Micronesica 31(1):1-245, 1999

A Preliminary List of Animal Names in the Chuuk District, Micronesia with some notes on plant names

Alan E. Davis1

1 Current Address: AAA196, Box 10001, Saipan, MP 96950, CNMI This list is dedicated to my children, Forrest LeRoy Eugene Davis, Timothy Davis, and Thomas Gotthelf Fischer Davis, Tian Taky Davis, and Dianne Eclipse Davis and to all other little boys and girls in Chuuk whose mothers and fathers do not understand one another very well.

Revised from a technical report printed by the College of Mi- cronesia and the Micronesian Language Institute (UOG).

°c 1996, 1999 Alan Eugene Davis °c 1996, 1999 College of Micronesia, Chuuk °c 1996, 1999 Micronesian Language Institute, University of Guam

This document may be freely copied, on the condition that a copy of this notice is provided or else, for excerpts, that full acknowledgement is given of this source. Abstract—This is an unfinished list of animal names, including many unverified names, from dialects / languages commonly heard in Chuuk Lagoon, the Mortlock Islands, Hall Islands, Western Islands (Pattiw) and Nominweit´e,constituting the Eastern end of a chain of related dialects and cultures extending from Sonsorol and Tobi to Chuuk Lagoon. This list may emphasize a relatively small number of dialects; names are listed, however, from throughout the district. Animal names are ordered phylogenetically, divided into chapters according to broad classification. Chapters on sponges, coelenterates, worms, molluscs, crus- taceans, and insects and allies are divided into sections by category. Fishes are the subject of one large chapter, divided into sections by family. There are addi- tional chapters on birds, reptiles and amphibians, and mammals. Two appendices include some notes on botanical names: Appendix A covers the fungi and algae; Appendix B consists of notes on names of higher plants. This list includes extensive notes and remarks on cultural values, use, and knowledge, gleaned from many local sources. Notes are included to help identify the organisms or names, when they are not certain. An index lists all the names in an alphabetical order by local name.

Micronesica 31(1):1-239, 1999

Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 5 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements 7

1 Introduction 13

2 How to Use This List 17

3 Sponges 25

4 Coelenterata 27

5 Worms 35

6 Mollusca 39

7 Crustacea 61

8 Insects & Allied Arthropods 74

9 Echinoderms 84

10 Fishes 96

11 Birds 171

12 Reptiles and Amphibians 186

13 Mammals 189

Appendix A: Prokaryota, Fungi, Algae 191

Appendix B: Higher Plants 195

References 217

Vernacular Name Index 221 6 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 Acknowledgements

This list, tentative as it is, has than a dictionary. To those who will come into being through a process of feel frustrated in attempting to use this accretion, an accumulation bit-by-bit list, for this reason, I apologize. Hope- of hastily scribbled memoranda—in the fully the inclusion of an index will solve margins of books, in notebooks, on some of the problems. The inevitable scraps of paper, or on the backs of en- spelling errors reflect the untrained ear velopes, through an extended personal of a non-native speaker, and for this I commitment to learn the local names of must likewise apologize; I hope that na- animals. Notes have been collected, if tive speakers will correct them, making not everyday, over the course of more this list a more useful one. than a decade, beginning in 1984. This list has taken form out of the Notes have been lost due to various good will of hundreds of native speakers, causes over the years. To archive them, many of whom have been, and remain as well as to organize them, I have been friends, family members, colleagues, or storing them them in digital form for students. None of these contributors several years. Through the generous as- has enjoyed any useful compensation, sistance of the College of Micronesia, either for their time or for their knowl- Chuuk and the Micronesian Language edge. Because these contributions have Institute, University of Guam, it has been made without compensation, it is been possible to set out this accumula- especially important to acknowledge the tion of notes as a preliminary working contributions which have led to any suc- list. cess the list might enjoy. All contri- Though it has grown through a grad- butions deserve acknowledgement; yet, ual penetration of the subject matter, even if I could remember them all, it over an extended period of time, this would be impossible even to list here the work is truly preliminary in at least names of all contributors. two senses. First, the study of animal Here, I will extend my gratitude names was begun as a prerequisite to to those who gave names; those who more specific interests in indigenous ma- have joined me in extended discussions rine zoological knowledge. Second, the about our mutual interests in marine list is imperfect and incomplete, and is life; those who have contributed advice hoped to be a stepping stone toward and assistance that has advanced the more thorough and perfect lists. In both project; and those who provided mate- senses, the list is substantial enough at rial support. I apologize to those whose this point to serve as a working list. names I have inevitably not mentioned, The format of the list—an order whether out of my forgetfulness or due based on scientific classification—will to the disarray of my notes. perhaps make it more difficult to use Remix Baluay, of Lukunor, gave 8 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

me my first introduction to Chuukese. uney, Maner Rediniphy, Marceny Elias, Zorro Otto, of Nomwin, and Zorro’s Marino Siver, Masasy Kony, Meme, father, Seisi Otto, were instrumental Misako and Totosy Nikiti, Onis Osonis, in the early years; since then, several Peter Sirasi, Sister, Soochi, and Weires of their relatives, including Fil´e Refi- Kovac, deceased, lost at sea. Many of long, Asher Mull, Joanes Bob, and Hans my colleagues at Chuuk High School Otto, have faithfully maintained the fo- joined the discussions, especially while cus of our friendships on our mutual we were repairing the school after Ty- interests, marine animals, for over a phoon Nina. Special names and insights decade. Kimeuo Kimiuo and Alvios were offered by Weiti; the late Aichiro, William have spent countless hours at- Masachy, Sidro. Sleeper and Ismael tempting to teach me the sounds of the have shared their formidable knowledge Chuukic language complex, their cor- of plants. Benito, of Piis Moen, shared rect pronounciation, and perhaps their in many discussions of the biology of spelling (truly an important matter, various marine life. when words are being reduced to writ- Other notable contributions have ing for the first time). Earlier, Professor been made by Pisente Johnson, Ad- John Kingston of the UCSB Linguistics dguess, Aiwo Kuma, Akira, Berry, Department guided me through the lit- Bruda, Bruno Mario, the now Capt. erature on Chuukese orthography and Kalisto, Cygnus, Iosichi, Haspen, Ish- phonology. mael, James Kintin, Kech, now de- Dozens of persons whose names I ceased, Kamuo, Kaspar, Kasto, Kata have forgotten—or never knew—have Mokur, now deceased, Kipier Lipwei, contributed in memorable ways. More Maiser, Masasingi Eis, Mokur, Nogood, than once I have been approached by a Pastor Medal, Present, Silander, Sim- stranger, who, having heard of my inter- iuo, Singeto Nimwes, Tady Otis, Ronny, ests, wished to share with me some new Takiri, Petrus Martin, and Yamada. name, or an anecdote, or perhaps some The family of the mother of my first morsel of biological knowledge of a fish. son, Forrest, Katary Sop, shared my en- Many students of mine have made im- thusiasm with marine life; I cannot pos- portant contributions; regrettably, only sibly adequately express my affection a few of them can be acknowledged here. for these people, or my appreciation for It is hard to know even where to start. their having taken so active a part in my Special or memorable contributions study of names of marine life. have been made by the following, Yusako Kimiuo, Tirr´e Eram, Max among others: Benita, Dony Carlos, Nuokus, Rukan Aizawa (whose knowl- Chuneo Nimwes, Enis, Epa, Isinori edge of marine life is so extensive I Manuel, Saichi Keper, Taboko, Kine- would take his course, were he to offer mare, Kawarata and Terwie, mater- one), Nisom (with an awesome knowl- nal grandfather and grandmother of edge of plants), Chester Gustaf, Pikoch, Forrest, my first son, Esetong Kim- Siro Tanam, Roll and Siaia Aini, all iuo, Reichy Albert, many Faichuk Ju- the staff members at Farr´eelementary nior High School staff members, Her- school and West Wonip annex school— lip Nowell, Kauri, Kayo Noket, Kerat each deserves to be thanked person- Rikim, Kisiwo, Lorenis, Lucky Re- ally. Namie Alexander and his brother

Acknowledgements Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 9

Akitaro, of Nama, took to my educa- Polle, Maron Gabe and John Sandy of tion about marine life with special in- Pullap, Marcus Edward of Puluwat, my tensity and enthusiasm. Opet showed many friends from Nomwin, and Ermes a special interest in scientific knowl- Paul together with Dominik, Enrino, edge of marine life. Kangichy Welle Erko and Eric, his sons. These are but a used to take pains to explain special few among many who have contributed knowledge he had learned from his fa- greatly in more significant ways. Much ther; Tobias Martin solved a riddle. more should be said about each of them. I was privileged that Hipour, having I want to mention Simeon, of Puluwat, understood my interest in calendrics, who reported that since he had taken shared his deep insight; Nartaka in- my marine biology course, he was no stantly knew which was the poisonous longer favored as a fishing partner: with crab; Masamichi Masis, having been in- his new found interest in reef inverte- doctrinated that traditional ways are brates, and penchant for close scrutiny evil, yet revealed (though, I fear, with of reef organisms, it was now impossible some trepidation) important insights for him to keep up with the rest of the into traditional beliefs about a certain group. eel; my student Lorinda Edward unwit- Theophil Reuney’s contributions tingly called my attention the richness have been special, as over the years he of Puluwatese gastropod names. has shared his deep insights into mean- Frank Cholymay, Siwiter Eter, and ings or cultural values of marine ani- Susumu Aizawa, legendary mayor and mals, and a measured sense of propor- chief of Tol Island, have demon- tion in evaluating the names themselves strated special insights in Chuuk La- or their specific uses. Pinoster Neked, goon proper, that deserve to be fur- of Chukien´u,Tol, and Kind Kanto, of ther documented. Celest Lokopwe un- Wichukun´o, Tol are both biologists, and derstood my interest in natural calen- have both added a measure of their dric signs of marine events; although we two-pronged insights; they, like Kerat were unable to carry on with our dis- Rikim, who has also received training in cussions at the time, he and other Pul- Invertebrate Zoology, have much more lapese obviously possess a unique school to contribute. of such knowledge, more than deserving Ikiuo Noah, together with Aritaro of further study, before its probable im- Kony and Takeo, as well as other vil- minent passing. lagers of Nethon, Polle, has been a good I have been fortunate that a small, friend, and shared deep insights, and but substantial group of associates many names. I have turned to him has been willing to help with diffi- many times for verifications, or with cult questions and check various en- questions or puzzles. When I was edit- tries. Extended-term dialogues have de- ing the final drafts of fish names, in veloped over the years, especially impor- September 1995, he came over to my tant in relation to my keen research in- house to assist; I fear he left hungry, terest in Micronesian knowledge of ma- for want of rice in the house. Takeo, rine life. To mention a few of my who was, as it turned out, the Chief of earnest collaborators: Theophil Reuney Nethon, passed away in 1993—probably of Namoluk, Ikiuo Noah of Nethon, in his 40’s, certainly not old. I was of-

Acknowledgements 10 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ten surprised by the depths of his knowl- or discussed at length the finer points edge. of names or natural history of various My wife of over seven years, Tiae fishes, crabs, oysters, or birds. I have Taki, and her family have joined my in- turned to Taki as one turns to a ref- terest with enthusiasm. After strenu- erence book, and he has spared no ef- ous hours of picking breadfruit, cook- fort in carefully explaining the mean- ing it, and pounding it into kk´on, or ings of names, or the behaviors of hun- the wearisome hours of fishing, there dreds of organisms. Besides being an has always been time for—and inter- accomplished fisherman, his knowledge est in—discussion of some fish, clam, or of the plants and animals of the ter- bird, or tracing the names of a family restrial world is considerable, and he is of fishes. Tiae has cared for our chil- not afraid to admit what he does not dren through months and years of my know. Kanader (a recently deceased el- neglect; though we communicate but der of Im´or Village), Ikira, Kirmy and imperfectly, she has helped work out Akichy have provided much insight into a number of difficult series of names. the mangrove and sea grass environ- Her sisters have taken an interest in ments of North Wonip. my quest, volunteering many names. Each of these persons deserves a Arne, Tiae’s mother, with her exten- share of credit for whatever may be sive fishing and reef gleaning experience, good or successful, in this list. Many, has resolved not a few arguments about many others whom I have not named names. Komper Kumo and his people— also deserve credit. The words “I’m among them several fishermen of un- sorry”, the mere gesture setting out an common skill—have quite often shed apology, would not hold much sway with significant light on certain issues. a Micronesian. In Chuuk, one rather At home in Wonip Village, Tol Is- begs forgiveness—or, more specifically, land, many people have shown an in- begs to be released from the bondage terest, and names: Totosy Nikiti, Kv, of his wrongdoing against another. In Kisiwo, Nitaw, Akitaro, Roke (now de- both the Carolines and Kiribati, this is ceased), Masako, Tafko and Johnny done using a special imagery—that of Willy, Ofney and Junia, have con- untying a knot. Thus, in Kiribati, one tributed and been approached with says, kabara au bure, which means, lit- questions on a day-to-day basis. Benita, erally, “untie my mistake”. So too, in Tiae’s grandmother, not infrequently Chuuk, one begs for his ttipis, wrongdo- the provider of protein for dozens ing or sin, to be untied. Thus, I will beg of people, has provided significant to be forgiven, for having forgotten— glimpses into her extensive knowledge of ouse mwochen ´omwus´o´on´oai tipis? nearshore marine life (unfortunately not being seriously studied by the younger women); not enough of her knowledge is represented here. Manasa, Aniwis,´ and especially Taki Tanam, Tiae’s fa- ther, have explored picture books, given names of fishes while holding forth in the fanang (hearth, or cook house),

Acknowledgements Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 11 Thanks for Support and Advice

The Free Software Foundation do- guistic data, over the course of several nated copies of software that was crucial years. Mr. Stampe advised on the pro- to development of this project. The ob- gramming of a sorting algorithm to sort jective of the FSF’s GNU project is to Chuukese in arbitrary order. Mr. Hsu, develop a computing environment that as well as Michael Burton, at the Uni- will free human beings to become cre- versity of California at Irvine, Gerry ative with computers. GNU/Linux, a Bakus, at the University of Southern free unix-like operating system utiliz- California, and Tom Harding of Univer- ing the GNU utilities, has been instru- sity of California at Santa Barbara, have mental on three of my computers. The accepted occasional backup disks of this manuscript was typeset using the free data to ensure against the loss of data computer typesetting system TEX and that has so hindered work in Chuuk. A the macro system LTEX. I am grateful Mike Burton immediately sent copies of to George Mitcheson, who hunted down backups when I lost a computer at a A a book on LTEX, in Hong Kong. critical moment. Pat Kelly and Paul Carlson of Kuen- Toshiba America’s manager, Tim tos Communications, Guam, helped and Kuhlman eventually replaced a com- guided in establishing internet connec- puter that had gotten lost in a bu- tivity and e-mail, and they helped es- reaucratic limbo at Toshiba, with a tablish access to the Linux operating newer, much better notebook computer. system. James Nangauta of the Univer- His actions breathed life back into this sity of Guam Computer Center repaired project. a notebook computer—making it look My mother, Elizabeth I. Davis easy; his help, support and friendship helped me through three computers, are gratefully acknowledged, as well and now a fourth; in particular, she pro- as those of Rudy Villaverde, and Fer- vided a notebook computer in Spring nando Cabrera of the Computer Cen- 1995 that enabled my acceptance of a ter. James and his family generously contract with the College of Microne- provided shelter during part of the time sia, Chuuk, to complete the draft of the I was working on this list. Richard Guy manuscript for the original technical re- of the UOG Computer Science Depart- port. ment gave valuable advice on the Linux Paul Hewitt, Kay Kepler, and A operating system and LTEX mark-up Ray Lomongo—each of them has language; Prof. Arlo Shurle of the De- provided financial—not to mention partment of Mathematics at UOG as- moral—support, at crucial times. I owe A sisted with LTEX. Fran Hezel a book. Though I have never met them, valu- Pat and Lori Colin of the Chuuk able advice was received from Robert Atoll Research Laboratory and the Hsu and David Stampe of the Univer- Coral Reef Research Foundation, iden- sity of Hawaii Department of Linguis- tified several specimens, and provided tics on the use of computers with lin- work space. Gustav Paulay and Barry

Acknowledgements 12 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Smith identified molluscs. Steve Ames- support, combined with teaching assign- bury made valuable suggestions on ments during Summer 1995, enabled me fishes. to rent a room on Wen´e,and fulfill the Literature from UNESCO, Paris, hope of completing this list. UNESCO’s Regional Office of Sci- The encouragement, material sup- ence and Technology for South East port, and editorial advice of Mary Asia (ROSTSEA), the South Pacific Spencer, of the Micronesian Language Regional Environmental Programme, Institute of the University of Guam, SPREP; the South Pacific Commission; have not only been appreciated—they and a number of other organizations have been instrumental. Graceful Enlet have been helpful. Zoological literature has also provided valuable editorial ad- from Lu Eldredge and John Randall of vice. Gustav Paulay and Steve Ames- B. P. Bishop Museum, has been use- bury, each has made suggestions on for- ful. These sources were appreciated the mat, from the point of view of the use- more in the isolation in which I found fulness of this list to scientific users. myself working. Zander Refilong reviewed and improved several chapters. Graceful Enlet, Coordinator of the Marianas High School, in Saipan, College of Micronesia, Chuuk, seeing allowed me use of a Hewlett-Packard earlier printed versions of several chap- 4000N laser jet printer for the final out- ters of this list, saw in this project suf- put. ficient worth to look for—and secure— funding for a contract that would enable Alan Eugene (Rumech) Davis the completion of the manuscript. This Saipan, March 1999

Acknowledgements 1 Introduction

Micronesia, like much of the rest of the world, is in the throes of a great social, economic, political, and environmental upheaval. As a result, traditional ecological, botanical, and zoological knowledge is losing its importance in the individual lives of many islanders. Even the names of animals are changing, or being forgotten, in the rush for the enticements of a new life, a life in which automobiles, political and business acumen and imported canned mackerel are more highly valued than outrigger canoes, navigational skills, and fishing; there is less need to learn or re- learn traditional skills—or so it is perceived. But the names of marine animals comprise an important aspect of the natural historical knowledge underlying the adaptation of the islander, and are intricately connected with the knowledge itself and the traditional mechanisms of transmission of that knowledge—and thus with survival. Micronesians have considerable knowledge of marine organisms, in many cases much more than science has accumulated in books. Here I present an accumulation of notes on the names of the fascinating organisms of the Chuuk district, hoping that this list, and subsequent, improved lists, will encourage local people to inte- grate their own knowledge with scientific knowledge, rather than, as seems to be happening, to seek to install scientific knowledge in the former place of traditional knowledge. I take it that the existence of large and complex nomenclatures for certain groups of organisms on specific islands inplies a formerly more extensive vocabulary on all islands. As an example, this work has brought to light a large number of names of gastropods on Puluwat; these need to be verified and studied. Taxonomy is the science of classification; it aims to give each species a unique scientific name. The name is revealed in a description, together with photographs or drawings; a reference specimen must be deposited in some natural history mu- seum. Ideally, then, a scientific name is unique; it can be used by scientists all over 14 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

the world, no matter what their native languages, to designate a precisely deter- mined species. Any group of scientists can theoretically agree at least upon which organisms they are talking about1. Although it has often been shown that primitive peoples have a taxonomic knowledge that rivals, or even equals that of the scientific taxonomist2, it is not possible to make a one-to-one connection between the names in this list and scientific names. This lack of an easy correspondence of names is due to various causes. The same name may be applied to different organisms in two different villages—perhaps because of different habitat types dictate that different, albeit similar species will be present. Or, for whatever reason, different names may come to be used in two neighboring—or more distant—villages, for the same species. In any event, while many names in this list do indeed correspond to specific scientifically identified species names, in a large number of instances this is not the case, and considerable doubt exists concerning the specific identification. Given this important caveat, every attempt has been made, in the current list, to identify each species as precisely as possible. In linking local names of organisms to scientific names, it has been my hope to open up a two-way dialog. I have no doubt that Chuukese fishermen, for example, will be keen to learn new scientific information about fishes; while at the same time, I hope that, once the connection has been made, local knowledge will also be shared with the scientific community. Thus one of my hopes has been that Chuukese people will be enabled to better understand and study the local marine organisms and communities from a scientific point of view. I hope that students from Chuuk will carry this list to college, and go to the libraries at large universities, where they can pursue research about the organisms which are important or interesting in Chuuk. So too, I hope marine resources personnel will use this list as a tool, in discussing the local fauna, and that they will also go to libraries, if and when such opportunities arise, to seek further information about the local marine life. I also hope that medical professionals will find this list useful; I am open to suggestions as to how it can be made more useful, in this context or any other. Working in science education, I have come to believe that science curricula must be adapted not only to the region, as is being done by numerous projects, but also to individual schools and their relevant environments. There can be no doubt of the importance of marine life in the development of local science curricula. I hope that this list will help encourage needed development of locally appropriate lessons by teachers. Teachers need information resources concerning the local organisms and environments; lessons and materials need to be developed using the local language. In science, concepts need to be emphasized; this does not require the use of an alien language.

1This ideal is not always met; reef corals, for example, seem to defy this precise definition of the concept of the species. 2It is no accident that the German name for primitive peoples is die Naturev¨olker, the nature people.

Introduction Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 15

I hope that the people of Chuuk will benefit most from this list. I hope that the development of this data base on names will be understood as, and ultimately have the result of giving something back to the people of Chuuk, and not as taking something away. This list results from, largely, unfunded work, without money even for basic needs; I hope therefore that I will be forgiven for not hiring informants. Most of these names were collected while living and working on Wen´e,although a large share were collected in Faichuk. On contemporary Wen´e,one encounters speakers from a rich mixture of dialects from the district, every day. One must be something of a linguist, as most Chuukese are, to deal with this situation. To the opportunist, Wen´ealso provides a unique opportunity to collect preliminary lists of animal names in a variety of dialects. Unfortunately, however, this list lacks depth in most dialects, as I have not visited the islands concerned. Most names were elicited from photographs or drawings in books, although some specimens and living organisms were also relied upon. For mollusks, shells were sometimes used, a number of bivalve shells especially, having been identified earlier by Gustav Paulay at UOG Marine Laboratory, were useful. A collection of shells which Barry Smith helped to name that was useful in early stages of this study was lost in Typhoon Nina, on 20–21 November 1987. Often times, mere descriptions were relied upon; many such names are not identified to species, but will be found with some descriptive note. On the other hand, even when a specimen was at hand, it was sometimes difficult to get a single, definitive name, even on one island. This vocabulary is large; it consists of a heterogeneous assemblage from a num- ber of dialects, with various relationships to one another; but they are all part of a unique complex, the Chuukic continuum, a dialect chain extending from Sonsorol and Tobi in the West, eastward to Chuuk Lagoon. Taking into consideration the heterogeneous types of marine micro-environments in different communities, some- thing of the fragmented nature of this vocabulary may make some sense. But this fragmentation is apparently a fundamental characteristic of the culture and lan- guage(s) of the district. Above all, this is not a list of names in a single dialect. This list focuses primarily on the dialects (or languages) of the Eastern exten- sion of the Chuukic continuum, unfortunately corresponding roughly with the polit- ical subdivisions that were established contingent to the needs of the administering colonial powers—“Truk District”, or “Chuuk State” (Chuuk District in the title is intended to convey the sense of “a distinctive area” rather than a political divi- sion). Although these boundaries are artificial, with respect to traditional culture and language of the region, this list, having been accumulated primarily in Chuuk Lagoon, reflects this division. The geographical range herein to be discovered subsumes a range of dialect distinctions. Contrasts between neighboring villages in Faichuk, for example, are surprisingly great, and fascinating. Dialect distinctions, between different islands, are more deeply delineated. At some point, dislects become distinct enough to be called different languages, as has been pointed out for Puluwatese and Chuukese (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). A comprehensive lists of animal names from all these dialects is not possible at this time; at the same time, it is thought that enough data exist for widespread speech communities to make it useful to include

Introduction 16 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 names from all speech communities associated in some sense or another with Chuuk Lagoon. I think that this fragmented list, even with its strong bias toward a mere few communities, clearly suggests the kinds of variation to be found in the Chuukic Dialect Chain, with further probing; especially the within-island/inter-village level is compelling. Obviously, further research will yield not only more names, but also more local scientific knowledge. It will be tragic if this knowledge is not documented and made available to all of humankind; even more tragic would be the loss of this knowledge locally. This being a preliminary list, it inevitably includes numerous errors. Errors in spelling—despite the efforts of many friends to teach me the sounds of Chuukese and to correct my spelling—are accompanied by errors in identification. Just as they are unavoidable, these last are to the scientist the most embarrassing. They stem from a number of causes, perhaps chief among them the complex and diffuse nature of the language community and the diversity of the local fauna, flora, and ecology. I have hardly collected any specimens; names have not been adequatly field checked. Under the circumstances, the best I can hope for is that the existence of the preliminary list will enable future work—including, hopefully, my own—to focus more closely on details. Even as I have lingered longer and longer, even on the very names of these organisms, all aspects of local knowledge of the biological heritage of the islands have come into sharper and deeper focus. A vast wealth remains to be learned and documented, hopefully by the people of the islands themselves, before they are lost in the ongoing shuffle.

Introduction 2 How to Use This List

My objective has been to compile a reference list of names—a lexicon, and an aid in communicating about animals. It is formatted for use both in interviews with knowledgeable islanders and in the classroom. The list is arranged phylogenetically. Invertebrates are subdivided mainly by phylum; the worms are lumped together, however, and several groups of inverte- brates have been omitted. Arthropods have been divided artificially into two groups: the Insects and their allies, in one chapter, and crustacea in another. Crustaceans are subdivided into a number of categories—microcrustacea, isopods, barnacles, anomuran crabs, brachyuran crabs, other decapods; and stomotopods. Table 2.1 lists common animal types by formal phylum name, alongside examples in Chuukese. Among the vertebrates, each of birds, reptiles and amphibians, and mammals has a chapter. Plants, fungi, algae and cyanophytes are included as appendices. For many years I ignored them; however, even as a zoologist, I was compelled to learn at least the most obvious plant names. Traditional calendars—even of animal cycles—are keyed on plants; even marine cycles are codified in terms of their flowering fruiting, and other cycles. In Appendix B, higher plants are lumped into a single group. Any marine biologist will need a list of the few names I have been able to learn for algae and other lower plants; these I have brought together along with some names for fungi and bluegreen algae in Appendix A. Although these lists are especially tentative, it is fitting they are included as appendices. 18 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Table 2.1: Common Animal Phyla

PHYLUM EXAMPLES PORIFERA Sponges miniwi; eminiwi; ammat; farawa; sopwusopw COELENTERATA Medusae and polyps Hydrozoa Hydroids and fire corals Scyphozoa Medusae nimw´otong; limwatong Anthozoa Sea anemones and true corals ff´e´umanaw; rumech CTENOPHORA Comb jellyfish. PLATYHELMINTHES Flat worms NEMATODA Round worms Ascaris, maan n´onn´u´ukach; hookworm, microfilaria. nik´a´anipwpw´un NEMERTEA Ribbon worms nimuumukeme; senisen ANNELIDA Segmented worms achuuset Oligochaetes Earthworms nikan´un´upwpw´un; nik´anipwpw´un Polychaeta Marine worms ach´u´uset; fenin chuk´o Hirudinella Leeches nis´opwokken SIPUNCULIDS Peanut worms t´e´er; teipwo. ECHIURIANS Penis worms, spoon worms [? echeerewe] MOLLUSCA Molluscs. Gastropods Snails neang/leang, amm´ot, pweichar, nimong Bivalves Clams, oysters, scallops oon´on, nichik, siim, tto, and mussels amwe, kinnu, reepi, pwpwei, passo, peiyiw Cephalopods Squids and octopuses nippach, nim´ar´am´ar, ngiit, niit ARTHROPODA Joint-legged animals Arachnids Spiders, scorpions, mites, k´u´u; k´u´un konak; k´u´un maas; and ticks nitopw r´a´an; ninnim; nichem; tik´em; tikom; mw´a´atik; niss´ar´apw´ek´u; nichok Chilopods Centipedes menn´upong, menn´ukam, ch´e´uk´e Myriopods Millipedes sich´on, niy´en Crustacea Crabs, lobsters, shrimps nipwpwei/lipwpwei, kiinen, k´uss´un, eninap, ´ur, ´ur´ur, limwoumw, emem Insects n´o´ong, l´o´ong, nikken, nomwokk´uk, oochap, sorom´a, korongi, p´ungk´u, oos, nipw´ek´epw´ek ECHINODERMS Spiny-skinned animals Asteroidea Starfishes f´u´u, p´ung´un r´a´an, akk´ung/nikkar, arra, r´a´aton Ophiuroidea Brittle stars ?ch´enukken Echinoidea Sea urchins r´a´ar, laar, raar, chaar, lichar, s´orow´o,pukaal, lipukaal Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers penipen; penich´on; penik; tomwun Crinoidea Feather stars CHORDATA Vertebrata Fishes; reptiles and amphibians; mammals

How to Use This List Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 19

I hope that the index will help those who are unfamiliar with the phylogenetic arrangement. To the scientist who wants a list carefully discriminated by species, with a one-on-one correspondence with scientific names, only an apology can be offered; besides, a vernacular name does not necessarily imply, as a scientific name does, a single, well-defined species. A carefully done species list for the Eastern Caroline Islands would be exceedingly complicated, even if a comprehensive list of species identifications were available, and it is not.

2.1 Orthography

It has been my hope that the Chuukic names in this list would be rendered in a phonetic spelling, despite the potential to become embroiled in an on-going controversy regarding orthography. The so-called recommended Chuukese orthog- raphy, derived from that of Goodenough & Sugita (1980), seems to be relatively self-pronouncing, and I have followed it, albeit with some modifications. The orthography of Goodenough & Sugita (1980) has helped me to pronounce even complex words that I had never heard spoken. There are nine vowels in Chuukese, which are rendered into a unique and easy to use set of nine phonemes— a, ´a, e, ´e, i, o, ´o, u, and ´u. In this orthography, no two distinct vowels can be juxtaposed; one of the glides w and y must be inserted in between any two different adjacent vowels, according to a phonological rule. Especially the obligatory glide between adjacent vowels has been ardently crit- cized by the proponents of a recommended Chuukese orthography (Goodenough & Sugita 1972), which differs primarily in their omission. Since their insertion can be faithfully approximated by a rule, they are redundant. Moreover, as Kimeuo Kimiuo points out, a small number of words—at least in Faichuk, Western Chuuk Lagoon—emphatically do have glides, while most words do not. Thus, at least, Faichukese an important distinction would be obscured by automatically inserting a glide between any two dissimilar vowels. On the basis of the preponderance of factors, it is at least justifiable, if not preferable, to leave out the indiscriminate phonological glides1 While it has been proposed not to write double consonants in word-initial posi- tion, Chuukese actually does exhibit doubled initial consonants. The proposed rule thus seems absurd, from a phonetic perspective, and it has been abandoned herein. These are the two main ways in which my orthography has differed from those others. It would be a simple matter to reprint this list using any other orthography, if it is so desired. All that having been said, despite my good intentions, I am not a native speaker; my ear for Chuukese is quite imperfect. Therefore there are inevitably numerous

1It is a matter of prejudice, perhaps, that the words which to me are phonetically the most remarkable in the Chuukese language, for example uwaw, the name of the Chuuk Greater White Eye, would be obscured by the indiscriminate insertion of glides.

Orthography How to Use This List 20 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

errors in rendering the sounds of spoken words into writing. I hope that native speakers will help correct them.

2.2 Alphabetization

The alphabetical order is different than that in the recent Chuukese-English dictionary. It follows more closely the English alphabetical order, but does not distinguish between the pairs of vowels, a-´a, e-´e,o-´o, or u-´u; also pw, mw, and ch are each treated as equal to the single letter p, m or c for purposes of alphabetization. Similar sounds are thus close together in the list2. While Elbert’s (1947) dictionary used English alphabetical order, the dictionary of Goodenough & Sugita (1980) uses a unique scheme which follows, at least in part, the practice of certain missionaries. Many non-native speakers who have tried to use the dictionary of Goodenough & Sugita (1980) have been overwhelmed by the seeminly idiosyncratic ordering scheme. It frequently takes at least 5 or 6 attempts to locate a word, and sometimes many more be sure that a word is not included, as many Faichukese words are not (despite the fact that Goodenough’s field work was done next door, in R´omanum). In the present list, I have employed a modified version of English alphabetical order, mainly as a response to my exasperation with the order of Goodenough & Sugita (1980). The alphabetization used here was developed to overcome some of the problems of the spellings in that, the most recent printed dictionary. In particular, double vowels and consonants are hard for a non-native speaker to hear, and certain pairs of vowels and consonants are difficult to discriminate. The phonological glides in that scheme merely add a cosmetic level of complexity. The vowels are at the beginning of the alphabet, lumped together in the order nnin which they are listed above. Some consonants are out of at least the familiar English order. The “alphabetical” order I have decided upon is not intended to take the place of other alphabetical orders. It does bring up a number of points, however. Chuukese needs a simple, easily reproduced alphabetical order.3 Unfortunately the order used here is one of convenience. The question remains open as to how the list might be best organized to satisfy local needs.

2¨uand ¨o, not used in the currently orthography, are only used in this list for names from literature sources in which they had been used, and are also alphabetized with their base vowels. 3David Stampe suggested that existing sorting routines on MSDOS or Apple PC’s be used, as this will ultimately be the easiest to use for local secretaries, for example. However, it is precisely these types of sorting programs that leave the list in a tangled disarray that is difficult to use. Since this manuscript was prepared, a new indexing package, Xindy has appeared for international use. It appears that a number of languages use a scheme similar to what I have used here, with each vowel merged with identical diacriticized vowels.

How to Use This List Alphabetization Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 21 2.3 The Entry

Each entry begins with a Chuukic name, set in a distinctive slanted typeface. In most cases, the name is followed by an identification or description. Scientific names are given, whereever they are known. In instances where identification has not been made, information has been included to assist further efforts at identification. Cultural notes have also been included, and are of great interest to the scientist. At the end of most of the entries, place names indicate the villages from which the report was received and not any range of dialects in which the name is used. Although there is a risk that this information will be misinterpreted, it is important to retain it; perhaps native speakers will be able to provide more specific information on the range of speech communities where each is used. In many cases, several numbered entries are included for the same name, to indicate as much as possible of variations or differences in meaning. Some explanation of entries follows. Subsections follow on the formats of the headword; the identifications; other (I hope) informative fields in the entries; and the speech community field.

2.3.1 Headwords

The head word of each entry is generally in a distinctive, slanted type, so long as it is a Chuukic word and it is spelled according to the conventions of this list. Words from other dialects or languages, or Chuukic words spelled in other orthographies are not set in slanted type; some obviously spurious words are also not set in slanted type. Entries in boldfaced slanted type have been singled out as quite well established in terms both of spelling and of identification4. Headwords which occur more than once, including close variants, are generally numbered with subscripts. The order of numbering is not significant. A few words bear a superscripted questionmark “?” on a headword, indicating that its spelling is questionable, or a superscripted exclamation point, “!”, for words for which spelling has been well verified. In Tables 2.3, 2.2, and 2.4, these and other typesetting conventions are summarized.

2.3.2 Identifications

Scientific names are italicized, as is customary. Some explanation will be helpful; refer also to Tables 2.3, 2.2, and 2.4. A scientific name usually consists of two names, a capitalized Genus name, followed by the species name, which is not capitalized, for example, Millepora platyphyla. The abbreviation “cf.” before a scientific name indicates that the identification is not certain, but it is at least a credible guess. A genus name followed by “sp.” indicates that the genus name is known but the

4This process has not been completed.

How to Use This List 22 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Table 2.2: Abbreviations and Symbols

alt: Alternate form, pronunciation, or spelling cf: See alsoa e.g.: Example hom: Homonym lit: Literal meaning syn: Synonym var: Variation on a name

aHas a distinct meaning when used with a scientific name

Table 2.3: Key to Styles in Entries

Scientific names italic face Myripristes adustus Chuukese slanted face mw´e´en´ekkar Note markers small caps syn: k´uss´un Uncertain spelling superscript ‘?’ pwetek? Verified good spelling superscript ‘!’ niffich! Compiler’s note bracketted note [This is a note from the compiler].

Table 2.4: Format of scientific names

Octopus sp. A species of Genus Octopus Gafrarium spp. Species (plural) of the clam Genus Gafrarium Octopus sp. cf. ornatus Octopus probably the species ornatus Octopus cf. ornatus Same as Octopus sp. cf. ornatus cf. Caranx ignobilis Probably Caranx ignobilis

How to Use This List Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 23 species name is not; it is shorthand for “species”. Similarly, “spp.” is a plural form, indicating that more than one species may be involved. Whenever possible, if no positive identification has been made, or only a poor one, a description or other useful information is included. When I have speculated, I have tried to make this known. I will have made mistakes; I hope the included information will help decide.

2.3.3 Synonyms, Alternate Spellings and Literal Meanings

Some effort has been made to cross-reference synonyms, which are marked by “syn:” in small capitals. In some instances page number cross-references are made. This is especially interesting when the same name is used for organisms of different kinds, such as niwaan´ek, a name for certain fishes as well as birds. Alternative spellings are marked by “alt:”. In many cases, these spellings will be unacceptably bad. I can only apologize for this and appeal to native speakers for assistance. Literal meanings of names often derive from insight into the behavior or ecol- ogy of an organism. Even when conflicting “folk etymologies” might seem equally plausible, deep insights provided by consideration of literal meanings have been helpful. Even a “folk etymology” can suggest something about observed character- istics or natural history of a species. Documentation of literal meanings that must ultimately be left to native speakers.

2.3.4 Speech Communities

Most entries are followed by a placename, indicating the speech community or communities, as far as is known, from which this name has been collected. These placenames do not indicate the range of the use of names. I hope this will not be misunderstood or misleading; it would be more misleading to generalize, I think. In Wonip Village, Tol Island, where I have been living for four years, I have learned many unique names. Some of these, such as tooto and ´ur´uppich, are unique to this village, and used nowhere else, at least in the same contexts. Variation is great, often between different villages on a single island. Wen´eis divided, with two main linguistic areas; I am certain that individual names can be found for a few organisms in specific villages as well. Indication of geographical context is an important part of the data from which this list has been derived. In future lists, perhaps ranges can be indicated more precisely—it is precisely in anticipation of this need that the villages of the speak- ers from whom names were obtained are included in this working list. A list of frequently cited place names is provided in Table 2.5, and a map at the end, on page 245.

How to Use This List 24 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Table 2.5: Frequently cited placenames

Placename Location Description Faichuk W. Chuuk Lagoon Tol, Polle, Patta, Wonei Islds. Tol Tol Island, Faichuk District Niku Niku District, Tol Island S. E. Tol, F´os´on, Munien, Nech´e´ech´e, Far´e F´os´on F´os´on Village, Tol Island Niku District Nech´e´ech´e Nech´e´ech´eVillage, Tol Niku District Farr´e Farr´eVillage, Tol Island Munien Munien Village, Tol Niku District Wonip Wonip Village, Tol Island Yow S. Wonip Village, Tol Island Im´or N. Wonip Village, Tol Island F´e´up F´e´up Village, Tol F´e´up´e F´e´up´eVillage, Tol Chukien´u Chukien´uVillage, Tol Wonei Wonei Island Faichuk Patta Patta Island Faichuk Polle Polle Island Faichuk Nethon Nethon Village, Polle Island Faichuk Ud´et Ud´et Island, Inner Faichuk Central Lagoon F´on´o F´on´oIsland, Namoneas S. Wen´edialect, 1 mi. off Tunnuk Ween´e, Wen´e Wen´eIsland, Namoneas Moen Island, primary port town. Often spelled “Weno” Tunnuk Tunnuk Village, Wen´eIsland Mechitiw Mechitiw Village, Wen´e Uman Uman Island, Namoneas E. Lagoon Fefan Fefan Island, Namoneas E. Lagoon Taloas Taloas Island, Namoneas also Dublon Isld. Dublon syn: Taloas R´e´er´e R´e´er´eVillage, Taloas Kuchuwa Kuchuwa Village, Taloas Nominweit´e Nominweit´eAtoll Ulul Ulul Village, Nominweit´e Onoun Muril´e Muril´eIsland, Hall Islands Nomwin Nomwin Island, Hall Islands Satawan Satawan Atoll, S. Mortlocks Lukunor LukunorAtoll,S.Mortlocks Mw´och S. Mortlocks One´op One´op Village, Lukunor Atoll Kuttu Kuttu,S.Mortlocks Ettal Ettal Island Middle Mortlocks Namoluk Namoluk Atoll Middle Mortlocks Northern Mortlocks Nama, Losap, and Pis Losap Losap Losap Atoll, N. Mortlocks Nama Nama Island, N. Mortlocks Pattiw Western outer islands Puluwat, Pulusuk, Pullap, Tamatam Islands Pullap Pullap Island, Pattiw District Western Islands Pulusuk Pulusuk Island, Pattiw Western Islands

How to Use This List 3 PORIFERA: Sponges

Names of sponges, like those of other Islands; Sapuk Wen´e;Polle; Ulul. nondescript sedentary organisms, have not been easy to come by. But the ammat2 Hippiospongia communis deeper one digs, the more one finds; subspecies ammata. De Lauben- likely there will be other names besides fels named the Chuuk subspecies these few. of this sponge, H. c. ammata, af- The local subspecies of a bath ter its local name, but did not sponge, Hippiospongia communis am- refer to this in his description. mata, was collected in Chuuk by Max It is interesting to note that the de Laubenfels, in 1949. He obviously Marshall Islands subspecies was derived this new subspecies name, am- named H. communis matamata: mata, from one of its local names, am- may we safely surmise this sponge mat (de Laubenfels 1954). is called either matamat or mata- mata in Marshallese? (de Lauben- fels 1954).

ammataresiim Stylotella aurantium. 3.1 Sponges syn: resimin neeset. Reportedly used in medicine. lit: resiim, rainbow; ammat, the sponge Hip- ammat1 Hippiospongia communis piospongia communis ammata. ammata. Bath sponge. lit: Sapuk, Ween´e. mmat, dry; ammata, to dry up, sop up; also lung: this sponge re- emeniwi! Spirastrella cf. vagabunda. sembles lung tissue. An important Ubiquitous sponge in shallows, in item in traditional inter-island sea grass beds; it is widely used trade. syn: farawa; sopwusopw. for scrubbing pots. syn: miniwi. see: ?mochul. Outer Wonip; Polle; Wonei. 26 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

´enuwaiset Xestospongia cf. exigua. and might have been suggested by A long, brown dendritic morph. this similarity. In fact, the sponge Used as a mastic to plug holes is known for certain small fishes in canoes or large wooden bowls. that live in it. alt: ´er´e´er. See also Adheres to wood. It is the con- the fish ni´er´e´er, page 152. sistency of cardboard, but when Wonip. kneaded for a couple of minutes it becomes a gooey mass. lit: ´er´e´er see: ´e´er´e´er. “make the sea calm”, suggestive farawa Probably Hippiospongia com- of the production of an oil slick munis ammata. lit: It has been with grated coconut while fishing, explained to me that this sponge to calm the surface of the sea to derives its meaning from faar, make it easier to see. It has been meaning the core of a breadfruit, said that there are more than one and waa, canoe, since this sponge species, one of which is best for is left in the canoe to sop up the scattering on the surface of the bilge water. syn: ammat; sopwu- sea. sopw. Lukunor; Namoluk. Sapuk, Wen´e;Polle; F´e´up´e,Tol. ´e´er´e´er Sigmadocia symbiotica, a miniwi Spirastrella cf. vagabunda. symbiotic association between a syn: eminiwi. Alternatively, may sponge and an alga. This sponge be S. inconstans. is found in the reef platform en- Polle; Pullap; Mortlocks. vironment; it is not anchored in resiimen neeset! Stylotella auran- sand, but rolls like a tumbleweed. tium. A fluorescent orange It was explained that the pedun- sponge. Commonly used to clean cle of the coconut blossoms, which diving masks. This name is not becomes tough and gnarled, when commonly known. lit: resiim, dry, is thrown at a certain species rainbow—rainbow of the sea. of fish—juvenile mullets, an inch Sapuk, Wen´e. or two long, called ni´er´e´er—which kills the fish. It is noteworthy that sopwusopw Hippiospongia communis the symbiotic sponge, Sigmadocia subspecies ammata. Bath sponge. symbiotica, is similar in texture to see: ammat. lit: sopwu, sop up. this structure of the coconut pe- syn: far´awa; ammat. duncle: this name is not unlikely, Polle; Wonip.

Sponges SPONGES 4 COELENTERATA

4.1 General Terms coral. ´a´an is correctly the name of branching Acropora spp., so this means “fire branching coral.” ´a´al Branching coral, often specifi- cally Acropora spp. arrotong Millepora dichotoma. see: Outer Islands. limwatong2. Apparently specific to Losap. ´a´an Branching coral, often specifi- cally Acropora spp. Lagoon. ffaitong see: ff´e´utong.

ff´e´umanaw Coral. lit: Living stone. ffautong Millepora spp. Fire coral. ff´e´unooch Coral, or calcareous algae. Namoluk. syn: ff´e´umanaw; ff´e´uruupw. lit: ff´e´u´uss´us? [Paata] Millepora sp. lit: Stone of reef. Itchy stone. alt: f´e´uwussuus. see: ochek´u´ut.

ff´e´utong me forget Disticopora sp. 4.2 HYDROZOA: lit: “violet Millepora”: forget has Hydroids, Hydroco- come to mean violet, from the rals, Man-of-War flower Forget-Me-Not. ff´e´utong Millepora spp., Fire Corals. ´a´aletong Probably Millepora di- Literally, “stinging stone.” In- chotoma, white, branching fire cludes at least Millepora platy- coral. see: ´a´anetong. phyla, M. dichotoma, M. ex- aesa, and probably other species; ´a´anetong Probably Millepora di- Disticopora violacea is called by chotoma, white, branching fire some, ff´e´utong mei forket, or 28 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

“violet stinging stone.” syn: nisew Physalia sp. Portuguese Man- ff´e´u ´us´u´us (´us´u´us also means of-War. This is the common term “sting”), ochek´e´et (k´e´et, itch), oo- in Faichuk, perhaps in the entire chetong (ooch, reef), ´a´anetong lagoon. lit: nis is small rab- (See ´a´an, branching Acropora bitfish, which can sting. see: spp.), f´e´utongotong. limwatong, nimwatong, limwa- Common widespread name. tong mei´as, etc. Wonip; Kuchuwa Taloas. f´e´utong see: ff´e´utong. ochek´u´ut Millepora spp. Fire coral. limwatong! Physalia sp. Portuguese 1 see: ff´e´utong. lit: “itching Man-of-War. see: limaatong stone.” Nomwin. (Coelenterata: Scyphozoa), nisew, lisew, nisaw, limwatong pwaw ochetong Millepora spp. Fire coral. (Coelenterata: Scyphozoa). see: ff´e´utong. lit: “hurt reef” or Nomwin. “sting reef.” Pattiw?

limwatong2 Said to mean, on Losap, Pennaria sp., a feathery hydroid. Losap. 4.3 ANTHOZOA: limwatong3 Physalia sp. Portuguese Sea Anemones, Corals, Man-of-War. This is a homonym for medusae on most islands: see and Allies nimwatong (Scyphozoa, page 33). syn: nisew, lisew, nisaw. alt: 4.3.1 ACTINIARIA: limwaatong. Sea Anemones and Allies Probably all Outer Islands.

lisew see: limwatong1, nisew, Much more work is necessary for sea nimwatong, limwatong´unmei´as. anemones; even so, many species are probably known by the same names, mwerreng Disticopora violacea. and perhaps local usages will depend lit: mwarrangarang, profusely upon which species are common in a branching. hom: Pocillopora spp. given village. Polle; Common. Ruumech and kichipwin are widely used names of sea anemones. A num- nisaw Physalia sp. Portuguese Man- ber of other names are regionally com- of-War. see: nisew. mon, like s´antumwei in the Mortlocks, Polle; Namoneas? which is also known in the Lagoon. For nis´e´u see: nisew. Elbert’s original at least many speakers, ruumech is the spelling is nis¨o¨u. name specifically of Entacmaea quadri- color; it is also used as a general name. niseew? Physalia sp. Portuguese The name pachang is frequently Man-of-War. see: nisew, nisaw, heard. It is clear that this is Rhodac- nimwatong1. (Goodenough & Su- tis sp. for some speakers. The root gita 1980). F´on´o. “pach” means “glue, or to stick”; while

Coelenterata ANTHOZOA Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 29

the corallomorpharian Rhodactis sp. is lippeliyechcho Given as a general always found sticking fast to stones, this name for sea anemones Lukunor. name has possibly also been heard for Entacmaea quadricolor, and also to the lukon´un´ur A sea anemone. Ettal. two sticky species Cryptodendron ad- lukoon´ur? An unidentified, large sea haesivum, and Stichodactyla sp. One anemone. Probably Cryptoden- person even suggested it is the name dron adhaesivum, possibly also of Actinodendron plumosum, the Hell’s Actinodendron plumosum. Said to Fire Sea Anemone. be edible. Namoluk; One´op.

hetti mwmw´ew´u An anemone. May lumwunifai Sea anemones, probably be used for Actinodendron plumo- various species. Identified from a sum. syn: setimw´e´u, se- picture with an anemone fish. lit: timwmw´e´u,setimw´ew´u, etc. luumw, scum, bluegreen algae, Pullap; Puluwat. moss; fai, stone. alt: ?lumwunif- fai. Puluwat. kichipwin Large anemones, including Stichodactyla sp. Has been men- lumwuniff´e´u A large reef anemone, tioned as specifically large sea said to be the same as seetiimo, anemones that are sticky to the with long tentacles. Nomwin. touch (like Stichodatyla sp.). ! F´os´on; F´on´o; Wen´e;Satawan. nif´etipwpwin Stichodactyla sp. Satawan. kichipwpwin see: kichipwin. nikam´e´ur Possibly Actinodendron ? kitipwin see: kichipwpwin. plumosum, Hell’s Fire Anemone. F´on´o. kitipwpw´un see: kichipwpwin. Wonip. nitongotong Possibly Actinodendron plumosum. Uman. likam´e´ur? This name is questionable. An unidentified sea anemone. oreniwi Actinodendron plumosum. syn: lika´ur´ur. lit: The one that Hell’s Fire Anemone. lit: iwi, causes sleep; but this name is used grease; oren, gills (as of a fish). for sensitive plant, which “sleeps” See: oren iwi, Annelida, page 37. when touched. Paata; Polle; Wonip. ? lika´ur´ur syn: likam´ew´ur. This pachang1 Rhodactis sp. (a Corallo- name is questionable. Said to be morph). Edible, in Acropora zone brown, possibly some with colors (nein ´a´an). One report states that on tips of tentacles. it is brown, doesn’t come off Acro- pora until cooked in hot water. lik´onon´ur Probably Cryptodendron Taloas. adhaesivum, from an oral descrip- ? tion. One´op. pachang2 Stichodactyla sp. Tol. ? likonur see: luk´onon´ur, etc. paachang3 Cryptodendron adhae- Namoluk. sivum. F´on´o.

