon themselves. Reef Hole Probing is limited to the naming of islands and their passes, while Sea Life (not one of the systems described here) includes no islands at all, and The Lashing of the Breadfruit Picker is a combination of both. But all the systems together cut across each other so much that some place names appear again and again. In a few instances, when unknown geo graphical features are often mentioned and when enough courses from identifiable islands to them have been given, an attempt has been made to locate them by projecting the courses on a chart. These attempts, largely unsuccessful, are described in what follows. The intersections of the projected courses generally coincide poorly with known bathym?trie features. To be sure, the bathym?trie charts are surprisingly imperfect for some parts of Micronesia, and perhaps that is a partial explanation. The navigators cling to their faith in the reality of the phenomena they describe with such tenacity that one seeks for reasons not to be completely iconoclastic. The Puluwat men who supplied information are: Yangow??r (Y), Tawuweru ( ), Hipour (H), Ikuliman (I), and Yangora (X). Hereafter, reference to them will be by the symbols after their names. Most of the information comes from Y. and T. Both of these men belong 20 This content downloaded from 74.93.217.178 on Mon, 08 Oct 2018 13:49:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms SAUL H. RIESENBERG to the F??n?r school of navigation, though the details they furnish are often at considerable variance with each other, and from those supplied by H., who belongs to the other school, Warieng. The stars used in the Central Carolines for navigation are the following: Name Compass Position 1. Polaris 0? 2. Beta Ursae Minoris 14? 3. Alpha Ursae Majoris 27? 4. Alpha Cassiopeiae 33? 5. Vega 51? 6. Pleiades 66? 7. Aldebaran 73? 8. Gamma Aquilae 79? 9. Altair 81? 10. Beta Aquilae 84? 11. Orion's Belt 91? 12. Gamma Corvi 108? 13. Antares 117? 14. Lambda Scorpii 127? 15. Crux 154? 16. Crux at rising of Alpha Centauri 166? 17. Crux Upright 180? 18. Crux with Alpha Centauri at meridian 193? 19. Crux 206? 20. Lambda Scorpii 233? 21. Antares 243? 22. Gamma Corvi 252? 23. Orion's Belt 269? 24. Beta Aquilae 276? 25. Altair 279? 26. Gamma Aquilae 281? 27. Aldebaran 287? 28. Pleiades 294? 28. Vega 309? 30. Alpha Cassiopeiae 327? 31. Alpha Ursae Majoris 333? 32. Beta Ursae Minoris 346? Reference to these stars in this paper will be by the numbers prefixed to their names. The 11 categories of navigational information which are to be described are as follows: I. Reef Hole Probing II. Catching the Sea Bass III. The Sail of Limah?cha IV. Aligning the Weir V. Looking at an Island VI. The Great Trigger Fish 21 This content downloaded from 74.93.217.178 on Mon, 08 Oct 2018 13:49:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ORGANISATION OF NAVIGATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON PULUWAT VIL Ay?f?l's Tail VIII. Aligning the Skids IX. The Fortune Telling of the Sea Bass's Food X. The Torch of the Lagoon of An??fa XI. The Lashing of the Breadfruit Picker I. REEF HOLE PROBING (aaruw??w) In its practical application, as described by Gladwin,(3) Reef Hole Probing is a system, upon approaching an island, for finding the entrance through the reef into the lagoon.
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