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L'art D'être Pirogues De Voyage En Océanie Insulaire Journal de la Société des Océanistes 112 | Année 2001-1 Micronésie plurielle L’art d’être pirogues de voyage en Océanie insulaire Anne Di Piazza et Erik Pearthree Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/jso/1701 DOI : 10.4000/jso.1701 ISSN : 1760-7256 Éditeur Société des océanistes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 juin 2001 Pagination : 61-72 ISSN : 0300-953x Référence électronique Anne Di Piazza et Erik Pearthree, « L’art d’être pirogues de voyage en Océanie insulaire », Journal de la Société des Océanistes [En ligne], 112 | Année 2001-1, mis en ligne le 28 mai 2008, consulté le 14 novembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/jso/1701 ; DOI : 10.4000/jso.1701 © Tous droits réservés Provided by OpenEdition CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk L’art d’être pirogues de voyage en Océanie insulaire par Anne DI PIAZZA * et Erik PEARTHREE ** Les pirogues ou Après citation de la description que donne « la partie la plus curieuse de ces îles » Cook des grandes pirogues, il poursuit son cons- tat. « Les pirogues étonnèrent les premiers marins qui les virent, par leurs échafaudages extérieurs « On vient de voir ce qu’étaient, en 1780, la et leurs longues charpentes, dont l’usage n’est petite marine de Taïti et sa population indus- possible qu’avec des bateaux aussi légers, qui trieuse, et cela, comparéàce qui existe mainte- peuvent, comme un morceau de liège, suivre les nant, donne la mesure du mal de ce que moindres impulsions des vagues ; elles ne peu- les Européens ont causéàce pays : nous avons vent non plus servir que dans les mers paisibles, fait le tour de toute l’île en naviguant presque où règnent les vents réguliers qui, bien qu’assez toujours en dedans des récifs, souvent à quelques forts, ne soulèvent jamais les lames gigantesques mètres de terre, sans trouver un seul hangar ; la des hautes latitudes : ce n’est donc que grâce à la plupart des villages où nous descendîmes ne pos- beauté du climat qu’il est possible aux naturels sédaient qu’une ou deux pirogues » (Pâris, 1843 : de franchir les distances qui séparent leurs archi- 123). pels, et il ne leur en faut pas moins beaucoup de Il faut attendre la fin des années 1960 pour que courage pour perdre la terre de vue et aller sans s’opère la renaissance de la navigation tradition- boussole à la recherche de petites îles basses dont nelle polynésienne. Renaissance qui, non seule- on n’aperçoit pas les cocotiers à plus de sept ment va redorer le blason des ancêtres polyné- milles de distance et qui, étant clair-semées, peu- siens, mais aussi mener à un renouveau culturel vent facilement être manquées » (Pâris, 1843 : et identitaire, qui trouve sa pleine expression 95). dans les différents festivals des Arts du Pacifique. Cet extrait de l’introduction aux pirogues du Ben Finney en est le précurseur, avec la reconsti- « Grand Océan » de l’amiral Pâris illustre par- tution des pirogues doubles : Na¯lehia, puis faitement la spécificité et l’adaptabilité de la Ho¯ku¯le‘a, et la création de la « Polynesian Voya- pirogue à l’Océanie. Mais Pâris évoque déjà une ging Society » en 1973 (en collaboration avec époque révolue lorsqu’il parle de Tahiti en 1827 : Herb Ka¯ne et Tommy Holmes) (Finney, 1999). « Le long séjour que nous fîmes parmi eux put Cependant, à trop vouloir mettre l’accent sur les être utilisé pour les pirogues ; toutes les grandes grandes et prestigieuses pirogues doubles, on en ont disparu, mais nous sommes heureux d’en oublierait presque les pirogues de taille moyenne trouver un plan exact dans le second voyage du dont les pirogues à balancier, qui elles aussi ont capitaine Cook, qui vit réunie une flotte propre à participé aux migrations et aux échanges entre donner une idée avantageuse de ce qu’était alors les archipels. Durrans résume parfaitement la Taïti ». situation en écrivant : * - , Marseille. **Archéologue, , Marseille. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 112, année 2001-1. 62 MICRONÉSIE PLURIELLE « [...] Il y a maintenant une convention évi- La suprématie des grandes pirogues doubles dente qui consiste à dire que les pirogues à dou- bles coques ont été utilisées pour la colonisation C’est depuis peu que les pirogues de voyage de la Polynésie [...]