ANTHOZOA Coelenterata 30 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 pachang Undetermined. Note the anemones. Compare luk´onon´ur, following three conjectures. Prob- kichipwpwin. ably different species in different communities. settimwun see: setttimwo. An unidentified anemone: ?Actin- pw´opwech? Problematical; unknown. odendron plumosum. Nomwin. Possibly a corallomorph, said to sett´umwun see: settimwo. be poisonous, inedible, used in safei. F´on´o. urumech see: ´ur´umech. Namoluk. rumech1 Uncertain, or at least vari- urumw´ech see ´ur´umech? able. Not known in Wonip Vil- Mortlocks? lage, Tol. ´ur´umech An unidentified sea rumech2 Entacmaea quadricolor. anemone. alt: urumech. syn: One source consistently identi- perhaps ruumech. Namoluk. fied this anemone as rumech. This name is widely known, and 4.3.2 SCLERACTINIA: it is clear that in some villages True Corals it is specifically this anemone. alt: ruumech. see: urumwech; pachang. Nomwin; Fefan. It was not expected to find such a variety of names for corals, the follow- s´antumwe see: settimwo. alt: ing names for which are not expected to s´antumwei. be exhaustive. A reference collection, as well as good references, would help santumwei? see: settimwo. Sticho- in any further effort. dactyla sp.; edible. syn: kichip- win, identified as the same one General names found on the reef platform of F´on´o, which is Stichodactyla sp. f´e´umanaw Any coral. lit: “living Lukunor. stones.” s´antumwei see: settimwo. alt: Coral Names s´antumwe; s´ant´umwe. Nomwin? ´a´al1 Branching or staghorn corals. see setiimwo : settimwo. Most usually, indicates Acropora ?Mortlocks. sp.; on Namoluk, includes Pocillo- settiimo see: settimwo. An uniden- pora sp., and fautong is a kind of tified, edible anemone. Nomwin. ´a´al. [The name lisauch´umwunial. was given from Namoluk for sev- settimwo Check these as possible eral hawkfishes (F. Cirrhitidae), variants, and fine tune spelling: including Paracirrhites forsteri settimwun; settimo, setiimo; and P. hemistictus; it means “the s´antumwe, s´ant´umwe. These one which habitually stays on top names, whichever ones are cor- of ´a´al, branching coral.] rect, are given for large sea Namoluk; all outer islands?

Coelenterata ANTHOZOA Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 31

´a´alepwo Acropora robusta. syn: of this name. Ruupw means “the ´anepwpwo. See note on oomei, yaws”; these corals have a zone page 136. Pullap. between them like yaws. Such a statement shows the acuity of ´a´ane mwurres see: ´anemwures. observations of local fishermen: F´on´o. some species of these massive ´a´anepwpwo see: ´anepwpwo. Bigger corals have “sweeper tentacles”, than imweyimwen aam´es. F´on´o. concentrated along the edges, near another colony. These sweeper ? ´a´anin w´us´u´us Acropora robusta. tentacles are specialized for de- syn: ´anepwopwo. lit: ´us´u´us, pw- fense (or offense as the case may pwoo, pound. (Goodenough & be): they attempt kill the tissues Sugita 1980). of the competitor. See also barna- cles by the same name, page 62. ´anemwures A small Acropora sp. In Puluwat. sand, up to 10-12” across. Said not to get tall. alt:?´a´anemwures. F´on´o. fauruupw Massive corals. syn: ff´e´urupw. Namoluk. ´anepwpwo! Acropora robusta. lit: pwpwo is the name of breadfruit ff´e´umanaw Any coral. lit: “living pounders made from this coral. stones.” Widely known. syn: ´a´an ´uss´us, with the same meaning, in Faichuk. Gooden- ff´e´uruupw Massive corals. see: fau- ough & Sugita (1980); Wonip. ruupw. [nein f´e´uruupw is the ´anepwopwo see: ´anepwpwo. (Good- boulder coral zone. In Wonip, enough & Sugita 1980). this refers to the primarily Porites zone at the edges of the reef plat- chee Erroneously identified this as “a form, the deeper areas with coral kind of small, sharp coral.” This heads.] is actually a coralline alga. see: Coralline algae, page 194. (Good- ff´e´ukk´eng Literally “sharp stone” enough & Sugita 1980). (f´e´u, stone; k´eng, sharp). cf.: etippo? Coral from which pounders f´ew´ur. [One suspects such a name are made from. see: ´aneppwo; might be used for Pocillopora etipwpwo? (Chuuk Ethnographic spp.]. Nama? Museum n.d.). ? f´e´un´upwpwo see: ff´e´u´uss´us. An al- etipwpwo A coral used for mak- ternate spelling for ff´e´upwpwo or syn ing breadfruit pounders. : f´e´upwpwo. ´anepwpwo; ´an´uss´us, etc. see: etippo. ff´e´upwpwo ?Acropora robusta. This fairupw Massive corals. It was was mistakenly used, for ´anepw- a speaker from Puluwat who pwo. It would be understood, at pointed out a literal interpretation least. see: ´anepwpwo. Fefan.

ANTHOZOA Coelenterata 32 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ff´ew´u´uss´us see: f´e´un´upwpwo, ´a´an- p´arech Acropora sp., umbrella-like epwo. lit: ussus or ´uss´us means morph. Umbrella coral. Ud´et. to pound (breadfruit), in Faichuk. Paata. sepien onof´at Solitary mushroom (fungiid) corals. see: sepien f´ew´ur Acropora irregularis. Identi- umwun´e. Polle. fied from an illustration. Said to be used to clean blackened cook- sepien umwul´e Probably any mush- ing pots. lit: “grate.” “Maybe room (fungiid) coral. alt: sepien that’s not the name of the coral, umwun´e. syn: sepien onofat. but they call it . . . ” see: Nomwin; Widely known. ff´e´ukk´eng. Nama. sepien umwun´e see: sepien umwul´e. imweimwen aamos An unidentified Chuuk Lagoon. coral in shallow water, near shore ukaareng Probably specifically to the on the reef platform on the West very yellow Porites cf. cylindrica side of F´on´o. Turbo petholatus, on shallow inshore reef platform aamos (spelling?) is said to live of F´on´o. lit: reng, yellow. alt: lit under this stone. : house of ukarr´eng. F´on´o. Turbo, see omos, page 47. F´on´o. kamaat Unidentified. “A kind of 4.3.3 ALCYONACEA: coral used as an abrasive to Octocorals make wood smooth.” lit: “make smooth”, meaning sandpaper, or Octocorals include a number of com- polishing abrasive. (Goodenough mon forms. Most familiar are perhaps & Sugita 1980). soft corals, with many species in the mwereng see: mwerreng. (Gooden- Caroline Islands, and the distinctive Or- ough & Sugita 1980, a coral, gan Pipe Corals and Blue Corals. branches short and close together, syn referring, no doubt, to Pocillo- aap´e´et : ´e´ep´e´et Sapuk. pora spp.). (Goodenough & Su- ´e´ep´e´et1 Soft corals, including Sinu- gita 1980). laria spp. alt: ´ep´et, ´e´ep´et. syn: p´e´et´e´et, aap´e´et. Faichuk. mwerreng Pocillopora spp., specif- ically, as distinct from ´a´an or ´e´ep´et2 This name is known on Pu- ´a´al. [One might find an argu- lusuk, probably soft coral as of ment that they are synonyms if these is mentioned as being dried he looks]. lit: mwarangarang, and used for sandpaper. A harder dendritic, branched, bushy; type, not Sinularia sp. Perhaps mwarangarangat´a, stand out, of Dendronepthya sp. ?Pulusuk. hair. F´e´up;Polle. ´ep´et see: ´e´ep´et. mw´ereng! see: mwereng; mwerreng. Wonip. p´e´et´e´et see: ´e´ep´e´et. Taloas.

Coelenterata ANTHOZOA Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 33

pwoonap A soft coral, purplish grey, medusae and Man of War seem dendritic. lit: unknown; pwoo is to be identical. cf: lim´achcheilen; smell. Taloas. ukech. Nomwin.] tolan Tubipora musica. Losap? limwatong Medusa. Outer Islands.

limatongin mei´as2 Small cubome- 4.3.4 ANTIPATHARIA: dusa, stings, chases flashlights at Black Coral night. Said to happen when mei´as (breadfruit with seeds) is ripe. see: limatongin meiff´e´u. Losap. engngi Antipatharians, Black coral. This is also the name of Pem- limatongin meiff´e´u Large scypho- phis acidula, a tree with extremely zoan jellyfishes. This is said to hard wood, page 201. occur at the time of ripening of Paata; Dublon. the breadfruit meiff´e´u, the non- seeded varieties. Said to mean the large breadfruit. see: limatongin mei´as. Losap.

4.4 SCYPHOZOA: limwatong´unmei´as1 Physalia sp. Jellyfishes Portuguese man of war. lit: mei´as is a seeded species of bread- The name nimwatong is almost uni- fruit. Undoubtedly this refers to versally the name for both medusae and a season. Losap. the Portuguese Man-of-War, Physalia nimwatong! Scyphozoan medusae. sp. On Nomwin medusoids are called See: limwatong, Hydrozoans, 1 nimaatong pwaw, while Physalia sp. page 28. F´on´o. is called nimaatong. In the lagoon, medusae are nimaatong, while Physalia nim´atong Medusae. Taloas. is nisew. Ukech, limatongin mei´as and nimw´o´otong Medusa, jellyfish. limatongin meiff´e´u are specific scypho- Wonip. zoan medusae. ukech Cassiopeoia sp. cf. xamachama atongotong Scyphozoan medusa (jel- The Upside-Down Jellyfish. lyfish). Sapuk. Wonip; F´os´on.

lim´achcheilen Scyphozoan medusa. Muril´e. 4.5 SPECIAL PROBLEMS limaatong pwaw Scyphozoan medu- sa. [This is one of few names I have learned that distinguishes Names, most of which are at least scyphozoans from Physalia sp., questionable, many of which are pro- Portuguese Man of War. In al- posterous, and all of which pose special most all dialects the names for problems. 1Spellings of these names are uncertain.

SCYPHOZOA Coelenterata 34 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

´achefengeet Given as a kind of “tiketik” adze. Otherwise, an branching coral. (Goodenough & unidentified name. (Goodenough Sugita 1980). & Sugita 1980).

´apwpwer Branching coral. May be howaaniw A leafy lettuce-like coral. actually the dead gravel of Acrop- cf.: seiwaan´u, and eel. Only this ora spp. syn: ?´a´an. species of coral. Pullap. Chuuk Lagoon? nimeew Jellyfish. Glossed in dictio- ´e´ep´et´um´a´a (Goodenough & Su- nary as “one streaming tentacle; gita 1980, a “deadly” coral.). worse than man of war.” [It is ell´a? Gorgonians? Sea Fans? precisely the Pacific Portuguese Fanan´u Man-of-War that has one stream- ing tentacle.] (Goodenough & Su- ´ep´et As a kind of “foul smelling gita 1980). coral.” See above under soft corals, which is certainly what nirupwurupw Green, on stones, this is: note that Chuukese are stony? syn: terekung. repulsed by the smell of Coe- lenterates. (Goodenough & Su- pachang See above under Sea gita 1980). Anemones. etiniki Reported in lit. as a kind of terekung Green, on stones, stoney? hard, white coral used for the syn: ?nirupwurupw.

Coelenterata SPECIAL PROBLEMS 5 Worm Phyla

5.1 GENERAL TERMS mw´oss´o Worm, general name. On Pingelap a story is reportedly also told connected with these worms, mwuss´o Worm, general name. but concerning two sisters.

chorochor Mentioned by Elbert (1947) and Goodenough & Su- 5.2 PLATYHELMINTHES: gita (1980) without identification. Flatworms Perhaps a land planarian. Said to be seen seen on sugar cane, like a large maggot, brown or dark Names have turned up for a conspic- brown. see: p´et. F´os´on. uous gut parasite of the Wahoo, Acan- thocybium solandri. These trematodes n´e´unng´a´al Hirudinella beebii. come in pairs; it is a commonly cited bit Nama. of lore around Chuuk that if one gets n´e´unng´a´an Hirudinella beebii. Para- them, when butchering a wahoo, and site, in ng´a´an, Acanthocybium so- separates them, even on a dry surface, landri, Wahoo. they will crawl back together. A tale is told concerning these two: they are n´e´un´eunngeel Hirudinella beebii. brother and sister–named, respectively, Nomwin? ni´e´us´a´anong and ni´e´us´a´awo, who took their incestuous pleasure while swim- ni´e´uss´along The girl, as it is popu- ming together in the ocean. The Wa- larly believed, of Hirudinella bee- hoo observed them; infuriated, he gob- bii; her brother is ni´e´us´a´awo. Par- bled them up. asites in Acanthocybium solandri. 36 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

syn: n´e´unng´a´al; n´e´unng´a´an. elongate. Names overlapping these cat- Tol. egories are not infrequently elicited. ni´e´uss´awo The brother of ni´e´us´a´a- henn´ew´aneyol Unidentified nemerte- nong, one of the invariable pair of an worm. Pullap. cf. Hirudinella beebii, parasitic in howu ef´eng Baseodiscus sp. This is the gut of the Wahoo Acanthocy- an eel name. Pullap. bium solandri. His sister is ni´e´u- s´a´anong. Tol. kumitimit Baseodiscus sp. lit: slip- pery, mitimit. syn: nukusenisen. nis´ek´ur´uppach Hirudinella beebii. Niku Tol. syn: ni´e´us´a´anong; ni´e´us´aawo; n´e´unng´a´al. nifirifir waalik Baseodiscus sp. lit: fiir, Labia minora; waalik, eighty. p´et A worm in sugar cane. Possibly [There is a story about a woman a synonym for chorochor. Wonip. named Nifirifir Waalik, who had many labia minora. This is actually appropriate: nemertine worms do have numerous serial 5.3 NEMATODA: gonads along their sides.] Round Worms Mw´och; Ettal. nikarasaw Baseodiscus sp. Identified maan n´e´un´e´umaan—“give birth to from a living specimen; must be an animal,” to pass Ascaris verified. worms. Farr´e. Wonei; Nech´e´ech´eTol; Faichuk. nis´opwokken1 Ascaris sp. lit: sharp- nikasomw´a´aniy´en Baseodiscus sp. ended one. A trustworthy identi- syn: nimuumuukeme. lit: “it fication; but does not rule out also waves back and forth with En- a leech, see Annelida, page 37. halus sp. sea grass, and makes Farr´e. you dizzy to gaze upon it.” Said to be produced by sea cucumbers. nis´opwokken2 Probably any nema- F´os´on. tode worm. In fish. In heart of pigs, in the ground. Farr´e. nimwaramwar faunipwun Baseodis- cus sp. Puluwat; Tamatam.

nimuumuukeme1 Baseodiscus sp. syn: nikasomw´a´aniy´en. F´os´on. 5.4 NEMERTEA: Ribbon Worms nimuumuukemei2 A very large nemertean, perhaps not Baseodis- cus spp. One fisherman has seen There is some uncertainty, between such worms over 10’ long on patch these worms, some of which are very reefs in the lagoon. The color is long (possibly up to 20 feet), and eels, different than Baseodiscus, light or synaptid holothurians, which are also green, patterned. Wonip.

Worms NEMATODA: Round Worms Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 37

ninuunuukemi Baseodiscus sp. nimwmwus Gelatinous Annelid egg Sapuk, Wen´e. masses. lit: “the vomit.” syn: mwuusan nippach. R´e´er´eTaloas. niselisel waalik Baseodiscus sp. One´op. nisenawwe Baseodiscus sp. nis´opwokken An unidentified small Tunnuk, Wen´e. leech. In wells and even municipal water supplies. Said to be found nis´opw´un´ukaachaw Baseodiscus cf. in eyes of chickens and rech, the hemprichii. syn: ?nimuumuuke- Black Noddy. F´on´o; Namoluk; me. It has been used often in ref- Tol; Wonip; Polle. erence to an eel. Wonip. n´uk´usenisen? Baseodiscus sp. syn: kumitimit. Niku District, Tol. oren iwi Sabellid worm (feather- duster worm). lit: orren, gills; selisel Baseodiscus sp. iwi, grease. [If this name is used for both a sea anemone and a sabellid worm—see oreniwi, Coelenterata, page 29, it would 5.5 ANNELIDA: be paralleled by some confusion Segmented Worms during a discussion about sea anemones nuk´on´unn´ur and Sabel- lids, since both are highly con- ach´u´uset Eurythoe cf. complanata. tractile.] Bristle worm. alt: ach´usset. Wonip; F´os´on. afaamach Probably Odontosyllis sp. or Palolo sp. A worm that spawns luminescent spawn about three nights after full moon, on the 5.6 ECHIURIA: night of s´o´opach. Nomwin. Spoon Worms fenin chuk´o Feather Duster Worm, Family Sabellidae. lit: Chicken’s echerewei! Echiurian worm. Called (private area). “penis worms” by scientists. They nik´a´anipwpw´un Earthworm. are also apparently called “spoon Wonip. worms” in Australia. This name is suggestively similar to the sci- nikaanipwpw´un “A species of earth- entific term “Echiurian.” See also alt worm.” : nik´en´un´upwpw´un. a sea cucumber by the same name, (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). page 89. F´os´on; R´e´er´eTaloas. nimm´e Gelatinous annelid egg mass- es on the reef flat sea grass en- vironment. syn: mwmwusen nip- ´e´utin onof´at A name, probably pach. Wonip. wrong, for echiurians. F´os´on.

ANNELIDA: Segmented Worms Worms 38 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

5.7 SIPUNCULIDA: chorochor Not identified. Seems to Peanut Worms be a land planarian. Said to be seen seen on sugar cane, like a large maggot, brown or dark inen akken Probably a sipunculid, brown. (Elbert 1947, “a termite, finger long. Found with the clam fruit worm.”) (Elbert 1947); akken under stones in the low (Goodenough & Sugita 1980) lit intertidal zone. : mother of F´os´on. akken. F´on´o. nikopur Unknown. m´e´et´e´e Not a worm, but a maggot. Faichuk. niyef Unidentified worm, perhaps a sipunculid. Described as white, a mw´os´on neeset Unidentified, per- bit hard. In sand, waist deep. cf: haps a specific type of ma- ssikket, t´e´er. Fefan. rine worm. Does not include ach´u´usbet. Found in eminiwi, in t´e´ern´on f´aw´u Boring sipunculids, in ff´e´uruupw. Wonip. coral rock. Not eaten. lit: t´e´er in stone. Wonip. nief Unidentified worm. Moderately soft. F´os´on. t´e´er Unidentified sipunculid worm, said to be crunchy to eat. syn: nief Said to be different than teipwo, teipwo. Common in seagrass hole is found at sand mounds. beds. note: t´e´er may be a holo- Taloas. thurian under sand on F´on´o. Wonip. nipachekken Said to be similar to ! nis´opwokken, but black (the lat- teipwo An unidentified sipunculid, ter being brown, by this report). infaunal sand-dweller. Eaten on Found in fresh water. alt: nip- some atolls; crunchy. syn: t´e´er. pachekken. Tol. The name in Kiribati is te ibo. Namoluk; Lukunor nis´opwokken Ascaris sp. [Trustwor- thy identification, but does not rule out other identifications, such as for a leech.] Farr´e. 5.8 MISCELLANEOUS; PROBLEMATICA niw´ok´ow´ok Unidentified nemertean, perhaps bogus. Uman. p´et Possibly a land planarian (?). A ssikket An unidentified worm or sea worm in sugar cane. Of sugar cane cucumber. Fefan. eaten from within by these, one says: aa p´etei s´appuk, ‘it is in- t´e´er Perhaps not a sipunculid in Fe- fested with (this worm)’. Wonip. fan. Fefan. ch´en´uchcha “A sea worm, found in uusset Possibly an annelid? Said to branching coral.” See t´e´eppi. look like a snake eel, but to crawl (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). on the bottom. R´e´er´eTaloas.

Worms SIPUNCULIDA: Peanut Worms 6 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

6.1 Some Anatomical and pwiil Shell, especially—but not Morphological Terms only—of Cypraea spp. Nomwin. pwiin Shell, especially of Cypraea apwiil 1. General name for “shell.” spp. alt: Pwiil. Chuuk Lagoon. 2. Cowrie. Puluwat. pinik Shell, in particular, of nichchik, Anadara sp. Faichuk ch´on´un Ink, of cephalopods and sea hares. Context: ch´on´un nippach. pul Pearl? (Girschner 1911). syn lit : n´uch´on. : black. ´un´ungan ngiit Cuttlebone. Munien; F´o´os´on. Puluwat. ch´onuwon Exclusively for the bi- valves nichik (page 54) and kinnu (page 53), red colored internal mass, possibly egg mass. As- 6.2 Chitons sociated with the time when “a pwoopwoisor” (it is swollen (high nich´ung Unconfirmed chiton name. tide) in the morning). see: pwoopwoisor; nipwoopwoisor. Tol. 6.3 GASTROPODA I: n´uch´on Ink, of cephalopods and sea Snails hares. lit: ch´on, black.

p´e´enmaan Shell (of a mollusc). e.g.: Most of the Gastropod names and p´e´en pw´etek; p´e´en amwe; p´e´en identifications of gastropods have relied leang. syn: pwiil. Lagoon. upon photographs in Hinton (1984). 40 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

A large number of names for gas- amwmwos? Turbo petholatus. syn: tropods have been collected from Pu- w´a´an ooch; lik´ef´e´u. F´on´o. luwat. It appears certain that further ? work in outer islands will be fruitful, am´os Turbo sp. Ud´et. whereever traditional utilization per- sists. anipwi see: ´anipwi, ´alipwi. F´on´o. ´a´atipw Listed as an “olive shell” but ´anipwi! Vermetid mollusc. so was pw´etek. Unknown. (Good- Wonip; Faichuk. enough & Sugita 1980). apwiil1 Shell. Puluwat ´achik´un Mitra sp. (Elbert 1947, “or- ange and white shell, long whorled apwiil General term for cowries. type.”) Puluwat. airoch Nerita plicata. syn: kiroch. Namoluk. apwilin lew´ow Said to be used for any shiny species of cowrie; but alepwi Vermetid mollusc. see: actually to mean “cowrie, apwil, ´alepwi. syn: k´umiss´ul; kumissil; of surge channels, w´ow (lew´ow).” k´um´uh´ul; kumusul; kumusun. Puluwat. Namoluk; Ulul. apwilin l´uk´unfaan´u lit: Cowries of ´alepwpwi Large vermetid. syn?: the leeward side of the island. k´um´us´ul. alt: ´anepwii; enipwi. alt: a. lik´unfaan´u;a. lukufaanu see: kumuhh´ul. Puluwat. Puluwat. amachch´u syn: tap (Elbert 1947). alt: amach¨u. ap´ung´up´ung Given as a synonym in the E. Lagoon for pwiin, cowrie am´es1 Turbo petholatus Green Snail. shell. (Elbert 1947). F´on´o. am´es Turbo petholatus Green Snail. aroch An intertidal snail. Said not to syn: omos; ´omos. [Spelling un- be kiiroch, but perhaps a synonym certain.] (Elbert 1947, cat’s eye of eiroch. Mechitiw? shell). atookun Small Conus sp. lit: toy amm´o´ot1 Trochus niloticus; Trochus top. Namoluk?; Nomwin? spp. Trochus; Top shell. [T. niloti- cus is now commonly known lo- a´uroura Cypraea aurantium Golden cally as trochus.] syn: likamm´o´ot. Cowrie. F´on´o; Namoluk. Widespread. changke Cypraea moneta and C. an- amm´o´ot2 It was stated that on nularis Money Cowries; perhaps Ulul, amm´o´ot is Trochus niloticus, other species, including Cypraea while likamm´o´ot is a smaller, high lynx; C. carneola. Polle. spired native species. Trochus; Top shell. cf: likamm´o´ot2, eiro¯r Nerita plicata. cf: p´e´e¯rar. page 43. Ulul. Puluwat.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 41

elipwi Vermetid mollusc. syn: kiepwerrik A smooth white cerithid, ´anipwi. syn: kumusul, which see. possibly Rhinoclavis sp. Eaten. Nomwin. Disagreement exists on this name. Fiepwerrik, the name of a sur- e´oke´ok The name of an unidentified geonfish, has been given as the shell, that is used to make the name of a gastropod, possibly this e´oke´ok necklace, and earrings. sp. (though there is disagreement, Puluwat. see page 156) Another name from erer An unidentified gastropod. Wonip is nechef´an). lit: pwerrik, Puluwat. “itch,” referring to peppery taste of foods. see: nip´och; fiepwerrik; hamwoliyong Cypraea arabica, C. nechef´an. Wonip. mauritiana. lit: “High chief.” Puluwat. kiinun! Conus marmoreus; probably other Conus spp. It’s sting harraaw Cypraea erosa. Puluwat. has been responsible for several h´araw´el Cypraea helvola. Puluwat. deaths; many Chuukese, however, are unaware of the dangers of han- hawii Charonia tritonis Triton’s dling it. syn: ulingen pechaaw. Trumpet. Compare mwe´al; the alt: kinun, kin´un. Polle; Tol; fish, hewi (Fish: Plectropomidae, Outer Faichuk; also Elbert. page 115). Puluwat and Ulul. kiin´un? Conus spp. in general (but hawimwe´al? Cassis cornuta. syn: perhaps not the sleek, sloping- mwmwe´al. Compare mwe´al. shouldered forms?). F´on´o? Puluwat. inen nim´o´otong Janthina janthina. kiroch Nerita plicata. This was Kr¨amer was mistaken to identify pointed out as the Namoneas this as Spirula. lit: Mother of name of this species by a Portuguese Man-of-War. Nama. Faichukese. syn: airoch; eiroch; probably nienuf. itet Cypraea lynx. Nomwin. Uman; Namoneas. kakassow Uncertain, perhaps a vari- ant of nikassow, Money Cowries. kissaf1 Polinices sp. Moon snail. Wonip. F´os´on; Wonip; Farr´e.

? kieff´e´u Conus marmoreus. Must be kissaf 2 Glossed as Natacidae; Mitri- checked. Tol. dae; Terebridae; Ellobiidae; etc.,

! indeed “any of a wide variety of kiekk´a ?Strombus luhuanus. small gastropods,” including these Wonip; Polle; F´os´on. four families. [So far, I have kiek´a see: kiekk´a. only heard this name in relation to the Moon snails of the family kiepwei? Unverified name for Conus Natacidae.] (Goodenough & Su- spp. syn: kiin´un. Munien. gita 1980).

GASTROPODS I: Snails Mollusca 42 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

kuliel hapwolopwol Cypraea caurica. lambis (semi juvenile); Lambis lit: hapwolopwol, striped. chiragra (semi juvenile); Lambis Puluwat. truncata (the largest). Puluwat.

kuliel An undetermined Cypraea sp., leang ¯ronot see: leang ¯r´e´enoot. possibly Cypraea lynx. Puluwat. leang1 Lambis spp., all; not those kumissil Vermetid molluscs. see: with no spines. Namoluk. ?alepwi. Namoluk. leang2 Medium sized Strombus spp.: ! Strombus lentiginosus; S. pipus; kumuhh´ul (Small) vermetid mol- 1 lusc. There is a distinction in size S. aurisdianae; S. aratrum ; S. between kumuhh´ul and ´alepwpwi. bulla; S. vomer. Nomwin. alt: kumuh´ul. leang (See neang) Puluwat; Northern Mortlocks. leang´ek´e1 Lambis truncata, and per- kumuh´ul Vermetid mollusc. alt: ku- haps other large strombids. alt: muhh´ul. Ulul. leang´ekk´e. cf: mweang kk´e. Nomwin. kumusul? Vermetid mollusc. see: ´alepwi, above. Nomwin. leang´ek´e2 This needs to be checked. ! ´ A report from Puluwat is of us- kumusun Vermetid mollusc. Anipwi age for a wide variety of Lambis is larger. Wonip. spp.: Lambis lambis; L. crocata; k´ur´urifai Highly peaked cowries such L. scorpius; L. millipeda. [Com- as (referring to illustrations of pare with Nomwin for this species, Hinton) Cypraea cicercula; C. which there might indicate some- bistrinotata; C. childreni; C. glob- thing else.] Puluwat. ulus; C. margaarita; C. mariae. leaw Unidentified. Culturally impor- Among these, it is not known tant, like faipar. lit: aaw, mouth, which are found in Puluwat. because when they came to the la- Puluwat. goon and the Mortlocks, and pick these shells up underwater, they laam1 Cassis cornuta. Helmet shell. hold them in their mouths while Said to be a synonym of mwe´al, surfacing. Puluwat. but at a higher level of speech. Puluwat. li´apikk´ang Charonia tritonis. syn: lik´apikken; sawi; sewi; and vari- laam2 Cassis rufa. A small helmet ants. Puluwat; Ulul. shell. Ulul; Puluwat li´apikk´eng Charonia tritonis. Ulul. leang ¯r´e´enoot? This name needs to be checked. It means, literally, liawekeng Uncertain; unidenfied. “sweet-taro-leaf conch.” They Possibly fasciolariid or buccinids. lack prominent spines. Lambis Puluwat. 1Strombus aratrum is a species of Papua New Guinea and Australia; however, the identification of leang with this species reinforces the use of the name for medium-sized Strombids.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 43

lifafarek Several small Strombids, in- lit: toul, spin—toy top. alt: cluding Strombus gibberulus; S. lik´emartoul. Puluwat. variabilis; S. mutabilis. Said to likamm´o´ot? Trochus spp. syn: be “popular” on Puluwat. lit: 1 amm´o´ot. Nomwin. named after its jerky locomotion. This is of interest since a small likamm´o´ot2 Trochus sp., a higher, Strombus sp. is called ´ur´uppich, more sharply spired form, and not also referring to its jerky style of T. niloticus, which was said to be movement, in the lagoon; and in amm´o´ot. Ulul. Wonip, Tol, this name has come to be used for Lambis spp. (see likapikk´ang2 Charonia tritonis. syn: leang). li´apikk´ang. Puluwat. likapikken1 Tibia spp. lit: “sharp liffaimwarrang Unknown. see?: point.” hom: Charonia tritonis lipp´emworrang or lippaimwar- and Terebra maculata; possibly rang. Puluwat. Mitra mitra. Obviously refers liffainat Unidentified. alt: lifainat. to any sharply pointed species. Puluwat. see: likallai. var: likapik´eng; nikapikken; nikepikken; nik´epi- lifainn´o Tentatively, Janthina jan- kken; nik´apikken. Nomwin. thina, a pelagic gastropod that 1 lit floats on a mat of bubbles. Re- likappur Limpets. : ppur, flood, syn 2 markably, a name has also been of tides (or boil). : pachar . recorded from Nama. see: inen likapur2 Mitra sp. Nomwin. nimaatong. Puluwat. likatoul Conus spp., though possibly life¯rife¯rear1 Drupa cornus, D. grossi- not all: may refer to those used as laris, D. morum, D. rinicia; Thais tops. Other organisms named af- intermedia. Puluwat. ter use include mwmwe´al, pwilin n´e´emai. Kids now use this name life¯rfe¯reyar2 An unidentified gastro- for store tops. see: likamar toul; pod; should be checked. atookun. Namoluk. Puluwat. lik´eff´e´u Turbo sp. alt?: lik´eff´e´u. likallai Pointed out as Tibia fusus. see: l´uk´uf´e´u. Vulgar reference: May not be found in Chuuk, but head of the penis. Mw´och. the explanation of the name’s meaning was specifically refer- likeparapar Unidentified gastropods. enced to the long spire. see: When one is smashed and brought into contact with the skin, it likapikken1 Puluwat. leaves a stain; some are violet. likamar toul Conus ebraeus; C. lit: par, red: the one that makes chaldeus. Mostly these two (one) red. Puluwat. species, but also used for any of liikii Conus cf. marmoratus. Polle. these small Conus sp. that are used as toy tops. see: atookun. liki see: liikii.

GASTROPODS I: Snails Mollusca 44 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

lik´omm´ot? see: likamm´o´ot. l´uk´uf´e´u Turbo sp. “The shell with the meat.” Different shell forms likulukul Mitra mitra; Mitra eremi- are all l´uk´uf´e´u: known by the atarum; Mitra papalis. lit: kul, stony operculum. Namoluk. spin, turn; suggests use as a toy top. Puluwat. lukum1 Unverified species of gas- tropod, possibly more than one lipaikk´ang ?Terebra maculata. type. The following were iden- Puluwat. tified from a book, and may at least resemble the local lukum: lipehh´ar Uncertain. Perhaps Tonna Pyrazus ebeninus; Telescopium cerevesina. Puluwat. telescopium; Rhinoclavus articu- lipp´eher Unknown. (See lipp´etter?) latus. [Although these resemble Puluwat. somewhat the commoner Rhin- oclavus spp. and Cerithium aluco. lip´e´ekk´ang ?Terebra maculata. lit: (?Pseudovertagus sp.), these were “sharp shell.” Puluwat. on the same page but were not se- lected.] Nomwin. lippaikkar Unidentified gastropod. Puluwat. lukum2 Various Cymatiids and Bur- sids (Hinton 1984, Plate 6), dis- lippaimwarrang Unknown. Name tinct from lukum1 were also iden- said to be O.K. Puluwat. tified as lukum. Nomwin. lippeih´ar see: lipehh´ar. mmach Conus leopardus. Eaten; jew- elry also made from it. See lipp´epwe¯r syn: ?likemertawul. lit: Kr¨amer (1932). Puluwat. the white shelled one. Puluwat. mannikair Unidentified gastro- lipp´eomworrang Uncertain; un- pod. Possibly resembles Tectarius known. ?Chicoreus spp. see: lip- pagodus; Lophiotoma indica; Tur- paimwarrang. Puluwat. ris undosa; Gummulaa spp., with photographs of which it was iden- li¯ramw´ekk´ang Unidentified. tified. “Some people eat them.” Puluwat. Puluwat. li¯ramw´ekk´eng Columbarium spinicinc- m´ap Cypraea mappa. A compelling tum. [Probably wrong.] lit: ¯ram, similarity in names. lit: pattern- cham, head. (Hinton 1984, pl. ing resembles a map. 19:19). Puluwat. Nomwin; Nama; Ulul. loput? Cypraea argus. [Probably lop- maram Turbo spp. lit: “moon,” af- wut.] Nomwin. ter the shape of the operculum. Puluwat. l´uk´uffai Unidentified. From a photo, mw´arike Cypraea helvola. Puluwat. Bursa margaritula, B. granularis. May have been questioned. ma¯ro¯r Strombus luhuanus. Edible. Puluwat. Puluwat.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 45

? mweal Cassis cornuta. Helmet neang3 Was stated to refer to Strom- shell. This is the name of a bus lentiginosus. F´os´on. breadfruit dish that is cooked in this shell. alt: mwmwe´al; mwe´al; neang4 In Wonip, only to the largest ?mweang. Nomwin; Namoluk. spider conch, Lambis truncata. [Unlike elsewhere in this dis- mwmwe´al Cassis cornuta; also the trict, including neighboring vil- smaller C. rufa. Helmet shell. lages, spider conchs are not known The food dish mwmwe´al is pre- here as neang, but as ´ur´uppich. It pared by placing breadfruit, taro, is now not appropriate or polite or banana into a large helmet to say the word neang out of re- shell, with coconut cream, and spect for a deceased great chief of cooking in an uumw earth oven. this name, out of deference for his lit: the name of the dish prepared name after his death. It was nec- in the shell. alt: mwe´ang; mwe´al; essary to change the name of the mweal?. [Specifically stated to re- organism. See also the crab tooto, fer to the smaller Cassis rufa as page 71.] Wonip. well as the large species.] Namoluk. neang5 Any strombid, large or small. Nomwin? mwe´an Cassis cornutus. F´os´on. neang6 The various larger strombids, mweang kk´e Long spined spider such as Lambis sp. see: pw´etek. conch. see: neang´ekk´e or Paata. leang´ekk´e. F´on´o. neang´ek´e Large neang, Lambis trun- mweang Identified as a smaller hel- cata. see: leang´ek´e. met shell, possibly Cassis rufa neawepar Strombus luhuanus. The (see perrei, page 48). Wonip. Blood-Lip Conch. (appropri- mechailuk Unknown. Puluwat. ately). lit: red mouth. R´e´er´eTaloas. neang1 This name (including leang) is ? a very common and widespread nechef´an A stark white and very name: only Wonip, Tol does not smooth cerithid, possibly Rhin- use this name for spider conchs oclavis sp., found on the reef plat- form at Wonip. see: kiepwerrik. (see neang4, below). Despite a number of exceptions throughout Wonip. the region, this name does re- nefech Limpets. see: nikappur; fer generally to conchs, Family pachar; p´a´an akkar. (Gooden- Strombidae. Examples from spe- ough & Sugita 1980). cific communities follow. alt: leang. syn(in part or all): ngiingi ch´on Cypraea tigris, black ´ur´uppich; pw´etek; kiekk´a. see: form. Wonip. leang ¯r´e´enoot; leang´ek´e; lifafar´ek. ngiingi pwech Cypraea tigris, white neang2 All spider conchs. Polle. form. Wonip.

GASTROPODS I: Snails Mollusca 46 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

! ngiingi1 Cypraea tigris; Cypraea syn: nikamwop. spp. lit: also means “breadfruit Kuchuwa Taloas. peeler,” which was made from C. tigris. syn: pwiin or pwiil, which nikapikken1 Terebra maculata. also is the name for breadfruit Several variants of this name re- peeler, which is made from the fer variously to a number of dif- shell. Polle. ferent species, all of them long, and sharp-pointed. Kken means ngiingi2 Cypraea spp. Any cowrie, sharp. Notes for these entries are except perhaps Money Cowries incomplete, as are those for vari- (see nikassow). see: pwiil; pwiin. ants. Wonei. Wonip; Polle; Wonei? nikapikken2 Mitra mitra; any Tere- ngiingii3 Only Cypraea tigris, includ- bra sp. F´on´o. ing both white and black morphs (see ngiingi pwech; ngiingi ch´on). nikapikken3 Bursa spp. Frog shells. lit: breadfruit peeler, which may F´on´o. have in turn been named after this nik´apikken Terebra maculata. Mar- shell, from which it was made. linspike shell. Traditional adzes syn: pwiin; pwiil. Polle. were made from this shell. Fefan. nich´o “A small shell, sticks to rocks nikasso! Cypraea moneta; C. annu- and mangroves.” (Elbert 1947). 1 laris. Money Cowries. Pictured nienuf An unidentified gastropod, in Morton (1990), page 169; the crawls at night. Possibly Nerita species above is suggested to be plicata. (Said to be synonym of female, that below to be male. kiroch). Farr´e. Wonip; Widespread. ? ni´enuf see: nienuf. Farr´e. nikasso2 Cowries; any smaller species. Wonip. nietaf Cymatium sp. Wonip. nik´epikken Charonia tritonis. Tri- niff´at´an Given as Cerithid or horn- ton’s Trumpet. An older speaker shell. see: nifet´an. (Goodenough had only heard this name used in & Sugita 1980). reference to this organism, not to Terebra maculata; he only knows nifet´an Cerithium aluco. Cooked and of this name for Charonia sp.: sewi eaten. see: niff´at´an. Polle. is something else. Wonip. nikaffa An unidentified gastropod, nikichiw Mitra spp. F´os´on. perhaps white. Farr´e. nikichch´ur Tonna cerevisina. F´on´o. nikamwopw Probably Nerita plicata. lit: mwopw, drown. syn: pachar, nikipwur Possibly Cerithia nodulosa, ?nikamwoumw. Farr´e;Munien. a large nodulose cerithiid. R´e´er´eTaloas. nikamwoumw Nerita plicata? [It is said there may be four kinds.] nikochour? Mitra mitra. Wonip.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 47

nikoppur Conus marmoreus. F´on´o. nip´och Possibly Chicoreus sp. cf. ca- pucinus. A popular food; said to nikopur Large Bursa spp. Uman. be peppery. On proproots of man- groves. nikos1 A small black gastropod, Wonip; F´os´on; Chukien´u;Polle. probably a cerithiid. Common in ? Halimeda opuntia patches and on nip´o´och Chicoreus sp. cf. capucinus. Padina sp. Not widely known, al- alt: nip´och. Wonip. though an elder Wonipese states that it was formerly gleaned for nisopw´olopw´ol Conus sp. cf. mar- food. Wonip. moreus. lit: sopw´olopw´ol refers to the color pattern; this is also nikos2 Small, black gastropod; found the name of certain snake eels. in abundance in the intertidal Mortlocks? zone on the boat ramp near numan wan kier Nautilus sp. lit: Chuuk Atoll Marine Laboratory “Bailer of Kiyer’s canoe.” See in Nea´uw´e. Taloas. cephalopods, page 57. nik´osso Given as any small cowrie oochuk Identified as Chicoreus spp. shell, including the Money (But check if this might be a syn- Cowries. (Goodenough & Su- onym for nip´och). F´os´on. gita 1980). ´omm´o´ot Trocus niloticus; also na- nimwere “Common shell with yellow tive Trochus spp. alt: amm´o´ot; center.” Probably Cypraea spp. amm´ot. Wonip. Money Cowries. (Elbert 1947). omos? Turbo spp. see: ´om´os. Polle. nimong Littorina cf. litoralis. On mangrove proproots or rocks. omos A rough surfaced Turbo sp. Lit; moong, mucus (Goodenough R´e´er´eTaloas. & Sugita 1980)—the mucus one. ´om´os! Turbo spp. Wonip. alt?: nim´ong. Widespread. Mechitiw Wen´e;Wonip. p´a´an akkar Limpet. see: nefech; nikappur; p´a´an ey´ol. lit: excre- nim´ong see: nimong. ment of the sun. Nama? nipw´e´et Conus literatus?; possibly p´a´an ey´ol Limpet. see: nefech; all Conus spp. A large cone, nikappur; p´a´an akkar. lit: excre- maybe C. literatus, was pointed ment of Ey´ol, a character in Car- out as being eaten. oline Islands myth. Kuchuwa Taloas. pachar1 A round intertidal gastro- nipekepekikken Terebra maculata. pod, on rocks at F´o´os´on (perhaps Special note was made by Nerita sp.?); maybe a somewhat one speaker that this is not grooved species. syn: nikam- nekepikken. Namoneas. wopw. F´os´on; ?Niku District.

GASTROPODS I: Snails Mollusca 48 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

pachar2 Undoubtedly a limpet. ppichila A number of strombids. lit: “Small convex shell, sticking to means “to move jerkily” as sug- surface of rocks, meat inside is gesting the habits of these small too small to eat.” Said to resem- strombids. [´ur´uppich means the ble Haw. opihi (Hawaiian name same thing.] Nomwin. for limpets). He gives nik´och´ur as a synonym. (Elbert 1947). pwiil1 Shell, in general, and possibly cf pwak´ok Strombus luhuanus. specific. : pwiilin n´e´emai, be- Manaio, Polle. low. [We might say, for exam- ple for leang, or other gastropods, pechar Euchelus astratus. Obviously “meet sakkun pwiil?” It would be a mispelled form of pwechar. proper to answer, “neang.”] It can Nomwin. refer to the animal as well. Not for bivalves. Namoluk. pweechar Land snails, including the giant African snail. pwiil2 1. Cypraea tigris. Specifically p´e´e¯rar cf: eiro¯r. Puluwat. and exclusively this species. All other species are known on Pu- pwpwe¯r ?Cypraea cylindrica. luwat as apwiil. 2. The shell of C. Puluwat. tigris, as also the breadfruit peeler perrai Cassis rufa. This name is made from this shell. cf: ngiingi; also used for people with beau- pwiilan n´e´emai. Puluwat. tifully red gums. Harra (Fishes: Holocentridae, page 109) is also pwilan leo Cypraea mauritiana. thought of in this way. syn: per- Nomwin. rei. Puluwat. ? perei Cassis rufo. see: perrei. pwilan nomar Cypraea tigris. see: (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). pwiilen n´e´emai. Nomwin. perrei Cassis rufa. alt: perei. pwilan w´on al´ot Cypraea moneta; C. Nomwin; F´os´on. annulus. Money Cowries. lit: pwetek? see: pw´etek. Small strom- Cowries of the seagrass. bids. Possibly more than one Nomwin. species, although pw´etek, in Wonip Tol, refers specifically to pwilin n´e´emai Cypraea tigris. Tiger Strombus labiatus. Polle. Cowrie. Also means breadfruit peeler (from n´e´eti), which is made pw´etek Probably Strombus labiatus. from this shell. syn: ngiingi; (ap- Popular food item on Tol. syn: wilin n´e´emai?) Namoluk. neang5, page 45. Wonip; F´os´on; Paata. pwiin Cypraea spp. Cowries. pw´eterr´ek Unidentified and unveri- fied. Was suggested as a name for pwiin nannewu Cypraea mauritiana. Conus marmoreus. Taloas. F´on´o.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 49

raachchuk Cypraea moneta; C. an- s´e´u Tonna tessellata. (Is this sewi?). nularis. syn: nikasso; ?changke; Nomwin. apwiil (a specific kind). Puluwat. sewi1 Cassis cornuta. Goodenough raakot Includes Cypraea nucleus, & Sugita’s glosses suggest the di- with “raised pustules” (Hin- mensions of the names sewi (and ton 1984). Identified as rough sawi) and nikepikken and its vari- surfaced species, including this ants). Nikepikken can only re- one. lit: r´a´a, they; k´ot, sores, fer to shells with a sharp point perhaps like empatigo, on legs. (kken, sharp), including Charo- see: r´ek´ot. Puluwat. nia tritonis, but also a number ¯r´e´e¯r´e Unknown. Puluwat. of other pointed shells, including terebrids. Identifiied with Cassis rei y´ap Identified as Cypraea talpa, cornuta, Bursa bubo, and perhaps an uncommon Indo-Pacific even Tonna cerevesina. See mwe´al species. Said to be only this and its variants, specifically Cas- species. Puluwat. sis cornutus. Namoneas; Chukien´u. r´ek´ot see: raakot. One source sug- gests this to be the correct form. sewi2 Charonia tritonis. The Pacific Puluwat. Trumpet Shell. Wonip. reelap One source suggested this to be the name for Cypraea caputser- sewi3 “Any large triton, helmet or pentis; another says that it sounds frog shell.” They give sewiin like r´elap, the bird rech, page 183. f´a´anung as “lamp triton” but I cf: ?rei y´ap. Puluwat. have encountered other identifica- tions. (cf.: sewin fen´ung; sawi ¯rookapwe¯r Cypraea mauritiana. lit: faluw). alt: sawi. (Goodenough ¯roo, copra; kapwe¯r, cooked. & Sugita 1980). Puluwat. sewi4 Apparently Bursa bubo, B. ru- sawi faluw Bursa bubo; perhaps Cas- beta; Charonia tritonis; as well as sis rufa. Nomwin. Cassis cornuta. F´os´on. sawi Charonia tritonis Triton’s Trumpet. see: sewi, for dis- sewi5 Cassis cornuta. Helmet shell. cussion. syn: sewi; lik´apikken; Specifically stated not to be Cha- li´apikken; nik´epikken; etc. . . . ronia tritonis or Cassis rufa. Namoluk; Nomwin. Wonip. sening´ur Conus spp., including C. sewin fen´ung (?Elbert, 1947) “A marmoratus and a cone similar to large, grotesque, jagged shell with Conus concolor (in Hinton (1984, spikes, smooth inside is white with pl. 41:12)). perhaps not all cones. pinkish edges.” Sounds like Bursa syn: ulingan p´echaaw. bubo. (sewin fen¨ung). cf: sawi Wonip; (Polle also). faluw.

GASTROPODS I: Snails Mollusca 50 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

! soufen´ung1 Possibly Rhineclavus sp., uruppich2 Lambis spp. syn: neang; a cerithid ally. Of interest for leang. Only in Wonip is urruppich its possible parallels with sewi used for large spider conchs; neang fen´ung, sawi faluw. Wonip. is apparently still used for L. tru- cata, the largest species. see: sowufeenung2 Conus marmoreus. neang4. Wonip. Polle. w´a´an ooch Turbo petholatus. lit: supuniman? Turbo petholatus. syn: ooch, reef. syn: amos? F´on´o. ´om´os. Nomwin. tap syn: amach¨u. (Elbert 1947).

tuur Small Conus spp. lit: toy top. Taloas?

tuutu Cypraea isabella. “When you see a shell with red on both ends.” Puluwat.

ulingan paashau1 Conus sp. He in- dicates kiinun is a synonym in the lagoon. He states C. millipunc- tatus is known as litek on Pohn- pei, and ulingan paashau. on Namoluk. lit: shark’s pillow. (Girschner 1911). Namoluk.

? ulingan pechaw2 Conus marmoreus. syn: kiinun. lit: shark’s pil- low. Also the name of cuttle- bone of the cuttlefish Sepia sp., see Cephalopods, page 57. Mw´och; Nama.

? ulingen p´echaw3 Probably any Conus spp. lit: shark’s pillow. Nama.

! uruppich1 A small strombid, in sea- grass, perhaps Strombus labiatus. syn: pwetek. lit: restless. [May be ´ur´uppich] Eaten; it is boiled, opened by pounding on a rock, separating the shell, then cooked with arr´ung coconut cream (kaa- chowu). F´os´on.

Mollusca GASTROPODS I: Snails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 51

6.4 GASTROPODA II: say that miss´uk is not red. Ophistobranchs Wonip; Tol. Nudibranchs and Sea miss´uk3 Used for Hexabranchus san- Hares guineus. Satawan.

miss´ukuuch1 lit: “banana sea fenin t´a´appi Egg mass of the large hare.” Gets its name from the ink sea hare, t´a´appi, possibly Dola- it secretes. A certain variety of bella sp. lit: excreta of t´a´appi banana has violet latex, to which see: t´a´apii. See also fenin akkar, this name refers. Edible, unlike page 191. Wonip. miss´uk´uppi. fenin t´e´eppi Egg mass of a sea hare, miss´ukuuch2 A sea hare, said to be perhaps Dolabella sp. Eaten raw, violet, or almost red. called “Chuukese ramen.” syn: fenin t´a´appi. Polle. miss´uk´uppi lit: ppi, sand: “sandy sea hare.” Said to be higher and meniir´ek May refer to the Spanish shorter than miss´ukuuch, with Dancer Hexabranchus sp. in some many bumps or papules. Said to contexts, but can apply to any of be hard to eat, sandy in texture; a large number of animals. lit: some even say it is poisonous. An leer´ek, breadfruit (rainy) season; alternate interpretation of the say- “animal of breadfruit season.” ing, n´uk´un´ukmiss´uk is that some- Namoluk. times those who are not familiar miss´uk1 lit: ss´uk, hiccoughs. A with the differences cook this va- saying, n´uk´un´uk´umiss´uk, means riety, and then cannot eat it. see: “I believe you like I believe a miss´uk, miss´ukuuch. F´e´up´e. miss´uk,” referring to the cook who ! expects to find a potfull of cooked nipwich [Faichuk; Namoneas.] A sea hares, but finds they have green nudibranch on Enhalus lit shrunk to a fraction of their un- leaves. A popular food. : cooked size. pwich, burn, hot. A certain bit- ter or sour part must be removed Miss´uk is the name of certain before eating. large sea hares, and in some con- texts of the large Spanish Dancer. n´uch´on Violet secretions of sea hares; Three different species were de- i.e., ink. scribed and drawn by one Tol fish- erman, as listed here. F´e´up´eTol. t´a´appi A large, brown sea hare, per- haps Dolabella sp. or Dolbrifera miss´uk2 Miss´uk is sometimes de- sp. This name, a variant of t´e´eppi, scribed as red, undoubtedly indi- is used only in Wonip Village, Tol; cating Hexabranchus sanguineus, t´e´eppi is more widely known in and one of these suggested that Faichuk. see: miss´uk, known in miss´uk can refer to other species; Namoneas, and perhaps beyond. however other speakers from Tol Wonip.

GASTROPODA II: Ophistobranchs Nudibranchs and Sea Hares Mollusca 52 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

t´a´appi A large sea hare, perhaps amwe! Tridacna gigas. Dolabella sp. or Dolbrifera sp. Region. Namoneas; Tol; Nomwin. t´e´eppi syn: t´a´appi; miss´uk. Gooden- aanget Tentatively identified as ough and Sugita refer this name Asaphis violascens. Wonip. to a sea cucumber; this may be so anget Asaphis violascens. Purple in some locales, but in Tol that is color on shell, elongated. hom: clearly not the case. They also in- white gravel. dicate it is similar to ch´en´uchcha, Yow, Wonip, Tol; Manaio, Polle. which they gloss as a sea worm. Wonip. angnget? syn: ?akken. Polle.

unuk´a´ap An unverified name of an arepi Anadara sp., when large. alt: unidentified sea hare. Munien. reepi. syn: onek. ´attinipwe Large ´attin. Sapuk. chchuk Chama sp. Rock oyster. lit: 6.5 PELECYPODA: aa chukuchukut´a, it stands up Bivalves like a mountain. see: unumw´e´u. Eaten; said to be completely edi- ble, as opposed to paso. But see ´a´at´a´ar Tellina sp. Very small white, paiyou, page 55. Wonip. smooth and shiny clam; in white sand. syn: ´a´atin. Munien. chuk Chama sp. Namoluk. ´e´emwmw´a see: ´eemw´a. ´a´atin Tellina. Very small white, smooth and shiny clam; in white ´e´emw´a Barbatia sp. syn: p´e´ekken. sand. Good to eat. syn: ´a´at´a´ar; alt?: ´e´emwmw´a. Tol. kittir. Wonip; Polle; F´on´o. ekken? syn: akken, which see. ´a´atin Probably Tellina sp., small Fefan. clam, in clean, white sand, smooth faichoo Unidentified bivalve. Possi- and shiny, good to eat. syn: kitir; bly Anadara sp. syn: kiipap; kitirippi; ´a´at´a´ar. Said to be used ?nichik Polle. in some places as food for [small?] turtles. Associated with a small, ffaipar Spondylus sp. Rock scallop. wormlike holothurian, known as alt: ff´eupar, which see. lit: “red inen ´a´atin, see page 89. stone.” cf: fawilam. Puluwat. Faichuk; F´on´o. ffawilam A type of bivalve, very red ´akken Probably Asaphis violascens. or yellow. It is broken, and beads Described as a clam found under made from it. Said to be in the stones, light color, purple marks family of pwpwai. It is said to on shell. syn: ekken. see: be usually in deep water; some in inen akken (Phylum Sipunculida). shallow water. There may be dif- alt?: akken. F´on´o. ferent types. cf: kairu, those in

Mollusca PELECYPODA: Bivalves Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 53

shallow water. wi is a syllable. kipap1 A bivalve, long, thin, flat. see: ff´e´upar, below. Namoluk. The shell is flat, used for cutting. Dublon. ff´e´upar Spondylus sp. From deep water. Very valuable; many on kiipap2 A common bivalve. Not Kuttu. At Sapow, Polle, in a Anadara sp. Losap. site called tif´e´upar. See notes in Girschner (1911) and Kr¨amer kipap2 A very thin-shelled bivalve, (1932), who mention Kuttu and perhaps 3.5 cm long, with minute Nukuoro, and use of ff´e´upar as concentric ribs / veination and ra- currency. Polle; Taloas. dial pink streaks. F´os´on.

2 iil´ang Tridacna sp. tt´o said to be ? smaller. It was felt that when kipw´ut A doubtful synonym for large, t´o´o come loose from the k´uch´on, which see. Im´or, Wonip. coral and are then called iil´ang. Namoluk. kiipw´u´ut1 White or tan bivalve, on proproots of Rhizophora spp. ileng2 Tridacna sp. The largest of mangrove; sometimes also on the tridacnids, very large, larger coral heads. Wonip. than a foot across. Smaller ones were said to be called amwe. This kitir1 Short form of kitirinippi, which shell is kept in the house, used see, below. (Goodenough & Su- for a basin, used with hot stones gita 1980). to produce steaming medications. Includes the animal as well as the kitir2 Tellina sp. syn: ´a´at´a´ar; ´a´atin shell. It was claimed that this is a (which see). Namoneas? widespread name. kitirinippi “kind of clam (bivalve, in´a´anim Periglypta sp. Wonip. radial lines, pubescent [suggests a kair´u Spondylus sp. of shallow wa- different species than kitir], small, ter. Colored bivalve shells used found in sand).” (Goodenough & in making beads. see: fawilam; Sugita 1980). ff´eupar. Namoluk. kuch´on Small black mussels, clump- kimw´oni Bivalve in coral rocks. ing. ?Septifer sp. Seen on rocks Kuchuwa Taloas. at edge of mangroves, and on hard kinnu A mussel? It is said that some surfaces in the intertidal on Tol. cf are black, others a shade of red; Said to be used in handicrafts. : bluish color inside? Not eaten nomonom. Polle; Wonip. raw. Wonip. mw´arin Onof´at Red scallop, proba- kiipap1 An unidentified bivalve, shell bly Spondylus sp. See ff´e´upar. very thin and fragile, with pink ra- lit: Onofat’s necklace. Polle. dial markings and fine concentric ribs. F´os´on; Polle? mwmwet A bivalve? Paata.

PELECYPODA: Bivalves Mollusca 54 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nichchik1 [species of shellfish with named specimen. Very similar to small vertical veins on shell, dif- oomwan´on, a distinct species liv- ferent from kitir”.] (Goodenough ing in muddy sand near the man- & Sugita 1980). groves. F´os´on; Wonip; Wen´e;Paata. nichchik2 Anadara sp. cf. maculosa. On Paata, at least, they have the otok Unidentified bivalve described same name when large. as flat, small, with extended Paata; Taloas; Wen´e. end. ?Quidnipagus. See Morton (1990). Eaten. Wonip. nichik3 Anadara sp., when small. When larger, it is known as ootumw Gafrarium pectinatum. oonek (which see), or in other vil- Identified from a named specimen. lages ´uk´unifan or perhaps reepi. syn?: nittum(w). Wonip. Reportedly, on Losap the name olek´engis smallest. syn: olek´eng, ootupw Trachycardium cf. enode; reepi, possibly faichoo. Wonip. smaller Trachycardium sp. was nipwpwei´aset ?Atrina sp. In sea- referred to as small ootupw. grass, under the sand; can cut our Used in calling birds—nit´ak´apar feet. Uman. or ´ang´a—to appach sticky traps, by stridulating another bivalve, nittum ?Gafrarium cf. pectinatum. omwan´on, across its ribs. Identi- Very similar to oongi, which see. fied from a named specimen. lit: Wonei; Wonip; Paata. ootupwu, ´o´otupwu, to “fool, de- ceive, trick, dupe” (Goodenough nomonom An unidentified reported & Sugita 1980); used in refer- name of a bivalve, perhaps a mus- ence to sticky traps for birds, and sel. Said to be larger than kuch´on; also glossed by Goodenough & Su- unlike kuch´on, can be solitary. On gita (1980) as “get (something) stones. Wonip. smeared.” Wonip. olek´eng Anadara sp. syn: nichchik. see: onek. alt: onek´eng. Losap. otupw see: ootupw.

onek Anadara sp., when large. Com- ´otupw see: ´o´otupw. plementary name: nichik (when small). syn: ´uk´ufan. Wonip. oupeng An unidentified bivalve. It is eaten, and the shell is sold. oonek see: onek. Uman. onek´eng see: olek´eng. ! pwpwai2 Inclusive name for oysters, oongi1 Gafrarium tumidum. Identi- including Pinctada margaritifera. fied from a named specimen. Namoluk. Wonip. pwpwai2 Pinctada margaritifera. oon´on Anodontia edentulis. Man- Black lipped pearl oyster. grove mud clam. Identified from a Namoluk.

Mollusca PELECYPODA: Bivalves Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 55

paiyou A bivalve, described as round pwpweiech´on2 Large, black Pinna and thick, in clusters on rocks sp. syn: pwpweief´ot. alt: in the lagoon at Puluwat. syn: pweief´ot. Wonip. ?passo. see: p´eho. Said to be used contemporarily to feed tur- pweiech´on Large black Pinna sp. tles. [This is seems to resemble alt: pwpweiech´on. Wonip. the name peiu, and suggests that ! alt on Puluwat the names for Chama pweief´ot Large black Pinna sp. : sp. and Hyotissia hyotis may be pwpweieff´ot. Wonip. reversed from the sense of their pweiepwech Pinctada cf. margari- use in the lagoon.] Puluwat. tifera. Black lip pearl oyster. passo Spondylus sp., shallow water “Black lips.” syn: pwpwei. forms that are eaten. Iden- Wonip. tified from a named specimen. see: ff´e´upar; kair´u. It is said pwpweiepwech Unidentified. that passo, unlike chuk, must be Namoluk. cleaned before eating. cf?: p´eho. pweikker A large pink bivalve, with Wonip. teeth along edge, like a coconut p´e´ekken Barbatia velata. Identified shredder, and possibly used for from a named specimen. syn: this in the past. Seems to suggest ´e´emw´a´a or ´e´emwmw´a´a. E´emw´a´a´ Trachycardium sp., see ootupw. is the best name in Wichukun´o, syn: weettiken. Tol. where there are many. syn: possi- bly ´e´emwmw´a. Wonip. peiu Hyotissa hyotis. Formerly Lopha sp. Eaten. Said to be espe- p´eho A large bivalve, probably Hy- cially delicious at the times that it otissa hyotis. see: paiyou; peiyiw; is high tide in the mornings. passo. syn?: peiyiw. alt?: passo. Wonip; Polle. Puluwat. pwpwey “Pearl oyster.” (Gooden- pwpwei1 A general name for oysters. ough & Sugita 1980). At the same time a specific name for Pinctada margaritifera, and, pinik1 Empty shell of nichik. Pri- with variations, of several other marily nichik, but can also re- common oysters. alt: pwpwai. fer to other clams. On´u´un´u´u pinik means “it is so calm a pwpwei2 Pinctada margaritifera. alt: pwpwai; pwei. Widespread. clam shell can float on the sur- face.” Such an empty shell is ! pwei Pinctada cf. margaritifera. used when reef gleaning, to grate see: pwpwei. Wen´eSapuk. copra meat to calm the surface of the water. The gray duck, pwpweiapwech Pinctada sp. Wonip. Anas superciliosa, is named niaw- pwpweiech´on1 Isognomon sp.; simi- pinik—perhaps “pinik-mouth,” lar to a hammer oyster. lit: “black See page 178. syn: reepi3. pwpwei. Polle. Polle; F´os´on; Wonip.

PELECYPODA: Bivalves Mollusca 56 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

pinik2 A bivalve mollusc, along ´uk´unifan Anadara sp., when large. sandy beach, found in sand at Low Nichik when small. syn: reepi; tide. Thin shell. Edible. Possibly onek, in Wonip. this is the same species referred to Chukien´u;F´e´up´e. as kiipap. see: inen pinik, page 89 Chukien´u. unum´e´u An unidentified bivalve, pos- sibly similar to chchuk. alt: pooi A bivalve on the reef flat at unumw´ew´u. Wonip. Fanaas. Thin-shelled, inflated, globose a bit, with fine radial waa f´et´un Isognomon sp. Similar to lines. Said not to be delicious. hammer oyster. Identified from a Wonip. named specimen. lit: “paddling canoe.” Polle; Wonip. pwoopwech A clam: probably the porcelain-white clam in seagrass with deep concentric lines. waachan Described as a bivalve, re- Paata. stricted in distribution, found in Manaio and Sapou Polle. White, r´e´epi3 Ths empty shell of Anadara an inch or less in diameter. Re- sp. syn: pinik. Uman. portedly good to roast on the fire (because it’s small). Not smooth. reepi1 Anadara sp., when large. Japanese liked this, along with Nichchik is smaller [But note oongi and perhaps nichik. Polle. olek´ung is possibly the smaller form on Losap.] syn: Onek. alt: weetiken see: pweikker. syn: r´e´epi. Losap; R´e´er´eTaloas. pweikker. Wonip; Polle.

reepi2 Anadara sp. Identified from a photograph of a named specimen. 6.5.1 Anatomical Terms Relat- Kuchuwa Taloas; Fefan. ing to Bivalves s´a´apot! Atrina sp. alt: s´a´ap´et. Wonip. ch´e´e Mantle, of bivalves. lit: leaf (as of a plant); also a counting siim Hippopus hippopus. classifier for flat, thin objects, as Taloas; Nomwin; Widespread. “sheet” or “leaf.” Ch´e´enpwpwei, mantle of pearl oyster. siipii ?Quidnipagus sp. Wonip. irr´omw´e´ech´un Byssus. syn: sin´ur- tto Tridacna squamosa; T. maxima. mw´e´echen. alt: irr´omw´e´echen. alt: tt´o. Taloas; Wonip. Polle. tt´o Tridacna squamosa; T. maxima. alt: tto. masowan Gut or guts. lit: Filling, Mortlocks; Nomwin; Puluwat? contents.

t´o see: tt´o. nuukan Stomach; gut or guts.

Mollusca PELECYPODA: Bivalves Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 57

pinik1 Empty shell of nichik. [Pri- from being able to autotomize an marily nichik; also may refer to arm and run away, just as a lizard other clams.] He definitely refered drops off its tail. These octopuses to nichik first. Onuunuu pinik may be known to Chuukese, as means “it is so calm a clam shell octopuses whose arms break off can float on the surface.” Such easily, including row´of´emwmw´u, an empty shell is used when reef nikamwmw´u, and amwmw´u. One gleaning, to grate copra meat to man seemed to understand that calm the surface of the water. The such octopuses do not have ink gray duck is named niawpinik. sacs. In Farr´e Village, on Tol, Polle. they are fished before dawn, while the other small octopuses, the pinik Elsewhere may mean any bi- nighttime octopuses, are fished in valve shell. early evening. E´et. sing´urmw´e´echen Byssus. syn: ir- syn romw´e´echen; irr´omw´e´ech´un. arronipwin Nighttime octopus. : Taloas. chorrongon´o; possibly also nip- pachin neepwin; k´useiro¯r, but I have been given the latter name or a similar one for brittle starfishes, for Puluwat. F´on´o. 6.6 CEPHALOPODS: Octopuses and Squids chorrongon´o Long-headed octopus, a nighttime octopus. syn: arronip- ’af´atemas Octopus that crawls up win. F´on´o. onto land; often said to have fewer k´u´usen neer´an Daytime octopus. than eight legs. Also the name syn: nippach, k´u´us. see: k´uhen of the bird Eudynamis taitensis leer´an. F´on´o. (page 172). alt: afetamas. Munien; Wonip; F´os´on. k´uhan leer´an Octopus of daytime. amm´ot Because of the superficial Puluwat. similarities in external coloration of shells of Nautilus sp. and k´uhan leero¯r A description that is Trochus niloticus, this name, that probably reliable: “a black colored of T. niloticus, has been elicited octopus the size of a full grown more than once as the name of the spider. When you catch it, it Nautilus. ‘ easily breaks. Black and grey. Hardly see stripes [but he thinks amwmw´u Possibly a brittle-armed there are stripes.] The largest are octopus. syn: row´of´emwmw´u; about 1 cm in diameter at head. nikamwmw´u. An arm dropping A bit larger.” A name similar to octopus, recently described by this one has been given for brit- Mark Norman, is new to sci- tle stars. Likely a name for brittle ence. Such octopuses do not have stars. see: Echinodermata: Ophi- ink glands; their protection comes uroidea, page 86. Puluwat.

CEPHALOPODS: Octopuses and Squids Mollusca 58 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

! k´uhan mayi An octopus on banks, in k´u´us2 Octopus. [This is not the deep water. Very large, hard, name on Wonip, but this speaker chewy tentacles, black. This was certain of the pronunciation. species is speared and caught with Goodenough & Sugita (1980) also a line. Pulusuk fishermen use have spelled it this way.] Wonip. squid jigs. Pullap. k´usair´e A daytime octopus, forages in daylight. Can be large. k´u´us3 Small, night-time octopus. Namoluk. E´et. k´usair´ek Includes k´usair´e and k´us- enipong2. lit: octopus of r´as. k´u´us4 Daytime octopus. syn: nip- These two octopuses are said to pach. alt: k´u´uh. F´on´o. usually be seen at the time of low tide (r´as, rainy breadfruit season). Namoluk. k´u´usen neepwin see: nippachin k´useiroch This is the one that comes neepwin. Even though this is not up at night onto land and hunts said, it would be the correct way for lizards. He stated there are to say it. Wonip. only two octopus recognized on Nomwin; the night octopus, this species, is not eaten because it k´u´usiiroch An octopus long head, eats lizards. Nomwin. close to beach, small. Good bait, k´usenif´eng A small octopus; perhaps not soft. at neef´eng, tradewind season. Namoluk. k´usenipong Nighttime octopus. Can ngiit Squids and Cuttlefishes. syn: be big. lit: octopus of night. nim´a´ar´am´a´ar; niit. Namoluk; Nama. Nomwin; Puluwat. k´u´uh Octopus, General name. Pattiw. nicharong The octopus that is k´u´uhenyaang syn: k´u´us angang. emerges onto land. E´et. Two octopus in nearby holes, touching tentacles. An omen someone will die. Puluwat. nicharongorong1 An octopus, said to k´u´usaatol A type of octopus. Said have six tentacles (or frequently not to turn white, but in red or various other numbers), to climb brown. lit: chewy. Possibly also on coconut trees. These octopuses nippach aaton. Nomwin. have variously been described as having short tentacles or long ten- k´u´us1 Octopus. tacles. One man reported to Nomwin; Mortlocks. have seen one,perhaps in the early

Mollusca CEPHALOPODS: Octopuses and Squids Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 59

1970’s. Chukien´uspeakers do not rok´of 1 The head is longer, the arms know the name ´af´at´amas. are straight, the webs are not ex- Chukien´u. tensive. This octopus climbs on land. syn: another person from nicharongorong2 An octopus, said to Ulul gives the name rong´of. Ulul. climb out on mangroves. They can have four or five tentacles. rok´of 2 If it starts to flee, when torch- Polle. ing along the beach, this octopus can be halted by a hissing or kiss- nicharongorong3 An octopus that ing sound. This is only at night. crawls out on land. syn: Pullap. ´af´at´amas. Displays black spots when we poke it. They move, ra- rok´of 3 This octopus was said to read- diate from the point we touch it ily turn red. This is different than on. Has a long head, about 3” k´uhan leero¯r. Crawl up on land by 6”. One student had seen one and eat lizards. Tend to be skinny outside the barrier reef at n´uk´un and long. One fisherman in his ´ach´ach: its head was about 1” x 40’s had seen them, he thought, lit 4”. : ninja? Polle. two times. At the largest, about 1.5-1.75” in diameter. Puluwat. nikamwmw´u Arm-dropping (brittle- armed) octopus. Wonip. rong´of Night time octopus with long nim´a´ar´am´a´ar Squids and cuttle- head and long tentacles. Can fishes. syn: ngiit, niit. Wonip. come up on land. Seen on the beach at night. Ulul. nimen waan kiyer Nautilus shell. see: numen waan Kiyer. row´of An octopus. Possibly a syn- Puluwat. onym of row´ofemwmw´u. Wonip. nim´ongach´on Said to be larger than row´of´emwmw´u1 An octopus, the row´of´emwmw´u. Wonip. arms of which readily break off pulled. lit: mwmw´u, break, sep- nippach1 General name for Octopus. arate. Found in Yow, Wonip Vil- syn: k´u´us, k´u´uh. Chuuk Lagoon. lage. Some are found at south side of our m´am´ai. Wonip; Paata. nippach2 Daytime octopus. F´on´o. nippachin neepwin Night time octo- row´ofemwmw´u2 Fished for before pus. Small. Wonip. dawn. Another report stated they are found only during the day- niit Squids and Cuttlefishes. syn: time. syn: nikamwmw´u Farr´e. nim´a´ar´am´a´ar; ngiit. row´ofenipwin An unidentified, un- nuumin waan kiyer Nautilus shell. confirmed name for an octopus, lit: Bailer of Kiyer’s canoe. given by a Taloas Islander as a Nomwin. Faichukese name. Taloas.

CEPHALOPODS: Octopuses and Squids Mollusca 60 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

6.6.1 Cephalopod Terminology nippach. But see n´uch´on. Wonip. ch´on-´un Ink, of octopus, squid, and n´uch´on Ink, of octopus, squid, sea sea hares. e.g.: ch´on´unnippach. hare. lit: ch´on, black. syn: n´uch´on; n´uch. lit: ch´on, black. Tol. paachan Arm crown of octopus. masowan “Contents”; guts (of the ulingan p´echaaw Cuttlebone. lit: octopus as well as other animals). shark’s pillow. Nama. Paata. nikapw´et Suckers, of cephalopods. ´ul´ungan ngiit Cuttlebone of Sepia spp. cuttlefishes. lit: pillow of n´uch Octopus ink. e.g.: n´uchen ewe cuttlefish. Puluwat.

Mollusca CEPHALOPODS: Octopuses and Squids 7 ARTHROPODA I: Crustacea

7.1 MICROCRUSTACEA nip´u´up´u´u Daphnia? May refer to nikk´u´ukk´utong Biting isopod. swarms of minute crustaceans in Farr´e;Polle. a puddle on Wen´eafter a rain. Wen´e? niseffich Biting isopod. Tol. niiwin Biting isopod. see: niwiniwin. Polle. 7.2 ISOPODS niwiniwin Biting isopod. R´omanum; Uman; Wen´e;F´on´o.

Most of the names have refered to n´ukuukutong Biting isopod. Wonei. the unidentified biting beach isopod that draws blood. ppenin ffaw see: pp´enin iik. ppenin iik see: pp´enin iik. liffichiffichiset Biting isopod. Ulul. pp´enin iik Isopods ectoparasitic on likaaw´un Any isopods, including fish fishes. There is some question ectoparasites. Also mole crabs (A- about the exact spelling or exact nomura, page 63). alt:?likaawin; meaning of this word, as well and see likaawong, page 63. Nomwin. another name, ppenin ffaw, that liseffichiffich Biting isopod. came up in the same conversation. Pullap; Mwoch. alt: ppenin iik. F´on´o?; Namoluk? niffich Biting isopod. syn: niwini- win. alt: nifich. seeffich Biting isopod. F´on´o. 62 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

7.3 CIRRIPEDIA: ef´o see: eff´o. [Elbert may Barnacles have worked with speakers from Nomwin.] (Elbert 1947). Prof. William Newman of Scripps ff´e´urupw Balanid (acorn) barnacle Institution of Oceanography, who was a on sea turtles. lit: rupw, the teacher in Chuuk in the 1950’s at Pa- Yaws; ff´e´u, stone. syn: f´e´urupwin cific Islands Central School (now Chuuk pw´a´apw´a. Wonip; Taloas. High School), learned at that time that lit a local Chuukese name for acorn bar- ff´e´urupw Balanid barnacles. : nacles ff´e´urupw means “glans penis.” glans penis, another Chuukese This is of special interest to Prof. New- name for which is koch. Losap. man, an expert on Pacific barnacles, ff´e´urupwun pw´a´apw´a Acorn barna- who relates that both acorn barnacles cle on sea turtle. see: ff´eurupw. and “glans penis” are balani in Greek. lit. pw´a´apw´a, turtle. Wonip. The scientific name of acorn barna- cles, Balanus is taken from the Greek liparapar Barnacle. see: tolau. name. Professor Newman relates (pers. Ud´et. comm.): nippachappach Gooseneck barnacle. “balan, -o, -us is Greek for acorns see: ppachappach. lit: ppach, as well as the glans, and this is un- stick, glue. Wen´eMechitiw. doubtedly because of their similar ap- offa Lepid (gooseneck) barnacle; on pearance. Da Costa (1778) gave what log; white. alt: ?off´o. Farr´e. were commonly known as acorn barna- cles their Linnaean name, Balanus, but ´off´o1 Lepid (gooseneck) barnacle. for all we know he may have also been On drifting logs. alt: ´of´o. alluding to their similarity to the glans. Nama; Lukunor; Nomwin?; As for the Chuukese, there are no acorns Kuttu. in Micronesia and, therefore, there can off´o Lepid (gooseneck) barnacle. be no question that they and the Greeks alt: ?offa. Tol. saw a similarity between acorn barna- cles and the glans.” ´o´of´o2 alt: Some say eff´o. Namoluk. pachapach Lepid barnacle. see: nip- affa Lepid (Gooseneck) barnacle. pachappach. Satawan.

´at´ar1 A barnacle. Found among pro- pasapas Gooseneck barnacles. lit: proots of chia, Rhizophora spp. pas, drift. Kuttu; Mw´och. Tol, Taloas. p´e´enaff´o Name of a tattoo de- ´at´ar2 A barnacle. Farr´e. sign. lit: shell of a barnacle. (Girschner 1911). Namoluk eef´o alt: eff´o. rokeak Barnacle? Nomwin. eff´o Goose barnacle. See note with ´o´of´o2. syn: ´o´of´o, ´off´o; affa. tolau Barnacle. see: liparapar. Nomwin; Puluwat; Pullap. Ud´et.

Crustacea CIRRIPEDIA: Barnacles Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 63

7.4 ANOMURA: manut¨o see: man´ut´e. (Elbert 1947). Anomuran Crabs mas´u´up Unconfirmed name for Bir- gus latro. see: m´ehop. syn: Named anomuran crabs include her- aamw´et´ong; meent´e;man´ut´e. mit crabs, coconut crabs, and mole crabs. Some minute anomurans might m´eh´op Birgus latro. Coconut crab. have names or salutory names based on Kept as pets; growth rate was their resemblance to culturally or eco- discussed; eggs said to be shed nomically more significant, larger crabs. 2–3 nights after pong´un´ur (full moon.) Puluwat. aamw´e´ong Unconfirmed name in Chuuk lagoon for Birgus latro. meen tt´e Birgus latro. Coconut crab. Chuuk Lagoon. Nama. amwatang Birgo latro. Coconut pw´a´apw´a´an f´an pi Mole crab? Not crab; robber crab. [Said to be the eaten on F´on´o. Said to be like a name in the entire lagoon; per- big niwiniwin. F´on´o. haps mainly Namoneas.] syn: eef, pp´u´ug´umm´ot Terrestrial hermit ment´e,manut´e;m´ehop; meen tt´e; crab. lit: pp´ung, explosion; maan tt´e. Tunnuk, Wen´e. mm´ot, to sit down. It usually eef Birgus latro. Coconut crab; rob- stays on trees, but when we scare ber crab. syn: amwatang, ment´e, it, it drops off and makes a loud man´ut´e;m´ehop; meen tt´e;maan sound. F´os´on. tt´e. Pattiw; Nomwin. umwoumw Hermit crabs. inesooch “Large hermit crab.” R´e´er´eTaloas; Tol. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). inesoch see: inesooch. (El- bert 1947). 7.5 BRACHYURA: likaawong Mole crab. syn: likaaw´un. True Crabs [This name may also be used for isopods on Pullap.] Pullap. There are many uncertain names likaaw´un Mole crab. see: likaawong. among crabs. Further work—especially Nomwin. including field collections and photo- graphic records, as well as an adequate limwoumw Hermit crabs. syn: um- study of the literature of crabs—will un- woumw; p´ung´umm´ot. doubtedly be fruitful, and may lead to Namoluk; Nama; Nomwin. further knowledge of poisonous crabs. maan t´e´e Birgus latro. Coconut The names of poisonous crabs have crab; robber crab. Namoluk. been difficult to pin down. This may be due in part to imprecise nature of ver- man´ut´e Birgus latro. Coconut crab. nacular names and geographic factors: see: meen tt´e. Tol. (1) different villages may tend to use the

ANOMURAN CRABS Crustacea 64 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

same names but different species may Identified from (Edmond- be found, or more abundant, in the vil- son 1951, Pg. 226B, XXII, 13, lages’s different environments; or (2) the and 224C (A. f.)). Nomwin. same crab may not be poisonous in one village, while it is fatally poisonous in ´angng´a cf. Platylambrus sp. . the other. The latter of these two fac- [Also resembles to some extent tors might be a result of the crabs’s di- Parthenope sp.] Fefan. ets in the two villages, or other environ- mental factors. It is essential to care- apwpwacho1 A crab, wrinkled, edi- fully document the names and lore of ble. lit: pwpwach, wrinkled. crabs, especially as there are a number Polle. of toxic species in the Caroline Islands, apwpwacho2 Described as a crab whose toxicity may even vary from place with a round carapace, about 3” to place. across, dark reddish brown, its For field identification of crabs, line belly is creamy yellow. Edible. drawings from Morton’s The Shore F´on´o; Farr´e. Ecology of the Tropical Pacific were use- ful (1990). Good books with color ´apir´a1 A large, intertidal grapsid plates were not available in Chuuk; they crab, possibly Grapsus sp. Lined would be a useful addition to any library Shore Crab; Sally Lightfoot Crab. in the region. syn: eppir´a; ´ott´ur; ottur?; ap´ur´a; To illustrate certain difficulties, littur; nichchap. Puluwat; Nama. while walking along the beach of F´on´o Island, I retrieved the following names ap´ocho see: apwpwacho. (El- for a single small crab, along with a bert 1947). number of anecdotes, within a matter of minutes: k´us´un,enin´ap, enin´ap mi par, ap´ur´a2 See ´apir´a. see: Note under eninap kukkun, and nichin. littur. syn: littur; ´ott´ur; ottur; nichchap. alt: epir´a; ´apir´a. akapwas “small ocean crab Nomwin. . . . Perhaps called pwas, dry, be- appura An unidentified land crab, cause it can live for a time out of considered poisonous; colorful. water.” (Elbert 1947). Not cf. Grapsus sp., which are called att´ur on Losap. Losap. ´am´ass´a Unidentified crabs; more than one species. Was identified attur see: ´ott´ur. with an illustration of Demania sp. Some are poisonous, others aw´ungech´on A crab, yellow, light or- are not. Losap. ange. Big. There are many in F´anipw, F´on´o. Perhaps a syn- amaw A crab, on the dock, in lein onym of ´e´ung´e´ung. F´on´o. f´ew´urupw. F´os´on? ´a´am´as A crab that lives in man- am´es´a´ach Platypodia granulosa. Pos- groves, long eyestalks. syn: niki- sibly also Atergatus floridus. tipwpw´un. Namoneas?

Crustacea BRACHYURAN CRABS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 65

´e´epwpw´un A fairly substantial crab, epir´a2 Large, intertidal grapsid crab, on bare exposed mudflat, buried possibly a Grapsus sp. Sally in mud. Good to eat. syn: nip- Lightfoot Crab; Lined Shore wpw´un;nitikipwpw´un. Wonip. Crab. Wonip.

emem1 Possibly Demania sp. [Im- syn mediately identified from a draw- ´epwpw´un A crab. : kiinen. see ing from Garth & Alcala (1977), : chia kiinen, enen ´e´epwpw´un, as poisonous.] Wonip Yow. page 195. Polle; Farr´e. eemeem2 A poisonous crab. There ´e´ung´e´ung1 Poisonous crab. The is light purple on the shell, sim- crab(s) ´e´ung´e´ung have variously ilar to land crabs, same size as been reported as toxic or as edi- land crabs (2.5-3”). The shell is ble. It was said this species is not rough, decorated with protuber- like eemeem; that some people can ances; purplish. A woman re- eat them. [Careful investigation is portedly committed suicide before needed; these notes are not at all World War II, by catching and definitive. A number of descrip- eating an eemeem. Farr´e;Also tions are given here, without any known as poisonous in Polle? critical assessment being possible.] emem3 Possibly Eriphia sp. From drawing, Morton (1990). ´e´ung´e´ung2 Some of these crabs were Wonip Yow. said to be poisonous to eat. Wonip. enimm´ong Scylla serrata. lit: mm´ong, huge. ´e´ung´e´ung3 [There are two kinds of eninap kukkun This name exhibits a ´e´ung´e´ung: (1) edible, skin is tendency to use eninap as a higher not smooth, wrinkled; (2) smooth taxonomic name. see: nichin. shell, color of blond-brown wood.] F´on´o. Wonip. eninap mi par see: nichin. F´on´o. ´e´ung´e´ung4 Pilumnus sp. Not poi- eninap1 Scylla serrata. Mangrove sonous. [A hirsute xanthid crab, crab; Samoan crab. syn: en- from this illustration.] Wonip. imm´ong. Chuuk Lagoon. ´e´ung´e´ung5 A large crab on the reef. eninap2 May be used in a general Described as having scales (or sense, as for example, in describ- feathers?) on its legs? Tol. ing a crab “nikinikinin chou w´a´an eninap”, like eninap. inenimei1 Described as a kind of ter- epir´a1 A grapsid shore crab, inter- restrial crab, stays in water. The tidal. [Three different crabs were size, perhaps, of Ocypode, looks named in the same environment: somewhat like it; brown. Doesn’t epir´a; ottur; wechechew (with swim, just walks. Not edible, poi- white ends of arms; flat).] Polle. sonous. F´on´o.

BRACHYURAN CRABS Crustacea 66 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

inenimei2 A land crab, distinct from k´uss´un1 There are more than one tootoo (which see). Stays in wet species of k´uss´un. Some are eaten, places or in water. Wonip. and some not. In some cases there may be individual names, or ways kiinen1 A crab in mangroves. [Seems to refer to them. syn: nukupen. to be confused with otow.] Black F´on´o. arms, does not build chimneys (unlike otow). syn: kinen may k´uss´un2 Portunus sp. syn: k´uss´un´un be a taxon, to the extent that it w´o´on ooch. Wonip. may be also used for otow, which is scarely known. cf: otow. See k´uss´un3 Thalamita sp. syn: chia kiinen, page 195. k´uss´un´unnein epino me f´an chia. Wonip; Polle. Wonip. k´uss´un´unnein epino me f´an chia kiinen2 see: chia kiinen. Farr´e. Thalamita sp. Wonip.

kiinen3 A crab, like ´epwpw´un, lives in k´uss´un´unw´o´on ooch Portunus sp. mangroves, in mud. Makes click- Wonip. ing noises. Wen´e;Fefan. li´a´ating3 An unidentified land crab, kiinen4 There are none in Namoluk, not poisonous. see: appura; lipw- perhaps, although there are some pwein mwaach´en. Losap. Mangroves. One Namoluk Is- lander states that kiinen can be li´ating1 Land crab, unidentified. called syn: lipwpwein lein chia, Said to be one of the two lip- even though the name lipwpwei wpwei (as understood by one can only be used for land crabs. Namolukese). It is a bit reddish Namoluk. brown, as opposed to the brown of rakumw, the other species. cf: kinika see: kinikka. rakumw. syn: niat´un;ni´at´ung. Namoluk. kinikka Calappa sp. Box-Crab. syn: our´o´on´o [in Wonip; unknown in li´ating2 Source feels the claws are Polle.] (Goodenough & Su- different than those of “regular” gita 1980, Armoured Crab); (El- lipwpwei, smaller. [The name bert 1947, syn. kinim). rakumw is not known.] Nama. Farr´e;Wonei; Polle. liff´a´a Unknown. Possibly name of a kinim see: kinikka. [Given by El- crab. see: nif´af´a´arr´ek. bert as a synonym of kinika.] (El- Mortlocks? bert 1947). likkarrak Girschner (1911) reported kissimmat Ocypode sp. Ghost Crabs. this to be a general name for any Very fast. syn: likk´e. Losap. insect; however, it sounds some- thing like the name or the ghost kis´un see: k´uss´un. crab, likk´er´uk, which see.

Crustacea BRACHYURAN CRABS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 67

likk´e Ocypode sp. Ghost Crab. lit: luos´oss Unverified name for Uca spp. kk´e, to call; they are said to Fiddler crabs. Suggests ni- tap out their signals underground. woosowoos, which see. Losap. syn: likk´er´ek. Nomwin; Nama. neitt´an Crab from a drift log. Possi- likk´er´e [In one of my notes, “coral bly Hemigrapsus sp. F´on´o. symbiont crab.” Name similar to that of Ocypode sp.] Namoluk. ni´at´ung A type of land crab. likk´er´ek see: likk´er´uk. Wonip.

likk´er´uk Ocypode sp. Ghost Crab. nichchap Shore crab. syn: ´ott´ur; ot- syn: likk´e;nikk´e;nikk´er´e. tur, ´apir´a. Fefan. Namoluk; Ettal; Mortlocks.

lipwpwei1 Land crabs, Gecarcinus nichin1 A xanthid crab; very long sp. and/or Cardissoma sp. Two chelipeds, chocolate brown, crabs on Namoluk are included in striped legs. In less than an hour, this category: liating and rakumw; this small crab was identified on but kiinen can also be referred F´on´oas k´us´un,enin´ap, enin´ap mi to as lipwpwei, ie., lipwpwein lein par, eninap kukkun. F´on´o. chia. syn: rakumw, rokumw, tooto, nipwpwei. nichin2 A beautiful crab; all arms Namoluk; Nama. are the same length, including the pincers; extremely poisonous. lipwpwei Land crabs. see: nipwpwei. Two sisters died at the same time, Outer Islands. after eating a big nichin on F´on´o. [A similar story is told of two sis- lipwpwein lein chia see: kiinen4. Namoluk. ters on Tol.] F´on´o. lipwpwein mwaach´en An unidenti- nichin3 Said to be almost like nik´e´ut fied small, hairy land crab. m´ach´a, and as a synonym of Losap. eemeem. Unknown in Wonip to two experienced fisherwomen. lipwpweisset There is a difference, Farr´e. apparently, between nipwpwein neeset and nipwpeisset. It is un- nichin “Very poisonous sea crab.” clear whether this is related to a nokomoti was listed in the same comment by a single student (pos- category. (Elbert 1947). sibly from the Mortlocks) that nipwpweisset are pointed at the nien neeman2 A type of nipwpwei front of the carapace. Mortlocks? land crab. cf: niipii. F´os´on. littur Large intertidal grapsid crab, ?Grapsus sp. Sally Lightfoot nieneeman1 One of the three- Crab. syn: ap´ur´a (learned by membered nipwpwei complex (but Namolukese when they came to see niipii, page 69). see: ni´at´ung, Moen). Namoluk. nipwpwei. Wonei.

BRACHYURAN CRABS Crustacea 68 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nieneeman Possibly a color morph of nikkerik Ocypode sp. Ghost Crab. the land crab nipwpwei. see: ni- syn: nikk´e. Uman. ipii. Farr´e. nik´e´utm´ach´a2 An unidentified crab. nienimei A land crab. Lives near Said to be like eemeem, but, un- rivers. syn: nieniwi. Fefan. like eemeem, not poisonous, at least in Farr´e. Farr´e;Wonip? nieniwi A land crab. Lives near nik´e´ut´uppar Uca spp. Fiddler rivers. syn: nienimei. Crabs. syn: nik´otoot; nik´ot´ok´ot; Kuchuwa Taloas. nittun; niwoosiwoos; ni´ot´ot. lit: nif´af´a´arr´ek Unknown; possibly the the one with red claws. Polle? name of a crab; unidentified. see: nikitipwpw´un1 A crab, distinct from liff´a´a, a possible synonym. kiinen and other ordinary small Mortlocks? mangrove crabs. Unique, some- what large; lives in mud. niff´ot´off´ot Huenia cf. proteus. syn: Faichuk. nik´ek´e´u. These two names have the same meaning. F´e´up;Wonip. nikitipwpw´un2 A crab that lives in mangroves, long eye stalks. Claws nikaatto Uca spp. Fiddler crabs. a bit softer than kiinen. A dirty [This is the name of House Geckos color. lit: pwpw´un, dirt. May be elsewhere.] Uman. a synonym of ´a´am´as (Namoneas). Faichuk. nikatot see: nik´otoot. Fiddler crab. lit: from kk´ot, low tide. (El- nik´ot´ok´ot Uca spp. Fiddler crabs. bert 1947). Farr´e;Wonei; Fefan; Wonip; Paata. nikk´e Probably also a name for Ocy- pode sp. Ghost Crab. nik´otoot Uca spp. Fiddler crabs. syn: nik´e´ut´uppar; nittun; nik´ek´e´u Huenia cf. proteus. Tiny nik´otoot; nik´ot´ok´ot; niwoosiwoos; but known to many residents of ni´ot´ot. Nomwin; Fefan. Chuuk Lagoon: it is sharp, and nikkuk Unidentified, described as a may stick painfully into the sole of crab on Pirru. Like k´uss´un; long the foot, when walking on the reef arms. F´on´oor Fefan. flat for example at Wonip. syn: niff´ot´off´ot, which see, for a note. nimw´anniyu A crab that buries itself F´e´up. in mud in the mangal. Only its eyes are visible sticking up above nikenen Unidentified, a crab with a the mud; eaten; black; chelipeds rounded carapace. Possibly a xan- same size. see: nipwpw´un. thid. “Like eninap.” F´os´on. nikk´er´e Ocypode sp. Ghost Crabs. nimesengngaw A crab, said to be On the beach, in white sand. syn: ugly, like a stone, brown, between nikk´e?; likk´er´uk; likk´e. Tol. 1–5” long. F´on´oor Fefan.