. Cependant, la convention polynésiennes voguent à nouveau. La première moderne qui fait des embarcations à doubles d’entre elles à effectuer une grande traversée est coques les véhicules de la colonisation en Poly- Ho¯ku¯le‘a. Ses nombreux voyages, débutésen nésie reflète probablement une extension injusti- 1976 entre Hawaii et Tahiti, se poursuivent fiée au reste de la Polynésie [Hawaii, Nouvelle- toujours aujourd’hui avec la (re)découverte de Zélande, Rapa Nui] d’un modèle d’expéditions Rapa Nui en 1999 (Finney, sous presse). Comme menées pour coloniser les terres les plus loin- l’écrit Finney : taines 1 » (Durrans, 1979 : 155-156). « La série des longs voyages qui ont suivi [...] a Le fait qu’aujourd’hui, les pirogues doubles de contribuéàrelancer le renouveau de la naviga- grande taille soient devenues synonymes de piro- tion, à sensibiliser les insulaires des îles Cook, les gues de voyage a conduit les anthropologues à Maori ainsi que d’autres groupes, enfin à simuler des associations sans doute excessives (parce et réorienter les pensées des chercheurs au-delà qu’exclusives) entre pirogues doubles, économie des points de vue étroits de Sharp et autres cen- de prestige et peuplement de la Polynésie orien- seurs avec une perspective qui présente les Poly- tale. Nous proposons donc de questionner la nésiens comme les véritables pionniers de la navi- validité de ces associations en réintroduisant la gation ayant exploré intentionnellement le pirogue à balancier au centre du débat, sans pour Pacifique et délibérément colonisé les îles trou- autant exclure les pirogues doubles. Nous rap- vées 2 (Finney, 1994) » (Finney, 1999 : 6). pellerons que les pirogues de voyage sont pluriel- les et rassemblent pirogues doubles et pirogues à Suite donc aux voyages de Ho¯ku¯le‘a, les insu- balancier, préférentiellement de taille moyenne. laires des archipels visités construisent leur pro- Nous montrerons combien les pirogues à balan- pre pirogue double : Tahiti Nui (Tahiti), Taki- cier sont adaptées aux voyages d’exploration en tumu et Te Au o Tonga (les îles Cook), Te Aurere conjuguant manœuvrabilité,sûreté et légèreté. (Nouvelle-Zélande), enfin Makali‘ietHawai‘i- Enfin, nous simulerons et quantifierons la sur- loa (Hawaii) qui toutes entreprirent une longue face forestière nécessaire à la construction et au traversée pour se rendre au festival de Rarotonga maintien d’une flotte de pirogues à balancier et en 1992, un festival de la navigation somme toute conclurons que les habitants des îles coralliennes Polynésie centrique. Au milieu de cette flotte de ont des ressources en bois suffisantes pour sub- pirogues doubles, notons toutefois deux piro- venir aux coûts des voyages. Ces différents cons- gues à balancier, l’une qui fit voile des îles Mars- tats seront appuyés par des références puisées hall et l’autre qui pagaya de Tahiti. Depuis, de dans les récits des premiers découvreurs de Poly- tels rassemblements se sont poursuivis sur Raia- nésie orientale, berceau de l’association pirogue tea en 1995, sur Apia en 1996 et Nouméaen double - pirogue de voyage et dans les monogra- 2000. phies de Micronésie, lieu de survivance des piro- gues de voyage à balancier. Cette réhabilitation des pirogues à balancier, qui participent à une Les premières descriptions des pirogues de voyage économie quotidienne et roturière aussi bien sur les îles hautes que les îles basses, va nous permet- Si les Festivals des Arts de Pacifique, comme tre de « démocratiser » les voyages, mais plus les longues traversées effectuées par Ho¯ku¯le‘a, fondamentalement de donner aux habitants des ont largement contribuéàl’association pirogue îles basses le statut de découvreurs potentiels de de voyage — pirogue double en Polynésie orien- la Polynésie orientale, statut plus généralement tale, celle-ci est bien plus ancienne puisqu’on la réservé aux gens des îles hautes. retrouve dans les écrits de Bougainville à Tahiti. 1. « There is now a clear convention that twin-hulled canoes were used for Polynesian colonization [...]. Hence, the modern convention that twin-hulled craft were the key colonizing vehicles in Polynesia probably reflects an unjustified extension to the rest of Polynesia of a model of distant colonization by isolated expeditions » [traduction des auteurs]. 2. The series of long voyages that followed... served to deepen the voyaging revival and to extend it to Cook Islanders, Maori, and other groups, as well as to stimulate the shift of scholarly thinking away from the cramped views of Sharp and other critics toward a perspective that gave Polynesians their due as pioneering seafarers who had intentionally explored the Pacific and deliberately colonized the islands they found there (Finney, 1994) » (traduction des auteurs). PIROGUES DE VOYAGE EN OCÉANIE INSULAIRE 63 « Leur industrie paraît davantage dans le « Le vaa motu, pirogue des îles, est en général moyen dont ils usent pour rendre ces bâtiments une grande et solide embarcation, simple, cons- propres à les transporter aux îles voisines, avec truite pour la navigation et principalement lesquelles ils communiquent, sans avoir dans employée pour les lointains parcours » (Ellis, cette navigation d’autres guides que les étoiles. 1972 : 117). Ils lient ensemble deux grandes pirogues côtéà côté, à quatre pieds environ de distance, par le Banks note que pour entreprendre de longs moyen de quelques traverses fortement amarrées voyages, les pirogues de taille moyenne sont pré- sur les deux bords » (Bougainville, 1982 : 260). férables, parce que moins sujettes aux accidents par mauvais temps (Banks, 1962 : 366 cité par Wallis, Cook, Ellis, et Pâris ne le suivent Lewis, 1975 : 254).
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