Crustacea BRACHYURAN CRABS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 69

ninuunu Atergatis floridus; Carpilius nipp´er´uch1 Unidentified crab. [Sus- sp. Both said to be poisonous. pected to be derived from F´e´up. nip´e´er´e´ech, “beautiful carapace.”] Farr´e. ninuunuffach A spotted crab, the “seven-eleven crab,” possibly nipp´er´uch2 A small, black mangrove Carpilius maculatus. Said crab. Wonei. on F´on´o to be edible. alt: nip´er´uch6 Small mangrove crab. ?nin´u´un´uffach. F´on´o; Farr´e. Shiny carapace, spotted blue. ni´ot´ot Uca spp. Fiddler crabs. syn: Polle. elsewhere on Tol, nik´ot´ok´ot. nipwpweyin neeman Especially for Only in F´oson and Chukien´u. those nipwpwei found up on the nip´e´er´uch3 Jet black crab, strongly mountain. Farr´e. angular, trapezoidal carapace. Vi- nippii Possibly a color morph of the olet on ends of chelipeds. Males land crab (nipwpwei). Another are larger. On mangrove prop- type is nien neeman, of a differ- roots. Wonip. ent color. see: nieneeman or nien neeman. F´os´on. nip´e´er´uch4 An illustration of Sesar- mia sp. with strongly compressed nipinipin Platylambris sp. syn: upper leg sections. Wonip. nit´arup; ´angng´a. F´e´up.

nip´e´er´uch5 Said to be spotted, but so nipos1 A small crab in the mangrove. may be other crabs of similar size Unidentified. syn: tt´an. Polle. and habit. See discussion under nipos3. Wonip. nipos2 Extremely small crabs in the mangrove, and medium size crabs nipwpwei Land crabs, perhaps that are brown, light brown and Gecarcinus sp. or Cardissoma sp. have somewhat orange tips to There are more than one type of their chelipeds. Can be seen at the land crabs. see: niy´a´at´un,nipwp- outside of the mangroves in Wonip wei, tooto, niipii, li´ating; rakumw; on proproots at night. They are ?nienimei; ?nieniwi. small when mature. Wonip.

nipwpwei Land crab, unidentified, nipos3 Some notes on nipos and oth- probably either Gecarcinus sp. or ers: Nipos is said to be a black Cardissoma sp. It was stated crab on mangrove stilt roots at there are three kinds of nipwpwei: outer Netuutuu, Tol; was iden- nippwei (also the family name); tified as nipos, but it is large, ni´at´ung; and nieneeman. See like the spotted “nip´e´er´uch” I Goodenough & Sugita (1980) for a have seen many times before. It discussion of literal meaning. syn: was stated by one man that (1) rokumw; rakumw; tooto. alt: lip- nip´e´er´uch is spotted (but he also wpwei. says that the black one, when Wonei; Throughout Chuuk. up to size, is nip´e´er´uch); (2) the

BRACHYURAN CRABS Crustacea 70 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nipos is small, and nip´e´er´uch is niwoosiwoos Uca spp. Fiddler crab. large. Kiinen, carrying the anal- lit: woosowoos, posturing as if ysis further, is even larger. The to fight, but not actually fighting. other crab like kiinen is otow. [However, I have met Chuukese Someone else said that “some say who claim to have observed mor- nip´e´er´uch, others say nipos.” tal combat in these crabs.] F´on´o. Wonip. niy´a´at´un2 Unidentified land crab, nipwow An unidentified crab. alt: species or color morph. Said in nipwpwow. Taloas. Farr´eto be poisonous. Farr´e. nipwpwow An unidentified crab. Taloas? niy´at´ung1 One of the nipwpwei com- plex. see: nieneeman. Said to be nipwpw´un1 cf. Macrophthalmus sp. violet. Wonei; known on F´on´o. Its eyes alone are seen sticking up out of substrate, in silty sand on niy´at´ung3 Several persons from Tol the reef platform at Wonip. Iden- relate that ni´at´ung is mother tified from a crab. Wonip. of ´otomun/ik´a´ang mullets, while tooto/nipwpwei give birth to nipwpw´un2 [This is distinctly dif- nip´e´ukkar. Tol. ferent that nipwpw´un1. The following synonyms should be nokomoti With nichin, above, “a checked.] syn: nitikipwpw´un, very poisonous sea crab.” (El- nikitipwpw´un,´e´epwpw´un. bert 1947). Wonip. nit´arup cf. Platylambris sp. syn: n´uk´upen An unidentified crab, un- nipinipin; ´angng´a. F´e´up. known. Said to be edible. syn: k´us´un. F´on´o. nitt´e´erppwachen Said to be very small Scylla serrata, when about otow A small mud crab in the man- 3” across. F´os´on; Wonip. gal. Like kiinen, but has or- nitikipwpw´un An unidentified mud ange pincers, and builds chim- crab. Said to be named for neys. This name may be fading the method of its capture: si a into disuse as many people fail to tiki n´on pwpw´un—when we push discriminate between otow and ki- down into the hole, we can see inen. Eaten. Said to prefer the water comes out of the other bases of wong, page 215. hole. [How does this explain an- Wonip; Polle. other name, nikitipwpw´un?] syn: ottur1 A large, intertidal grapsid ´e´epwpw´un; nipwpw´un2; nikitip- crab, on rocks, perhaps Grapsus wpw´un. Tol. sp. Lined Shore Crab. lit: jump nittun Uca spp. Fiddler crabs. syn: from one to the other. syn: epir´a; nik´e´ut´uppar; nittun; nik´otoot; ni- nichchap; littur; ´apir´a, though k´ot´ok´ot; niwoosiwoos; ni´ot´ot. ottur is the preferred name on F´e´up. Polle. alt: ´ott´ur . cf: wechechew.

Crustacea BRACHYURAN CRABS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 71

[There is a song: nemin kopwe set´ut2 [It was suggested that it might sinei ai itenap; inisi mi appenin be called apwaacho in Polle, ott´ur; a m´apwasapwas won en Patta, Wonei (PPW) Faichuk. pirru; ren pwichin ei akkar ren This should be checked.] Wonip. fongum ewe.] Polle. s´uk´un´uw cf. Phymodius sp. or Etisus ´ott´ur2 A large, intertidal grapsid sp. . syn: ´e´ung´e´ung. Polle. crab, a Sally Lightfoot Crab, per- haps Grapsus sp. alt: ottur. syn: tt´an syn: nipos. PPW; Namone´as. epir´a. Taloas. tooto Gecarcinus sp. and/or Cardis- ott´ur3 [Unconfirmed] A crab, like oma sp. Land Crab. lit: (1) a epir´a, black, climbs on proproots crab; (2) creep toward me; (3) to of mangroves. Farr´e. reach. This name was changed out of respect for a chief in Wonip syn our´o´on´o Calappa sp. Box-Crab. : Village by the name of Nipwp- kinik´a. Popular food in Wonip: wei. See also the gastropod neang, eaten raw, whole, without clean- page 45. syn: nipwpwei; lipw- alt ing. : ?our´o´on´on. Wonip. pwei. Only in Wonip is this Name may be unique to Wonip. name known, and here it is the our´o´on´on see: our´o´on´o. correct name; many Faichukese do not know of this name. May be rakumw1 Land crab, one of the two known in Wir´ong Polle. lipwpwei (on Namoluk). It is more brown than li´ating, which is wechechew Unconfirmed name of a redder. cf: ni´ating, lipwpwei. [Is crab, white ends of arms, flat. rokumw a synonym?] Namoluk. see: epir´a1. rakumw2 Land crabs, perhaps Cardissoma sp. or Gecarcinus sp. This is apparently the regular gen- 7.6 MISCELLANEOUS eral name of these crabs, and not lipwpwei. Females liberate their DECAPODA: burden of ripe eggs on the night Lobsters, Shrimps, etc. pong´un´ur. Puluwat. rokumw syn: nipwpwey. (Gooden- amw´ong Uncertain, possibly fresh- ough & Sugita 1980). water shrimp. Faichuk. rokumw syn: nipwpwein neeman. ´annus1 Shrimp; small, about an inch Lagoon? long. syn: ?mwaach´e; ´ur´u´ur. They group together outside the s´et´ut1 A crab, in mangal. About mangrove. Wonip. 3” wide; carapace is ovate, its rim fluted; chelae very sharp, fine- ´annus2 Shrimp, larger than mwach´e pointed, dark brown, muddy. (in which case mwach´e is ´annus2) Wonip; Wonei; Fefan; Wen´e. in the mangrove channel. Wonip.

MISCELLANEOUS DECAPODA Crustacea 72 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

´annus3 Possibly, but not probably, a niseefich Macrobrachium sp.; also callianassid, such as Axius sp. other fresh water shrimps. cf.: Wonip. nik´o´ot, a smaller stage. Also used, as niseffichin neeset, to describe likk´e´ur´ur A shrimp, white with grey salt water shrimps. syn: ´ur´ur; spots, found on the reef margin. nik´e´ut. Note one might also hear F´on´o? nisefichin k´onik. Wonip. likk´uk Unknown. Namoluk. niseffichin neeset Nonspecific, “sea shrimps.” cf: niseffich, niseffich- mwach´e Two reports from Wonip dif- in k´onik, ´ur´ur, nik´e´ut. syn: (in fered, but in either case this would Wonip) ´annus; mwach´e. Faichuk. be a small shrimp. According to ´urlepeyel syn: ´urr´ep´eyin. Losap. one, mwach´e is found in wells; ac- cording to the other, it is found ´urrepeyin Probably Parribacus cale- outside the mangroves, where it donicus Mitten lobster. see: ´ur swarms around the proproots of lepeyel. syn: ´urechapw. chia. The latter might be a syn- Moen?; F´on´o? onym of ´annus. alt: mw´eche. syn Wonip; Tol? ´urr´ep´eyin : ´urepeyin, ´urlepeyel. F´on´o. niffichipw´or A finger-long shrimp, ´ur1 Panuliris ornatus; P. versicolor found in the Enhalus seagrass flats Spiny lobster. Ubiquitous. (nein epino). This is categorized as a type of ´ur´u´ur. Polle; Fefan. ´ur2 Thor sp. Anemone shrimp, com- mensal with large sea anenomes. nik´e´ur´ur A small deep purple lobster Fefan. with long white antennae. Possi- ´urachapw Probably Parribacus cale- bly the juveniles of Panulirus ver- donicus Mitten lobster. lit: sicolor (´ur´ur). The same name chapw, lay flat. Namoluk; may be used, however, for all Wonip. shrimps. Kuchuwa Taloas. ´ur´ur3 Shrimps and prawns. Implies nik´e´ut Macrobrachium sp. Fresh wa- freshwater shrimp, but salt water ter prawn. Kuchuwa Taloas. shrimps are also referrable to this name. Namoluk. nik´o´ot Said to be the small stage ! of niseffich, Macrobrachium sp. ´ur´u´ur1 Macrobrachium sp. Freshwa- Freshwater shrimp; see ´ur´u´ur, ter shrimp. [Prominently this page 72. Wonip. shrimp, but also refers to ma- rine shrimps, for example, as nipwiripwir Alpheus spp. Goby ´ur´urin neeset or smaller fresh- prawn. Eight species are listed water shrimps (see mwach´e and in Myers (1991) as occuring in ´ann´us).] see: nik´o´ot. syn: nisef- Micronesia. See the goby siru, fich; nik´e´ut, nik´o´ot. Nomwin; page 154. Uman. N´omoneas; Mortlocks; E´et.

Crustacea MISCELLANEOUS DECAPODA Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 73

´ur´u´ur2 Anemone Shrimp. Nomwin. Kuchuwa Taloas. liffich Stomatopod. syn: kawakaw; ´ur´u´ur4 [One person insisted this ussen. Nomwin. is not the name of Stenopus hispidus, the Banded Coral niffichin nessit Possibly a name for Shrimp.] stomatopods. F´on´o? ussen Stomatopod. Farr´e.

ussen Stomatopod. In mangroves; 7.7 STOMOTOPODA: on the reef; in Porites zone; on Mantis Shrimps deeper reef flats (neefat). Believed to be an omen of death, if seen. syn: liffich, kawakaw. kawakaw Stomatopod, in particular, Faichuk; Wonip; Polle. those with comb-like claw. syn: liffich; ussen. lit: kawakaw, ´usseng Stomotopod. lit: ´u´usseng, I heron, out of resemblance of the am crying—see note under ussen, claw to the topknot of a heron. above. R´e´er´eTaloas.

STOMATOPODA Crustacea 8 ARTHROPODA II: Insects and Insect Allies

8.1 ARACHNIDS: l´uk´uk´ufene¯r Jumping spider. syn: Spiders, Scorpions, and nichem, tik´em? cf: niss´ar, Allies niss´arapw´ek´u. Nomwin. l´uk´u´uk´u´ufenech see: l´uk´u´uk´u´ufene¯r. fiik m´en´u Sarcoptes scabei Scabies mites; scabies. lit: seventy mw´a´atik A spider in holes on tree germs. trunks. see niss´ar´apw´ek´u. Dublon. inen ch´e´ukk´e Scorpion. syn: inen menn´ukam; inen m´ann´upong. nichem Spider, a jumping spider, in lit: mother of centipede. Wonip. particular the fairly obvious one with longitudinal stripes. syn: inen m´annupong Scorpion Ulul. ?tik´em; ?nichen. lit: chem, remember—if one of these spiders inen menn´ukam Scorpion. syn: jumps on a person, it is a sign inen m´annupong; inen ch´e´ukke; someone is remembering that per- ?menukkuk rues´opw. lit: kam, son. syn: nichen is a possible syn- night; menn´ukam, centipede. onym. Faichuk; Namone´as. Tol. k´u´unkonak Ticks, on dog; probably nimechekeeyang Scorpion. syn: inen any ectoparasite on a dog. lit: menn´ukam; inen ch´e´ukk´e, inen lice of dogs. Wonip. m´annupong. Winifei; F´e´up´e. k´u´unkow Ticks, on a carabao or ninnim1 A spider, not in houses; col- cow. ored, not brown; on trees. Web builder. [nitopw r´an, in contrast, litopwul´ar Spider. Namoluk. is a brown house spider, large, and Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 75

its molt is conspicuous.] This spider has been identified S. Namoneas. as similar: a funnel web-building member of the tarantula family, ninnim2 ? A spider, many colored, found under stones. web builder. (Elbert 1947). Wonip. niss´ar See niss´ar´apw´ek´u. A resident of Polle states that niss´ar is one nitopw r´an1 Other spiders (besides ghost and pw´ek´upw´ek´u another. jumping spiders). syn: spaiter. The spider is called niss´ar, and Polle; Faichuk. covers itself up with silk. Polle. nitopw r´an2 Spiders, brown house niss´ar´apw´ek´u A spider living on tree spiders, their molting (enik) is trunks; covers itself with a cloth- conspicuuous, as opposed to nin- like material made of silk. syn: nim, garden spiders, which are niss´ar; tikom; nichok; tik´em; bright colored. S. Namone´as. mw´a´atik. n´uk´umwee´ang Scorpion. F´on´o. [An interesting variation is seen in the names and cultural amplifica- spaiter Spiders, except jumping spi- tions of the spider niss´ar´apw´ek´u. ders. Borrowed from English. It is widely known as living in Polle. small holes on the trunks of trees, tik´em Tree spiders, see niss´ar´apw´ek´u. including breadfruit and coconut May also refer to jumping spiders? trees. It covers itself with tightly alt: tikom. Nama. woven silk, as a small, apparently nondescript cloth-like patch. tikom Tree spiders, see niss´ar´apw´ek´u. A large number of names alt: tik´em. Lukunor. are given for this spider— tiriniinn´a Spider web. see: t´ur´un niss´ar´apw´ek´u, niss´ar, niss´aff´en´u, ninnim; t´ur´uniinn´a. Variations of nichok, mw´a´atik, tik´em, and pronunciation are not clear. See tikom—from various speech com- t´ur´unninnim. munities. If this in itself is not very interesting (similar instances t´ur´unninnim Spider web; web of being seen in dozens of species of ninnim. See t´ur´uniinn´a. syn: plants and animals), in each of uuken ninnim. S. Namone´as. many communities, although the name differs, a song is associated t´ur´uniinn´a Spider web. see: t´ur´un with a child’s game involving the ninnim. Tol. spider. The song is sung while uuken ninnim Spider web; web of poking one’s fingers at tree trunk, ninnim. S. Namone´as. probing around near the spider’s hole, taunting the spider. The end uukuuk1 Spider web. Taloas. of the song is punctuated with a shout of glee, as one pokes his fin- ukuuk2 Spider silk, and not the web, ger into the hole of the spider, or which is called t´ur´uniinn´a. else peels off its web covering. Wonip.

SPIDERS and ALLIES Insects & Allied Arthropods 76 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

8.2 CHILOPODA: ni¨on¨uf “species somewhat larger Centipedes than sich´on.” see: ni´en´uf; liyenif; niy´en´uf. syn: sich´on; niy´en. (El- bert 1947). ch´e´ukk´e Centipede. hom: Acan- thaster plancii, only in Wonip. niy´en Millipedes, all types. syn: Wonip; F´os´on. sich´on; niy´en´uf; liyenif. ch´e´uk´e see: ch´e´ukk´e. Tol; Polle; Wonei. m´annupong Centipede. syn: menn´u- niy´en´uf Probably millipede. “A kam, nimennuk´o, ch´e´uk´e. Ulul. species of land worm. . . Sucks blood, turns skin red.” Millipedes menn´ukam Centipede. syn: ch´e´uk´e. do not suck blood, but they do F´e´up;S. Namoneas. spray a caustic red secretion. syn: nimennuk´o ? Centipede. (El- liyenif, niy´en, sich´on. (Gooden- bert 1947). “W. Lagoon.” ough & Sugita 1980).

niyon see: niy´en.

8.3 MYRIOPODA: sich´on Millipede, including several Millepedes types, both small and large. syn: niy´en;niy´en´uf. Namoneas; Taloas; Nomwin?; Nama?; F´on´o. There are several conspicuous mille- pedes in Chuuk Lagoon, including the giant millipede, more than 3” long, which sprays a caustic, red fluid, as well as a few smaller ones. The two most 8.4 INSECTA: common names encountered in the La- Insects goon are niy´en and sich´on; more gen- erally, a distinction does not seem to Several insects are named niffich, lif- be made between names of the differ- fich, liffi¯r, niffichimaas, liffichimaas, lif- ent types, however, there are indications fichiffichmaas, or niffichiffichimaas. Lit- that distinctions are made. erally, ffich means snap, or snip, so that liyenif Millipede. syn: niy´en´uf; ffich is the name for scissors. Liffichi- sich´on; niy´en. Pullap. maas means “the one that snaps at eyes,” referring to behavior of certain ni´en Check spelling. insects. Grasshoppers and certain bee- tles are among the insects named by this ni´enuf 1 Millipede. Ud´et. term. Niffich or niseffich is the name ni´en´uf 2 (Mistakenly suggested to be of leaf hoppers, signifying a snapping a worm) “species somewhat larger sound they make as the hop around on than sich´on,” which is in turn leaves. Niseffich means “the one that identified as a “species of black does not snap”; why it is a synonym of worm.” (Elbert 1947). niffich is unclear.

Insects & Allied Arthropods CHILOPODA: Centipedes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 77

achi “Bee.” According to them, this k´uenmas Pthiris pubis. Crab louse. comes from the Japanese hachi. see: k´u´umaas. (Elbert 1947). (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). k´u´ummas Pthiris pubis. Pubic lice, achi Wasp, including the large yellow crab lice, crabs. syn: kuenimmas. and black mud dauber; there is Wonip. also a black achi. see ukech. alt: ?aachi. Wonip. k´u´u1 Pediculus humanus. Body lice. hom: also the name of dolphins. chenin Said to be a mosquito stage. Wonip. Paata. k´u´u2 Halobates sp. Marine Water chunen1 Honey bee? Small, black, Strider. F´on´o. sting., make honey, nest in holes in coconut trees. Wonip; Tol. k´u´un´umaas Pthiris pubis Crab lice, pubic lice, crabs. (Goodenough & chunen2 “1. bee. 2. honey.” [“This Sugita 1980). meaning given by some speakers is disputed by others.”]. They k´u´uweich´en Mosquito larvae. “wig- also give achi (Japanese hachi) gler.” lit: “water lice.” see: and m´en´unchunen as names for wusekiich´en. Widespread; Paata. the bee. (Goodenough & Su- gita 1980). kuw see: k´u´u. Wonei. fenin nn´ong Eggs of larger dipteran l´e´eng An ant. see: n´ung, n´u´ung. flies. syn: fenin kiniso. lit: Ex- Nama. crement or “anal discharge” of the l´e´engil´e´eng General name for ants. fly. [This seems odd, since fly, Satawan. in Faichuk, is not nn´ong; however this word is known. Older people l´e´engil´e´engin lein peyel A big, brown may know nn´ong]. ant. lit: lein peyel, coconut husk Wonip; Polle; Tunnuk W´en´e. environment. Satawan.

feniin´ong see: fenin nn´ong. lich´e´enfetil Grasshopper. lit: grass- leaf one. Puluwat. hokulun muun ¿Chrysalis. lit: hokul, eggs—eggs of caterpillar. liffich A flying insect in the house. alt: sokkunun muun. Ulul. Black, up to .75 inch, probably a wasp. Said to “bite.” syn: possi- kakiros Brown cockroach. see: maan bly synonym of ukech. shaallap; meshal´ap; mech´onap; w´engiyiw; n´uk´us´o´otin. Wonip. liffichiffichimaas1 Grasshopper, etc., kiniso Fly, e.g. housefly. Wonip. including large ones. Nama.

koroongi Gryllotalpus sp. Mole liffichingng´ung Probably Armacia cricket. Tol; Widespread. clara. Described as a hard fly. syn: maneff´er; menemen; k´u see: k´u´u. m´en´um´en;mel´umel. Ettal.

INSECTS Insects & Allied Arthropods 78 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

lik´arak Insect, louse. Girschner maneff´er Probably Armacia clara. reports that “the natives use syn: menemen; lifichingng´ung; the word for louse (lik´arak) m´en´um´en;mel´umel. Muril´e. for all kinds of insects.” He gives alternate pronunciations mar´ukoch Cricket. Refers to Cicada from Pohnpeian and Mortlock- in some dialects. ese. [It is completely unfamiliar]. Nama; Nomwin? (Girschner 1911). Namoluk. meshal´ap All cockroaches. see: lipw´e´ek´upw´ek1 Butterfly. Pullap. maan shaalap. Nama.

lipw´ek´epw´ek2 smaller than a butter- mech´onap2 Cockroach, black, bad fly. Puluwat. smelling. (Elbert 1947). lip´ek´up´ek Butterfly. Nomwin. m´e´et´e Maggot. Tol. lisafichifich Halobates sp. Marine Water Strider. syn: nifichifich. m´e´ett´e´e see: m´e´et´e. Wonip. (Cheng 1981). mel´umel Armacia clara. [Two va- l´ongin merika Chrysomyza mega- rieties in Chuuk are distin- cephala. Large green blowflies. guished by wing morphology]. lit: American fly. syn: n´o´ongin syn: m´en´um´en; melemel; li- saamwon. Nomwin. fichigngn´ung; maneff´er; mene- men. Nama. l´o´ong2 Big black and white striped flies. Nomwin. menemen Armacia clara, two vari- eties in Chuuk. syn: man- l´o´ong General name for dipteran eff´er; lifichingng´ung; m´en´um´en; flies. Mortlocks; Nomwin. mel´umel. S´opuk Wen´e. maachang saamwol “Chief flies,” mennukkuk rues´opw Unknown. possibly both green and striped Probably either centipede or scor- large flies. Nama. pion, perhaps the latter. lit: “one machang saamwon One of the large which bites at both ends.” F´e´up. Dipteran flies. [Kr¨amer or Girschner may have listed this menukkuk1 Ants; perhaps a gen- name]. Nama. eral name, or inclusive of certain species. lit: biting animal. alt: maachchang Dipteran flies. This ?men´ukk´uk. Tol. word means bird in the lagoon. Nama; Nomwin. menukkuk2 A certain ant. Described as “like a mosquito, somewhat maan shaallap Cockroach. syn: large, light brown, big tail, round mechalap, which see. alt: maan stomach.” alt: ?men´ukk´uk. chaalap. Mw´och. Wonip.

Insects & Allied Arthropods INSECTS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 79

m´en´um´en Armacia clara [Two vari- it is wrong, in hopes of verifica- eties are in Chuuk] (Insecta: Ho- tion or disproof]. syn: nikkenin moptera). A story is told on Tol neeset; k´u´u. F´e´up. of this insect, concerning its habit of eating the best, freshest, ripe nichen Jumping spider, small. lit: fruits. syn: menemen; mel´umel. aa echeni kich. syn: nichem. Polle?; Wonip; Farr´e;F´os´on; Munien. F´e´up. m´en´unneepaain´u “Coconut leaf nifeefeech´on A large dragonfly. Iden- miner.” (Goodenough & Su- tify not verified. Said by one gita 1980). man NOT to be the one that is green and stays on grass. see: m´en´unrais “Rice weevil.” (Gooden- nign´u´ung´u and tempo. lit: “the ough & Sugita 1980). one that copulates with water.” mm´enus see: m´en´us. Wonip.

m´enus An ant, smaller than menu- niffich1 Largest black biting ant, very kkuk; they like sugar and copra; large jaws. syn: liffich; ukech. they bite. Wonip. Namoneas; Kuchuwa Taloas. mesenipik General name for scales and similar plant pests that are niffich2 Leaf hopper on ´oni sweet visible on trees as stuff. The stuff. taro. syn: niseffich. lit: may or may not refer to sleep in the eye. niffich3 Red (fire) ant. (Schreiner 1994). m´ett´e Maggot. Tol.

meetiin An unidentified wood boring niffichiffich Halobates sp. Marine Wa- insect. A man was flaming a ter Strider. syn: niseffichiffich. pole of Hibiscus tiliaceus for a ias (Cheng 1981). breadfruit picker, in order, as he said, to prevent this animal from niffichiffichimaas1 Large grasshop- quickly moving in. Wonip. per; preying mantis. lit: The one mun see: muun. that strikes the eyes. alt: liffichif- fichimaas. muun Larva, Caterpillar. Includes the very large large pupae (co- niffichiffichimaas2 A large black cer- coons) on an enggni (Pemphis ambycid beetle, longhorn beetle. acidula) tree at Continental Ho- lit: The one that strikes the eyes. tel. F´on´o. n´ak´at´a´at´an Halobates sp. Marine Water Strider. [Only one person niffichimaas1 A grasshopper. lit: reported this name; it is included, The one that strikes the eyes. even though many speakers say syn: niffichiffichimaas1 Wonip.

INSECTS Insects & Allied Arthropods 80 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 niffichimaas2 Large, black night- ningnger Pediculus humanus, when flying cerambycid (long-horn) first hatched. see: k´u´u;niwan´e. beetle. Found in rotting logs. Wonip; Farr´e. Possibly a synonym of the syn Palauan cheberdorid. lit: The ningurungurun Mole cricket. : one that strikes the eyes. syn: korongi. F´os´on. niffichiffichimaas2. F´on´o. ning´u´ung´u´u Dragonfly, red. Not the same as nifeefeech´on. Elder man niffichimaas3 A brown click beetle, has not seen this species at water, lit about 1” long. : The one that but in grass, and he has not seen strikes the eyes. Wonip. its larva. Not a damselfly. Easily captured. Wonip. niffichimas4 Mole cricket? (uncon- firmed). lit: The one that strikes nipisipis kk´on Butterfly. syn: ping- the eyes. (Schreiner 1994). k´e; nipwisipwis; lipw´e´ek´upw´ek; nisipwisipw. Namoneas. nikamwunumwun Moth. Tol. nipwei “Carpenter Bee.” nikasaamon see: n´uk´usaamwon. (Schreiner 1994). Black, probably a carpenter bee? see: n´uk´usaamwon. F´on´o; Wen´e. nipwisipwis Butterfly. Wonip?. syn nikasaamwon Boring, black insect. nis´a´as´a´anepwin Cicada. : see: n´uk´usaamwon. F´on´o; Wen´e. sorom´a; soromei; ?marukoch. F´on´o. nikeki fan Unknown (Schreiner 1994). niseefich Leaf hopper; pest on ´oni, syn nikken Mosquito. Also used for no- Alocasia sweet taro. : ppich. see-ums. Wonip. Chukien´u;F´e´up´e. niseffich Leaf hopper on ´oni sweet nikkenin neeset Halobates sp. Marine taro. Fefan. Water Strider. see: nisefichifich. niseffich Plant hopper (?) on ´oni nikos´o´otin see: n´uk´us´o´otin. sweet taro. Fefan. nik´ukk´utong An ant. Literally, niseffichiffich Halobates sp. Marine “hurting biter.” syn: ?m´enus. water strider. see: nikkenin see: menukkuk; n´u´ung, l´e´eng, neeset. alt: niseeffichiffich. m´en´us. Namone´as. nisiipwisiipw1 syn: pingk´e. Wonip. nik´ukk´utong An ant. Probably bit- nisipisip2 Butterfly. F´os´on. ing ant. Wen´e. nisipwisipw3 Butterfly. nik´uwenimmas Pthiris pubis Crab Tol; R´omanum. louse. (Goodenough & Su- gita 1980). nisoong1 Large black Cerambycid beetle, attracted to lights at night. nimunumun Caterpillar. F´os´on. syn: ?nisossong. Wonip.

Insects & Allied Arthropods INSECTS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 81

nisoong2 An insect, perhaps a moth, n´o´ongin saamwon Chrysomya mega- found on tunun (ginger). Wonip. cephala. Large green blow flies. syn: l´o´ongin merika. F´on´o. nisoong3 “a variety of large moth.” (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). n´uk´uk´utong An ant. see: men´ukkuk. see: ´ukech for ref. nisongong Large, black Cerambycid, (Elbert 1947). Long-horn beetle. Night-flying. syn: nifichimaas; nisoong. lit: n´uk´usamwon Carpenter bee? Leaf soong, angry. F´e´up. cutter? Bores into lumber. Of- ten seen after typhoons or storms. nis´orr´opw´ek´u see: nis´arr´apw´ek´u. Said not to bore in ´e´em´e´e or rekich trees. Stuffs leaves of simwet´a, the nitaaftaaf Large black beetle, per- flame tree (page 213) into niwowo haps the large black cerambycid, grass (Phragmites karka) until the long-horn, beetle. Doubtful. lumen is full. Reportedly seen Farr´e. carrying yellow stuff into holes in wood. Wonip; Polle. nitafam´ek´ur Stick insect. syn: nitafataf. lit: Hair Comb. n´uk´us´o´otin Unconfirmed. Black Munien. cockroach. Wonip. n´u´ung Ants. The smallest species, nitafataf The Stick Insect. syn: on dead animals, meat. syn: nitafam´ek´ur. alt: nitaafataaf. m´en´ukk´uk; m´en´us. This word is F´os´on; F´e´up. not used in Wonip Village. Tol.

nitukutukuniiyos2 Cocoon. Stays ooch´ap Dragonfly. Widely known. under banana leaves. [Bag- worms?]. Paata. oos Moth. Might be any night flier. alt: woos. see: nitukutuku nios. nit´u´uk´ut´u´uk´uniios1 Chrysalis, coc- [Jackson (1983) discusses deriva- coon. lit: package of the moth, tion of nios as probably derived oos. Farr´e. from the Spanish “dios,” god; note that os or oos mean a kind niwan´e Egg of lice Pediculus hu- of ghost, as well as the moth]. manus or crab lice Pthiris pubis. Namoluk. see: k´u´u;k´u´ummas; kuenimmas; ningner. Wonip; Farr´e. os see: oos.

nomwokk´uk Mosquito. pw´a´apw´a´an neeman An unidentified Kuttu; Nama. insect. lit: turtle of land. Wonip. n´o´ong Dipteran fly. syn: l´o´ong, paattaa Grasshopper. Wen´e. n´ong, kinis´o, machang. Cognate in Kiribati is nongo. pw´et´er see: pw´et´ur. (Elbert 1947).

n´omwokk´uk Mosquito. Namoluk. pw´et´ur Termite. Tol; Wonip.

INSECTS Insects & Allied Arthropods 82 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ppich A leaf hopper on ´oni sweet teempwo ?Anax sp., the largest drag- taro. A severe pest. syn: onfly. Said to be the Japanese niseefich. Parem. name for nifeefeech´on. However, it may literally be the name of pingk´e Butterflies. see: p´ungngk´e. Japanese Zero fighter planes. see: syn: nisiipwisiipw, ?nipisipis nifeefeech´on Wonip. kk´on. Wonip. tengng´u Culicoides cf. pelilouen- p´ungngk´e Butterfly. syn: lip´ek´up´ek; sis. Biting midges; no-see-ums; nisipwisipw. Nama. punkies.

r´e¯r´oro¯r Termite. syn: pw´et´ur. tengng´u Culicoides cf. pelilouensis. Puluwat. Biting midges; punkies; no-see- ums. Reported introduction salesia niiken Halobates sp. Marine within memory of living per- Water Strider. syn: nikkenin sons. Chuukese have a theory that neeset; k´u´u. cf: n´ak´at´a´at´an. Americans introduced tengng´u to drive the Japanese out of Chuuk. sefich Black ant “not snip, not bite.” Wonip. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). ukech1 The largest species of ant. sing Mysterious, unidentified, Large, black, huge jaws; forages minute biting insects of Satawan, on open ground. Nearly 1 cm. S. Mortlocks. They are said to be long. syn: niffich. F´os´on. much smaller than tengng´u, be- uk´ech Big, black biting ant. The low, and to be red. There is a head is taken off, but it still bites; local tale relating to why one side it is squeezed in the inner elbow of Satawan has these insects while as a game of daring. alt: ukech. the other is, according to the tale, Satawan. free of them. Satawan. ´ukech ? “Species of large ant, sisaata Honey bee. syn: ?chuunen. larger than n´uk´uk´utong.” (El- Sapuk Wen´e. bert 1947).

sorom´a Cicada. See note under uun Maggot. syn: m´ett´e. Polle. soromei. Wonip. uusekiich´en Undetermined, probably either a dragonfly larva or a syn soromei Cicada. : marukoch; mosquito stage (pupa?). alt: nis´a´as´a´anepwin. The Japanese wusekiich´en. authors who wrote the section in the Insects of Micronesia on w´engiyiw Possibly a name for black cicadas discuss local chuukese cockroach; said to be egg-shaped. knowledge of cicadas. Chuukese F´e´up. children were able to collect nu- wooch´ap see: ooch´ap. merous cicadas by clapping their hands about sunset. (Esaki & woos see: oos. (Goodenough & Su- Miyamoto 1975). F´on´o. gita 1980).

Insects & Allied Arthropods INSECTS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 83

wos Small moths. see: oos. (El- muun Caterpillar. bert 1947). ningnger Larva of body lice, Pedicu- see wukech : ukech. lus humanus, or crab lice, Pthiris wuun see: uun. pubis.

nit´uk´ut´uk´uniios Cocoon.

8.5 LIFE CYCLES niwan´e Egg of Pediculus humanus or Pthiris pubis.

fenin n´o´ong Fly egg. wuun Maggot. kuweich´en Mosquito larva; Wiggler. wusekiich´en Unknown, mosquito m´e´et´e Maggot. pupa or dragonfly larva.

Life Cycles Insects & Allied Arthropods 9 Phylum Echinodermata

9.1 GENERAL NAMES 9.2 ASTEROIDEA: Starfishes ch´en´ukken This name, which means akk´ung Culcita novaeguineae. Pin- “sea ghost,” is used for more than cushion Starfish. alt: ´ekk´ung; one echinoderm, including ophi- nikkar. Nomwin; Pullap; uroids, starfishes, and perhaps Namoluk; R´e´er´eTaloas. crinoids. arra Acanthaster planci. Crown of Thorns Starfish. syn: ch´e´ukk´e, arratol, arratong, r´a´aton; ´ar´aton. f´u´u Starfishes, sand dollars and sea Namoluk; Nomwin. lit biscuits. : star. Echinoderms arratol Acanthaster planci. Crown of have five-part symmetry; any of Thorns Starfish. ?Puluwat. them resembling stars are proba- bly referred to. Tol? arraton Acanthaster planci. Crown of Thorns Starfish. syn: arra, ch´ew´ukk´e, arratong; ´ar´aton; r´a´aton. Uman. f´u´unneeset see: f´u´u, above. lit: star of the sea. ´arr´aton Acanthaster planci. Crown of Thorns Starfish. Fefan. ´ar´aton! Acanthaster planci. Crown of Thorns Starfish. Farr´e. penipen Some people use this as a general name for sea cucumbers; arr´atong Acanthaster planci. Crown others do not. F´on´o. of Thorns Starfish. F´on´o. Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 85

´arr´atong Acanthaster planci. Crown nikkar Culcita novaeguineae. Pin- of Thorns Starfish. syn: arra, ar- cushion Starfish. syn: akk´ung; ratol, ch´e´ukk´e,r´a´aton. ´ekk´ung. lit: Several people have Chukien´uTol. said this refers to the many stones (“teeth”) inside. ch´en´ukken A starfish. One man ob- Wonip; F´e´up;Polle. served of a small starfish that it looks like ch´en´ukken, but is nip´epp´er´en´ut Identified as a blue smaller. Farr´e. starfish; certainly Linckia laeve- ch´e´ukk´e Acanthaster planci. Crown gata. lit: Probably means “the of Thorns Starfish. [This name is container of rain.” A God of Rain not widely known; it is the name (Goodenough & Sugita (1980) re- of Centipedes throughout outer porting Elbert (1947)). (Gooden- Faichuk, but its use as the name ough & Sugita 1980). of this starfish is less widespread.] syn: arra, ´ar´aton, arraton, arra- nip´ep´er´unut see: nip´epp´eren´ut. tong, r´a´aton. Wonip. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). ch´e´ukk´e´enneesit see: ch´e´ukk´e. Acanthaster planci. Crown of nip¨opp¨oren¨ut? see: nip´epp´ern´ut. Thorns Starfish. Wonip. (Elbert 1947).

´ekk´ung Culcita novaeguineae. Pin- niumip´are Identfied as a blue cushion Star. alt: akk´ung. syn: starfish, on Tsis. Undoubt- nikkar. Wonei. edly Linckia laevegata. syn: nip´epp´eren´ut. Tsis. er´a´aton Acanthaster planci. Crown of Thorns Starfish. [ch´e´uk´e is not used in F´os´on.] F´os´on. p´ung´unr´a´an1 Archaster typicus. Observed on the reef platform at f´u´ur´an Linckia laevigata. see: Wonip Village in a state of pseu- p´ung´unr´an. lit: “star of rain.” docopulation, which is unique, F´u´ur´a´an also is the name of among starfishes, to this species. Venus, meaning “star of morn- Said to be used in love potion. ing.” Wonei. Wonip. f´u´u Starfish. Also refers to sand dol- lars, for example, which has a p´ung´unr´a´an2 General referrence to star-pattern on its test. starfishes. syn: f´u. Wonip. f´u´unneeset Starfishes. lit: f´u´u, r´a´aton Acanthaster planci. Crown of star—star of the sea. Thorns Starfish. Wonei; Fefan. menn´ukkamin neeset Acanthaster plancii. Crown of Thorns Starfish. tongola Acanthaster planci. Crown Kuchuwa Taloas. of Thorns Starfish. Pullap.

ASTEROIDEA: Starfishes Echinoderms 86 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

9.3 OPHIUROIDEA: kuusei l´engil´eng Ophiuroids. Brittle Brittle Stars, Serpent stars; serpent stars. lit: k´u´us, oc- Stars topus the meaning of l´engil´eng is unknown. [But see Insects, as a general name for ants in the Mort- Ophiuroids—brittle starfishes (be- locks.] Namoluk; Losap. cause they are easily broken) or ser- pent starfishes—are, not surprisingly, kuusilengileng see: k´u´useil´engil´eng. not used as food. I have encountered very few names. All names have signifi- l´a´am Ophiuroids. Brittle stars; ser- cant meanings. In general there seem to pent stars. Nomwin. be certain categories: names that mean “sea ghost”; the same “house of rain” nippach Ophiuroids. Brittle stars; names as used for starfishes; and names serpent stars. lit: “octopus.” referring to octopus, after superficial re- Namoluk. semblance to those animals. One stu- dent insisted for months that there is an inedible octopus; eventually, it became clear she was referring to a brittle star. 9.4 ECHINOIDEA: an´unleesit Ophiuroids. Brittle stars; Sea Urchins and Allies serpent stars. lit: sea ghost, see ch´en´ukken. Namoluk. The name for Lionfishes, Family Scorpaenidae, is in some dialects related ch´enuken Ophiuroids. Brittle stars; to that of Diadema spp. sea urchins. serpent stars. Farr´e. R´a´aris´u´us´u, for example, means “swim- ch´en´ukken Ophiuroids. Brittle stars; ming sea urchin.” serpent stars. lit: sea ghost. char? Heterocentrotus sp. Slate Pen- syn: inen nippach; nippach; an´un cil Urchin. syn: lichar. alt: leesit; kuseil´engil´eng. The name ?chaar. R´e´er´eTaloas; Nomwin; ch´enukken may also refer to Polle; Wonip. crinoids or other echinoderms. Faichuk; Farr´e. farawa samwon Sea urchin, black, imwen uut! Ophiuroids. Brittle short spines. see: lipukal. stars; serpent stars. It was said Fanapanges. that if we kill it, it will rain. Ulul. f´en´umw ?Trypneustes sp. [“numwun inen nippach Ophiuroids. Brittle f´en´un” or “numwun w´on f´en´un.” stars; serpent stars. Namone´as. [F´en´umw?] is what hurts us, even if we don’t touch this sea urchin k´uhan ler´orh Ophiuroids. Brittle (it sheds Pedicellaria).] Taloas? stars; serpent stars. First iden- tified as an octopus that is not fonom1 Possibly Trypneustes sp. or eaten, and which does not change Toxopneustes sp. see: f´en´umw. color. Puluwat. Polle.

Echinoderms OPHIUROIDEA: Brittle Stars, Serpent Stars Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 87

fonom2 An unidentified sea urchin. puukaal A sea urchin. see: nipukan; syn?: nipukan; lipuk´al. nipukal; lipukal. Nomwin.

l´a´ar Diadema spp. syn: laar; r´a´ar; r´a´ar Diadema spp. syn: laar; l´a´ar; raar. Namoluk. raar. Faichuk.

laar1 Diadema spp. syn: r´a´ar, raar. raar Diadema spp. Pin Cushion see: lalaye; lipukal. Urchin. syn: l´a´ar; laar; r´a´ar. Nomwin; Puluwat; Namoluk. F´on´o; Uman; Taloas; Sapuk.

laar2 possibly an irregular urchin. r´aripwech Echinothrix sp. lit: white Nomwin. r´a´ar. Wonip.

lishar Heterocentrotus sp. Slate Pen- s´o´orowa Diadema sp. Described as cil Urchin. syn: char. alt: lichar. spiny. Fefan. Eaten. Nama; Namoluk. 9.4.1 IRREGULAR URCHINS: likitooro Toxopneustes sp. Sea Biscuits and Pullap; Tamatam. Sand Dollars lipukal A sea urchin. see: puukaal. Puluwat. Two groups of asymmetrical Echi- noidea are called “irregular sea manniw Pedicellaria shed by a cer- urchins”—the sand dollars and sea bis- tain black sea urchin, perhaps cuits. These organisms are not rare in Trypneustes sp. If this sea urchin Micronesia, but they are not important is held up-current, these pedicel- economically. The sea biscuits and sand laria, when shed, will drift to- dollars both may have poisonous spines, ward one, stinging painfully. see: but these are short, and not as spectac- puukal; nipukal; possibly fonom; ular as those of true sea urchins. f´en´umw; s´orowa; farawa samwon. Of several names for sand dollars, Nomwin. one class of names, with several vari- ants, refers to the play of skipping sand mw´och´on Mespilia globulus. Royal dollars on the surface of the (calm) Sea Urchin. Poisonous to step on. ocean (for example niterep´epp´ep, be- Wonip; Polle. low.) I don’t know how much these names reflect the love of the Chuukese nipukan A sea urchin, decorates it- for playing with words. I have found no self, has black pedicellaria that fall names for sea biscuits, other than per- off. Its test reportedly is used for haps f´u´u, star. handicrafts. syn: ?Fonom. Peniesenn´e. ´aterreppep Sand dollars. Taloas.

numwun f´en´um The pedicellaria that likatter´epp´ep Sand dollar. Tunnuk? are shed by a sea urchin, perhaps Trypneustes sp. syn: manniw. mesan pii Possibly sand dollars. Taloas. F´on´o.

ECHINOIDEA: Sea Urchins and Allies Echinoderms 88 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nikap´epp´ep Sand dollar. at which time it lives in a shallower Wen´e;Taloas. habitat; in Namoneas (Goodenough & Sugita 1980), apparently tomwun, nikaterrepp´ek Sand dollar. Tunnuk. which I have heard as a synonym of nisses Sand dollar. lit: ssis, skip (on penipen, is called ineuch, when larger. the surface). Wonip. The larger forms are found in deeper water; smaller individuals are found on niterep´epp´ep Sand dollar. Fefan. certain shallow reef platforms. A number of names for synaptid peppep Sand dollar. Wen´e. holothurians are also names of eels. Nis´opw´un´ukachaw, given as the name tereppep Sand dollar. of an eel in Wonip, is also mentioned Wen´e;Taloas. for synaptids. Chiw´at is the name of terreppep Sand dollar. a moray eel, but, on Nomwin, also the Wen´e;Taloas. name of synaptids. Synaptids may also be lumped with nemertean worms. Not terep´epp´ek Sand dollar. surprisingly, t´e´er, a sipunculid worm, Wen´e;Taloas. has been reported as a sea cucumber. More work is needed to catalog the terepp´op Sand dollar. Mwoch. names of sea cucumbers.

9.4.2 Problematical Sea Urchin apaar Holothuria edulis. Fefan. Names ´appirrekkich Actinopyga mauritiana. syn: ´asseya. Edible. [Unknown lalaye A sea urchin, said to have long source.] spines. [Possibly not a sea urchin, but the Lionfishes, see F. Scor- assea Presumably Actinopyga mauri- paenidae.] Puluwat. tiana. var: ´assea. Sapuk.

´assea Actinopyga mauritiana. syn: ´appirrekkich. [assea in Sapuk, but 9.5 SEA CUCUMBERS: ´assea in Mwmw´an.] Edible. F´on´o, Mwmw´an, Uman. Holothuroidea aseng´ur var: ass´ung´ur. (Gooden- One locally important Holothurian, ough & Sugita 1980). apparently an undescribed Stichopus aseeya Unidentified sea cucumber. species, has distinctly different names Nomwin. for small or large individuals in both Namoneas and Faichuk, though the asseya see: assea, ´asseya. (Gooden- names are different in those regions. It ough & Sugita 1980). is not certain whether the size classes correspond between these two regions. ass´ung´ur1 Soft and long sea cucum- In Faichuk, at least on Tol and Polle, ber. syn: sikket. alt: ?assung´ur. penipen is called pwurrek when smaller, Wonei; Faichuk.

Echinoderms SEA CUCUMBERS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 89

´assung´ur2 An unknown sea cucum- entaapi syn: pwoopwoo, t´e´et´a. A ber; under Halimeda opuntia species said to have been intro- patches. Also said to be under duced to Chuuk by a Japanese stones, like t´e´ef´e´e. Edible; cleaned business named Entaapi, after until white and eaten, raw. which the name of the organism. Wonip. Polle?

´as´ung´ur cf. Holothuria impatiens. f´e´upwech A sea cucumber. Coral Gleaned under edges of Halimeda Reef Research Foundation speci- opuntia patches. This is an inci- men number OCDN 0302-M. dental catch when when search- Paata. ing for nimenger. lit: ?Chewy, f´u´uf´u see: nif´u´uf´u. Wonip. crunchy, gristly. Wonip. inen ´attin A small, cream or white, chiw´at Synaptid holothurians. See 1 slender ( 4 ”), smooth holothurian also the eel by this name, with the clam ´attin, see page 52. page 100. alt: ch´uw´at. Nomwin. In sand above the watermark at low tide. F´on´o. echcherewe Known from Namoluk (conflicts with report of inen pinik A sea cucumber. Long echerewei2, below). Namoluk. and soft, it is found under the dock at Farr´eVillage, Tol. See the echeerewe see: echerewei. (Gooden- bivalve pinik, page 56. Farr´e. ough & Sugita 1980). ineuch see: inowuch. (Elbert 1947). echerewei1 Holothuria leucospilota and possibly another long black inouch see: inowuch. cf lit species. : soporang. : from inowuch Said to be a name for large the difficulty of getting it out from tomwun, which see. cf: penipen; under rocks: there is something pwurrek. var: inewuch (Good- like a chant to say when pulling enough & Sugita 1980). An- on it: echerewe weiti a. See also other, uncertain, report seems to echiurian worms, page 37. suggest this is the smaller species Faichuk. Actinopyges echinites. (Gooden- ough & Sugita 1980). echerewei2 It was said there are two kinds: 1. with red tentacles, found kunnumma A large, red, papillate near rivers, and 2. with yellow ten- sea cucumber. syn: penikaappar. tacles, around big islands, includ- F´on´o. ing near Sapuk. Said not to be found on outer islands. liseliselin waan Eyol Synaptid holo- Sapuk, Wen´e. thurian. [This was also given as the name of an eel; so was echerewei3 A highly doubtful report nis´opwolopwol, a synonyn for this suggests this as a name for species.] lit: painter on canoe of Holothuria edulis. Wonip. Eyol, a mythic character. syn:

SEA CUCUMBERS Echinoderms 90 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nis´emwanion; seliselin waaniol. niff´ek´e Stichopus chloronotus. syn: Namoluk. nik´eff´eu. [This speaker switched back and forth between these two lis´opwolopwol Synaptid holothurian. forms.] Fefan. syn: nis´emwanion; liseliselin waan Eyol; selisel waaniol, which see. nif´en1 Stichopus horrens. The in- Namoluk. testines are eaten raw. [Sticho- pus horrens has at least two differ- meich´e´en1 Actinopyga mauritiana. ent names, nif´en and pwurek (or syn: ´assea. Polle. possibly p´urek, or pwurrek). This sea cucumber is eaten, but only meich´e´en2 An undetermined sea cu- the guts, which are eaten raw, on cumber: described as brown, al- the fishing grounds. Pwurrek is most like a ball, to be found on also the name of the smaller sized the reef. May suggest Actinopyga penipen, in Polle and Wonip. In sp. Farr´e. some villages, pwurrek has a third meironap An undetermined sea cu- meaning—the guts of Stichopus syn cumber. It is said to be inedible, horrens.] : nif´u´uf´u;pwurrek. perhaps poisonous. Described as Outer Faichuk; (Goodenough & almost white; in sand. Farr´e. Sugita 1980); Polle.

nif´en2 Questionably Stichopus meisin Holothuria (Microthele) ax- chloronotus. Wonip. iologa. No cuverian tubules. Somewhat similar to Bohadschia nifooto Stichopus chloronotus. Used marmorata, pinik (Wonip), and to chase octopus out of its hole. referred to as pwiin pinik, sibling Farr´e. of pinik. A favored food species. syn: pwoopwo. Wonip; Wonei. nif´uf´u1 Unknown sea cucumber, de- scribed as almost white, seen un- mw´ochchup An unidentified holo- der stones. Farr´e. thurian, none on F´on´o. Said to be found on the big reef, very hard, nif´u´uf´u2 Stichopus horrens. Found blackish. syn: ?mwichch´en. “f´an chia” (near on “under” man- Tunnuk, Wen´e. groves.) None in F´anaas, but there is on Polle side. The body nifanan Stichopus chloronotus. Ined- is said not to be eaten, only the ible; used in octopus fishing. guts. syn: pwurr´ek. Wonip. [The similarity is noted between nifanan and nif´en; also some nika An unidentified sea cucumber, speakers reported nif´en to be S. possibly a rather large red papil- chloronotus.] late species. Sapuk, Wen´e. Wonip; Uman; Wonei. nikaach Holothuria (Thymiosycia) nifanang Variant of nifanan. impatiens; H. (Th.) hille. Edi- N´omoneas. (Goodenough & ble. Elbert (1947) indicates this Sugita 1980). may be synonym of n´uk´e. F´on´o.

Echinoderms SEA CUCUMBERS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 91 nikach ? see: nikaach. (El- nimuumuukemei Synaptid holothuri- bert 1947). ans. F´os´on; Wen´e. nik´eff´e´u Stichopus chloronotus. syn: nimwumwukom´ai! Synaptid holo- niff´ek´e, which see. Fefan. thurians. Fefan; Wonei. niketeppar Holothuria edulis. See nimwuumwuukonei Synaptid holo- also the bird by apparently the thurians. ?R´omanum. same name, page 180. Polle. ninuunuukeme Synaptid holothuri- nikimekim Unknown sea cucumber, ans. alt: nin´un´ukeme. Wonip. described as black, found under stones. Farr´e. nipparappar Holothuria (Holodeima) nikukemei Synaptid holothurians. edulis. syn: penipen mii ppar; Polle; Wonei. penich´ol3. Edible. F´on´o. nik´u´uk´u´ukeme Synaptid holothur- nipooit1 Black, similar to echerewei, ian. Polle. but nipooit is found on reef islets, is soft, and has red tentacles; nimenger2 Unidentified sea cucum- echerewei is rubbery and tough, ber. Under stones. Like t´e´ef´e´e. has yellowish tentacles, and is Cleaned until white, then eaten found on the reef platform at raw. Wonei. Wonip. Wonip. nimenger An unidentified sea cucum- nipooit2 Doubtful. Red, long, tough, ber. Small; under Halimeda op- papillate sea cucumber. see: untia patches; tough. Bumpy penikappar; kunnumma. Polle. (taraff´e´uff´e´uw´on); has very sticky Cuvierian tubules. Eaten: two are nisannawa Synaptid holothurian. rubbed together, and eaten, un- Inedible. Rowe & Doty (1977, like penik, which has to be really pl. 8efgh), all synaptids. syn: scraped well. Wonip. senisen, chiw´at, nimumukemei. F´on´o; Tunnuk; Peniasene. nimesetin1 Unknown sea cucumber, described as blackish with small nis´emwanion Synaptid holothurians. dots or spots on it. Farr´e. [Perhaps derived from liseliselin nimesetin2 Unconfirmed. Bohad- w´a´an Eyol] Uman. schia argus. [In Wonip this was mentioned as the name of a Pearl nisenisen kemei Synaptid holothuri- Fish, see page 106.] Polle. ans. F´e´up. nimumukeme Synaptid holothurians. nis´opw´un´ukachaw Synaptid holo- alt: nimuumuukeme. Wonip. thurians. syn: nimuumuukeme. Wonip. nimuumuukeme Synaptid holothur- ian. syn: Nis´opw´un´ukachaw. nitekappar Holothuria edulis. see: Faichuk; Wonip. niketeppar.

SEA CUCUMBERS Echinoderms 92 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

n´uk´e Unidentified sea cucumber. El- penich´on2 Holothuria (Halodeima) bert indicates nikach may be a atra. See also nipparapar. Polle. synonym. see: nikaach. (El- bert 1947). penich´on3 Holothuria edulis. syn: nipparappar; nitekappar. F´on´o. nukuchani Unknown sea cucumber, described as yellow, found under penif´u Bohadschia argus. Edible. stones. Farr´e. penik1 Bohadschia marmorata. Has nukkum Holothuria leucospilota. cuverian tubules; Eaten. see: “Like s´opworrang, but black.” penikappach. Wonip; Polle. Tentacles also black. F´on´o. penik2 Bohadschia argus; B. mar- pan pw´eles Unidentified sea cucum- morata. F´on´o. bers. Have Cuverian tubules. There are two types: one is possi- penik3 A different species is known bly Bohadschia marmorata, from by this name on Namoluk than in Rowe & Doty (1977, pl. 6g,h), Northern Namoneas. Namoluk. and a second, Holothuria (Cysti- pus) rigida., from Rowe & Doty penik4 ? A large yellow sea cucum- (1977, pl. 7f). Uman. ber, with Cuverian tubules. (El- bert 1947). peni- Sea cucumber, in compounds only. (Goodenough & Su- penik5 see: Problematical holothuri- gita 1980). ans, page 94. penich´ol see: penich´on. penikappach Possibly Bohadschia Outer Islands. marmorata. Another source also indicated Labidodesmas pertinax. penich´on1 Means “black sea cucum- Eaten. It may have been insin- ber”; the name is widespread. uated that its nickname is penik. One speaker from Parem indi- lit: appach, cuverian tubules (ad- cated three kinds of penich´on, hesive). Tunnuk, Wen´e. specifically; they do not in- clude echcherewe (H. leucospi- penikappar A red species, not veri- lota), which is black. 1. The first fied. see: kunnumma. F´on´o. we can scrape the skin and eat; it is shallow. Possibly Holothuria penikin mwuuto syn: unuff´e´u, etc. atra. 2. “Long, has things like tentacles all over it”— Stichopus penik¨o Unknown. (Elbert 1947). chloronotus, used in octopus hunt- ing; 3. Holothuria edulis—pink on penimwarrang Stichopus chlorono- one side. There was a specific tus. Inedible; can be used to in- use for this one as well. alt: duce octopus and fishes to leave penich´on. Parem [the name is thier holes. lit: mwarrangarrang, known on outer islands; perhaps branchy. syn: nifanan. ubiquitous.] F´on´o; also known from Namoluk.

Echinoderms SEA CUCUMBERS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 93

penipen1 General name, in some pwurrek2 Small penipen, on the sea places or for some people, for sea grass flat (full grown individuals cucumbers. are found in deeper water, in nein ff´e´urupw). Wonip; Polle. penipen2 An unidentified, large, hard, yellow, deeply creased cu- pwurrek3 syn: nif´en;nif´u´uf´u. cumber, with lines and pattern. Color variable, can be darker pwurrek4 In some communities it mauve or brighter yellow. No may mean intestines of Stichopus cuverian tubules. When small, horrens. Wonip Villagers refer to this sea cucumber as purrek. When large pur¨ok ? see: pwurr´ek. (El- (penipen) it is found in the boul- bert 1947). der coral (Porites) zone; when see small (purek) it is found on the saporang : soporong. reef flat. see: purrek2, when selisel waanniol Synaptid Holothuri- small. Eaten. Purrek/pwurrek ans. lit: painter of Eol’s canoe are said to be more tender. De- (waan Eol). Namoluk. mands extended cooking. Wonip. selisel Synaptid holothurians. syn: selisel waanniol; nisannawa. penipen3 Holothuria (Microthele) axi- Namoluk; Losap. ologa. Polle. selisel see: senisen. penipen4 Actinopyga echinites. Uman. settimw´u Said to be like penik, but 6-8” long. alt: ?settimu. penipen5 This is the family, gen- eral higher taxon on Namoluk, R´e´er´eTaloas. but perhaps not on Uman. [In ssikket1 An unknown sea cucumber, Faichuk, penipen is for sure a spe- described as staying under stones, cific species, but perhaps also the brown and white, not more than family name.] Namoluk. finger long. It has been mentioned p´onn´o´on Undetermined sea cucum- by a woman of Fefan together ber, described as brown, on the with t´e´er (a sipunculid worm in reef. Farr´e. Faichuk, see page 38, but uncer- tain for Fefan), and nief, perhaps pw´o´on´on see: p´onn´o´on. This may be another worm. Fefan. the better occurrence. Wonip. ssiket2 Unknown sea cucum- pwoopwo syn: meisin; entaapi; t´e´et´a. ber. Tentatively identified as Paata; Wonei. Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) per- vicax and/or Chirodota rigida. pwurrek1 Stichopus horrens. In- Edible. F´on´o. testines are eaten. syn: nif´en; nif´u´uf´u. F´on´o; Taloas; Uman. sikket syn: ass´ung´ur. F´on´o.

SEA CUCUMBERS Echinoderms 94 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

soporang2 A doubtful identification tomun see: tomwun. Elbert as a synaptid, a synonym of (1947) gives the synonym ineuch chiw´at. Nomwin. (page 89). (Elbert 1947).

soporang Probably Holothuria leu- t¨or See the sipunculid worm t´e´er, cospilota, and possibly at least one page 38. Although glossed as a sea cucumber, it certainly is not. other species. see: echerewei1. Sapuk, Wen´e. (Elbert 1947). uchchaa A huge sea cucumber, up to soporrang Doubtful. One of three 2.5’ long, brown. Nomwin. Bohadschia marmoratus of vari- ous types. cf: penik, appach. ´uniff´e´u Unidentified; perhaps more Wen´e. than one species. Mentioned were Bohadschia graeffei and Bo- s´opworrang see: soporang. hadschia argus. alt: ´un´uf´e´u, winiff´e´u. This sea cucumber has t´e´ef´e An unidentified sea cucumber, pearlfishes, see page 106. Wonip. about 6–8” long, white. Has cu- ´un´uff´e´u Unidentified sea cucumber, verian tubules. Said to be some- circles on surface; has Cuverian what brown and white. Also said tubules. syn: penikin mwuuto. to be like pwoopwo. Wonip. Wonei; F´e´up´e;Farr´e. weiweiu Holothuria leucospilota. t´e´et´a Bohadschia marmoratus. syn: syn: echerewei. lit: “pull it out”; entaapi, pwoopwo. Polle. see echerewei1. Wonip. tomwun1 Stichopus sp. Large sea winiff´e´u A sea cucumber; has pearl- cucumber, brown to yellow with fishes. Wonip; Polle. reticulated pattern. syn: penipen, purrek. Goodenough & Sugita 9.5.1 Problematical Names (1980) and Elbert (1947) sug- gested that larger specimens are appach Doubtful. One of three named inouch. R´e´er´eTaloas. names given for Bohadschia mar- moratus of various types. cf: tomwun2 Unverified, uncertain. Act- penik; sopporrang. Wen´e. inpyga echinites. Wen´e[A similar identi- nip´e´enn´e´e An unidentified sea cu- fication was given from F´on´o, but cumber. Black skin, longer than included other species.] a foot. Red meat, no tentacles. Tunnuk, Wen´e. tomwun3 Holthuria (Microthele) axi- ologa. Identified from (Rowe & penik It was claimed that there are Doty 1977, pl. 7c). Uman. three names for Bohadschia mar- moratus of various types: penik, tomwun4 This name is known from appach, sopporrang. Doubtful, Namoluk. Namoluk. but compelling if true. Wen´e.

Echinoderms SEA CUCUMBERS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 95

9.5.2 Holothurian tarran Guts of. . . “tarran penipen,” Terminology guts of penipen. syn: ´aff´an. Wonip. -mw´u´u Counting classifier for sea cu- cumber or piece of feces. e.g. emw´u, r´uw´emw´u,. . . , one sea cucumber, two sea cucumbers, 9.6 CRINOIDEA: . . . (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). Feather Stars ´aff´an Guts. syn: tarr-an. F´on´o. appach Cuverian Tubules. ch´en´ukken Crinoid. Wonei.

CRINOIDS: Feather Stars Echinoderms 10 Fishes

In this chapter, fishes are listed 10.1 GENERAL NAMES mainly by family. The modified phy- AND HIGHER TAXA logenetic order that is used follows, for the most part, that of Myers, in Mi- cronesian Reef Fishes (Myers 1991). Some very brief and very prelimi- The families of certain groups have been nary notes are included; much more ef- lumped into single categories; this has fort is needed; this list does not even been done for categories Sharks and make up a compilation of prominent Rays; Eels; Baitfishes; and Flatfishes. categories. Some worthwhile informa- tion can be found in Akimichi & Sou- chomal (1982) and the English language abstract of Akimichi (1981); there seem to be significant differences in these gen- eral categories between various dialects; Names have been most usually more research is needed. elicited using photographs and drawings from books. Fortunately, many species ffei Sting rays. [Ffei is the correct of reef fishes can be readily identified on name of stingrays in Sapuk Vil- basis of external coloration; thus sev- lage, Wen´e,but sik´ach, which see, eral general scientific treatises on reef is the correct term in Mwmw´an fishes feature color photographs. Two Village, Wen´e.] Specific species books that have been relied upon con- include ffeienap; ffeiep´uk; ffeini- sistently in the current work have been faro; nis´ukuuch. See Elasmo- Fishes of Coastal Southern Japan (Ma- branchs, page 98. Sapuk, Wen´e. suda, Araga & Yoshino 1975) and Mi- cronesian Reef Fishes (Myers 1991); a iik General name for fish. number of other sources were also im- portant. iikeenoch1 Literally “reef fish,” but Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 97

usually used to mean parrotfishes. but may have a wider generality. A marketplace term. lit: reef fish. Nech´e´ech´eTol. ikaaraw Parrotfishes, family Scari- ikengngaw “Bad fish.” In reference dae, including for example ´a´ar, especially, but not exclusively, to chamochuk, ukuch´e. Blue colored toxic species. fishes. Uman. ikeninnis Any fish with (poisonous) ike´e´ech “Good fish.” See Akimichi & spines. Includes Siganidae. syn: Souchomal (1982). ikeff´en; ikeinin. lit: nis, smart, burn, sting. (Goodenough & Su- ikeff´en Category: fish with spines. gita 1980). May refer especially to rabbit- fishes, F. Siganidae, but perhaps ikenoch2 Parrotfishes, family Scari- any spiny fish. e.g.: mw´e´en; dae. s´arra; umwun´e;sipor. mw´e´en May be a higher category in- ikeff´en A general name including cluding sarra, k´uffen. Wonei. fishes with spines; in particular, rabbitfishes, “spiny fishes.” lit: moson May be a general name for all ff´en, spine. Wonei? Apogonids, or may be even more general. see: ikenen p´unop´un. ikeinin Rabbitfishes. Refers to F´e´up? spines. Wonip. nain Eyol Any yellow fish. It is ikeinin see: Siganidae, page 160. recognized there are infrequent anomalous yellow individuals, of ikekkar [As a higher taxon.] Includes various species of fish. See a color sewi; pweli-pwel´a; sewiy´a´aw; photograph of a yellow Epibu- ukuchaap (Masuda, Araga & Yo- lus insidiator in Myers (1991). shino 1975, pl. 42, 43, 44, There may also be a single yellow 45). May also include oropwin mwoch, page 157, Ctenochaetus and k´un´uf´ew´u. Namoluk. striatus, or other species, out of iken mataw Category. “Ocean fish.” thousands, or hundreds of thou- e.g.: angarap; saraw; toku; ´anees; sands, of individuals. lit: Child pw´e´ur; essinnew. of Eyol. Puluwat. iken mataw Ocean fish. pwuupw Family name for trigger- fishes, of which there are a num- iken ooch Category. “Reef fish”; ber of species. Nomwin.

included fishes that eat corals. ! e.g.: nuunu; pwuupw. Fami- tiin1 Small, immature, of any fish. lies: maaraw; ´a´ar; ´a´apwo; niik´ong; For example, tiin ukuch´e, tiin siwu; nittik; nuunu. Uman. fitichu, tiin nipwisik, tiin umwul´e, tiin fit´a, tiin toom. When used of ikenen p´unop´un Was referred per- people, on Tol, tiin mw´an, for ex- haps to moson, which see, as per- ample, means “trying to act like haps a synonymous general name, a man, but not yet fully grown.”

General Names Fishes 98 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

see: til- ffein nifaro Aetobatus narinari Eagle Chukien´u;Wonip; Faichuk. Ray. see: nifaro. F´e´up. tiin2 In a general sense, a very small ffeiyanap A specific ray, unidentified. fish. Largest example would be F´e´up. hand length. Puluwat. ir´apenges This or a similar name til– (tin-) A prefix meaning small, is used for Hammerhead Sharks. in fish names. An exception is lit: crucifix, cross, athwart, per- tinipwu. see: tinipwer; tinimwer; pendicular. tinin umwul´e;tiniw´op or t´ul´uwap. See Alkire’s wordlist (n.d.), for kolaali Carcharhinus melanopterus Woleai and Satawal. Namoluk. Reef Blacktip Shark. syn: ochaali. Pullap.

lifaaro Eagle Ray. see: nifaro. 10.2 ELASMOBRANCHS: Sharks and Rays liimwei1 Blacktip Shark; small; felt to be very dangerous. Pullap. doap Hammerhead Shark. (Hodg- liimwei2 A shark, unidentified. son 1978). Fais. Nomwin. f´ar´ayap “Manta, devilfish.” see: limwa¯rpaap An unidentified shark. f´ari´ap. (Goodenough & Su- Pullap. gita 1980). fariap (Elbert 1947). limilim Manta sp. Manta Ray. syn: ninumunum; nifinifin tounomw. fariap Manta cf. alfredi Manta Ray. Pullap; Nomwin. f´ari´ap Probably Manta cf. alfredi. lipa´upwe¯r Triaenodon obesus Reef Namoluk. Whitetip Shark; probably also ffei Stingray, general name. syn: Oceanic Whitetip Sharks. alt: sik´ach Various species are named, nip´e´upwech. Pullap. in particular, ffeianap; ffeinifaro; ffei´ep´uk. [Ffei is the correct lir´e´er´e´eff´e´u1 Thresher Shark or Nurse name of stingrays in Sapuk Wen´e, Shark. Outer Islands. but sik´ach is the correct term in Mwmw´an Wen´e.] lir´e´er´eff´e´u2 ?Thresher Shark. Nama. Namoneas; Outer Islands? m´achew1 Stingray. Nomwin. ffeianap A species or type of stingray, possibly the Giant Reef Ray, Tae- m´achew2 Barb of stingray. niura melanospilos. Nomwin. F´os´on; Wonip. metea Urogymnus asperrimus The ffeiap´uk An unidentified sting ray. Porcupine Ray. Wonip.

Fishes ELASMOBRANCHS: Sharks and Rays Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 99

nifaro Aetobatus narinari Eagle Ray. this with nis´ukuch. syn: nimwaken; ffei nifaro. Nifaro F´e´up;Wonip. is the name of a bird, also, see page 179. Widespread. nis´ukuch Probably a “feather tail” stingray. lit: “the one with a ba- nifinifin see: nifinifin toun´om. nana leaf tail,” after streamer-fins F´e´up´e. on its tail. Contrast nis´ukfitaw. F´e´up;Wonip. nifinifin toun´om2 Manta cf. alfredi Manta Ray. lit: toun´om, ochaali Uncertain. A reef shark, ei- mosquito net. Probably includes ther black tip or white tip. syn: both ninumunum and nifinifin. kolaali. Nomwin. Nifinifin is believed to have octo- oul´angi Hammerhead Shark. lit: pus like suckers, to chase and grab this is the name of a pickaxe or syn fishermen. : F´ari´ap. mattock. Nomwin. F´e´up´e;Nomwin; Wonip Tol. paaw Shark, general name. ninget Barb of sting ray. syn: m´achew. Wonip. p´a´aw´unlel´e´el´e´e Reef Sharks, gener- ally. Pullap. nimwaken Aetobatus narinari Eagle Ray. syn: nifaro; ffei nifaro. p´a´aw´unleemataw Ocean shark; eats Wonip. people. Includes the Whale Shark (which may have no distinctive ninumunum Manta sp. Manta Ray. name). Pullap. see: nifinifin toun´om2. syn: lim- ilim. lit: nuumi, fold. alt: p´e¯raw Shark, general name. syn; ?ninumwunumw. p´echaw; p´ok´o; paaw. F´e´up´e;S´opuk Wen´e;Wonip? Nomwin; Ulul. peschau Shark. Namoluk. nip´e´upwech A white tip shark. lit: one with white arms. syn: p´eshaaw Shark, general name. syn: lipa´upwe¯r. Farr´e. p´ok´o. Mortlocks. nir´e´er´e´eff´e´u Nebrius concolor Nurse p´ok´o Shark, general name in the la- Shark. syn: p´o´op. goon. alt: ?pok´o. Wonip; Taloas. Chuuk Lagoon. nir¨or¨ofa¨u “Thresher Shark.” see: p´ok´on ooch Blacktip Shark; proba- nir´e´er´eff´e´u. (Elbert 1947). bly any reef shark. lit: “reef shark.” alt: pok´o´on ooch. nis´ukfitaw A stingray. lit: “one Kuchuwa Taloas. with a tail like the leaves of the plant Merremia peltata, fitaw,” p´ok´o´on iik Reef shark. Lagoon. apparently because the leaf of p´ok´o´on nen´een´e reef shark. Farr´e. fitaw has a long stem (petiole), like the tail of this stingray, which p´o´op1 Nebrius ferrugineus Nurse has no finlets on the tail. Contrast Shark.

ELASMOBRANCHS: Sharks and Rays Fishes 100 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

p´o´op2 Unidentified shark. Pullap. ´uk´un Caudal fin of a shark; tail of a ray. Polle. poub Triaenodon sp. Whitetip Shark. (Hodgson 1978). Fais. m´achew Barb, on tail of sting ray. pougle uch An unidentified grey Nomwin. species of shark. lit: uch may be reef. (Hodgson 1978). Fais.

¯romwolomwul Isistius brasiliensis 10.3 EELS Cookie Cutter Shark. Puluwat. sik´ach! Stingray, general name. Sev- asapw´on Myrichthys colubrinus. eral kinds of sik´ach have been syn: seiwa (also on Taloas). identified, including sik´achin Taloas. n´uk´un chia; nifaro; ffeianap; ffeiap´uk; nis´ukuuch; nis´ukfitaw. ´aserapw´ow1 Identified as being in the Even nifinifin was brought up. family of niseningening, but yel- syn : ffei. Compare with ffei, in low. There may be several kinds Sapuk Wen´e. Wonip; Mechitiw. on Tol. F´e´up´e. sik´ach n´uk´unchia syn: nis´uk uuch (above). It is the skin of this ´aserepw´ow2 An eel or eels. Three ray that is used as an abrasive, were mentioned together as eels: like sandpaper. The skin must be ´aserepw´ow, niseningening, and se- carefully removed while the ray is waan´u. F´os´on. fresh. atoomei syn: seiwaan´u, which see. Wonip; also known in F´e´up. lit: breadfruit summoning magi- sik´achin n´uk´unchia A type of sting- cian, to whom these eels are sa- ray; contrasted with nifaro, Eagle cred. F´e´up. Ray. see: sik´ach1. Wonip. ch´en´epwech A white eel, spotted, tonokkar Although this may be the about or less than about 2 ft. name of a mullet, it was felt by at On the reef margin, a´un´u, under least one man to be the name of a stones, in holes. At low tide, they blacktip shark. swim around on the reef in pools. uunaat An unidentified shark. They die if there is an excessively Mortlocks. low tide. F´on´o.

ch´uwat1 Identified with a photo- 10.2.1 Elasmobranchs: Misc. Vo- graph of Gymnothorax kikado, a cabulary. large, brown mottled moray eel. syn: nopwut. Losap. ningnget Barb, on tail of sting ray. Wonip. chiwat2 Moray eel, large, almost yel- low. See also synaptid holothuri- tonan Dorsal fin. Polle. ans, page 89. Nomwin.

Fishes EELS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 101

? chiw´at3 A large moray eel. When limwaramwar fainipw´ul An eel, per- smaller, it is called lopwut. haps the Banded Snake Eel, Muril´e. Myrichthys colubrinus. Seiwaan´u was said to be something else, ch´uw´at4 A large brown moray eel. possibly a thicker bodied larger syn: lowputan mw´e´emwmw´e´eng´e, brown, earred eel, observed sev- turrapon. see: lapwot. eral times on the reef platform at Kuttu; Satawan. Wonip. Puluwat. chiwet5 An eel, identified as white, with ears. syn: sewaan´u. F´on´o. liselingeling see: niseningening. Nama. chuw´at see: chiw´at. lis´opwolopwol Possibly Myrichthys see ch´uw´at : chiw´at. colubrinus. lit: pw´olopw´ol may f´e´ef´e´enwaan Eol An eel. see: refer to its coloration. see: f´ef´en lis´opw´ol´opw´ol. lit: painter of the waan Eol. alt: ?lis´opw´ol´opw´ol. canoe of Eol. Namoluk. Namoluk. heewaaniw Tentatively identified as lis´opw´ol´opw´ol see: lis´opwolopwol. Myrichthys colubrinus; possibly another snake eel, or a complex of lopwut moray eel, general name. eels. syn: ‘hewaan´u, which see. There are a few morays with spe- Pullap. cific names. Nomwin. houfeng Possibly Myrichthys colubri- lopwut seni f´e´utong Unidentified eel, nus. syn: ?sewan´u. This identi- possibly a moray. lit: “eel from fication contrasts with identifica- fire coral,” Millepora spp. tions received for souef´eng. The name of a clan on Pullap. Pullap. lopwutan mwmw´e´emwmw´eng A spe- cific moray eel, the name means howaaniw Probably a snake eel. see: “edible moray eel.” syn: chiw´at heewaan´u. Pullap. Nomwin. ik¨ur See page 106 Identified as m´aripi An unidentified kind of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus. (El- (moray?) eel, white, in “nel´e´el´e´e.” bert 1947). Tol. kitit Anguilla sp. Catadromous (fresh water) eel. syn: tikit; lihelingeling A white and brown eel, uuchee. seen only at night. A largish Tol; Wonei; Polle; Outer Faichuk. brown eel with a pronounced band or saddle, and ear-like pectoral lapwot An eel, probably a moray. fins. See niseningening2. Identi- Identified as being white, as op- fied by a resident of Puluwat on posed to ch´uwat. alt: lopwut. the base of its description as li- Satawan. helingeling. Puluwat.

EELS Fishes 102 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nimwararamwarsapwon “Zebra nel´e´el´e´e;and 2, noputan f´an och: eels.” lit: “garlands of varied col- large, black, circles. Tol. ors.” (Elbert 1947). nopwutan newu syn: newu. F´on´o. niseningening1 Unidentified. Proba- nopwutun f´an och A kind of moray bly several eels, variable from vil- eel, large, black, circles. Tol. lage to village. lit: sening, ear. This name is used in scolding girls raap Moray eel. see: turapon, te who don’t listen to their parents, rabono. Pingelap. but wander around, like this eel wanders around the lagoon, even saiwaan´u see: seiwaan´u. Satawan. alt where it doesn’t belong. : li- seiwa Myrichthys colubrinus. syn: helingeling; liselingeling. Farr´e. asapw´on; sewaan´u. Taloas. niseningening2 A large, brown eel, seiwaan´u! ?Myrichthys colubrinus, on the Wonip reef flat, light col- and probably other species of ored with a distinctive series of snake eels of the family Ophichthi- bands behind the head? lit: sen- dae. There seems to be a great ing, ear, after pronounced, ear-like range of variability in use, or even pectoral fins. Wonip. knowledge of, this name. Syn- onyms vary from place to place; niseningening3 Rhinomuraena quae- sita. the name seems to refer, like nis- eningening (which see) to vari- lisopw´olopw´ol1 Possibly Myrichthys ous eels in various places. syn: colubrinus. syn: sewaan´u, sei- seiwa; nisopwolopwol; hewaan´u; waan´u. This eel is not known houef´eng; asapw´on. alt: se- as special in the Mid-Mortlocks; waan´u;seewaaniw. Widespread. somewhat surprisingly, the name Not Namoluk or Ettal. seiwaan´u is not known on Ettal or sewaan´u2 (heewaan´u) Said to have Namoluk. Ettal. ears. see: limaramar fainipw´ul. lis´opw´ol´opw´ol2 Stated to be longer Seiwaan´u, an eel, or eels, has spe- than seiwaan´u. Lukunor. cial significance. Damm & Sarfert (1935) discussed at length a rit- nis´opwunu kaachaw cf. Myrichthys ual associated with this eel that colubrinus. This eel is said to stay they attended on Puluwat, early only on sand. Seiwan´u was said to in this century. This eel is asso- stay in the ocean. Wonip; Polle. ciated with traditional breadfruit spirits. There are multiple syn- see nnopwut : nopwut. (Goodenough onyms; however this eel (or eels) & Sugita 1980). has not been positively identified. nopwut1 General name for Moray It is possible there are different eels. syn: lopwut. eels involved on different islands. Residents of some islands (like Et- nopwut3 (Two types of Moray eels tal) are completely unaware of the were identified). 1. m´aripi, white, cultural associations of the eel for

Fishes EELS Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 103

residents of other islands, or even in the Southern Mortlock Islands of this name. is spoken of as “t´urapon”. See I have tentatively identified sei- also the sipunculid worm teipwo, waan´u as Myrichthys colubrinus, page 38]. at least in many instances. But Lukunor; Oneop; Mwoch. other names have been given for turapon see: t´urapon both specimens and photographs ! of this eel; and seiwaan´u has some- uuchee Freshwater eel. This is said to times been described as something be the correct name in these vil- quite different. lages. syn: tikit; kitit. F´os´on; Chukien´u;some in F´e´up. The eels niseningening are simi- lar, if, in some cases, not identical. alt: seiwaan´u. Puluwat. sera¨u A sand eel. (Elbert 1947). 10.4 MEGALOPIDAE: sokuliyaw Any moray eel can be Threadfins called by this name. He noted this in reference to an FSM postage pot Megalops cyprinoides Indo- stamp. Nomwin. Pacific tarpon. Was pointed to without hesitation; Chanos sowuef´eng1 A big, black eel, caught chanos was unfamiliar. in fish traps. The name of Kuchuwa Taloas. a clan. This eel usually eats all the fish in the trap. This clan always makes trouble be- syn tween clans. : houef´eng. 10.5 CHANIDAE; Lukunor. ALBULIDAE; sowu´ef´eng2 A big eel. Ifaluk. ELOPIDAE: tikit Anguilla sp. syn: kitit; uuchee. Milkfish, Bonefish, Namone´as. Tarpon

tikiton Unknown; unidentified eel. F´os´on. The closely related milkfish (Chani- dae), tarpons (Megalopidae) and bone- t´urapon A brown moray eel. Differ- fishes (Albulidae) are difficult to dis- ent than lopwut. syn: ?lapwot; tinguish from photographs; these, in chiw´at; lopwutan mw´e´emwmw´e´e- turn, are possibly confused with mul- ng´e. [In Kiribati (The Gilbert Is- lets (Mugilidae, see page 150), as well as lands) the general name for moray flagtails (Kuhliidae, see page 122). All eels is rabono. Since every noun these names need to be rechecked. must be preceded by an article, Pot is often mentioned; it is often “te,” the name of the eel is spoken stated that it moves between fresh and “te rabono.” It is then of inter- salt water. Several residents of Chuuk est that a certain large moray eel Lagoon have identified it as a tarpon,

MEGALOPIDAE: Threadfins Fishes 104 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

cf. Elops machinata. It may also be 10.6 PLOTOSIDAE: the name of Chanos chanos, Milkfish in Marine Catfishes some places. hipor Plotosus lineatus. alt: sipor. ´a´ach Milk fish (sic). syn: waawa. Puluwat. (Akimichi & Souchomal 1982). sipor Plotosus lineatus. Tol. ikein´an Identification equivocal. Pos- ? sibly the bonefish, Albula sp. But sopor Plotosus lineatus. syn: sipor. see Polynemidae, page 153. Losap. Taloas. s´upo´ur? Plotosus lineatus. Nomwin. ´ach “Milkfish.” See Mullidae, page 136. [Confusing.] (El- bert 1947). 10.7 BAITFISHES k´uwenifat “Bonefish.” lit: “lizard of the shallow flats.” (Elbert 1947). mwuuch A small baitfish, close to shore. ?Anchovy. Very small. neou Albula sp. Bonefish Satawan. Muril´e;F´on´o. p´ann´u A freshwater fish. see: pe- noou1 An anchovy. syn: moorai. neaw. (Elbert 1947). F´e´up´e. peneaw Chanos chanos. cf: Kuhli- noou2 Probably an atherinid. Polle. idae, page 122. Wonip. morai A small schooling fish. Dif- poot see: pot. (Goodenough & Su- ferent than mwuuch; slender; pre- gita 1980). cedes senif. Said to happen per- haps four times a year: first comes morai, then senif. Morai is said to pot1 Elops machinata Tarpon. stay longer than senif. Farr´e. Wonip; Dublon? morrek In answer to my inquiries pot2 Unidentified. (Elbert 1947). concerning small, red schooling baitfishes that the fish especially pot3 Chanos chanos Milkfish. [Pos- liked, I was told of this fish. Even sibly the Milkfish in at least some if this does not turn out to turn places.] (FSM DMR n.d.). out to be the O-fish, Lepidozygus tapeinosoma, these will be inter- tettel Chanos chanos Milkfish. esting fish to learn about. cf: ni- Satawan. morrek and nimurrek. Wonip.

waawa Chanos chanos. see: ´a´ach. mwuch A very small schooling bait- (Akimichi & Souchomal 1982) fish, thrownetted. Not nienika. Satawal. F´e´up´e.

Fishes PLOTOSIDAE: Marine catfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 105

nienika1 Flattened laterally. The times it “doesn’t want to stay in bird nip´e´u´anney likes this fish. the mangroves; it goes out in the see: tinipwer1. Wonip. ocean.” cf: tinipwer. Tol. nienika2 Spratelloides delicatulus tinipwer1 A baitfish, not strongly (from a specimen label, probably compressed laterally, similar to at Chuuk DMR n.d.). nowu, which is like senif ; unlike nienika, which is flattened. cf: nimorrek see: morrek, above. syn: nienika1. Wonip. ?morrek; nimurrek. Wonip.

nimurrek see: morrek, above. syn: tinipweer An unidentified fish, white, ?morrek; nimorrek. Wonip. elongate, 2.5–3.5” long. alt: tinipwer. Wonip. niyenika see: nienika. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). we¯r¯rik Finger-long, small baitfish. Pullap. nou Unidentified baitfish. see: nou, page 106 Wonip. senifan´e (OFCF Officers1) “Sar- dine.” 10.8 CLUPEIDAE: senifan´e Said to be larger than senif. Herrings One guess, from a drawing in My- ers, is Amblygaster sirm. Three fishes remain to be clari- Tol; Wen´e. fied: semen, sesemen, and senifan´e. tiil “Small.” There are til for many They have all been identified from pho- species (perhaps all) e.g.: tiliw´op; tographs or drawings books as similar to tilipwu; tilin umwul´e. Namoluk. Amblygaster sp. Senif is found in Chuuk Lagoon, not in the outer islands; it may tiil2 Seemed to indicate almost any of not necessarily be a single fish. a mixed assortment of baitfishes. At night they move in luminescent semen Possibly Amblygaster sirm. schools, a couple of feet in diame- See Masuda, Amaoka, Araga, ter. Nomwin? Uyeno & Yoshino (1984, Pl. 21I). It is suggested this is a type of tiil A baitfish about 1” long. May senif, that senif includes several be owned on Pullap. See Alkire different fish. This one is more red (n.d.). Pullap. around the mouth. see: sesemen tiin see: tiil. also. Kuchuwa Taloas.

tinimwer Described as a small red senif 1 Herklotschthys quadrimacula- fish, likes to stay outside the reef tus Gold Spot Herring. Said in the blue ocean. Stays in the to be born of the lizard kinom. mangroves at times, and at other (Bollig 1927) cited this fish as 1Overseas Fisheries Cooperation Foundation.

CLUPEIDAE: Herrings Fishes 106 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

poisonous during certain plank- 10.9 SYNODONTIDAE: ton blooms, called nitopw; Tol Is- Lizardfishes landers today consider this poi- soning to be associated with cer- tain places. Senif are reportedly ainiwow Synodus spp. Lizardfishes. found in Chuuk Lagoon, but not This name has been given for a at the outer islands. sand perch, F. Pinguipedidae— Faichuk; Widespread in Lagoon; see page 153 Nomwin. Polle; Taloas.

senif 1 Herklotsichthys quadrimacula- nikoun Synodus spp.; Saurida spp. tus Gold Spot Herring. Probably Lizardfishes. Wonip. a good id, in field as well as from a photograph. It is believed locally sieffar Synodus spp. Lizardfishes. that lizards give issue to senif. Satawan. Tol. senif 2 Two specimens in the Chuuk State Marine Resources office (Chuuk DMR n.d., seen by the compiler in about 1990, prior to 10.10 CARAPODIDAE: the construction of the new office) Pearlfishes are labelled as senif. 1. Harengula sp. and 2. Herklotsichthys punc- tata. But see senif1. Eel-like fishes, live in body cavities of sea cucumbers (page 88), pincushion senif 3 Harengula ovalis (from speci- starfishes (page 84), and other inverte- men label). (Chuuk DMR n.d.). brates.

senif 4 Consistent with the entry for semen (which see), it is possible ik´e´er Carapus sp. Pearlfish. See eels, that senif is more than one fish. page 100 Kuchuwa Taloas. senifana1 Possibly Amblygaster clu- peoides or Amblygaster sirm. nimesepar Carapus sp. Pearlfish, in penipen, see page 88. cf: nime- senifana2 Dussumieria hasselti (from setin (with caution) specimen label). (Chuuk Wichukun´o; Wonip. DMR n.d.). senifan´e3 Bigger than senif ; a bit nimesettin Carapus sp. Pearlfish, flatter. Niku Tol; F´os´on. from the holothurian ´uniff´e´u, see page 88 Wichukun´o; Wonip. sesemen An unidentified fish, distinct from semen. Possibly Ambly- gaster sirm, or similar. see: se- niss´opwukken Possibly a name for men. Kuchuwa Taloas. Carapus spp. Pearlfish? Polle.

Fishes SYNODONTIDAE: Lizardfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 107

10.11 Atherinidae: Taloas?; Losap? Silversides ´assess1 Hemiramphus far Spotted halfbeak. lit: sses, run fast. Said nou Allanetta forskal (from specimen to jump when people are torch label). The genus Allanetta is fishing. Wonip. not mentioned in (Myers 1991). (Chuuk DMR n.d.). ´assess2 Perhaps all halfbeaks. Wonip. nou Allanetta ovalua (from specimen label). see: baitfishes, page 105. awek´eng Perhaps a halfbeak, said to (Chuuk DMR n.d.). be “almost like chopwuchopw.” lit: Sharp mouth. Nama.

aweppek Halfbeaks? F´on´o.

10.12 BELONIDAE: chopwuchopw1 Halfbeaks, nonspe- Needlefishes cific. lit: because of a structure inside (swimbladder?) that pops (chopw) when squeezed between Akimichi & Souchomal (1982) list the fingers. syn: f´en´e´ung may be several species of belonids, as would be a synonym; fana; nisomwomw. expected on outer islands. Note the par- Polle; Nama; Nomwin; common. allel in the names for belonids and mar- lins, Istiophoridae, page 164. chopwochopw2 A halfbeak, thin, auepek “Needlefish.” (Elbert 1947). longer than fana. F´e´up´e. f´en´e´un Possibly a needlefish, square fana1 A halfbeak, white, large, deep- in cross-section. (But see Hemi- bodied. Compare with f´en´e´un. ramphidae, next section.) Outer Faichuk. Wonip. fana2 Hemiramphids. Puluwat. nitakatak Looks like word-play. syn: fana3 “Small needlefish (taak).” taak. F´e´up. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). taak Needlefish. syn: ?awekk´eng; awepek. Widespread. f´ena A halfbeak, resembling Hemi- ramphus quoyi (Masuda, Araga & tek´uter Possibly a kind of taak. see: Yoshino 1975, pl. 21G). [Perhaps tekular, page 165. Nama. larger than chopwochopw.] “Some may say chopwochopw.” Nomwin.

10.13 HEMIRAMPHIDAE: f´en´e´un1 A halfbeak, described as Halfbeak having yellow spots in the mid- dle. May suggest Hemiramphus far. cf: fana, chopwochopw, ni- ´achek´eng A halfbeak, on the reef, on somwoumw. alt: ?f´en´e´ung. the surface, 12” or so long. Outer Faichuk.

ATHERINIDAE: Silversides Fishes 108 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

f´en´e´ung2 Spotted on sides. Maybe 10.14 EXOCOETIDAE: 1.5” deep, shorter beak than fana. Flying Fishes Again suggests Hemiramphus far. F´e´up´e. chocho Flying fish. [Elbert gave this as a name on Nomwin.] (El- nifanak¨on see: nifanak´en. (El- bert 1947) Nomwin. bert 1947). h´ouwal Flying fish. syn: m´engar. Puluwat. nifanak´en A small black half-beak in ! mangroves, suggesting Zenarch- m´engar syn: h´ouwal, for Puluwat. opterus dispar. syn: nisomwomw; alt: ?mengar. nisomwoukech. lit: k´eng, sharp. Puluwat; Nomwin. (Elbert 1947). menger Flying fishes. M´eng´er may be the better name; however, nisamwomw see: nisomwowm. menger was apparently accept- able. Kuchuwa Taloas. ! nisomwomw Possibly Zenarchopt- m´eng´er Flying fish. erus dispar. Described as a green Kuchuwa Taloas; Tol. halfbeak, but said that its color varies with its environment; small, nimenger Flying fish. Wonip. only found in mangroves, sug- gested not to be seen even a few feet out on the reef flat. alt: ni- somwoumw. syn: nisomwoukech; 10.15 HOLOCENTRIDAE: nifanak´en. F´e´up´e;Wonip. Squirrelfishes and Soldierfishes nisomwoumw see: nisomwomw. cf: lisomwoukech. Polle. achaua A squirrelfish. Possibly a synonym is nifitip¨ur¨u (nifi- see nisomwomw! Possibly Zenarchopt- tip´ur´u). : achawa, Scolop- erus dispar The Estuarine Half- sis lineatus (Family Nemipteri- beak. alt: nisaamom. syn: ni- dae, Spinecheeks, page 134). (El- somwoukech; nifanak´en? lit: bert 1947). Said to mean “kill your father.” ason´ong A very red squirrelfish. F´e´up´e;Wonip. Unidentified. See Sweepers, page 137. (Elbert 1947). nisomwoukech Possibly a halfbeak, aung¨or see: awenger. (Elbert 1947). if so, it may be Zenarchopterus dispar. cf.: nissomoumw. A awenger “A species of squirrelfish small fish in the mangrove swamp, . . . nibble-mouth.” Variants brown. Possibly nisomwoum. given: awanger and aw´unger. Polle. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980).

Fishes EXOCOETIDAE: Flying fishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 109

aw´unger3 May be a family, including kk´uch2 Unidentified squirrelfish or sarra, mw´e´en,kk´uch, etc. F´on´o. squirrelfishes. May be bigger than onger. syn: kuchaa. Farr´e. aw´unger1 Sargocentron spp.; Neoni- phon spp. syn: onger; ´ukk´uch; kk´ucha1 Unidentified squirrelfish or kk´uch. F´on´o. squirrelfishes. Bigger than onger? syn: kk´uch. alt: kk´uchcha. ? aw´ung´er2 Neoniphon sammara. syn: Namoneas. awenger; onger; ´ukk´uch. cf.: onger. Nomwin. kk´uchcha1 Neoniphon spp. Squir- relfishes. Is a synonym of onger. chamwomwoch Myripristes spp. [Might in itself refer to red syn: mw´e´en. lit: short head. species.] alt: kk´ucha. Polle. Faichuk. kk´uchcha2 Sargocentron tiere; Sar- fitip¨ur¨u A squirrelfish. Unknown. gocentron violaceum; Neoniphon (Elbert 1947). spp.; Sargocentron caudimacula- tum. Wonip. haara Sargocentron spiniferum Long- Jawed Squirrelfish. syn: sarra. kk´uchcha3 An epithet, for guys who There is a saying: “le ingin mill around, back and forth, in harra.” Said of someone of either and out of their houses: ru´eruen sex, it is a comment on the beauty kk´uchhca. alt: kk´ucha. Polle. or handsomeness of a person’s red gums. “Very shiny red of the (dor- kk´uchchafanafan Sargocentron di- lit sal) fins of harra.” [This must be adema Crown Squirrelfish. : the dorsal fin, as the other fins of kk´uchcha of canoe builders. Said harra (at least in the photograph to be forbidden for canoe builders in Elbert (1947, pl. 18)) appear to eat. Polle. to be yellow.] Puluwat. kk´uch´a´atik An unknown squirrelfish. [Was named as Holocentrus di- ingippar1 Sargocentron spinif´erum. adema, to which I have not been syn: sarra; inippar?. lit: red dor- able to find a reference.] sal fin. Namoluk. Mortlocks. ingippar2 A large, very deep dwelling kk´uchappar A distinct fish. Red bottom fish. Lukunor. kk´uch. Losap or Namoluk.

inipar see: ingippar. lit: in, dor- k´uch see: kk´uch. (Elbert 1947). sal fin (Lagoon); ing, dorsal fin (Mortlocks)—“red fin.” (Gooden- kk´uch´umeimw´e´en ?Neoniphon oper- ough & Sugita 1980). cularis. Nomwin.

kk´uch1 Sargocentron spp.; Neoni- leet1 Sargocentron tiere; S. punc- phon spp. Squirrelfishes. syn: tatissimum; S. violaceum. [let, ´ukk´uch; sarra mi k´ukk´un? honest; leet, name of a fish.] Losap; Nama?; F´on´o. Namoluk.

HOLOCENTRIDAE: Squirrel- and Soldierfishes Fishes 110 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

leet2 Sargocentron violaceus Violet onger2 Doubtful. Identified as any Squirrelfish. Puluwat. Holocentrid, including mw´e´en. syn: ?aw´unger. Farr´e. leet selet leet (which see) that is not leet. It has been suggested to be half red, half white. lit: leet ese ´os´onong “A species of squirrelfish, leet. Namoluk. very red.” see: ason´ong. (Good- enough & Sugita 1980). let Sargocentron tiere Blue-Lined Squirrelfish. (FSM DMR n.d.). sara see: sarra. (Goodenough & Su- mw´e´en1 Myripristis spp. Soldier- gita 1980; FSM DMR n.d.). fishes. [Possibly some squir- relfishes, including Sargocentron praslin, in some places.] sarra1 Sargocentron spiniferum syn Widespread. Long-Jawed Squirrelfish. : in- gippar. Tol; Nama?; Namoluk mw´e´en2 Possibly a higher taxon, in- (but see ingippar); F´on´o. cluding all Holocentrids? Wonei.

mw´e´enff´e´uch´ol Myripristes adustus s´arra2 Perhaps in some cases Sar- Bronze Soldierfish. When small, gocentron caudimaculatum, the it is called tiin mwmw´en. Ff´e´u Tailspot Squirrelfishes. F´os´on. ch´ol refers to heavy, black moun- tain rock. Nama. s´arra see: sarra. mw´een´ekkar Myripristes adusta Bronze Soldierfish. lit: burned sarra mi k´ukk´un syn: kk´uch. F´on´o. mw´e´en. alt: mw´e´en´ukkar. [In the Marshall Islands, this or a simi- lar fish is called m´e´en kren, which tilimw´e´en [I was given a long list of may have a similar meaning.] species, most of the Myripristes Namoluk. spp. in Masuda, Araga & Yoshino (1975). However, this probably mw´e´en´eppar All the red Myripristes means “small mw´e´en.”] spp. Soldierfishes. Namoluk.

mw´e´en´ukkar see: mw´e´en´ekkar. ´ukk´uch1 Sargocentron praslin Dark- Striped Squirrelfish. Namoluk. mw¨on Myripristes berndti Bigscale Soldierfish. see: mw´e´en. (FSM DMR n.d.). ´ukk´uch2 syn: aw´unger. Namoluk. m¨on see: mw´e´en. (Elbert 1947). ´ukk´uch´ukkar Neoniphon opercularis. onger1 Squirrelfishes, probably Neo- lit: burned ´ukk´uch—note the niphon spp., Sargocentron spp. prominent dark coloration on the see: kk´uch3. Farr´e;Polle. dorsal fin. Namoluk.

Fishes HOLOCENTRIDAE: Squirrel- and Soldierfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 111

10.16 AULOSTOMIDAE: name, on Polle, of the cornetfish, Trumpetfishes see nimeiff´e below.] See the cor- netfish ff´an m´or. Polle. Trumpetfishes and Cornetfishes are easily confused. In some cases, the same names are used indiscriminately; in other cases, careful distinctions are 10.17 FISTULARIDAE: made. [This may actually vary from Cornetfishes speaker to speaker.] ´alipaapa Fistularia commersonii ´alipaapaa Aulostomus sp. Possibly Cornetfish; Smooth Flutemouth. also Fistularidae. Losap; Nama. Namoluk. enipaapa2 Aulostomus chinensis. Also refers to Fistularidae. [It was einimeiff´e Fistularia commersonii insisted, surprisingly, that this Cornetfish; Smooth Flutemouth. name also refers to Aeoliscus sp.; see: nimeiff´e. Tol. compare nimeiff´e.] R´e´er´eTaloas. enipaapa1 Fistularia commersonii enipaapa1 Aulostomus chinensis Also said to refer to Trumpet- Trumpetfish. Tol. fishes. R´e´er´eTaloas.

enipaapaan nein ´a´an Aulostomus sp. enipaapa2 Fistularia commersonii see: enipaapa, Fistularidae, below Cornetfish; Smooth Flutemouth. this page; k´uenin nein ´a´an, below. As opposed to enipaapaan nein ´a´an, which is a trumpetfish (see ff´a´am´or It is uncertain whether above). Kuchuwa Taloas. this name refers to fistulariids, aulostomids, or both. This is a enipaapa “A species of garfish.” good name. Polle. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980).

k´uenin nein ´a´an Aulostomus sp. lit: ff´a´am´or A good name, although it is lizard of the Acropora (staghorn uncertain whether it refers to fis- coral) zone. tulariids, aulostomids, or both. Polle. nimeiff´e1 Aulostomus chinensis trumpetfish. see: nimeiff´e2. [This ff´an m´or Fistularia commersonii name is used on both Polle and Cornetfish; Smooth Flutemouth. Tol; on Tol it may refer to both see: nimeiff´e, below. syn: the cornetfish and the trumpet- nimeiff´e; enipaapa. Polle. fish, but one Polle speaker was clear, it refers only to the trum- lipaapaa see: enipaapa; ´alipaapa. petfish.] see: ff´an m´or, Fistulari- Nomwin? dae, below. Tol. nimeiff´e Fistularia commersonii nimeiff´e2 Aulostomus chinensis Cornetfish; Smooth Flutemouth. Trumpetfish. [This is not the Tol.

AULOSTOMIDAE: Trumpetfishes Fishes 112 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

10.18 CENTRISCIDAE: sii ooris (From English) Sea horse. Shrimpfishes Only seen when the water is going to be calm. F´e´up´e. ass´a´ap A centriscid; possibly a shrimpfish, perhaps not. Muril´e.

atongotong Aeoliscus strigatus 10.20 PLATYCEPHALIDAE: Shrimpfish. Nama; F´e´up´e. Flatheads

soow Aeoliscus strigatus Shrimpfish. no´uno´u Flathead, but also any of It was emphasized this is not the nondescript fishes resembling nik´e´uinin. Fefan; Polle. Scorpaenids, which see, below. uee An unidentified centriscid fish. Nech´e´ech´eTol. Wonip. t´ur´usapwpwow Specifically a flat- head. lit: puffed up cheeks. Kuchuwa Taloas.

10.19 SYGNATHIDAE: Pipefishes and Seahorses 10.21 SCORPAENIDAE: Stone-, Lion-, and Scorpionfishes anikotor Pipefishes. lit: alligator. Wonip. Scorpaenids are included in the cat- asses Uncertain; possibly pipefish. egory of ikeff´en, spiny, stinging fishes. Note: ´a´asses is listed as Hemiram- Synanceja sp. stonefishes are potentially phus far. Wonip. deadly. kiil´el Pipefishes. Puluwat. inein´o Unidentified scorpionfish. (El- bert 1947). nikeueinin see: nik´e´uinin. (El- bert 1947). k¨oro Unknown. Seems to suggest the other names of Lionfish. (El- nik´uweniin see: nik´e´uinin. syn: bert 1947). orisin neeset; orisin s´a´at. (Good- syn enough & Sugita 1980). laar kal´e Pterois spp. Lionfish. : laar woone, larier, larier´e. see: nik´e´uinin Hippocampus spp. Sea- k¨oro. horse. There was some suggestion laarwoun´e Pterois spp. Lionfish; of a belief that seahorses are the Turkey Fish. lit: laar, Diademna offspring of the seagrass Enhalus sp., sea urchin, see page 86. cf: acoroides. It was emphasized that r´a´aris´u´us´u. Nomwin. this is not the name of the shrimp- fish. Polle? larewal´e Pterois sp. Lionfish. Ettal.

Fishes CENTRISCIDAE: Shrimpfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 113

larier Pterois spp. Lionfish. see: lar- nowu2 Scorpaenopsis oxycephala; ier´e. Namoluk. Synanceija sp. ?Puluwat. larier´e Pterois spp. Lionfish. see: nunupis1 Synanceja cf. verrucosa. larier. ?Puluwat. Stonefish. syn: nowunowu; nisip- laar w´e´en´e Known on F´on´o, but said wich. There is some variation in to be kapasan noom, defunct the specificity of this name: cf: speech. Lionfish. This might be nunupis2. F´e´up´e;Wonip; an instance of confusion of outer R´omanum; Taloas; Widespread. islands speech, since laar is sea urchin in the outer islands. nunupis2 All scorpionfishes, at least F´on´o; Chuuk Lagoon. according to one fisherman. R´e´er´eTaloas. mangomaw Scorpaenopsis oxyceph- ala; S. spp. All the true scorpi- nuunupis3 lit: from noow, piis. onfish; not stonefish. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). Kuchuwa Taloas. r´a´ariss´u Pterois spp.; Dendrochirus n´ar´e´er´e´e Pterois sp. Lionfish. Polle. spp. Lionfishes. see: r´a´aris´u´us´u. narw´en´e Pterois volitans Lionfish. Polle? narw¨on¨o see: narw´en´e. (El- r´a´aris´u´us´u Pterois spp. Lionfish. lit: bert 1947). r´a´ar, Sea urchin; s´u´us´u, to fly. Wonip. neew1 Synanceja verrucosa Stone- fish. syn: nunupis. Nama; Satawan. neew2 Stonefish and all scorpi- 10.22 SERRANIDAE: onfishes. Not precisely synony- mous, then, with nunupis; only Groupers partly so. Namoluk. nisipwich1 Synanceia cf. veruccosa. Ikekkar (and variants) refers to a Stonefish. syn: nowunowu; large number of species. At the same nunupis. see: nisipwich2 time, a number of names are reported Tol; ?F´e´up´e;Farr´e. for individual species. For example, names for Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in- nisipwich2 Pterois spp. Lionfish; clude: aali; ´a´alii; ´alei; ´ali ¯reny´ong; Turkey fish. alt: n´us´upwich. eenii; ikakkar; matow; and ´ut´ur. Wonip. Plectropomus spp., the Coral Trouts, are in general honored by having dis- nou1 Synanceja cf. verrucosa. Stone- tinct names; however, some of the above fish. F´e´up´e. names are also used for Plectropomus nounou ?Synanceja verrucosa Stone- spp. fish. syn: nisipwich; nunupis. Certain groupers are believed locally syn: ?nowunowu. Farr´e. to be the mothers of octopuses, which

SERRANIDAE: Groupers Fishes 114 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

they carry within swellings on the dor- ´a´alie paalap An unknown grouper. sum. Species which are more often See aali paalap, above. Puluwat. indicated by local observers to have such swellings include Ephinephelus ´a´alie ¯ruuk see: aali. lit: Grouper of fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion. Chuuk Lagoon. Puluwat. Other groupers of important local in- terest with respect to octopuses in- ´a´alii Perhaps a general name? Re- clude the Honeycomb Grouper, Epine- ported as the fish that bears octo- phelus merra and perhaps E. hexagona- pus. Puluwat. tus. It will be of great interest to explore this matter further—one dissection of a ´a´alii Epinephelus fuscoguttatus; E. twice-frozen swelling was unrevealing. polyphekadion. [Is this a reflection of presence or absence of particu- aali Epinephelus merra. A number lar species at Namoluk?] of aali are not found on Pullap: Namoluk. see ´a´alie ¯ruuk. syn: kunif´ew´u ! When one sees this fish, he will ´a´anii Epinephelus spp., for example find many octopuses. Pullap. Epinephelus microdon Groupers. syn: ikekkar; ikakkar; eenii; aali; aali ch´el A photograph of a dark, ´a´ali. [From Sapuk to Ir´as, on dotted phase of a Plectropomus Wen´e.On the other side of Wen´e, sp. [Might this have been mis- the name is eenii, which see.] taken for Cephalopholis argus?] Sapuk, Wen´e. (Masuda, Araga & Yoshino 1975, ! pl. 42H). Nama. alei2 Epinephilus spp. Groupers, in- cluding for example Epinephelus aali paalap? Epinephelus quoyanus. caeruleopunctatus and Epinephe- If one sees an octopus missing a lus fuscoguttatus. syn: ´a´alii. tentacle, old people say that it was Namoluk. either E. merra or E. quoyanus that got it. Pullap. ´ali Should be checked. Epinephelus aali ¯r´eneong? Not in Masuda, Araga hexagonatus. Puluwat. & Yoshino (1975). see: ´ali ´ali Epinephelus spp. Groupers. syn: ¯r´eny´ong, below. An Epinephe- eenii; ikakkar; ikekkar; ´a´anii; ´a´ali; lus sp., yellow in color, like color alei; p´ereniet. Nama; Pullap. of the turmeric product waaliwal (taik). lit: takes name from ´ali ¯r´eny´ong Epinephelus fuscogutta- the turmeric plant, Curcuma sp., tus; E. polykephadion. lit: iong, ´af´an or k´uch´ul. Pullap. ¯r´eney´ong is the golden color of ´a´alie fain´u An unknown, specific, roots of k´uch´un, Curcuma spp. ´a´alii. Puluwat. But see aali ¯r´eneong, above. Puluwat. ´a´alie marah An unknown grouper. Not eaten, as it is said to be bitter aliolei Cephalopholis argus. Properly (marah = maras). Puluwat. not C. miniata (see pwel´a). Could

Fishes SERRANIDAE: Groupers Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 115

be referred to for a dotted Plec- eni see: eenii. (Goodenough & Su- tropomus laevis , but not prop- gita 1980). erly. See a note in the entry of ali ch´el. alt: ´oli´elei, which see. (My- ff´e´urupung cf. Epinephelus macro- ers 1991, pl. 35). Namoluk. spilos . syn: ff´e´uff´e´u rupung; ikakkar. lit: ivory nut. But see angiingi ch´e´el : angiigni ¯r´e´el. see niff´e´uff´e´u rupung. Also Nomwin. note ff´e´urupung (Haemulidae), angiingi ¯r´el Cephalopholis argus; ?C. page 133, (Myers 1991, pl. 33A). spp. Peacock Grouper; Blue- Wonip. Spotted Grouper. alt: angiingi ch´e´el. syn: aliolei; ´oli´elei; woor. ff´e´uff´e´urupung cf. Epinephelus ma- Nomwin. crospilos . syn: ff´e´u rupung; ikakkar. lit: nut of the ivory nut chok´a´ar Cephalopholis spp. Many palm. But see niff´e´uff´e´urupung. species. see: chokeer. Nama. (Myers 1991, pl. 33A). Wonip. chokeer! Cephalopholis miniata. 1 heewi Cephalopholis argus Peacock (?=C. miniatus (Masuda, Araga Grouper; Blue-Spotted Grouper. & Yoshino 1975)). Coral Probably the name of Plectropo- Grouper. alt: chok´a´ar. (My- mus spp., seewi, however, and this ers 1991, pl. 30E). Namoluk. may be a misidentification. chokeer2 Cephalopholis urodeta, two Puluwat. color phases Myers (1991). Flag- tail Grouper. Namoluk. heiaw Cephalopholus miniata was re- ferred to as a “small heiaw,” ´e´echii1 Epinephelus caeruleopuncta- which may then suggest Plectropo- tus Snowy Grouper. see: nis- mus leopardus. syn: seiaw. somw, also given from Wonip as Puluwat. the name of this fish. Wonip. hewi Is this the Western Islands ´e´echi2 Epinephelus corallicola Wonip. name for sewi? See sewi, page 118. ! eenii1 Epinephilus spp. syn: ´a´anii. Wen´eMwmw´an; Taloas. ikakkar1 Epinephelus polyphekadon (= E. microdon) The Blotchy eenii2 Epinephelus tauvina; E. mi- Grouper. Said to be truly ikakkar, crospilos, E. maculatus, E. spilo- while the family includes as well toceps, E. hexagonatus. [Only E. the Honeycomb Groupers . [This merra was to be referred to as grouper is said to be one of the k´un´uff´e´u.] R´e´er´eTaloas. important producers of octopus.] syn: eenii; ´a´anii; ´a´ali; p´ereniet; eenii3 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. R´e´er´eTaloas. ´ut´ur; matow? alt: ikekkar. (Ma- suda, Araga & Yoshino 1975, pl. elli see: ´alei. Namoluk. 46EGH). Wonip.

SERRANIDAE: Groupers Fishes 116 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 ikakkar2 E. fuscoguttatus Blotchy ikenan Winiines A fish, possibly a Grouper; E. spilotoceps Four- serranid, only found in the place saddle Grouper. alt: ikekkar. called Winiines, on Nomwin. Said [Ikakkar is the spelling, for exam- to be poisonous. Nomwin. ple, for Tol F´e´up,but ikekkar is correct for Polle.] F´e´up;Farr´e. kaukau Anyperodon leucogrammicus White Lined Grouper. alt: ikakkar3 Epinephelus hexagonatus; kawakaw. Nomwin? E. merra. Honeycomb Groupers, see k´un´uff´e´u. Wonip. kichimmaw Probably Epinephelus lanceolatus Giant Grouper. ikakkar4 Epinephelus microspilos Wen´eSapuk. (=E. howlandi (Masuda, Araga & Yoshino 1975) and in caption k´un´ufa´unatter Epinephelus hexago- of Myers (1991, pl. 32E)). natus. lit: k´un´uf´e´u of a certain Wonip. kind of fishing, which may utilize ikakkar5 Epinephelus tauvina Greasy a pole and line to drag the bait Grouper. Said not to be a pro- through the water. Namoluk. ducer of octopus. Wonip. k´un´uf´e´u Epinephelus hexagonatus ikakkar Questionable. Plectropomus Hexagon Grouper. Nomwin. areolatus from Masuda, Araga & Yoshino (1975, pl. 43B). Paata. k´un´uff´e´u1 Epinephelus merra Honey- comb Grouper. lit: k´u´u, lice, of ikekkar1 syn: p´ereniet; p´e´er; ikakkar. stones. Namoluk. alt: ikakkar. See page 97 for re- marks. Polle. k´un´uff´e´u2 Epinephelus merra Honey- ikekkar2 Epinephelus polyphekadion. comb Grouper. Only this species; other related species are called ikekkar3 Fish posters (FSM eenii. R´e´er´eTaloas. DMR n.d.) list the following as ikekkar: Cephalopholis igara- kunufou Epinephelus maculatus shiensis, Yellow-Banded Grouper; Highfin Grouper. (FSM Epinephelus chlorostigma, Brown- DMR n.d.). Spotted Grouper; Epinephelus fasciatus, Black-Tipped Grouper; mang´ur Epinephelus lanceolatus Gi- Epinephelus macrospilos, Black- ant Grouper. Namoluk. Spotted Grouper; Epinephelus morrhua, Narrow Curve-Banded mang´ur´ul´e Epinephelus lanceolatus Grouper; Epinephelus septemfas- Giant Grouper. syn: sengir; ciatus (two phases in different pic- mengngir; kichimmaw; saalu; tures), Seven-Banded Grouper. ?matow; mang´ur´el´e. Puluwat. ikekkar-faichur Epinephelus mataw Plectropomus laevis (red polyphekadion (=E. microdon phase). Giant Coral Trout or FSM DMR (n.d.)) Marbled Saddleback Grouper. (FSM Grouper. (FSM DMR n.d.). DMR n.d.).

Fishes SERRANIDAE: Groupers Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 117

matou3 Given as large Plectropomus nichoocho Aethaloperca rogaa Red- sp. [Perhaps because of resem- mouth Grouper. Greasy. [But blance?] (Elbert 1947). see also sweetlips, Haemulidae, page 133.] Kuchuwa Taloas. matow1 Epinephelus lanceolatus Gi- ant Grouper. syn: mang´ur; niff´e´uff´e´urupung Plectropomus lae- mang´ur´el´e;soon´u;saal´u;sewiaw; vis, yellow and white and dark (possibly also sengir although also saddle phase. alt: ff´e´urupung; in Wonip). Wonip. ff´e´uf´e´urupung. Wonip. matow2 Grouper, not identified. A name for it when smaller is nirumurum Possibly a Honeycomb soon´uapot. [This might not be in- Grouper. Wonei. consistent with matow1.] Niku Tol. nissomw Epinephelus caeruleopunc- tatus Snowy Grouper. [However, matow4 ?Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ´e´echii is a synonym, and from the Blotchy Grouper. It was asserted same village.] Wonip. that matow is not really all that big. Son´u if small. syn: son´u nit´a´at´a Fairy basslets. syn: t´a´at´a; matow. Three fish were said to mm´o´or. Tol be matow: Epinephelus fuscogut- tatus; E. polyphedadion and (with less certainty) E. lanceolatus. ´oli´elei Several species of Cephalopho- Wonip. lis: C. argus; C. boenak; C. leop- ardus; C. sonnerati. see: aliolei. matow sonu Epinephelus maculatus. syn: angiigni ¯r´e´el; heewi?; woor; see: son´u3. Also suggested to be pwele. Namoluk. E. spilotoceps. Wonip. p´e´er syn: p´ereniyet; ikakkar. Polle. m´engng´ur cf. Epinephelus lanceola- tus Giant Grouper. syn: mengn- gir; kichimmaw; saalu; matow?; pwel´a1 Perhaps any of the red mang´ur´ul´e. Mortlocks. Cephalopholis sp., such as the following identified from Myers metail Epinephelus fasciatus Black- (1991, l. 30E; 31BDF) Cephalo- Tipped Grouper. (Myers 1991, pholis miniata Coral Grouper; C. pl. 3B). Namoluk. sexmaculata Cave Grouper or Six- Banded Grouper; C. spiloparaea mm´o´or Pseudanthias spp. Fairy Orange-Red Pigmy Grouper; and Basslets. (Masuda, Araga & Yo- C. urodeta Flagtail Grouper (red shino 1975, all on pl. 28). mottled morph). cf.: pwel´a2. Wonip. Namoluk. ng´achep´e Anyperodon leucogrammi- cus White-Lined Grouper, both pwel´a2 Variola sp. Lyretail color morphs (Myers 1991, p. Groupers. It was suggested there 29E,F). lit: ng´ach, chin—empty may be two or three types. chin? Kuchuwa Taloas Namoluk.

SERRANIDAE: Groupers Fishes 118 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 pw´el´a3 Variola louti, two color vari- sak´ur´uach Cephalopholis urodetaa ations (Masuda, Araga & Yo- (dark morph). see: chokeer. shino 1975); Plectropoma leopar- Namoluk. dus. Nama. seia¨u3 A huge bass 5 to ft. long pwele4 Cephalopholis argus. Variola “probably jewfish.” alt: seiau. sp. syn: angingi ¯r´e´el; woor. see: heiaw. (Elbert 1947). Nomwin. pwele lukul´ap May be Cephalopholis seiaw2 Cephalopholis miniatus Coral leopardus Leopard Grouper. Grouper. See notes on heiaw. Nomwin. [Plectropomus laevis attains over a meter in length and nearly 50 pwene1 Variola louti. Farr´e. lbs.] Nomwin. pwene2 Variola louti Lyretail seiaw4 Plectropomus leopardus. Said Grouper. Various color varia- to be “like sewi, but larger.” (Ma- tions. Reportedly changes color suda, Araga & Yoshino 1975, pl. if speared. Paata. 42I, a red form). pwene3 Two species are named as Namoluk; Nomwin? pwene on the poster: Plec- tropomus laevis (red and saddle- sengir Epinephelus lanceolatus Giant back phases), Giant Coral Trout; Grouper. [Sengir is also the name and Variola louti, the Lyretail of large yellowfin tuna. Matow is Grouper. (FSM DMR n.d.). not this fish in Wonip.] Wonip. p´ereniet Epinephelus spp. syn: sewi1 Plectropomus leopardus Leop- ikakkar; p´e´er. [k´un´uff´e´u is dis- ard Coral Trout (some colors: tinctly different.] Polle. see seiaw4); P. laevis (saddleback variation). (Masuda, Araga & Yo- pw´owunipwin Pseudanthias pleuro- shino 1975, p. 42F,H (notG); taenia Square Spot Fairy Basslet 43A). Paata. (Myers 1991, pl. 26A). Caught in lagoons. Namoluk. sewi2 Plectropomus sp. Its smell at- saal´u E pinephelus lanceolatus Giant tracts sharks. Satawan. Grouper. syn: kichimmaw; ma- tow; sengir; mang´ur´ul´e;mang´ur; sewi3 Cephalopholis argus, 2 phases. soon´u. [soon´u may be phoneti- (“I just call these sewi.”). Wonip. cally similar.] Pullap; Nomwin. sewi chcha Plectropomus leopardus, saiaw1 Epinephelus caeruleopuncta- red spotted variation. syn: tus Snowy Grouper. Large; pwene. see: sewi. Nama. smaller said to be ´uk´upp´ek. [How- ever, another (perhaps sensible) sewiaaw Epinephelus lanceolatus Gi- identification has been given for ant Grouper. syn: saal´u, which ´uk´upp´ek.] syn: ´e´echii; nissomw. see for a synonymy. Namoluk. Kuchuwa Taloas.

Fishes SERRANIDAE: Groupers Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 119

sewiechcha see: sewi chcha. udur see: utur. Cephalopholis son- nerati Tomato Grouper. See sewiy´on Plectropoma laevis (saddle the note under ´ut´ur1. (FSM color variation). Saddleback DMR n.d.). Grouper; Giant Coral Trout (Ma- suda, Araga & Yoshino 1975, pl. ´uk´upp´ek Plectropomus areolatus; P. 43A) lit: yellow sewi. laevis. Squaretail Coral Trout or Squaretail Grouper; Giant Coral seyaw Uncertain, probably Plec- Trout or Saddleback Grouper. tropomus laevis, but possibly Ep- But see saiaw. Namoluk. inephelus lanceolatus. Owned by traditional chief. Given to the tradtional chief if caught; cannot unnun´o1 Any of several groupers. be eaten. Pullap. Uncertain. Namoluk. son´u1 Epinephelus lanceolatus Giant unun´o2 Epinephelus tauvina Greasy Grouper. This may be the name Grouper. Namoluk. when small. Larger size class is matow, or soon´umatow. syn: ´ut´ur1 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus soon´u matow; matow; kichim- Blotchy Grouper. [This may be maw; w´e´echar; sengir; seiaw; a specific fish; it is said to be soon´u;mang´ur; mang´ur´ul´e. [Note the species with octopus under its the similarity in sound of son´u and skin.] see: ´ut´ur2—these species saal´u.] Wonip. resemble each other quite closely; however, they differ greatly from son´u2 Epinephelus maculatus; E. spi- the fish identified as udur (sic) see 2 lotoceps. : matow . Wonip. on the FSM Dept. of Marine Re- sources poster. alt: ?utur. son´u3 Epinephelus maculatus. syn: matow sonu; son´umatow. Nomwin; F´on´o? Wonip. ´ut´ur2 Epinephelus polyphekadion son´uapot see: matow2. Said to be (=E. microdon). Marbled like ikakkar. but skinny, and big- Grouper. Namoluk. ger; smaller than matow. lit: pot is a color, an ugly brown, similar w´e´echar Epinephelus lanceolatus Gi- to topotop (potopot backwards), ant Grouper. syn: saal´u;m´engar; hence “brown son´u.” Niku Tol. mang´ur´el´e;seiaw; sengir; kichim- maw. Namoluk. son´umatow Epinephelus fuscogutta- tus Blotchy Grouper, when larger. woor Cephalopholis argus; C. mini- [This would argue that son´u is this ata. Peacock Grouper or Blue- species.] Polle. Spotted Grouper; Coral Grouper. t´a´at´a Fairy basslets. (Myers 1991, Ir´as; Wen´eSapuk. pl.25,26,27). syn: nit´a´at´a; mm´o´or. Polle; Fefan. wor see: woor. (FSM DMR n.d.).

SERRANIDAE: Groupers Fishes 120 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

10.23 CIRRHITIDAE: chopwei A cardinalfish. (El- Hawkfishes bert 1947). e´an A semi-transparent apogonid. cf. inein´o Paracirrhites forsteri Hawk- Apogon exostigma; A. angiensis; fish. Nomwin. A. lateralis. Said to live in lisauch´umwunial Paracirrhites for- same place as sokopwa and orroch. steri; P. hemistictus. Includes “Possibly in the family of m´es´on”. syn these species specifically, not any : ´os´eei. Outer Faichuk; F´e´up. of the other hawkfishes in Myers eyan Apogon sangiensis. In man- (1991). lit: li sau (the one which groves, among proproots of Rhi- habitually); ch´umw´en (on top of, zophora spp. There are many at on the head of); ´a´al (branching low tide. Of all the Apogonids coral). Namoluk. in Myers (1991, pl. 40, 41), this was identified as the only species caught in mangroves. syn: e´an. Farr´e. 10.24 APOGONIDAE: Cardinalfishes hhol Striped apogonids. syn: mwo- son or chopw´as. Puluwat.

arroch Sphaeramia orbicularis Or- lifanipe syn: lif´anopou. Namoluk. biculate Cardinalfish. syn: oroch; roopei; oukam?. Taloas. lifanipwe syn: lif´anopou. Namoluk. choopwuchoopw Sphaeremia orbicu- lif´anopou In general, striped Apogo- laris? syn: oroch. Namoluk. nids. Cheilodipterus spp.; Apogon chopw´a´ak Any of a number of spp. Perhaps in particular C. longitudinally striped apogonids. spp., the former. Possibly syn- Apogon dispar; A. angustatus; A. onyms: lifanipe; nifanipwe. Chil- nigrofasciatus; A. taeniophorus; dren spear these with ssow, co- A. novemfasciatus; A. compres- conut leaflet midribs. alt: sus; Cheilodipterus quinquelin- nif´anip´e´u; possibly also nifanipe, eata; Apogon fraenatus; ?Siphania nifanipwe. Namoluk. versicolor. Habitats: f´an ooch; (Myers 1991, pl. 41,43). nein f´e´urupw; on the reef; under likkoch Apogonids. syn: mwosson. the reef, n´on p´un´up´un. Because Satawan; F´on´o? they are striped (nikakaan). alt: chopw´as. Farr´e. m´esson2 Some apogonids. Only in chopw´as Recognized as a mouth the p´unop´un. Perhaps Apogon brooder, along with m´es´on. sangiensis; Archamia fucata. But Fefan. see eyan. Wonip. chopw´as Striped apogons. alt: m´esson3 Unverified. Cheilodipterus chopw´a´ak. Uman. quinquelineatus. Farr´e.

Fishes CIRRHITIDAE: Hawkfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 121

m´esson Uncertain apogonids. leptacanthus Bluestreak Cardinal- Kuchuwa Taloas. fish. (Myers 1991, pl. 42bc) [A. gilberti may not be in Chuuk.] m´esson1 Apogonichthys ocellatus; Wonip. Apogon coccineus; Apogon kallo- pterus; Apogon frenatus; Ar- nimus Cardinalfishes, caught by chamia furcata; Apogon cyanoso- women fishing with nets. see: ma. This is the general name of tewerrik. R´e´er´eTaloas. these species, according to an ex- nit´aat´a´a Apogon exostigma; A. Seali; perienced fisherwoman; she does A. lateralis; A. leptacanthus; Ar- not know specific names for them. chamia biguttata; (A. gilberti). M´esson seems to be, at least in [Stated that A. exostigma is not part, an ecological term, or dis- m´esson.] In p´un´up´un; mangroves. tributional. She says that Apogon See Serranids t´a´at´a and nit´a´at´a, frenatus stays “on m´esson” and pages 117, 119. Farr´e. Apogon kallopterus just stays in “nein m´esson.” These fishes may nit´a´at´a´a2 Not Apogon lateralis. be caught in the p´unop´un rock- Wonip. piles. Farr´e. ! oroch Sphaeramia orbicularis. syn: mwochechi Unknown; Cardinal- roopei; oukam?; arroch. var: fishes? F´on´o? ´orroch; orroch; ´oroch. In man- groves; in p´un´up´un;caught using mw´o´osenis1 Apogon lateralis; A. lep- chuun p´un´up´un net. Farr´e;F´e´up. tacanthus; A. exostigma; A. seali. In mangroves. Possibly synony- ´oroch Almost certainly Sphaeramia mous with waa seris. Wonip. orbicularis. “Like ´osonong.” F´on´o. mw´o´osenis2 Only Apogon exotigma. ´os´eei Probably one of the semitrans- In mangroves. This seemed at parent cardinalfishes. Possibly odds with the former identifica- Apogon exostigma. A small fish, tion. Wonip. associated with mangroves; said mw´o´osenis3 Apogon lateralis. to be seen when the wind comes Wonip. from the West. syn: e´an. R´e´er´eTaloas. mw´osenis Apogon lateralis. Inshore ´os´onong Cheilodipterus macrodon cardinalfish. (Myers 1991, pl. Large-Toothed Cardinalfish; C. 40H). Wonip. spp.; possibly C. artus (in one mosson? Apogonids. syn: likkoch. case, only the dark morph (My- F´on´o. ers 1991, pl. 43)). Strongly lined cardinalfishes. Docks; reefs. [One nieich´u Cheilodipterus spp. Cardinal- certain identification from a pho- fishes. Kuchuwa Taloas. tograph.] Chuuk Lagoon; Wonip. nimesetin Same as e´an, which is the oukam Might be Sphaeramia ne- name in Polle Chukuram. Apogon matopterus? Uman.

APOGONIDAE: Cardinalfishes Fishes 122 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

p´ok´o Possibly a dark-colored cardi- e´an; good for sashimi or finiech. nalfish. Was pointed out on a F´e´up. page of line drawings as like the dark ones. Kuchuwa Taloas. waa seris Possibly a cardinalfish. see: mw´o´osenis1. lit: sailing ca- roopei1 Sphaeremia orbicularis Or- noe. Also the name of other fishes, biculate Cardinalfish; perhaps see waa herr´ek, page 127, and also Sphaeramia nematophora Pa- likaserr´ek, page 160. syn: amara. jama Cardinalfish. Distributed in Polle. mangrove, at the dock, rocky envi- ronments, boulder coral habitats. syn: oroch. (Myers 1991, pl. 43ab). Wonip; Polle; Chukien´u. 10.25 KUHLIIDAE: roopei2 Apogon kallopterus an irides- cent cardinalfish. (Myers 1991, Flagtails pl. 40E). Wonip. Flagtails are possibly confused with roopei3 Sphaeramia orbicularis. syn: oroch. Possibly also mullets (see page 150) or the milkfish- Sphaeramia nematoptera. Fefan. bonefish-tarpon complex (see page 103). Fishes from a number of families have siipuu2 Apogon leptacanthus; Apogon flagtail-like tails, including goatfishes. gilberti? Large. When small, it is t´a´at´a. [A. gilberti is unknown from Chuuk; it resembles A. lep- houpeleau Kuhlia cf. mugil Flagtail. tacanthus.] alt: sipu. alt: soupeleau. Puluwat. Kuchuwa Taloas. mar´ep see: merrep. Namoluk. sipu1 Idenified as Archamia bigutta- tus; however, it is not clear that this species resides in Chuuk. Per- merrep [Possibly a goatfish, Upeneus haps this is one of the other semi- sp.] “A kind of uwei (page 137) transparent species? alt: siipuu. with white and black tail only, Uman. goes in pairs.” See also the goat- fish merrep, page 136. Puluwat. sokopwa Sphaeramia orbicularis Or- biculate Cardinalfish. syn: paaleaw Kuhlia mugil. Nama. roopei; oroch. F´e´up. pannu Kuhlia mugil Barred Flagtail. t´a´at´a Apogon leptacanthus; Apogon Farr´e. gilberti? Small. See note with siipuu2. Larger individuals are called siipuu. Kuchuwa Taloas. peleaw Kuhlia mugil Barred Flag- tail. Namoluk. tinipwer Unidentified, possibly an apogonid. Described as somewhat peneaw Kuhlia mugil Barred Flag- transparent, slender, longer than tail. Tol.

Fishes KUHLIIDAE: Flagtails Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 123

10.26 PRIACANTHIDAE: fitien p´echaw Remoras. Nomwin. Bigeyes ll´ongin paaw Remoras. lit: fly of sharks. Ulul. lipworiap syn: pwori´ap. Mw´och. luchan p´echaaw Remoras. Muril´e. onger May refer to priacanthids, as well as, more usually, Squir- relfishes, F. Holocentridae. These are caught in p´un´up´un rockpiles. Farr´e. 10.28 CARANGIDAE: Jacks, Mackerals pwauriap Priacanthus sp. Bigeyes. Namoluk. ´al´ak Elegatis bipinnulata Rainbow pwoori´ap Priacanthus spp. Bigeyes. Runner. syn: ´anees; al´as. The mouth of this fish smells; Nama; Nomwin? on Nama it is said “your mouth smells like pwori´ap.” Nama. ´al´as Elegatis bipinnulata Rainbow Runner. syn: ´anees; al´ak. pwori´ap Priacanthus cf. cruentatus. Nomwin. Bigeye. syn: lipworiap, pworiy´ap. Mwoch. am´ennanong A stage of oopwu mataw, smaller than oopwu mataw, spans from fingertips to past one’s elbow. [Possibly a vari- 10.27 ECHENEIDAE: ant of arong?] cf: oopwu mataw; Remoras chepakawe. Wonip.

´anees Elegatis bipinnulata Rainbow chanan Remoras. Farr´e. Runner. Chukien´u. syn: ´al´as; chanan p´eshaaw Remora. al´ak. chanan p´ok´o Remoras. Lagoon. arong1 Perhaps Caranx ignobilis Gi- ant Trevally. A large school of chilen p´echaw Remora. syn: fitien over 1,000 was observed. Metallic p´ok´o; fitien p´eshaaw; ll´ongin silvery. Nama; Wonip. paaw; chanan p´ok´o. Nomwin; Muril´e. arong2 A jack, said to kill giant clams, like pwe´as and mesewar. fitian Remoras. alt: fitien. Nomwin. Nomwin?; Parem.

fitian p´eshaaw Remora. Said to be atam cf. Caranx ignobilis Giant delicious; can be caught on a Trevally (Myers 1991, pl. 46A), hook. Namoluk; One´op. when small to medium. When larger, the name is punukatam, fitian p´ok´o Remoras. Nomwin? which see. Namoluk.

PRIACANTHIDAE: Bigeyes Fishes 124 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 awa¯ropw1 Caranx ignobilis Giant chepakawe2 Carangoides orthogram- Trevally. alt: awechopw. mus Yellow-Spotted Trevally. Puluwat. (FSM DMR n.d.). awe¯ropw2 Caranx. sp. Said to have cherris Carangoides plagiotaenia long worms in its brain or back of Barcheek Trevally. Also perhaps head. alt: awechopw. Nomwin? some other species of jacks. Polle. chanaan´u Gnathanodon speciosus Golden Trevally, as a pilotfish. eetam Caranx melampygus Bluefin Swims before sharks, when still Trevally. Puluwat. small. see: s´anik´u, senik´u, etc. engang Trachinotus bailloni Small chanan Gnathanodon speciosus Spotted Pompano. Puluwat. Golden Trevally. This species said ´ew´un Probably Dogtooth Tuna, or not to be s´anik´u in Wonip. Albacore. Wonip. Wonip. har´u¯r Gnathodon speciosus Golden chep1 The small stage of a jack. Trevally. Puluwat. When larger, it is pwe´as. Largest is oopwu mataw. Nomwin. ichich1 A silver jack. Nomwin. chep2 Caranx sexfasciatus Bigeye ichich2 Carangoides ferdau Bar Jack; Trevally. Identified from Myers Carangoides orthogrammus Yel- (1991, pl. 46D), photograph of a low-Spotted Trevally. Silvery 14 cm. fish. Puluwat. jacks. These are not atam. Namoluk. chep3 Synonym of pwe´as. Wonip. ichich A jack with yellow pectoral chep4 Seriola spp. Ettal. fins. Mortlocks. chep5 Caranx melampygus Bluefin ikeili¯ran May be a name for Amber- Trevally. Perhaps ingiaaraw; see jack? Puluwat. page 125. lit: blue fin. Ettal. ikenifat Tranchinotus bailloni Small chep6 Bigger than ingiaaraw [But see Spotted Pompano. ingiaaraw, page 125.] ?Caranx Polle; Well known. melampygus. Namoluk. ikepwuch A mystery yet to be chep´ekawe1 The smallest stage of solved. see: p´et´u; mesawar; oopwu mataw, a hand long. Peo- soren; mesanap; mesawar. ple don’t eat the tail of this fish; it is thrown away. This has some- ikepwuch1 A type of p´et´u, uniden- thing to do with the literal mean- tified. Several descriptions are ing of chep, to kick. syn: ?chep. difficult to reconcile; see ikep- see: oopwu mataw; am´ennanong, wuch2. ?Selar crumenophthal- both other stages of this fish. mus. lit: pwuch, means some- Wonip. thing like crazy; if someone is not

Fishes CARANGIDAE: Jacks and Mackerals Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 125

paying attention; if someone is a mesennap3 Caranx sexfasciatus Big- little drunk (wunupwuch). It was eye Trevally, identified from My- said that when this fish is around, ers (1991, pl. 46D). lit: big eye. any number of people can line up see: masawar. R´e´er´eTaloas. to throw the net, and the fish won’t be frightened away [until mesewar1 A Lagoon fisherman says their appropriate time to leave?]. m. is similar to ikepuch; mesewar When large, called mesenap. [The is big-eyed and “long-mouthed”; name mesawar was not known; is ikepuch has small eyes, a small this a synonym?] See p´et´u3: mouth, and a thin body. cf: ikep- F´e´up´e. wuch 2, p´et´u 3; masawar. (Outer Faichuk) [This is an outer ikepwuch2 Mesewar is big-eyed, long island name.] mouthed; ikepwuch has small eyes, small mouth, thin body. cf: mesewar2 Has a yellow stripe. see: mesewar; p´et´u. Outer Faichuk. masaswar.

ingiaaraw1 Seriola cf. rivoliana. Al- momachis Decapterus sp. Round maco Jack. Probably not S. Scad. Lagoon. dumerili. lit: bluefin. see: in- giaaraw2. Ettal. momach´uk Decapterus sp. Round Scad. syn: moomachik; mooma- ingiaaraw2 Possibly Caranx melan- pygus Bluefin Trevally. lit: blue chis; moomasich. Mortlocks? fin. [See chep6 page 124. I have moomachik Decapterus sp. Round some doubts as to the correct or- Scad. Outer Islands. der of sizes here.] Namoluk. i¯ri¯r see: ichich. Nomwin. mooma¯rik Decapterus sp. Round Scad. Puluwat. laang´u´u A jack. Unknown. see: ?llang. Puluwat. moomasich1 Decapterus sp. Round Scad. Tol; F´e´up´e. llang A jack. Unknown. see: ?laang´u´u. Puluwat. moomasich2 One fisherman knows mamochis see: moomachis. (El- about two kinds: one, he says, is bert 1947). like senif (page 106); a second is different. He suggests it may be masawar3 One of three fish said to senifan´e. Tol. kill giant clams, with arong and pwe´as. Nomwin. ngor A long, black Caranx sp. See page 137. masawar syn: mesewar. nich¨onengi Elbert reports to be a mesellap1 A jack. Mortlocks. stage of p´et´u,about 1”long. lit: mesenap2 ?Selar crumenophthalmus leaf of engi, Pemphis acidula, a Big-Eyed Scad, when large. lit: tree with small ovoid leaves. alt: big eye. F´e´up´e. nich´enengngi. (Elbert 1947).

CARANGIDAE: Jacks and Mackerals Fishes 126 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nik´emw´echin angarap syn: ´ew´un? Pullap that claims proprietorship Wonip. over this fish. Pullap. nik´emw´echin toku syn: ´ew´un? pweas Three species were identified Wonip. as pwe´as, Caranx ignobilis Gi- ant Trevally; Caranx melampygus oopw´ati Smaller one, when there Bluefin Trevally; Caranx sexfas- are many. When not in large num- ciatus Bigeye Trevally. The fish bers (school?), a different name. [I posters (FSM DMR n.d.) may note a question whether this is op- be in error in identifying Seriola wpwu mataw, see below.] Wonip. dumerili, Greater Amberjack, by this name. (FSM DMR n.d.). oopwu mataw1 Very large jack. I have heard two folk etymologies pweas? Caranx melapygus Bluefin for this:. 1. It is the “laundry Trevally. alt: ?pwe´as. beating paddle of the sea”; this R´e´er´eTaloas. meaning is consistent with the pweas Unidentified Jacks. Wonip. name chep, which means “kick” and has cultural connotations. 2. pwe´as Caranx melampygus Bluefin It hides in the ocean, doesn’t stay Trevally. Identified by a Nomwin in the place of pweas (oopw mean- resident, with arong and ma- ing to hide). see: chep´ekawe; sawar, as a killer of giant clams. chep; am´ennanong, stages of this Nomwin. fish. Wonip; known in Farr´e. pechere Possibly Selar sp? Believed ´opwpw´unimataw2 An unidentified to grow up to become pweas. Rec- species. Puluwat. ognized from a photo as Selar cru- menophthalmus. [But see Lethri- opwpwuumataw3 FSM Marine Re- nus obsoletus, page 134]. Wonip. sources fish poster cites as Caranx lugubris Black Jack. This is un- p´et´u1 Selar crumenophthalmus Big- certain. (FSM DMR n.d.). Eyed Scad. p´et´u2 Selar boops Yellowband Scad. opwpwuun mataw4 Seriola dumerili F´e´up´e. Greater Amberjack. Said to be the name both of this fish and of p´et´u3 There are two kinds of p´et´u: Caranx ignobilis. Uman. (1) ikepwuch-mesenap; (2) p´et´u. At Wonip F´ew´uchcha, the fish ´orongenif´ew “A species of large pom- that are called p´et´u are not truly pano fish.” (Goodenough & Su- p´et´u, but iikepwuch. [P´et´u has gita 1980). scutes along sides of rear lateral paatiw Selar crumenopthalmus. line; ikepwuch does not; p´et´u syn: p´et´u. Puluwat. has yellow along behind pectoral; ikepwuch does not. Ikepwuch can pat´u Probably Selar crumenophthal- be caught by bottomfishing at mus Big-Eyed Scad. syn: p´et´u. night.] see: ikepwuch2; soren. There is a lineage (eterenges) on F´e´up´e.

Fishes CARANGIDAE: Jacks and Mackerals Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 127 p´et´u4 It appears that at least on s´anikk´u5 A jack, possesses anal some islands, p´et´u is not a sin- spines. Wonei. gle fish. Despite the note above (p´et´u3), on Tol two kinds of soren p´et´u, when small. Perhaps Se- p´et´u have been mentioned: (1) lar crumenophthalmus, about 3-5” iikepwuch-mesenap and (2) p´et´u. long. see: p´et´u. Identified from [p´et´u has scutes along sides of orange on belly, like p´et´u; ma- rear lateral line, while iikepwuch sawar has a yellow stripe. Day- does not; p´et´u has yellow along time they stay near shore, ventur- behind pectoral, while iikepwuch ing into deeper water at night. does not. The fish caught at Wonip; Widespread. Ff´euchcha is not p´et´u, but ikep- tetten2 Caranx ignobilis; C. lugubris. wuch.] see: ikepwuch. [These Jacks. R´e´er´eTaloas. notes are confusing; these matters need to be worked out.] F´e´up´e. tetten1 Scomberoides lysan Leather- back. (FSM DMR n.d.) pinin mahapaa¯r Caranx ignobilis Gi- Polle; Tol. ant Trevally. Identified from a monochrome photograph of a ju- t´ukul A jack, like ichich but long and venile (Myers 1991, fig. 1e, p. skinny, with a black spot. 13” 129). Puluwat. long, or so. ppunukatam cf. Caranx ignobilis Gi- ukureng Elagatis bipinnulatis Rain- ant Trevally, when small to bow Runner. This is an important medium. Largest are called atam, fish in Micronesia. Known widely which see. Namoluk. as ´al´as or ´al´ak. lit: yellow tail. R´e´er´eTaloas. seniku1 Gnathanodon speciosus Golden Trevally. Said to be com- waa herr´ek Possibly Alectis ciliaris mensal in a red species of jellyfish. Threadfin Pompano. May also re- Paata. fer to other fishes of similar mor- phology. cf. page 160. (My- seniku2 Gnathanodon speciosus ers 1991, pl. 45) Puluwat. Golden Trevally. Said to be a sea- sonal indicator. Polle. s´anik´u3 An unidentified jack; said not to be as smooth as senin- 10.29 CORYPHAENIDAE: gen. Said not to be Gnathanodon Dolphinfishes speciosus. see: chanan. Wonip. s´an´uk´u4 A small jack, caught at the r´omanum Perhaps only the male of dock at night. Seen under lights Coryphaena hippurus, with its ex- on seiners in Chuuk Lagoon, cruis- aggerated forehead. Said to be ing after nou. The medusafish is the name because of the resem- similar to s´an´uk´u, but yellow. blance of the fish to the island of Outer Faichuk. R´omanum. Wonip.

CORYPHAENIDAE: Dolphinfishes Fishes 128 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ramanum see: r´omanum. 10.31 GERRIDAE: Moharras seipor Coryphaena hippurus. Nomwin. amwit1 A bit round, as opposed to poonen, which see. Here the say- s´epor see: sopor. ing is “rikin amwit” (see amwit2, below). Tunnuk. sopor! Coryphaena hippurus Dol- phinfish. syn: r´omanum. alt: amwit2 Gerres oyena Oyena Mo- sopor. Wonip; Nomwin. jarra. There is a saying: “´ukk´un amwit,” or “rikin amwit,” per- taining to the the way amwit moves. Namoluk.

10.30 LEIOGNATHIDAE: amwit3 Unidentified gerrids. Slipmouths or Wonip; Satawan. Ponyfishes amwit4 Gerres oyena Oyena Mo- harra. (FSM DMR n.d.). amarapwei Either Leiognatus equulus or Gazza achlamys (leaf-shaped amwit5 see: amwitio. (Elbert 1947). species ). But see emwerepwe as Platax orbicularis, F. Ephippidae, amwitio Elbert (1947) identifies page 139. (Myers 1991, p. 133) three stages of “Gerres baconen- R´e´er´eTaloas. sis”: ninnen, very small; amwit, 6–12”; and amwitio, 12–18”. nikipwin Gazza achlamys Large- Toothed Ponyfish. Thinner than chopan syn: amwit. Polle. seningeen, also has scales. See also nikipwin (F. Pempheridae, chopan Gerrids. Polle; Wonip. page 137). Wonip.

lineeneeto Gerris filamentosis. nikipwin Leiognatus equuleus Com- Puluwat. mon Slipmouth; possibly also Gazza achlamys. Wonip. ninnen see: amwitio. (Elbert 1947). seningeen Leiognathus equulus Com- poonen Described as a fish, maybe mon Slipmouth. Wonip. 12” long, bright silver, with a transparent stomach. Schools. seningeen Leiognathus equulus Com- Like amwit, but amwit is a bit mon Slipmouth. In mangroves. “round.” This one is long and Wonip. skinny. cf: amwit. Tunnuk.

Fishes LEIOGNATHIDAE: Ponyfishes or Slipmouths Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 129

10.32 LUTJANIDAE: awel´ush see: awan´uch. Snappers awen´uch syn: awechopw; awekkak; awel´ush. Some of these are vulgar There seems to be some regional or impolite words. ?F´o´os´on. variability in the use of some of these ´e´uw´e Aprion virescens Jobfish. alt: names, in particular saas and nip´ow / a´uw´e. Wonip; Ubiquitous. lip´ow. Nip´ow is of considerable cul- tural, and perhaps scientific, interest haah Lutjanus kasmira Blueline in Polle and Tol, as Lutjanus fulvus, Snapper. syn: saas. Puluwat. which has a different name—iketech or ikeechech—when it is in spawning ag- hapap´uk´u Lutjanus gibbus Hump- gregations. However, in the Mortlocks, back Snapper, small. lit: hapa, lipou / lip´ow, was not once identified as cut with a knife; p´uk´u, knee. See this species. sapap´uk´u, page 131. Puluwat. In fact, the most consistent thing iikenen sapan Etelis coruscans. about the names for the snappers is (FSM DMR n.d.). probably their inconsistency. ikeechech! Lutjanus fulvus Flametail allup Aprion virescens Jobfish, small Snapper, when schooling. see: stage. [One speaker indicates iketech. Wonip. this is the name for all Aprion ikeenipwin Lutjanus fulvus Flametail virescens, not the small stage. Snapper. Nomwin. There may be differences in us- age.] Nama; Namoluk; Kuttu. ikepor Paka (sic) Pristipomoides fila- mentosus Pink Opakapaka. syn: ´am´af´ew Aphareus rutilans Silver- tingar. [This might be just ike- mouth; Lehi. (FSM DMR n.d.). por? Paka is from the Hawaiian name.] (FSM DMR n.d.). auw´e Aprion virescens Jobfish. Small stage called allup on at iketech Lutjanus fulvus Flametail least some islands of the Mort- Snapper, in aggregations. When locks. alt: ´e´uw´e. Namoluk. gonads are ripe, the color changes, and develops white lines close to awachopw syn: awen´uch; awekkak. tail and at end of tail. When this F´os´on. fish is alone, it is called nip´o´ow. see syn awan´uch Lutjanus argentimaculatus : nip´o´ow. : tech; ikechech. River Snapper; Mangrove Snap- This happens during the time of per. nipwoopwoisor. Polle. Polle; Tol; Parem; Widely known. in´e´umei1 Lutjanus ehrenbergi Black- Spot Snapper. In mangroves. awekkak syn: awen´uch. Kkak and Wonip; Farr´e. n´uch are vulgar or impolite words that onomotopoetically indicate kalikali Pristipomoides auricilla Yel- snapping or popping sounds. lowtail kalikali. syn: tingar. ?F´o´os´on. (FSM DMR n.d.).

LUTJANIDAE: Snappers Fishes 130 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

kiekien iin´on Macolor macularis mesechcha Lutjanus gibbus Hump- Black-and-White Snapper. (My- back Snapper, adult. see: ers (1991) suggests its Microne- sapap´uk´u;nik´on´ok´on. Wonip. sian distribution is limited to Palau and S. Marianas.) See ni- mesechcha Lutjanus gibbus Hump- wan´ek, page 130. Wonip; Polle. back Snapper. alt: masachcha. Farr´e;Kuttu; Mechitiw Wen´e; liherefa¯r Lutjanus fulvus Flametail F´on´o; Namoluk; Wonip. Snapper. Puluwat. momien Macolor niger Black Snap- lipou1 Lutjanus monostigmus One- per; Macolor macularis Black- spot Snapper. alt: lip´ow (not and-White Snapper. Namoluk. a synonym of nip´ow, however, at least in Faichuk.) morop Pristipomoides flavipinnis. Namoluk; Puluwat; Kuttu. (FSM DMR n.d.). lipou2 Identified as two fishes, Lut- morop Apharius furca. Namoluk. janus ehrenbergi; L. monostigmus. It was noted, however, that the n´e´un´ep´er ?Lutjanus fulvus. Uman? “real” one is L. monostigmus. Namoluk. nik´on´ok´on Lutjanus gibbus Hump- back Snapper, juvenile. Adult lip´ow3 Lutjanus monostigmus One- name is mesechcha. cf.: spot Snapper. Nomwin. sapap´uk´u. Wonip. masachcha Lutjanus gibbus Hump- back Snapper. alt: mesechcha, nipaaw3 Either Lutjanus fulvus or L. apparently quite freely inter- monostigmus. alt: nip´ow. changeable in some places. Niku Tol. Niku Tol; Wonip; Puluwat. nip´ow1 Lutjanus fulvus Flametail masashsha see: mesachcha. Snapper. alt: nipaw. syn: p´ow. Wonip; Mechitiw Wen´e;Polle. meew1 Lutjanus bohar Red Snapper; Twinspot Snapper. Wonip; Niku nip´ow2 Lutjanus monostigma. syn: Tol; F´on´o; Namoluk; Nomwin. p´ow. Farr´e. meew2 Lutjanus argentimaculatus; nisaf´en1 Lutjanus ehrenbergi Black- L. bohar. Both species. Puluwat. Spot Snapper. Niku Tol. meim´un Possibly Lutjanus argenti- nisaaf´en2 Lutjanus monostigmus maculatus. Bigger than awan´uch. Onespot Snapper. F´os´on; Polle? Wonip. m´err´op Pristopomoides sp. Pullap. nisarafach Lutjanus monostigmus Onespot Snapper. see:?liherefa¯r. mesachcha Lutjanus gibbus Hump- (FSM DMR n.d.). back Snapper. When small; larger stage is sapap´uk´u. alt: nis´ar´afach1 Lutjanus ehrenbergi mesashsha. Namoluk. BlackSpot Snapper. Wonip.

Fishes LUTJANIDAE: Snappers Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 131

nis´ar´afach2 Lutjanus monostigmus pw´echeepw´ech Macolor niger Black Onespot Snapper; Lutjanus Snapper. alt: ?pw´e¯reepw´e¯r. ehrenbergi BlackSpot Snapper. Nomwin. [In Wonip, these two fishes have distinct names, see n´uk´upw´on´o, p¨ou Lutjanus fulvus Flametail Snapper; Lutjanus semicinctus nis´ar´afach1.] Kuchuwa Taloas. Half-Barred Snapper. (FSM niwan´ek Macolor niger Black Snap- DMR n.d.). per. See kiekien iin´on, page 129. p´ow Lutjanus fulvus Flametail Snap- Also see the discussion on the bird per. syn: nip´ow. Fefan. niwaan´ek, page 182. Wonip. p´ow Lutjanus fulvus Flametail Snap- n´uk´upw´on´o1 Lutjanus monostigmus per. syn: nip´ow. Onespot Snapper. [Either of these Kuchuwa Taloas. two names can come up; both have dark spots. But L. ehren- saas1 Lutjanus kasmira Bluelined bergi definitely seems, for North Snapper. Referred to in Kuchuwa Wonip, to be in assocation with as deep water saas; see saas2. mangroves, as in´e´umei.] Wonip. see: saas tor. syn: haah. [A Namolukese explained deep and n´uk´upw´on´o2 Lutjanus ehrenbergi shallow water saas.] Blackspot snapper. see: ´onochi- Kuchuwa Taloas; Nomwin; mwi. see: ´uk´upw´on´o. Wonip. Wonip; Mechitiw Wen´e;Lukunor.

2 n´uk´upw´on´o3 Unidentified fish. saas Lutjanus semicinctus Half- Mechitiw Wen´e. Barred Snapper. Referred to in Taloas as shallow water saas; see n´uk´upw´on´o Lutjanus monostigmus saas1. Kuchuwa Taloas; Wonip. Onespot Snapper. Wonip. saas3 Two fishes were pointed out, ´onochimwi Lutjanus monostigmus saas tor, and Lutjanus fulvus Onespot Snapper. Wonip. Flametail Snapper. Lukunor. saas4 Lutjanus fulvus; L. kasmira; L. oochii Perhaps Onaga or Opakapaka semicinctus. Deep water and shal- (both from Hawaiian names). low water saas were also spoken of Gold fish, in deep water. by a Namolukese. See saas1. Faichuk; Namoneas. Namoluk. oolaalumw Macolor spp., juveniles saas tor Lutjanus kasmira Bluelined and adults. There are leechin o. Snapper. syn: saas. (small o). or watte o. (big o.) Mechitiw Wen´e;Lukunor. Puluwat. sapap´uk´u1 Lutjanus gibbus Hump- op´ers´ek Lutjanus fulvus, smallest back Snapper, large, adult. size class. lit: hides in p´e´es´ek, A smaller stage is mesechcha, coconut shells. see: nip´ow; teech; page 130. See hapap´uk´u, ikeechech. Polle; F´e´up. page 129, nik´on´ok´on. [A Namoluk

LUTJANIDAE: Snappers Fishes 132 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Islander calls attention to differ- ´uk´upw´on´o1 Lutjanus semicinctus ences in size-class nomenclature of Half-Barred Snapper. [May be Lutjanus gibbus, between Chuuk an erroroneous identification; see Lagoon and Namoluk. In the La- ´uk´upw´on´o2 one Polle Islander.] goon, a distinction is made be- Polle; Farr´e. tween the juveniles (nik´on´ok´on, in Wonip) and adult, mesechcha. ´uk´upw´on´o2 Lutjanus monostigma On Namoluk, however, the Onespot Snapper; L. ehrenbergi. largest class of mesachcha is [This spot is not really near the called sapap´uk´u, because of cer- tail. L. semicinctus seems more tain growths on their cheeks. likely on a literal basis, but see lit Sapap´uk´u may be the name of n´uk´upw´on´o.] : spotted tail; a smaller stage in Namoeas; it is pw´on´o, birthmark. Polle. so in Puluwat, as the variant ha- pap´uk´u. Notably, the folk ety- mologies given for these two loca- tions lend different “meanings” to 10.33 CAESIONIDAE: substantially the same name, per- Fusiliers haps in justification of its use.] Namoluk. As in other groups, names have been reported for a number of the caesionids sapap´uk´u2 Reportedly is a smaller in Myers (1991) that are not (yet) docu- stage of Lutjanus gibbus. see: ha- mented from Chuuk, in particular, Cae- pap´uk´u, page 129. ?Lagoon. sio cuning. s´ek´ur´upi Lutjanus rivulatus Scrib- tilipwu Pterocaesio pisang Ruddy bled Snapper. (FSM DMR n.d.). Fusilier. [Not confirmed.] Nomwin? tech Lutjanus fulvus, when in ag- gregating phase. syn: ikechech; tinipu Caesio pisang “Bananafish.” iketech. Polle. see: tinipwu. (Chuuk DMR n.d.). tingar Three fishes were cited as tin- tinipwu Paracaesio xanthurus Deep- gar: Pristipomoides auricilla; P. water Bream. (FSM DMR n.d.). filamentosus; P. zonatus. (FSM DMR n.d.). tinipwu ?Caesio caerulaurea Scissor- tail Fusilier. [This species only re- tingar Gnathodentex aurolineatus ported from Palau in Micronesia Yellowspot Emperor. Puluwat. (Myers 1991).] Kuchuwa Taloas; Wonip, Yow; Puluwat; Namoluk. tipir Pristipomoides argyrogram- mics Blueline Gindai. (FSM ´uk´ureng1 Caesio cuning. [Although DMR n.d.). this fish has only been recorded from Palau, several persons have tipir Lutjnus fulvus Flametail Snap- identified it positively for Chuuk.] per. see: nip´ow, saas? Farr´e. Wonip; Kuchuwa Taloas.

Fishes CAESIONIDAE: Fusiliers Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 133

´uk´ureng2 Caesio cuning?; C. teres. mounouno Plectorhinchus goldmanni lit: yellow tail. Goldman’s Sweetlips. (FSM Namoluk; Wonip. DMR n.d.).

mounoun´o Plectorhinchus orien- talis Oriental Sweetlips; Plecto- 10.34 HAEMULIDAE: rhinchus goldmanni Goldmann’s Sweetlips Sweetlips. Kuchuwa Taloas.

nichoochoo1 Perhaps Plectrorhinchus beche-pwech Plectorhinchus chaeto- picus Spotted Sweetlips. [Un- donoides Harlequin Sweetlips. certain. Possibly like Macolor see: pechepwech, pe¯repw´e¯r. sp. There is said to be a stone (FSM DMR n.d.). (hole) of this fish, which it doesn’t leave except to look for food.] efing1 Plectrorhinchus chaetodon- See also nichoochoo (Serannidae), oides Harlequin Sweetlips; page 117. Wonip. Plectrorhinchus obscurus Giant Sweetlips; Plectrorhinchus picus nichoocho2 Felt to be smaller than Spotted Sweetlips. Wonip. efing, but the same species. see: efing2. Wonip. efing2 Felt to the larger than nichoo- cho, but the same species. See nichoochoo3 From Masuda, Araga & nichoocho2. Wonip. Yoshino (1975, pl. 67d,f). But this may be niwan´ek. It was efing3 Plectorhinchus orientalis stated that the fish in Plate F Oriental Sweetlips. (FSM makes a farting sound, and that DMR n.d.). nichoochoo has a sharp nose. efiing! Plectorhinchus obscurus Gi- Wonip. ant Sweetlips. Does not include niwaan´ek Plectorhinchus picus Spot- P. picus which is lumped with ted Sweetlips. (Masuda, Araga P. chaetodonoides under another & Yoshino 1975, pl. 67H). see name, forgotten. F´os´on. nichoochoo1. Said to be greasy. ff´e´urupung Possibly Plectrorhinchus Wonip. gaterinoides (=P. lineatus (My- ers 1991)). See ff´e´urupung (Ser- n´o´omw´a´ar Plectrorhinchus goldman- ranidae), page 115. Paata. ni Goldmann’s Sweetlips; Plec- trorhinchus orientalis Oriental laamw´a´ar Unidentified Sweetlips. Sweetlips. Wonip; F´os´on. Under rocks? Puluwat. n´o´omw´a´ar Plectorhinchus orientalis laamw´ar Plectorhinchus goldmanni Oriental Sweetlips. Farr´e. Goldmann’s Sweetlips; P. orien- talis Oriental Sweetlips. n´o´omw´ar Unidentified. Namoluk. R´e´er´eTaloas.

HAEMULIDAE: Sweetlips Fishes 134 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

n´o´omw´ar Plectorhinchus gateri- chokochok Lethrinus obsoletus Yel- noides. Plectorhinchus gateri- lowstripe emporer, subadult. noides Lined Sweetlips; P. orien- When large, it is pechere. [Ac- talis Oriental Sweetlips; P. gold- cording to numerous reports it is manni Goldmann’s Sweetlips. weeow when large.] Wonip. Wonip. maasamas Monotaxis grandoculis. n´o´omu´a´ar Plectorhinchus obscurus Wonip. Giant Sweetlips; P. picus Spotted mahamah see: masamas. Sweetlips. (FSM DMR n.d.). chokochok Lethrinus obsoletus Yel- pechepwech? Plectrorhynchus chaet- lowstripe Emperor, subadult. On odonoides Harlequin Sweetlips. and near the reef platform. Larger syn: pe¯repw´e¯r. sizeclass is pechere; some say weeow, it seems wrongly. Wonip. pechepw´ech “A bass.” atek L. xanthochilus; L. olivaceus. “Nomwin.” (Elbert 1947). Respectively the Yellowlip Em- pe¯repw´e¯r Plectrorhynchus chaet- peror and the Longnose Emperor. syn odonoides Harlequin Sweetlips. : ?ettik; ´ul´ul. Namoluk. alt: pechepwech. lit: white legs. etik1 Lethrinus olivaceus Longnose Nomwin. Emperor. Wonip; Niku Tol.

ettik2 Perhaps one of Lethrinus oli- vaceus Longnose Emperor or Lethrinus xanthochilus Yellowlip 10.35 NEMIPTERIDAE: Emperor. Namoluk. Spinecheeks and Threadfin Breams ettik3 An unidentified white snap- per; burrows, leaving one eye showing. Pullap. achawa Scolopsis lineatus Black-and- ik´amear Lethrinus erythropterus White spinecheek. Namoluk. Masked emporer. syn: sakuach. Wonip. pw´ut´ur Scolopsis sp. Spinecheek. Wonip. ikein´e Probably Gymnocranius cf. lethrinoides Stout Emperor, or a similar species. Wonip. ikenifat Reportedly the same as 10.36 LETHRINIDAE: pechere, L. obsoletus Yellowstripe Emperors emporer. But see also ikenifat (Carangidae), page 124. Polle. pechere Lethrinus obsoletus Yellow- maasamas Monotaxis grandoculus stripe Emperor, adult. When Bigeye Emperor. see: ´uh´angifai. smaller, it is chokochok. Wonip. alt: masamas. Ubiquitous.

Fishes NEMIPTERTIDAE: Spinecheeks Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 135

mechanin1 Lethrinus rubriopercula- sokurupi Lethrinus harak Blackspot tus. Small. When larger, noot, Emperor. (FSM DMR n.d.). which see. Conflicts with descrip- tion of mechengin2. Farr´e. s´onout Small, subadult Monotaxis

! grandoculus Bigeye Emperor (My- mechengin2 Considered to be a larger ers 1991, pl. 55B). Wonip. size fish, like noot, perhaps a size class. Ettik is long. Mechengin is tingar! Gnathodentex aurolineatus. bigger. Wonip. syn: sakuach. Namoluk; Polle?

meetiin1 Lethrinus xanthochilus Yel- tiwes´on noot, when 4 or 5” long. Per- lowlip Emperor. Wonip; Niku. haps Lethrinus rubrioperculatus. metiin2 Lethrinus harak. Wonip. Namoluk; Nomwin. ´uh´angifai Monotaxis grandoculus metiin Lethrinus obsoletus. (FSM Bigeye Emperor, juvenile. lit: DMR n.d.). “stands off of rocks.” See Myers (1991, photograph on pl. 55B). noot1 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Puluwat. Redgill Emperor. see: mechanin. [Other identifications have been ulul? Lethrinus olivaceus (=L. elon- gotten, but this is most usual.] gatus) Longnose Emperor. syn: Niku Tol; Wonip. ettik? alt: ´ul´ul? Namoluk; Nomwin. noot2 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Redgill Emperor; also L. erythro- ´un´un? Lethrinus olivaceus. syn: ´ul´ul; canthus Orangefin Emperor. ´attik. alt: unuun? F´on´o. Namoluk.

noot3 Lethrinus olivaceus (=L. elon- urupwin Lethrinus erythracanthus gatus) Longnose Emperor. [Both (= Lethrinus kallopterus) Or- this and noot4 must be checked.] angefin Emperor. syn: orropwin. Nama. Wonip.

noot4 Lethrinus xanthochilus Yel- urun´o Lethrinus obsoletus Yellow- lowlip Emperor. (FSM stripe Emperor, subadult. syn: DMR n.d.). chokochok. Polle. notoeetik Lethrinus olivaceus (=L. weeow1 Lethrinus harak Blackspot miniatus) alt: ?noteetik. [Name Emperor. [This name has fre- needs to be verified.] Taloas. quently been given as the name orropwin! Lethrinus erythracanthus of larger chokochok, which are L. (= Lethrinus kallopterus). syn: obsoletus; however, reliable iden- urupwin. Namoluk. tifications seem to favor L. harak, also found, according to Myers sakuach Gnathodentex aurolineatus. (1991) in seagrass beds.] see: wu- Namoluk. run´o. alt: weio. Wonip; Niku.

LETHRINIDAE: Emperors Fishes 136 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

weeow2 Lethrinus obsoletus, when kare´ole´ol An unidentified goatfish. large. But see note with weeow1. Puluwat. alt: weio. Wonip. maunos1 Unidentified, perhaps: wurun´o Lethrinus Harak. see: Parupeneus multifasciatus Multi- weeow. alt: urun´o. Niku Tol. barred Goatfish (both color phases in Myers (1991, pl. 59BC)). Niku Tol.

maunos2 Parupeneus cyclostomus 10.37 MULLIDAE: Yellowsaddle Goatfish; Yellow Goatfishes Goatfish. Polle.

maw Unverified, may be Myers chiwin A goatfish, possibly Paru- (1991, pl. 58D or 58E), Para- peneus multifasciatus. Nomwin. peneus ciliatus or P. cyclostomus. chuu Parupeneus multifasciatus [Not a reliable identification; de- (somewhat mottled form); P. scribed as being somewhat homo- bifasciatus (dark-barred form). geneous in color.] Namoluk. see : ?chiwin. Puluwat. merrep1 see: page 122, Flagtails.

feinisi1 Parupeneus barberinus Dash- merrep2 Upeneus taeniopterus and-Dot Goatfish. Band-Tailed Goatfish. Similar to Niku Tol; Polle. kuhliidae soupeleau, peleiaw, etc.; see page 122. Puluwat. feiniki2 Possibly Parupeneus barberi- nus. Puluwat. m´oihara Parupeneus multifasciatus Multibarred Goatfish (bright red fainikei3 ? Parapeneus indicus In- phase) (Myers 1991, pl. 59C). It dian Goatfish. syn: feinisi. is said that if one catches this fish Namoluk. someone will die in his family. Puluwat. feinisi4 Parupeneus barberinus Dash- and-Dot Goatfish, (pinkish m´o´ongelu Possibly a red goatfish. phase). (FSM DMR n.d.). Puluwat. how´ell´el Parupeneus cyclostomus nukusor A goatfish. Unknown. (El- Yellowsaddle Goatfish; Yellow bert 1947). Goatfish. Puluwat. oochi1 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus ikeir´e´ek [This identification needs Yellowstripe Goatfish. lit: From checking.] Parupeneus heptacan- the Japanese for grandfather. thus (=P. cinnabarinus) Redspot Polle. Goatfish. Identified from Masuda, Araga & Yoshino (1975, pl. 34H). ochi2 Mulloides flavolineatus Yel- syn: ?feinisi. lit: Fish of dry, lowstripe Goatfish. (FSM tradewind season. Nama. DMR n.d.).

Fishes MULLIDAE: Goatfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 137

oomeyi1 Mulloides vanicolensis Yel- we¯r¯rik Mulloides flavolineatus Yel- lowfin Goatfish. Found on af- lowstripe Goatfish, when small. fah (affas), reefs with ´a´alepwo on Small stage of uwei. Puluwat. them. These fish are said to like ´a´alepwo (see ´a´alepwo, page 31). see There are 20 or 30 affah known wiinam : wil´am. (Goodenough & between Pullap and Tamatam. Sugita 1980). Pullap. wil´am An unidentified goatfish; live oomai2 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis in deep water, but go near reefs. Yellowfin Goatfish. Apparently Possibly either Mulloidichthys also the red phase. Polle. pflugeri or Parupeneus hepta- canthus (=cinnabarinus). alt: oomai3 Mulloides vanicolensis Yel- wiil´am. Nomwin. lowfin Goatfish. There is another name for the red phase. Puluwat. oomai4 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, red morph. Light phase was called sichopw (or sichow?). Niku Tol. 10.38 PEMPHERIDAE: Sweepers eomei Mulloides vanicolensis Yel- lowfin Goatfish. Namoluk. ´api¯r´oi Pempheris cf. oualensis. Used sema´urepong An unidentified goat- in reference to a woman who has fish. lit: “doesn’t sleep at night.” small buttocks. syn: ´os´onong. Ettal. alt: ´api¯r¯roi. Puluwat; Pullap. sichopw! Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Yellowfin Goatfish (yellow-white halang Probably pempherids. [Eas- phase). The red phase was men- ily derived from ´os´olong.] Pem- tioned as oomai. [This should be pheris oualensis Bronze Sweeper. checked.] Farr´e. See also Leiognathidae, page 128. Tol. sichow Uncertain goatfish. Wonip.

´uk´uchchen Upeneus vittatus Yellow- ´osel´ong! Probably Pempheris cf. banded Goatfish; Upeneus tragula oualensis. Namoluk. Blackstriped Goatfish. Wonip. uwei1 Mulloides flavolineatus Yel- ´osolong Pempheris cf. oualensis. lowstripe Goatfish. See merrep, alt: ´os´onong; ´osonong; ´osilong. page 122. Namoluk. syn: ´api¯roi. Nama. uwei2 Mulloides flavolineatus Yel- lowstripe Goatfish. Smaller stage ´os´onong Pempheris cf. oualensis. is we¯r¯rik. Puluwat. Wonip.

PEMPHERIDAE: Sweepers Fishes 138 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

10.39 KYPHOSIDAE: ngor Kyphosus cinerascens High- Chubs, Rudderfishes fin Rudderfish; Snubnose Chub. Large sizeclass. Smaller individu- als are called fit´a. See page 125. Rudderfishes may be very difficult to Kuchuwa Taloas. differentiate. Masuda (1984) comments that Kyphosus vaigiensis “is similar to nichomon A small rudderfish, stage Kyphosus cinerascens, but has 11 dor- of fit´a. When small, they sal spines compared to 10 (in the former school and forage close in; when species).” Under these circumstances larger there are specific aggrega- it will clearly be difficult to draw any tion sites, called f´ew´unfit´a. fine lines. However, it is of interest to Wonip. pursue this family further, as knowledge of these fishes is well developed, per- nimwerey´on A rudderfish. (Gooden- haps especially on oceanic islands such ough & Sugita 1980). as Nama, where notice it taken when a nipwisik Kyphosus cinerascens; K. school has come in to the reef off of pass- vaigiensis. Both these are red- ing drift logs. dish. see: fit´a4. (Myers 1991, pl. see ar´en A stage—nichomon, when 60DE). : ?epinik´os. Note sim- small. It was said that this was an ilarity to the name pisiki. F´e´up. older name, while today one hears pisiki1 All Kyphosids on Fanan´u. mostly fit´a. syn: ren, fit´a3. syn: ren; fit´a. Fanan´u. Wonip. pisiki2 Rudderfishes; chubs. syn: epinik´os Unknown rudderfish, unac- fit´a, in Mwmw´an, see fit´a3 counted for in notes. see: nip- Sapuk, Wen´e. wisik; fit´a6. pisiki3 Rudderfish, longer than ren or fit´a1 Unidentified rudderfishs; nip- fit´a, which see. Nama. wisik or nichomon when small. syn: ren, r´en. Wonip. r´e´en All rudderfishes. Puluwat.

fit´a2 Kyphosus cinerascens Highfin r´enissawo Possibly K. cinerascens Rudderfish; Snubnose Chub. see: and K. bigibbus. Lit. “ren that nipwisik. F´e´up. circles around.” Perhaps usually the big ones. Namoluk. fit´a3 syn: reen; certain fit´a are called epinik´os. [pisiki in Sapuk; fit´a in reen Rudderfishes. Lukunor. Mwmw´an. See the serranids eeni ren1 A rudderfish or rudderfishes. and ´a´anii, page 113.] see: pisiki2. Mwmw´an. see: nichomon, smaller stage. syn: r´en,fit´a. fit´a4 Kyphosus cinerascens Highfin Rudderfish. (FSM DMR n.d.). ren2 Kyphosus bigibbus Insular Rud- derfish; Brown Chub. Identified limwilimw A possible rudderfish from Myers (1991, pl. 60B). name. F´e´up.

Fishes KYPHOSIDAE: Rudderfishes or Chubs Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 139

ren3 Kyphosus spp. Rudderfishes. puun1 Platax spp. Batfishes; spade- see: r´enissawo; rennema. fishes. This is their name when Namoluk. they are large. Wonip. ren4 Rudderfish; comes from logs. puun2 All the (adult?) batfishes in see: pisiki, fit´a. Nama. Myers. Platax orbicularis; P. teira. It was clearly stated that P. ren A note from Nama stated that teira is in Chuuk Lagoon. ren comes from logs; pisiki is Kuchuwa Taloas. longer; while fit´a is thicker. Nama. ren nim´e A rudderfish that is associ- ated with logs, arrives from logs. 10.41 CHAETODONTIDAE: Identified as Kyphosus cineras- Butterflyfishes cens. Usually small when they ar- rive; they stay and grow large. There are remarkably few spe- Nama. cial names for Butterflyfishes; general names are plastic. In some instances, ren nupuk Kyphosus vaigiensis. Na- angelfishes are also referred to by these tive island ren. Compare with ren names. Specific names may exist, espe- nim´e; rennim´a. cially in the outer islands. rennema Rudderfish on logs. lit: ma, from man, drift. Usually, chopwil´e´etow Possible name for a they are small. alt: ren nim´e. specific Chaetodon sp. Namoluk. Namoluk. chuko A butterflyfish species. Un- known. This resembles the word chuk´o, for chicken, see page 173. (Elbert 1947). 10.40 EPHIPPIDAE: Batfishes, ´ep´ung´up´ung All butterflyfishes. Spadefishes syn: ´ep´ung´up´ung´un imwen ´en´u´enap; nis´ar´akk´ot (also in F´e´up); nis´ar´akka. F´e´up. emwerepwei Platax cf. orbicularis Batfish; Spadefish. ep´ung´up´ung´unn´uk´unimwen ´en´u´u´enap All butterflyfishes. syn: nis´ar´a- lipunupunei Platax spp., and Mon- kk´ot; ´ep´ung´up´ung. Polle. odactylus argenteus. See also He- niochus spp., page 139. likeriker2 Chaetodon quadrimacu- Namoluk. latus. Possibly the name of a spe- cific species, on Namoluk; most nifaat Monodactylus argenteus places, this is a general name re- Mono. School like seningen (see ferring to any butterflyfish. page 128). Wonip. Namoluk.

EPHIPIDAE: Bat- or Spadefishes Fishes 140 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

likeriker1 Any butterflyfish. May re- s´an´apwapw Butterflyfishes. fer “only to the yellow ones” on Polle; Tol. Namoluk (see likeriker2). Losap; Namoluk. selepap? Chaetodon auriga; C. ephippium also mentioned. Ap- lipunupunei Heniochus spp. Banner- parently all Chaetodontids (But- fish. This was referred to as terflyfishes), although it was indi- the “family of lipunupunei,” also cated that there are species spe- including batfishes, Platax spp. cific names here. Namoluk. and Monodactylus argenteus, see page 139. Synonyms for He- ? senepwapw Butterflyfishes. F´on´o. niochus spp. include nif´e´ef´e´eiy´as; niwowoi´as; nipp´en´u; nis´ar´akk´ot. Namoluk. nif´e´ef´e´ei´as Heniochus spp. Banner- 10.42 POMACANTHIDAE: fishes. syn: niwowoiy´as; nipp´en´u; lipunupunei; nis´ar´akk´ot. cf: Zan- Angelfishes clus cornutus, page 160. Polle. nipp´en´u Heniochus sp. (only one likereker Pygoplites diacanthus Re- of the species in Myers (1991); gal Angelfish. [Said not to one of them is nis´ar´akk´ot). syn: be other angelfishes.] See also nif´e´ef´e´eiy´as; niwowoi´as; nipp´en´u; Chaetodontidae, Butterflyfishes, lipunupunei; nis´ar´akk´ot. See page 139. Namoluk. Dascylus aruanas (Pomacentri- dae, page 142). Wonip. l´uk´unimwen ippach see: r´u´urr´ung. Pomacanthus imperator? Royal nis´ar´akka Butterflyfishes. syn: Angelfish or Imperial Angelfish. ´ep´ung´up´ung, nis´ar´akk´ot (both in lit: “outside its home in rain,” it F´e´up). F´e´up;Polle. leaves its shelter when it rains. nis´ar´akk´ot! Butterflyfishes, in gen- Nomwin. eral. [kka, thirsty, is roughly equivalent to kk´ot, low tide.] n´uk´unimwenipach (Elbert 1947, as Wonip. a butterflyfish—Holacanthus di- acanthus, its currently correct nis´ar´akk´ot2 Butterflyfishes, in gen- name is Pygoplites diacanthus) eral. syn: ´ep´ung´up´ung; nis´ar´akka see: s´opw´urr´ungng´u. (F´e´up). F´e´up. r´u´urr´ung An angelfish, on FSM nis´ar´akk´ot All butterflyfishes. postage stamp, Summer 1993. Fefan. syn: l´uk´unimwen ippach. Royal niwowoi´as Heniochus spp. Banner- Angelfish or Imperial Angelfish. fishes. syn: nif´e´ef´e´eiy´as; nipp´en´u; Pullap. lipunupunei; nis´ar´akk´ot. hom: Zanclus cornutus, page 160. sip´ur´ungng´u Colorfully striped an- Fefan. gelfishes. lit: t-shirt (Japanese?).

Fishes POMACANTHIDAE: Angelfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 141

s´opw´urr´ungng´u Pygoplites diacan- ikenen n´on rumech Amphiprion spp. thus Regal Angelfish. see: Anemonefishes or Clownfishes. sip´ur´ungng´u. syn: n´e´un ruumech; inen ru- umech; an´e´unurumw´ech. R´omanum.

10.43 POMACENTRIDAE: inen rumech Amphiprion spp. Clownfish; Anemonefish. Damselfishes Lagoon; R´e´er´eTaloas.

Wononum and chop´oi, stated to be kufel Damselfishes. see: kuufen. damselfishes in Elbert (1947) have not Puluwat. been identifed. kuufen Damselfishes, including Ste- annaun urumech Amphiprion spp. gastes spp. Farmerfishes or Gre- Satawan. gories. Heads of these fish were used in the fish head necklace. A an´ew´unurumwmw´ech1 Amphiprion living man states that the peo- sp. see: n´e´unrumech. Mwoch. ple of today could not stand the smell, but earlier in this cen- chukafan see: ch´uk´ufan. Farr´e. tury, the smell was favored. To- day, one who eats fish is said to ch´ukafan Amphiprion spp. Anemone smell “kufenufen.” syn: nimuk; Fishes. syn: n´e´unrumech; inen ch´uk´ufan; lish´ek. rumech; an´e´un urumwmw´ech. Tol; Wonip; Farr´e. alt: ch´uk´ufan. Paata.

chuk´ofan see: ch´uk´ufan. Paata. lich´e´ek1 The following were identi- fied from Myers (1991): Chromis ch´uk´ufan Elbert (1947, Angelfish), agilis; C. agilis; C. amboinensis; an error. Abudefduf sordidus; Cheiloprion labiatus. alt: lish´ek. syn: kuufen; ch´uk´ufan Stegastes spp. Gregories ch´uk´ufan; nimuk. Namoluk. or Farmerfishes. syn: k´u´ufen; nimuk. lit: refers to grease; these lich´e´ek2 Stegastes nigricans; S. fish are said to be greasy. lividus Farmerfishes. [Possibly Taloas, for example; Chukien´u. greenish/blueish grayish colored typical damselfishes.] Mw´och. fitiff´e´u Abudefduf septemfasciatus; A. sp. Sargeants. Namoluk. lif´en´erupung Farmerfish. Oni´op. hopwin lumwunfai Amphiprion spp. likachiw Chromus caeruleus Blue Clown Fish; Anemonefish; also Chromis. alt: l´ukach´uw. some other fishes? lit: hopw, Nomwin? hide, they always run into anemones, lumwunffai. syn: see limoul´a´ang Chromis viridis Blue- n´e´unrumech; inen rumech; an´e´un green Chromis. lit: There was urumw´ech. Puluwat. a meaning. Puluwat.

POMACENTRIDAE: Damselfishes Fishes 142 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 lipaal´u Dascylus aruanus Humbug rumech; an´ew´un urumwmw´ech; Damsel; Humbug Dascylus. lit: ch´ukafan; hopwin lumwunfai; Something like partner: apaal´uw lish´e´ek; ikenen n´on rumech. f´engin. Puluwat. Polle. lipel´uweicho see: llipp´e´eweicho. nimuk1 Farmer fish, such as Ste- Namoluk. gastes spp. syn: chukufan; ku- ufen. Farr´e;Wonip. lipp´el´eweicho Dascylus aruanus; Abudefduf spp. cf: pw´aliffa´u. See nimuk2 Cheiloprion labiatus Big-Lip also pweleffau. Namoluk. Damsel fish; Mistrel Fish. (My- ers 1991, pl. 78G). Wonip. lippeli´eshsh´o see: lippeli´echch´o. Namoluk. nipp´en´u “Damselfish.” see: lipaal´u. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). li¯r´ek Damselfishes. syn: kufel, ch´uk´ufan, kufen, nimuk. alt: nipp´en´u Dascyllus aruanus; D. mela- lich´ek; lish´ek. Puluwat. nurus. lit: p´en´u, navigator. See: Heniochus spp. (Chaetodontidae, lish´e´ek2 Amphiprion spp. Anemone- page 140). Kuchuwa Taloas. fishes; Clownfishes. syn: n´e´un rumech; an´e´un urumw´ech; inen nisom Pomacentrus pavo Sapphire rumech. Ettal. Damsel. (Chuuk DMR n.d.). lish´ek1 Damselfishes; Farmerfishes. nissomw Any of several small dam- cf: lich´ek. syn: kuufen; ch´uk´ufan; selfishes; many, but not all seem nimwuk. Namoluk. to be blue. Ablyglyphidodon cura- cao; Chrysiptera caeruleolineata; lish´ek3 cf: lipp´eliweishsho. Bigger Chrysiptera cyanea. than lippeliweishsho, has scales, Kuchuwa Taloas. black and white; stays in ff´e´utong, Millepora sp. Mortlocks. pwaachiw1 Perhaps some Stegastes m´ah Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissor- spp. Perhaps some people use this alt tail Sargeant. Puluwat. name for kuufen. : ?pwach´u. [Is this derived from ch´uk´ufan?] meiarrawarraw Must be any of a Polle. number of small blue fishes, such as Chromis viridis, Chrysiptera pwachik Damselfish(es), identified cyanea, C. oxycephala, etc. Not with a photo of Plectroglyphidodon restricted, perhaps, to dam- lacrymatus, the Jewel Damsel. syn see selfishes. Fefan. : lich´ek. : pwach´u. Losap. naun urumech Amphiprion spp. pwach´u1 A number of small dam- Anemonefishes; Clownfishes. selfishes. For example Chrysiptera Namoluk. leucopoma; Chrysiptera talboti; Chrysiptera traceyi; Chrysiptera n´e´unruumech Amphiprion spp. oxycephala Demoiselles. But see Anemonefishes. syn: inen pwach´u2. Kuchuwa Taloas.

Fishes POMACENTRIDAE: Damselfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 143

pwach´u2 Damselfishes, identified toom A number of small blue with photos of Chrysiptera biocel- fishes, including Pomacentrus lata and Chrysiptera leucopoma. pavo Saphirre Damsel. See In p´un´up´un rockpiles. also w´on´uroch, the Poison-Fang Blenny, page 154. Polle. pw´aliffa´u Black and white striped, bigger than lipel´uweicho. cf: toom1 Any of a number of small blue lipel´uweicho. Namoluk. fishes, including Chromis spp. Blue Chromis, and perhaps also pweleffau Damselfish? There are non-pomacentrids. Wonip; Polle. two, see also pweleyaw. See also pweliffai. Lukunor. 10.43.1 Problematic Damselfish pweleyaw Damselfish? There are two Names kinds, pweleyawu and pwelefawu. Lukunor. an´ew´unurumwmw´ech2 A second set pwelifaai Identified as Abudefduf of fishes was identified with this lorenzi Black-Tail Sargeant. [This name: some damselfishes. Pomo- species has not been reported centrus pavo; P. philippinus (dark from Chuuk.] lit: circling around morph); Plectroglyphidodon spp. the stone. Puluwat. see: inen rumech. Mwoch. pirisiman Farmerfishes. syn: ch´uk´u- ikanaaw´et Unknown. ?Dascyllus fan. lit: policeman. aruanus; D. albisella. Mw´och. Sapuk, Wen´e. ¯r´e´e¯r Stegastes spp. Farmer fish. syn: niff´ew´uf´ew Lists as a damselfish with ch´uk´ufan. alt: ?ch´e´ech. Pullap. synonym wononum. syn?:wo- nonum. (Goodenough & Su- son Abudefduf spp.; perhaps Ablyg- gita 1980). lyphidodon curacao Sargeant Ma- jors; perhaps Staghorn Damsel. ss´el Possibly Abudefduf spp. [Might Farr´e. be other damselfishes with high curve of head?] Mw´och. sson Abudefduf spp., with the pos- sible exception of A. sexfasiatus (though maybe not). Eats excre- ment. Kuchuwa Taloas. 10.44 LABRIDAE: taafaa Chrysiptera glauca; C. oxy- Wrasse cephala Gray Demoiselle; Blue- Spot Demoiselle. Under stones, fished with chuu p´un´up´un net. At There are indications that there are low tide, there are many in small a considerable number of names for pools. Farr´e. wrasses in the Outlying Islands, as a consequence of the greater relative im- toom2 Chrysiptera oxycephala Blue- portance of these fishes than in the la- Spot Demoiselle. Wonip. goon.

LABRIDAE: Wrasses Fishes 144 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

´ah´ap Gomphius sp. Bird Wrasse. epwei Cheilio inermis Cigar Wrasse. syn: aw´uw´a´a. Puluwat. Certain women are good at fishing for these on the Wonip Reef Plat- al´un´umei Thalassoma trilobatum; T. form. Wonip. purpureum (both immature and terminal phases). Namoluk. faihuuhuu Epibulus insidiator Sling- jaw Wrasse. syn: feisiyuy. ´atin noot Hemigymnus melapterus Puluwat. Blackedge Thicklip Wrasse. Iden- tified from Myers (1991), plate feissiyuu Epibulus insidiator Sling- 99H, adult form. Puluwat. jaw Wrasse. aw´uw´a´a Gomphosus varius Bird fiti´an Labroides spp. Cleaner Wrasse. syn: ´ah´ap. see: aw´as´a. Wrasse. lit: fiti, with. Mwoch. See Goodenough & Sugita (1980), ku´elin f´an h´a´at Labroides spp. owuw´a. Nomwin. Cleaner Wrasses. lit: undersea chaalea1 Thalassoma hardwickii Six- lizard. Puluwat. bar Wrasse. Namoluk. likoppur Unsubstantiated: Hemi- gymnus fasciatus Barred Thicklip ch´alea2 Halichoeres sp. A saying: kosapw ch´alea: when you use Wrasse. a fishing pole on the reef, this lipwpweik Cheilinus fasciatus, C. species chases the others off the unifasciatus; C. diagrammus; C. bait. [See chaalea1: is that a bet- celebicus. see: nipwpweik. Ulul. ter identification?] (Myers 1991, 97DF). Namoluk. nipwpweik Cheilinus unifasciatus Ringtail Wrasse, two colorphases; cheleil Cheilio inermis Cigar Wrasse. C. celebecus Celebes Wrasse. [Not Puluwat. C. fasciatus.] see: lipwpweik. Polle. chiinein Novaculichthys taeniou- rus Dragon Wrasse; Rockmover liweik Cheilinus unifasciatus Ring- Wrasse. Polle; Fefan. tail Wrasse. Puluwat. chileil Cheilio inermis Cigar Wrasse. m´a´am1 Cheilinus undulatus Hump- see: ¯releil. syn: ¯releil, cheleil, head Wrasse; Napoleonfish. ?chinein. Puluwat. When small, m´arer, which see. Widespread. chuuff´e´u Cheilinus fasciatus Red- Breasted Wrasse. Somewhat re- m´a´am2 On Pullap, owned by the tra- sembles, but clearly distinguished ditional chief, to whom it is given from nipwpweik and p´erro. when caught; cannot be eaten. Polle; Fefan. Pullap. chuuff´e´u Cheilinus fasciatus Red- m´a´am3 Cheilinus undulatus Hump- Breasted Wrasse. head Wrasse, when larger than Namoluk; Polle. p´erro (on Puluwat). Puluwat.

Fishes LABRIDAE: Wrasses Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 145

manapwei “A wrasse.” (El- ochel An unidentified small wrasse. bert 1947). see: o¯rel. Nama.

m´arer ? See m´a´am. M´arer is about ochen A wrasse; not identified. (El- 1 m. long; when it is larger, it is bert 1947). m´a´am. (Elbert 1947). m´ech´enenmwenipar Epibulus insidi- ocher Halichoeres hortulanus. Many ator Slingjaw Wrasse. Namoluk. of the small, colorful wrasses. syn: ochel; ochen?. mwenik Hemigymnus melapterus. Kuchuwa Taloas. syn: nguwen. F´on´o. onof´at Labroides spp. Cleaner Wrass- merer Cheilinus undulatus Hump- es. syn: set´an, etc. Fanan´u. head Wrasse; Napoleon Wrasse, very small, up to over a foot long. o¯rel A large number of wrasses, per- Larger, up to 1 m. long, m´a´am. haps mainly of the genus Thalas- [There may also be a name for in- soma. alt: ochel. Ulul. termediate sized fish, about 40 cm long.] Wonip. o¯rel This may refer to several small, mw´erres Coris venusta. Kuttu. colorful species. Some in Myers (1991, pp. 97, 98); see o¯reliap, mesaatei Labroides dimidiatus Blue- o¯relirupw. Puluwat. streak Cleaner Wrasse. Nomwin. ngu´al Hemigymnus fasciatus Barred o¯reliap Perhaps Halichoeres hortu- Thicklip Wrasse. see: ?nguwen. lanus. Puluwat. Puluwat. o¯relirupw Halichoeres biocellatus nguwen Hemigymnus melapterus. Two-Spotted Wrasse. lit: maybe syn: mwenik. alt: ?nguwel. see: it looks “rough.” Puluwat. ngu´al. Namoluk. p´ero see: p´erro. nipwpweik Cheilinus diagrammus; Cheilinus orientalis; Cheilinus p´erro1 Cheilinus undulatus. Small celebecus. Respectively, Band- stage. M´a´am when larger. [Note cheek Wrasse; Oriental Wrasse; contrast with porro by the same Celebes Wrasse. Somehat closely persons on the same day.] resembles p´erro and chiw´uff´e´u. Puluwat. Polle; Fefan. nis´an´af´och Labroides sp. Cleaner p´erro2 Chelinus chlorurus Floral Wrasse. F´os´on. Wrasse. Somewhat resembles, but clearly distinguished from nipwp- niss´ang´an Labroides dimidiatus weik and chiw´uff´e´u. Cleaner Wrasse. lit: refers to Polle; F´e´up;Polle; Fefan; Dublon. the cleaner’s dancing motions—a ! ss´ang´an´ang´an. see: nik´uch´e´uch, p´erro3 Cheilinus trilobatus Tripletail obiidae, page 154. Polle; Fefan. Wrasse. Namoluk.

LABRIDAE: Wrasses Fishes 146 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

p´erro4 [Ikapwech (page 147) does not t´al Some wrasses, including the ra- like most of the fishes, but when zorfish Xyrichthys celebicus. p´erro comes around it says, “Feito Namoluk. p´erro, pwe sipwe oon.”] Wonip. uninis A wrasse. [I do not know what poro Cheilinus chlorourus Floral this is, but see ikenan Winiines, Wrasse. Namoluk. page 116. A number of Elbert’s names came from Nomwin.] (El- porro! Cheilinus fasciatus Red- bert 1947). Breasted Wrasse. [A contrast was emphasized between this fish and that called p´erro by the same group of people.] (Myers 1991, pl. 90D). Puluwat. 10.45 SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes pot Xyrichthys aneritensis Yellow- blotch razorfish. Puluwat. ´a´ap´o! Scarus rubroviolaceus Redlip ppoot Stays in leppwe¯r (white sand). Parrotfish. Wonip; F´e´up;Polle. Hemipteronotus spp. Razorfishes. Ulul. ´a´apwo´o(sic) see: ´a´ap´o. (FSM DMR n.d.). ¯releil Cheilio inermis Cigar Wrasse. alt: Chileil, Cheleil. This fish is ´a´ar Hipposcarus longiceps Pacific tabu for those who make medicine Longnose Parrotfish. Immature for headache, which is called phase. syn: ikapwech; ulef ; larger safein ¯releil. When we are on this stage is arokochow. Namoneas. medicine, we cannot eat it. Puluwat. ´a´ar Hipposcarus longiceps Pacific Longnose Parrotfish. syn: ulef; set´an Labroides dimidiatus Blue- ikepwech. streak Cleaner Wrasse; other spp. Perhaps specific to Namoneas. syn: onof´at; ss´ang´an. lit: Satan, the devil? Satawan. ´alimol Scarus atropectoralis, Bluechin Parrotfish, terminal ss´ang´an Labroides dimidiatus Blue- phase. The immature phase is the lit streak Cleaner Wrasse. : be- Red Parrotfish, anawan lel´ol. cause they are really fast moving. Namoluk? Wonip. amor´ech´en Bolpometopon muricatum s´urupwurupw Labroides dimidiatus Humphead Parrotfish, smaller Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse. stage. syn: ´uk´uch´e is large. Mw´och. Wonip; Polle. t´a´al Coris aygula, female. Kuttu; Satawan. amorochin see: amor´ech´en. Figured on the poster is Scarus frontalis t´al Possibly ?Xyrichthys sp. Razor- Tan-Faced Parrotfish. Myers does fish. Namoluk. not list this species for the FSM.

Fishes SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 147

anaw Scarus psittacus Palenose Par- sp.; however, it is possible that rotfish, terminal phase. See Elbert’s Kuiyama is actually T. anawan lel´ol. Namoluk. Kumada (1940). Might this be ´a´ar, Hipposcarus longiceps? (El- anawan lel´ol Scarus atropectoralis, bert 1947). immature phase, Red Parrotfish. adult phase is the Bluechin Par- errimon Scarus ruboviolaceus, fe- rotfish, ´alimon. lit: anaw of the male. The male is awaw. F´on´o. deep water, see anaw. Namoluk. ey´op Reportedly two kinds of parrot- annaw see: anaw. fish. (1) blue and large, and (2) brown and small. see; eop? ´annimon Scarops ruboviolaceus fe- Kuttu. male. The male is awaw. syn: ´alimon. Namoluk. ikapwech Hipposcarus longiceps Pa- cific Longnose Parrotfish, large. arokochow! Hipposcarus longiceps The name arokochow is appar- Pacific Longnose Parrotfish. ently not used in Faichuk, and Large stage; when smaller, called is apparently a synonym of ikap- ´a´ar or ulef. Uman; Namoluk. wech. syn: arokochow. arokochow Hipposcarus longiceps. Polle; F´e´up. Larger phase. syn: Smaller ikapwech Hipposcarus longiceps Pa- fish are ´a´ar (Namoneas) or cific Longnose Parrotfish. Smaller ulef (Mortlocks) or ikapwech stage. syn: ulef; ´a´ar; when larger (Faichuk). arokochow. Tol. awaw Scarops rubrioviolaceus Redlip ikechoch Possibly Scarus dimidiatus. Parrotfish male. The female is Wonip. errimon, ´annimon, ´alimon. F´on´o?; Namoluk? ikech´on An unidentified species of parrotfish. see: nirumurum. awou Scarops rubroviolaceus Redlip Eop. Parrotfish male. syn: alumol, fe- male. ikech´on Scarus microrhinos. Wonip.

chamwechuk2 Scarus gibbus Gibbus ik´e´ei Scarus altipinnis Filament- Parrotfish. (FSM DMR n.d.). Finned Parrotfish, immature chamwechuk Scarus gibbus Gibbus phase (Myers 1991, pl. 106E). see Parrotfish. see ruu, nirumurum. : eop. Namoluk; Ettal. Wonip. ik´eumwes A parrotfish, or parrot- e´op Scarus altipinnis Filament- fishes. Was identified from pho- Finned Parrotfish, terminal phase. tos as both Scarus altipinis (dark see: ik´e´ei. Namoluk. phase) and Scarus schlegeli. The latter was referred to as the “real” er Elbert states that Kuiyama iden- ik´eumwes. lit: umwes, crazy— tifies this fish as Pseudoscarus “crazy fish.” This fish doesn’t

SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes Fishes 148 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

scare away. When you are fishing, mara¨u ? see: mara´u. (Elbert 1947). many can be caught; they never catch on. alt: ikeumwes. maraw Unidentified. Tentatively Wonip. Scarus microrhinus; S. frontalis. syn: uushsha. im´en see: imw´on. Described as brown, small. m´e´eu Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor Par- rotfish, terminal phase. Immature imwon see: imw´on. phase is called liorkel´en or liorke- len. Namoluk. imw´on Scarus sordidus Bullethead Parrotfish, immature phase. Ma- memin´e Scarus ghobban Blue-Barred ture stage is usap. see: lingim- Parrotfishes. Identified from a mach. lit: mw´on, hidden, photograph of a primary (imma- disguised—because they usually ture) phase fish (Myers 1991, hide, are not seen. pl 108G). The terminal (adult) Namoluk; Probably Ettal. phase is distinct. Wonip. i´o´osining Cetoscarus bicolor. alt: meuw see: m´e´eu. syn y´o´osining. : ni´or sining; li´or mworupw´ut Scarus frontalis Tan- kellen; etc. Wonei. Faced Parrotfish. Wonip. liaro kinin Cetoscarus bicolor Bi- mo¨ur¨up¨ut “A parrotfish.” Unidenti- color Parrotfish, immature. see: fied. (Elbert 1947). liaro sinin. F´on´o. niaro sinin1 Cetoscarus bicolor fe- lingimmach Scarus sordidus Bullet- male. The male is uf´or. alt: liaro head Parrotfish, immature phase, kinin. F´on´o. with large spot on white tail. Other stages: imwon; usap. nik´ong Unknown. Possible name of Namoluk. a scarid. Uman. lior kelen Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor ni´or sining2 Cetoscarus bicolor Bi- Parrotfish, immature phase. The color Parrotfish, immature phase. terminal phase (male) is m´e´eu. syn: liaro kinin; lior kkel´ung?; see: nior sining. Namoluk. i´o´osining. Polle. liyor kkellung Cetoscarus bicolor Bi- nirumurum1 Not really the name color Parrotfish, immature female. of a fish, but means small, only for parrotfishes. Nirumuru- maaraw Unconfirmed. Scarus min memin´e,nirumurumin ikap- rubroviolaceous Redlip Parrotfish wech, nirumurumin ikech´on; small [perhaps the male?] syn: awou. memin´e, small ikapwech, small Nama. ikach´on. Polle. maraanaw An unidentified blue par- nirumurum2 Hipposcarus longiceps rotfish. alt?: moraanau. Long-Nosed Parrotfish, immature Nomwin. phase. Polle; F´e´up.

Fishes SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 149

nirumurum3 see: nirumwurumw. sap pw´esh Scarus bleekeri. lit: Smallest phase, probably of sap, cheek; pw´esh, white—white Scarus gibbus. If larger, cheek. Namoluk. chamwechuk; largest is ruu. alt: nirumwurumw. [It was suggested silipw´ut Calotomus carolinus (imma- that chamwechuk, which name ture phase). alt: silipwut. means “bumphead,” might really Namoluk. be the larger phase.] siwu Possibly the name of a parrot- Wonip; Polle. fish. Uman. nirumwurumw4 Scarus ghobban suuri An unidentified parrotfish. Blue-Barred Parrotfish. (FSM F´on´o. DMR n.d.). ucha Unidentified. syn: maraw. roow3 A blue parrotfish with long fil- Ettal. aments off the end of the caudal fin. syn: weerr´e. Kuttu. ufar Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor Par- rotfish, terminal phase male. Im- roow Unidentified large blue parrot- mature size class is lior sillin; lior fish. Nama. kkellung. syn: m´e´eu. Nomwin. roow Scarus prasiognathos Green- ´uk´uch´e Bolbometopon muricatum throat Parrotfish, terminal phase; Giant Humphead Parrotfish. syn: S. rivulatus Rivulated Parrot- ´uk´u¯r´e; aror´ech´en is smaller. lit: fish, terminal phase; S. globiceps ´u´uk, tail. These large fishes used Roundhead Parrotfish, terminal to be fished using large gillnets, phase; S. microrhinos Steephead called ´u´uk. Wonip. Parrotfish, photograph of an in- ´uk´uch´e´e Bolbometopon muricatum dividual with a prominent bump- Humphead Parrotfish. When head (Myers 1991, pl. 109E). smaller (at about 2’ long), Namoluk. amor´ech´en. Namoluk. ruu Bolbometopon muricatum ´uk´u¯r´e Bolbometopon muricatum. Humphead Parrotfish. [At least Akimichi & Souchomal (1982) for Faichuk, clearly incorrect.] suggest w´uk´er´e as the Puluwatese (FSM DMR n.d.). cognate. syn: ´uk´uch´e. ?Puluwat.

ruuw cf. Scarus microrhinos Steep- ulef Hipposcarus longiceps (imma- head Parrotfish. Large, blue. ture phase). syn: ikapwech; ´a´ar; Three size classes may be rec- the larger stage is ar´ekocho. ognized, of which this is the Namoluk. largest; nirumurum is small- est; chamwechuk are mid-sized. ulef Hipposcarus longiceps Pacific [There is some disagreement: see Longnose Parrotfish. syn: ´a´ar; nirumurum3 for a remark.] ikepwech. Larger are ar´ekocho or Wonip; Nomwin arokocho. alt: ?´ulef. Namoluk.

SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes Fishes 150 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

usaap Scarus bleekeri. lit: sap, ´ach syn: pwurrey. alt: ´a´ach. cheek. Wonip. achchopw´uch Possibly a small stage usap Scarus sordidus Bullethead of aw´et´ur. However, see ff´e´un Parrotfish, terminal phase; S. Samoa. Smaller than hand length. quoyi Quoy’s Parrotfish, termi- Namoluk. nal phase; S. sp. (Myers 1991, p. 111E), early terminal phase. aiwotor Said to be a fish that jumps. Other stage: imwon. Namoluk. Mentioned in answer to a ques- tion about lokotor. See Girschner ´usapw Scarus forsteni Forsten’s Par- (1911). syn: ?aw´etor. Puluwat. rotfish. Wonip. aiwott´ur Mullet, silvery mullet, also ´u´uf´o´or Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor one with black fins. Pulusuk. Parrotfish, male. see: ufar. (FSM DMR n.d.). anatam cf. Crenimugil crenabilis weerr´e Unidentified blue parrotfish Fringelip Mullet, largest stage. with long filaments off tips of cau- lit: tam, long. see: ik´a´ang1. dal fin. syn: roow?; see roow3. syn: aasoong. Wonip. Kuttu. anatam syn: asoong. Wonip. w´uk´er´e see: ´uk´u¯r´e. araf 1 Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail Mul- wuuchaa An unidentified parrotfish. let, Squaretail Mullet. This mul- see: ucha, also unidentified. let is believed to be born of the Kuttu. land crab, lipwpwei. A smaller stage is lipwisikkar, on Namoluk. Outer Islands; Paata?

10.46 MUGILIDAE: araf 2 Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail Mul- Mullets let, Squaretail Mullet, when large. Smaller stage is tonokkar. Kuchuwa Taloas. Mullets have been difficult to iden- tify through photographs. Liza vaigien- arrafan p´echchaw Mullets are sis, at least, may be somewhat easier revered by certain peoples whose due to coloration. All these identifi- clans are associated with sharks. cations, therefore, must be regarded as F´on´o. tentative. asoong The largest stage of ik´a´ang, Several different names are built on probably Crenimugil crenilabis. root word for angry: Asoong and ´ach, At least four stages are named: esch, each. Ach´ has possibly been con- ni´er´e´er, ´otomun, ik´a´ang (also the fused between mullets and milkfish. See overall name of this mullet), and page 103. asoong. see: iieesh below—this ´a´ach2 Small, silvery mullet; ´otomun was said to mean “I am angry” on is larger. syn: pwurrey, which see. Kuttu; here we have a parallel in cf. ik´a´ang1; ff´e´unSamoa. Tol. Polle. syn: anatam. Polle.

Fishes MUGILIDAE: Mullets Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 151

asoong syn: ik´a´ang. Same stage iieesh Identified as the small of all as ik´a´ang, but different villages, mullets, including iiaw; iik´otor; etc. Some say it is a synonym of and araf. lit: “I’m hungry.” But anatam. see: ik´a´ang1 Wonip. if you give one to a man, it means I’m mad. alt: iieech. syn: ?´ach. syn lit asoong : ik´a´ang. : it is angry. [aasoong also means “it’s angry.”] Mwmw´an? Kuttu. atamun Possibly this is a small stage of tonokkar, or araf, Liza vaigien- ik´a´ang1 Crenimugil crenilabis sis in parts of Namoneas; this is Fringelip Mullet. syn: asoong, odd, as ´otomun is the name of sub- which see; aw. Other adult silvery mullets in Faichuk. growth stages are: ni´er´e´er see: ´otomun. Namoneas. (= tiin ni´er´e´er), small juve- niles; ´otomwun, subadults; ff´e´un aw Said to be a synonym of ik´a´ang. Samoa, the size of a banana by As such it might be Crenimugil this name; anatam, largest. Ff´e´un crenabilis Fringelip Mullet. Samoa (which see) may not be ex- Namoluk. clusively this mullet. It was said aw´et´ur A mullet. Namoluk. in Wonip that certain ones are considered to be male. aw´et´ur cf. Crenimugil crenilabis Wonip; Tol; also R´e´er´eTaloas. Fringelip Mullet. When smaller, it is called achchopw´uch. syn: ik´a´ang2 cf. Crenimugil crenilabis ik´a´ang. see: ik´a´ang1. Namoluk. Fringelip Mullet. R´e´er´eTaloas.

ff´e´unSamoa1 Likely Crenimugil crenabilis, stage the size of the ba- ik´a´ang3 Valamugil seheli Bluespot nana by this name. Alternatively, Mullet. (FSM DMR n.d.). this may be, or also be, Valamugil engeli, which does not attain to iketor Silvery mullet(s) syn: ii´ee; the large size of this species. see: iiaw; iieesh; perhaps ik´a´ang. alt: ik´o´otor. ff´e´unSamoa2. Wonip. Kuttu; some Lagoon Islands? ff´e´unSamoa2 Possibly Valamugil en- geli Engel’s Mullet. But see ff´e´un likarafaraf syn: araf. Namoluk. Samoa 1. Wonip. lip´e´ukkar Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail ff´e´unSamoa3 Mullet, possibly Vala- Mullet. On Nomwin it is said they mugil engeli. Larger than are only eaten, infrequently by old ´otomwun, barely. lit: Samoa men, and especially not by chil- refers to a variety of banana, dren. see: nip´e´ukkar. uuchin Samoa. alt: ff´e´unuuchin Nomwin; Fanan´u. Samoa. Wonip. iiaw A silvery mullet, likely Cren- lipwisikkar Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail imugil crenabilis. syn: iketor, Mullet, small. When larger, araf. iiesh; ik´a´ang. Kuttu. Namoluk.

MUGILIDAE: Mullets Fishes 152 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

lokotor Girschner reported a belief is not a mullet in this place. that one who drinks the blood F´os´on. of this fish will not be harmed by drinking seawater. Ikotor has nip´e´ukkar1 Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail been suggested as a probable iden- Mullet. lit: burned arms. syn: tify. Aiwotor has been suggested. tonokkar. It is unclear whether I have found no one from Namoluk ´otomun is also a name for the who knows this name in the 1980s small of this species. see: ´otomun; and 1990s. (Girschner 1911). atamun. This is the main mullet to be said to be produced by land nichchapwiis Possibly a name for crabs. Wonip. small ik´a´ang, which see, or an- other (small?) mullet. Lit: feces ´oshshopwhosh Reportedly a size eater. Wonip. class of awet´ur, which see. Possi- bly Crenimugil crenabilis; at this nichaapwiis Liza vaigiensis Yellow- size, might also be Valamugil en- tail Mullet, when small. lit: feces geli. Namoluk. eater. Wonip. ´otomun1 Small stage of cf. Creni- ni´er´e´er A small juvenile stage of mul- mugil crenabilis Fringelip Mullet. let, reportedly ik´a´ang, cf. Cren- syn: ?atamun (which see). see: imugil crenilabis. So named be- ik´a´ang1. Wonip. cause when it is schooling in the shallows, and ´er´e´er (pedun- ´otomun2 Said to be larger than pwur- cle of coconut) is thrown at them, rey / ´a´ach; ik´a´ang is larger; killing some of them. There is largest is asoong. Polle; F´e´up. also a sponge by the name of ´er´e´er ´otomwun3 Stated to be believed to that has small fish living in it, see be produced by a crab; small page 26. Wonip. ik´a´ang. F´os´on. ni´er´e´er Small (juvenile) stage of a pwurrey1 Crenimugil crenalabis mullet, said to be of ik´a´ang, Fringelip Mullet, when small. cf. Crenimugil crenabilis Fringelip Small stage of ik´a´ang, which see. Mullet. This is the smallest stage. cf: pwurrey2. syn: ?´otomun. ´ Er´e´er is the peduncle on which Kuchuwa Taloas. coconuts are attached on the co- conut tree. This dendritic stalk is pwurrey2 Valimugil engeli Engel’s thrown at these small fishes, and Mullet. [A small species, with it knocks them out. see: ´er´e´er same name as small ik´a´ang. This (Phylum Porifera), page 26. syn: species only attains to 15 cm. tin ni´er´e´er, ni´e´uetin. Source says that he never sees Wonip; Polle? large ones, so he calls it pwurrey.] Kuchuwa Taloas. ni´e´uetin Small ik´a´ang. Found in the channels of the mangal. lit: pwurrey3 Small of a silvery mullet; tin means small; see tin ni´er´er; ´otomun is larger; ik´a´ang is still ni´er´e´er. It is claimed that ni´er´e´er larger; asoong is largest. syn:

Fishes MUGILIDAE: Mullets Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 153

´a´ach. [Apparently names pwurrey 10.48 SPHYRAENIDAE: and ´a´ach, for the smallest stage, Barracudas differ between F´e´up and Polle, while the three other stages are named the same.] Polle. aapwaw A small barracuda, found near the reef. syn: ´epwpw´e´u. Kuttu. tiin ni´er´e´er A synonym of ni´er´e´er, in apw´ew see: ´e´epw´e´u. “A barracuda.” Chukien´u or F´os´on. See also (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). ni´eretin. syn: ni´er´e´er; ni´eretin. Tol. ´e´epw´e´u Sphyraena forsteri and/or Sphyraena jello. Small barracu- das. Seen in fish markets only at tonokkar1 ?Liza vaigiensis. De- certain times. Taloas. scribed by one Kuttu Islander as having yellow fins and tail. lit: ´epwpw´e´u see: ´e´epw´e´u. kkar, burn—burned fins. Sapuk Wen´e;Kuttu. haraw see: saraw. num´a´a A small Barracuda. see: nu- upee. Namoneas. tonokkar2 Liza vaigiensis Yellowtail Mullet or Squaretail Mullet, when nuupe see: nuupe. small. When larger, araf. Kuchuwa Taloas. nuupee Sphyraena jello. A small bar- racuda often seen to jump on the reef platform between Polle and Wonip at night. alt: nuupe. syn: num´a´a. Wonip.

10.47 POLYNEMIDAE: poounen Similar to nuupe. A Threadfins small barracuda. Has the three teeth characteristic of barracudas. Found outside the reef platform iken n´a´ang Polydactylus sexfilis Six- (m´a´am´ai) of Wonip. Wonip. feeler Threadfin. see: ik´an´an. Af- saraw1 (Large) barracuda. ter it rains, this fish is said to ap- Common; Lukunor; Lagoon. pear, as if by a miracle, in taro patches. lit: fish of heaven. Said saraw2 Sphyraena barracuda Great to be shortened to ik´an´an. Barracuda. (FSM DMR n.d.). Kuchuwa Taloas. saraw3 Sphyraena genie Blackfin Barracuda. (FSM DMR n.d.). ik´an´an Polydactylus sexfilis Sixfeeler Threadfin. syn: iken n´a´ang. alt: sera¨u cf: Eels, page 100. (El- ?iken´an. Kuchuwa Taloas. bert 1947).

POLYNEMIDAE: Threadfins Fishes 154 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

10.49 PINGUIPEDIDAE: nikopwunuw Istiblennius edentu- Sand Perches lus Rippled Rockskipper; I. chrysospilos Red Spotted Blenny. Farr´e. matou Possibly Parapercis clathrata. Puluwat. nipu Blennies. see: l´upp´u. Polle Chukuram. ainiyo A sand perch. (=Mugiloi- didae (Masuda, Araga & Yo- nit´e´e Blennies (Comb-tooth shino 1975)). This name is also blennies). lit: crawler; they don’t used for a lizardfish (Synodonti- swim. Wonip. dae), see page 106. Nomwin. toom Meiacanthus atrodorsalis and/- or Plagiotremus laudandus lau- nim´a´am´awo Parapercis spp. Farr´e. dandus. Respectively, Poison- Fang Blenny and/or Poison-Fang Blenny Mimic. See also dam- selfishes toom, page 143. syn: 10.50 BLENNIIDAE: niarraw; w´onuroch. Polle. Blennies ´ut´ur Exalias brevis Leopard Blenny. Resembles certain groupers, see awamach Blennies. F´e´up. ´ut´ur, page 119. Polle. lishshew Blennies. Ettal. w´onuroch Meiacanthus atrodorsalis and/or Plagiotremus laudandus l´uppu Blennies. (?Cirripectes sebae). laudandus. Respectively, Poison- Nama. Fang Blenny and/or Poison-Fang Blenny Mimic. syn: niarraw; niarraw Meiacanthus atrodorsalis toom. Fefan. and/or Plagiotremus laudandus laudandus. Respectively, Poison- Fang Blenny and/or Poison- Fang Blenny Mimic. syn: toom; 10.51 GOBIIDAE: w´onuroch. Fefan. Gobies nifitiffaw Comb-tooth blennies, in general, that live on rocks. lit: f´a´a see: f´a´aa. “the one that is with stones.” f´a´aa syn: sopow; kiwaano; pween´e, Polle. which see. R´e´er´eTaloas.

nikichiw Salarias fasciatus Jeweled h´ep´o´u alt: sopow. syn: sopow; Blenny. Readily singled out on pween´e, which see. Identified as a a page of photographs of similar fish in streams. Puluwat. fishes; only this species. In holes, in p´un´up´un. Edible: very deli- kiwaano syn: sopow; f´a´aa; pween´e, cious. Farr´e. which see. Wir´ong Polle.

Fishes PINGUIPEDIDAE: Sand Perches Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 155

lussupat! Periophthalmus sp. Mud- Lotilia; Mahidolia; and other gen- skipper. syn: ?l´uss´upat. era. see: nipwiripwir (Crustacea, Nomwin; Namoluk. page 72). Fefan. nik´uch´e´uch Aspidiotus taeniatus sopow Perhaps Ophiocara sp. A large Cleaner Mimic. See niss´ang´an, goby, in mangrove channels. syn: Labridae, page 143. Polle. pween´e; kiwaano; f´a´aa. alt: h´ep´o´u. Fefan; Namone´as. nimwet Periophthalmus sp. Mud- skipper. Polle. niso Amblygobius phalaena Brown- Barred Goby. lit: after its move- 10.52 KRAEMERIIDAE: ments. Kuchuwa Taloas. Sand Darts nouw´et Amblygobius rainfordi Old glory; Rainford’s Goby. n´e´un´a´atin A Kraemeriid fish, sand Kuchuwa Taloas. dart, about 1” long. captured by walking on the clean white sand nusupat Periophthalmus sp. Mud- right at the water’s edge, where skipper. R´e´er´eTaloas. is it calm in the lagoon, thereby drying out the sand: they squirm n´us´upat Periophthalmus sp. Mud- toward the water. lit: mother of skipper. Wonip. ´a´atin, a tellinid clam, see page 52. F´on´o. pween´e! Possibly Ophiocara poro- cephala. Masuda, Amaoka, Araga, Uyeno & Yoshino (1984, pl.235d,e). Alternately, per- haps Ophiocara aporos Masuda, 10.53 ACANTHURIDAE: Amaoka, Araga, Uyeno & Yoshino Surgeonfishes and (1984, pl.89e,f). syn: kiwaano; Nasos sopow; h´ep´o´u; f´a´aa. One per- son indicated that there are three color morphs—a “white” one is achanapa Zebrasoma sp. Sailfin pween´en´on k´onik, “pween´ein wa- Tang. syn: fiepwerrik, also known ter.” Wonip. in Wonip. Also mentioned was kiepwerrik. [It is not apparent poot Questionable: to be checked. that in Wonip there is a distinc- Identified as Amblygobius pha- tion made, as is made in Kuchuwa, laena. Puluwat. between the peppery species and the non-peppery species. See siru Prawn gobies. There are sev- amara2.] cf: amara1; fiepwerrik; eral genera of prawn gobies kiepwerrik. Wonip. in Micronesia: Amblyeleotris; Cryptocentroides; Cryptocentrus; amakupw1 Acanthurus triostegus Ctenogobiops; Vanderhorstia; Convict Tang. syn: ´em´ekupw;

KRAEMERIDAE: Sand Darts Fishes 156 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

kiirach; pwellifau; m´okoup; fil´ang Acanthurus lineatus Blue- lik´e´elaw. Wonip; F´on´o. banded Surgeonfish. syn: fiti¯ru; fitichu; fitishu; uwap. alt: fin´ang. amara2 Zebrasoma flavescens Yellow 2 Pwulare¯r is a type of fishing, Tang ; Zebrasoma scopas Brown spearing these fish by the light of Tang. These species are not pep- bioluminscent plankton, in early pery, but see fiepwerrik. hours of morning. Pullap. Kuchuwa Taloas. fin´ang Acanthurus lineatus Blue- am´okup see: amakupw. (El- banded Surgeonfish. [In the other bert 1947). Wen´edialect, this may be fitichu.] efen1 A surgeonfish. (Elbert 1947). Wonei; Wen´eSapuk. efen2 A black species of surgeonfish. fitichu! Acanthurus lineatus Blue- (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). banded Surgeonfish. lit: fiti, with; chu, meet—because every- ´em´ekupw see: amakupw. (Gooden- where one goes, he meets this fish. ough & Sugita 1980). alt: fiti¯ru. faalafaal An unidentified Naso sp.; Namoneas; R´e´er´eTaloas; Wonip. skin like pul´a´ale, with a bump on its forehead. Mortlocks? fiti¯ru Acanthurus lineatus Blue- banded Surgeonfish. syn: fil´ang; ff´et´un An unidentified Naso sp. fitichu; uwap; tiluwap. see: fil´ang. Skinny, with very long horn. Pullap. Kuchuwa Taloas. fitishu Acanthurus lineatus Blue- fiepw´arr´uk Zebrasoma veliferum banded Surgeonfish. Namoluk. Sailfin Tang. Namoluk. uwap mi kerier Unidentified sur- fiepwerrik1 Zebrasoma veliferum geonfish. Nama. Sailfin Tang. alt: fiepwerr´uk; fiepw´arr´uk. cf: amara. kiepwerrik Sailfin Tang. F´on´o; Uman; Puluwat. Wichukun´o.

fiepwerrik2 Said to be black. kiepwerrik Zebrasoma veliferum R´e´er´eTaloas. Sailfin Tang. Reportedly only fiepwerrik3 Possibly Acanthurus lin- one of the color morphs. see: eatus Bluebanded Surgeonfish. kiepwerrik (Gastropod Mollusca, Mortlocks. page 41). Wonip. fiepwerrik Zebrasoma veliferum Sail- kiirach Acanthurus triostegus Con- fin Tang. This species is said to be vict Tang. peppery, but not, it is said, Z. sco- This is the outer islands name, but pas and Z. flavescens [if the lat- is used in North Wen´e:Mechitiw- ter is in Chuuk], which are called Tunnuk-Peniasenne-etc. (accord- amara. Kuchuwa Taloas. ing to a speaker from Taloas). 2It is not clear that the Yellow Tang is present in the Caroline Islands.

Fishes ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 157

kirach Acanthurus triostegus Con- name appears to be one of those vict Tang. [There is a say- rare, invariable names; the fol- ing pwokirach (smell of kirach,), lowing alternates are phonolog- perhaps related to pwok´ufen´ufen.] ical cognates.] alt: mwarafa¯r; syn: amakupw. mwarafash. F´on´o; Namoluk. F´on´o; Namoluk; Nama; Taloas. mw´arafach see: mwarafach. (Good- lik´e´elaw Acanthurus triostegus Con- enough & Sugita 1980). vict Tang. Ulul. limaataat A Naso sp. syn: nimatat. mecha Naso tuberosus Humpnose Refer to filefishes, page 168. Naso. Namoluk. Nomwin. mm´o´o1 Reportedly a complex of limesepw´etek Acanthurus nigricans species, all are dark. Acanthurus Whitecheek Surgeonfish. xanthopterus; nigricans; mata; Namoluk. nigricaudus. “Like fil´ang but limesepwitik Acanthurus nigricans. black.” see: remark, mm´o´o2 Nama. Namoluk; Losap? ling´us see: l´ung´us. alt: ning´us. mm´o´o2 Several Acanthurus spp. were lipwootikk´eng Naso annulatus; N. mentioned, including, for the brevirostris. Namoluk. record, A. achilles, A. bariene, A. blochii, and A. dussumieri. l´ung´us1 Ctenochaetus striatus Roughly comparable with mm´o´o1. Striped Bristletooth. Said to be Reportedly the fish used for fish- of two types; one is better for head necklaces. [: A. blochii, sashimi, as it is oilier. syn: ling´us; A. mata, A. xanthopterus and A. ning´us; mwoch; tempura; seip- dussumieri resemble one another wok; nipwpw´en. see: nain Eyol. closely.] (Myers 1991, p. 244-5). Namoluk. Namoluk. maa Acanthurus thompsoni; A. xan- mm´o´o3 It is black. Wonip. thopterus. see: mm´o´o4. Namoluk. mm´o´o4 syn: nipwowpo. Polle. maakoupw Acanthurus triostegus Convict Tang. syn: amakupw; mmoos Naso vlamingii Bignose Uni- kiirach. Kuchuwa Taloas. cornfish. Kuchuwa Taloas. maata An unknown Naso. Said to be “like” faalafaal and “like” pul´a´ale, mwoch Ctenochaetus striatus with lighter skin. syn: pwechep- Striped Bristletooth. This fish wech. Mortlocks; ?Lukunor. is implicated as a key link in the foodchain leading to ciguatera fish mwarafach Acanthurus olivaceus Or- poisoning. syn: ning´us; ling´us. angeband Surgeonfish. [This Ulul.

ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes Fishes 158 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

mwochchar´eng Acanthurus pyro- nipwoopwo2 Acanthurus xan- ferus. lit: r´eng´er´eng, gold— thopterus Yellowfin Surgeonfish. yellow mwoch. Juvenile is yellow. See note, mm´o´o. May be a mimic of Centropyge flavissiumus, the Lemonpeel An- nipwoopw´o1 Acanthurus blochii gel (see Myers, 1991 p. 247). Ringtail Surgeonfish. syn: mm´o´o, Nomwin. which see. Polle; Wonip.

m´okoup Acanthurus triostegus. syn: nipwpw´en Ctenochaetus striatus amakupw; ´em´ekupw; kirach. Striped Bristletooth. Said to be R´e´er´eTaloas. the most commonly used name on Dublon, perhaps in R´er´eVil- mwolong Acanthurus guttatus lage, although tempura is also Whitespotted Surgeonfish. syn: from here. syn: tempura, ningus, parapar; terep´ep. Nomwin. mwoch. R´e´er´eTaloas. mon´ong see: mwolong. (El- n´ung´us1 Ctenochaetus striatus bert 1947). Striped Bristletooth. syn: l´ung´us; ling´us; mwoch; nipwpw´en; tem- niemw´anin ning´us Acanthurus nigri- pura; seipwok. see: ning´us2 cans Whitecheek Surgeonfish. cf: F´on´o; Tol; Widespread. nimesepwitik. lit: “male ning´us”. This fish is perceived as the male n´ung´us2 Acanthurus nigrofuscus of Ctenochaetus striatus. [One Brown Surgeonfish. [See l´ung´us; fisherman states that it is hard it is easy to see why, from the to shoot, its meat brown, its skin spotted heads of both C. striatus very hard.] Wonip. and A. nigricans.] F´on´o.

nimatat see: limaataat. (El- pwaapwaa1 Naso vlamingii Bignose bert 1947). Unicornfish, from photograph of a male, (Myers 1991, pl. 131E). nimesepwitik Acanthurus nigricans syn: ?ppon. Namoluk. (=A. glaucopareius (Masuda)). Whitecheek Surgeonfish. syn: pwaapwaa2 Naso brevirostris Spot- niemw´anin ning´us. F´on´o. ted Unicornfish. syn: pwoot´u´ut. Namoluk. ning´us Ctenochaetus striatus Striped Bristletooth. This fish is a parapar Acanthurus guttatus White- key link in the food chain con- spotted Surgeonfish. Found in nected with ciguatera fish poison- surge zone, in bubbles. syn: ing. syn: ling´us; mwoch; nip- terep´ep;mwolong. wpw´en;tempura. Nomwin; Ulul; Namoluk. Wonip; Widely known. pwechepwech alt: pw´esh´epw´esh. nipitik Unidentified surgeonfish, with spots yellow spots around p´e´echew Naso unicornis. syn: the mouth. Outer Faichuk. pw´esh´epw´esh. F´on´o.

Fishes ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 159

p´e´el1 Naso hexacanthus Blacktongue pul´a´ale Naso literatus Orangespine Unicornfish; Sleek Unicornfish. Unicornfish. syn: pwuna. alt: ?pw´el. Namoluk. Mortlocks; Lukunor; Namoluk. p´e´el2 Naso vlamingi. alt: p´e´en. pwuna Naso literatus Orangespine Puluwat. Unicornfish. lit: taro. A favorite fish. syn: pulaalei. p´e´en3 Naso vlamingi. alt: p´e´el. Chuuk Lagoon; Widely used. Uman. saipwok see: seipwok. pw´e´et´u´ut Naso unicornis Bluespine Unicornfish. Bigger than ff´et´un. s´anepw Surgeonfishes of uncertain Kuchuwa Taloas. identification: identified with Acanthurus thompsoni; A. xan- pw´e´et´u´ut Naso unicornis Bluespine thopterus. see: mm´o´o. syn: se- Unicornfish. syn: pwechepwech. lep; senep. R´e´er´eTaloas. See also Goodenough & Sugita (1980). alt: pwoot´u´ut. seipwok Ctenochaetus sp. alt: saip- Wichukun´o. wok. [ling´us and seipwok may be different: s. may be bigger.] pw´el see: p´e´el1. Namoluk. Mortlocks. pwellifau Acanthurus triostegus Con- selep Acanthurus bleekeri. see: vict Tang. lit: pwelli fau, circle mm´o´o. syn: s´anepw; senep. around the stone. syn: kirach. F´on´o; Namoluk; Nomwin. Namoluk. senep Surgeonfishes of uncertain pw´esh´epw´esh (Perhaps certain) Naso identification: identified with pho- spp. Namoluk. tographs of Acanthurus thomp- soni; A. xanthopterus; C. pw´esh´epw´esh Naso unicornis Blue- marginatus. Said to sleep under spine Unicornfish. syn: p´e´echew. stones at night. Wonip? alt: pwechepwech. lit: pwech, white. Namoluk; Losap. tempura Ctenochaetus striatus Striped Bristletooth. lit: Be- pwoot´u´ut Naso brevirostris Spotted cause it is greasy. syn: nipwpw´en. Unicornfish. syn: pwaapwaa. R´e´er´eTaloas. alt: pw´e´et´u´ut. F´on´o. tereppep1 Acanthurus guttatus pp´en Naso tuberosus Humpnose Uni- Whitespotted Surgeonfish. syn: cornfish. Wichukun´o. mwolong; parapar. alt: terepp´ep. R´e´er´eTaloas. ppon1 Naso annulatus Whitemargin Unicornfish. Kuchuwa Taloas. terepp´ep2 Acanthurus guttatus Whitespotted Surgeonfish. syn: ppon2 Naso brevirostris Spotted mwolong; parapar. alt: tereppep. Unicornfish. Kuchuwa Taloas. F´on´o.

ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes Fishes 160 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 tiliwap Small Acanthurus lineatus nif´af´aiach Zanclus cornutus Moorish alt: ?t´ul´uw´op. lit: til uwap, Idol. [If mispronounced, becomes small A. lineatus. Namoluk. a vulgar term.] Farr´e. uwap! Acanthurus lineatus Blue- nif´e´ef´e´ei´as Zanclus cornutus Moorish banded Surgeonfish. Tiluw´op Idol. Also the name of Heniochus when small. syn: fitichu; fitichiw; spp. (Chaetodontidae, page 139.). fin´ang; fil´a´ang; fiepwerrik; fiti¯ru; Polle. tiluwap. Namoluk. nif´ei´ei´as Zanclus cornutus Moorish waap see: uwap. Idol. Wonip. wap see: uwap. nio’oias Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol. Uman. w´o´op see: uw´op. [However words in the Mortlocks commonly be- nioioiy´a´as Zanclus cornutus Moorish gin with w (Kimiuo 1993-1994).] Idol. Kuchuwa Taloas. Acanthurus lineatus. Pronuncia- ni¯r´enki´o Zanclus cornutus Moorish tion uncertain: w´o´op; wap; uwap; Idol. Puluwat. uw´op? syn: fitichiw; fiil´a´ang. Nama. nis´ar´afach Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol. syn: Lutjanus spp., see page 130. R´omanum. 10.53.1 Problematic Acan- thurids niserekka Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol. syn: likaserr´ek. Uman. achawa Doubtfully referred to as niwowoi´as Zanclus cornutus Moor- Acanthurus triostegus Convict ish Idol. hom: Heniochus Tang. Wonip? spp. (Chaetodontidae, page 139.). alt: nio’oias; nioioiy´a´as. Fefan.

10.54 ZANCLIDAE: Moorish Idol 10.55 SIGANIDAE: Rabbitfishes The family Zanclidae includes only one species, Zanclus cornutus. ´arr´ar Unidentified rabbitfishes. Namoluk. likaserr´ek Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol. [Serres in Chuuk?] syn: nis- ch´e´er´am Possibly Siganus puellus; S. erekka. corallinus; S. doliatus. Go in Satawan; Ettal; Namoluk. pairs. see: nawaw. Farr´e. lioioi Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol. ikeinin1 General name for rabbit- ?Nomwin. fishes. Wonip.

Fishes ZANCLIDAE: Moorish Idol Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 161

ikeinin2 Siganus argenteus. syn: maach see: meech. Mortlocks? umwun´e (both photos in Myers). lit: in, stop, or move in fits. Also mwaramwar Siganus corallinus; S. in, referring to the fin (its poison doliatus. F´on´o. spines). see: ikeinin1 Polle. mwaramwar Siganus doliatus Pencil- inikkop Siganus spinus, when full Streaked Rabbitfish. see: grown. Scribbled Rabbitfish. lit: maramwen. Kuchuwa Taloas. blunt-fin. Smaller size classes are nnis, subadults, and nnisi mm´as, maramwen1 Siganus doliatus Pencil- small fry. Kuchuwa Taloas. Streaked Rabbitfish. Wonip; Polle. ku´o2 Like S. guttatus. Golden Rab- bitfish. [Could be put off to re- maramwen2 Siganus puellus. This semblance.] Wonip. suspected misidentification needs ku´o3 Siganus guttatus; S. punctatus. to be checked. Wonip. Kuchuwa Taloas. maramwen3 Siganus corallinus. This ku´o4 Siganus punctatissimus Pep- suspected misidentification needs pered Rabbitfish. Farr´e. to be checked. F´os´on. ku´o5 [Like penuwa, skin is tougher.] Mortlocks? mecheram Siganus puellus. lit: ram, yellow or orange-red. see: meech. ! ku´o1 Siganus randalli. This species F´os´on. was only recently described and named: Myers (1991) listed this as meech Siganus puellus Masked Rab- Siganus sp. Several idenfications bitfish. syn: mecheram; nimech. from photos of S. guttatus may Wonip. be due to superficial resemblance. These three identifications as S. meewa ¿Siganus punctatissimus Pep- randalli were unequivocal. see: pered Rabbitfish. Namoluk. nip´ach. Polle; Kuchuwa Taloas; Wonip. meich´e´ech´e1 Siganus punctatissimus Peppered Rabbitfish. See also me- ? see kuw´o : ku´o. ich´e´ech´e2 There are two species by liis In at least some contexts this may this name in Taloas. be the name of a certain species; Kuchuwa Taloas; Polle. niis, however, the lagoon cognate, refers to immature, small rabbit- meich´e´ech´e2 Siganus punctatus fishes of all kinds. Important food Gold-Spotted Rabbitfish. It fish; there are annual, seasonal was clearly stated there are two runs. Nama?; Lukunor? species by this name. Kuchuwa Taloas. li¯r´enipwpwak Siganus (Lo) vulpinus. Foxface Rabbitfish. syn: nawaw. meich´e´ech´e3 Siganus corallinus Western Islands; Pullap? Coral Rabbitfish. Wonip.

SIGANIDAE: Rabbitfishes Fishes 162 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

meich´e´ech´e4 Siganus guttatus Gold- nnis3 Siganus spinus, subadult, up en Rabbitfish. R´e´er´e Taloas; to 4–5” long. In Kuchuwa Vil- (FSM DMR n.d.). lage, Taloas, inikkop is large, nnisi mm´as is smallest. mmech see: meech. Kuchuwa Taloas. Kuchuwa Taloas. nnis4 Siganus spinus Scribbled Rab- nawaw Siganus (Lo) vulpinus Fox- bitfish. R´e´er´eTaloas; Namoluk. face Rabbitfish. Strong pair bond- ing: if one of a pair is speared, the nnisi ku´o 3-4” long ku´o. Subadult. other will stay nearby, virtually Wonip. letting one spear it. Other pair- ing Siganids may include S. dolia- nnisi mm´as Siganus spinus small fry. tus and S. puellus. Subadult is called nnis; when Wonip; Kuchuwa Taloas; Polle; larger it is called inikkop. very widely used. Kuchuwa Taloas.

nimech Siganus puellus Masked Rab- nnisi nipinini 3-4” long nipinini. bitfish. syn: meech; mecheram. Subadult. Wonip. Polle. nnisi peniwa 3-4” long peniwa. Sub- nip´ach Siganus guttatus Golden Rab- adult. Wonip. bitfish. see: ku´o. Kuchuwa Taloas. nnisi umwun´e Small umwun´e (length uncertain.) Probably includes nipinini1 Siganus doliatus Pencil- new recruits. Fotfn. Streaked Rabbitfish. Wonip. numuch´ech´e Unknown rabbitfish. nipinini2 Siganus punctatus Gold- Mortlocks? Spotted Rabbitfish. F´os´on; Wonip. omaal´e A rabbitfish; like umul´e but larger, in a large school. nipinini3 Siganus guttatus Golden Rabbitfish. Maybe also S. linea- Nama?; Lununor? tus. Polle; Farr´e. pan´uwa A rabbitfish syn: ?peniwa; nisipwopw´ut Siganus punctatus pen´uwa. Namoluk. Gold-Spotted Rabbitfish. Wonip. peniwa1 Siganus spinus Scribbled nnis1 This name is used for juvenile Rabbitfish. F´os´on; Wonip. siganids, when they have just re- cruited to the reef. When larger, peniwa2 ¿Siganus canaliculatus Sea- we can say, for example, nisi grass Rabbitfish. [It is uncer- umwun´e; nisi peniwa; nisi ku´o. tain that this species is in Chuuk Wonip; Tol. Lagoon; however, several persons have identified it from pictures of nnis2 see: peniwa3. It was said that S. fuscescens, which closely resem- only nnis and k´u´o are caught on bles this species.] see: sikaap. hooks. Polle. F´os´on; Wonip.

Fishes SIGANIDAE: Rabbitfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 163

peniwa3 Siganus spinus. Stated to auta see: outa. Said to be larger be nnis when small. syn: inikkop. than masawar. Namoluk. see: nnisi mm´as. Nethon Polle. ´e´e´un Gymnosarda unicolor Dogtooth pen´uwa Siganus spinus Scribbled Tuna. Wonip. Rabbitfish. Nomwin. ehillew Euthynnus affinis kawakawa. sikaap Uncertain, perhaps ¿Siganus syn: esinn´ew; ehillew. Puluwat. canaliculatus. Perhaps also the small (subadult) of some rabbit- ei´ul Albacore Tuna. fish. Also, apparently we do not say nnisi sikaap; this species is esillew Euthynnus affinis. syn: es- fished on the reef platform at sinn´ew; ehillew. Pullap. Wonip, at a certain season. [See essinn´ew! Euthynnus affinis. Myers (1991), page 252 for re- Wonip; Fefan. marks concerning possible season- ality.] see: peniwa2 Wonip. ´e´un Albacore? tilin umwul´e [Uncertain if there is a garangap syn: angarap. distinction between llisi umwul´e Far Western Islands; Satawal. and tiilin umwul´e.] Small umwul´e. cf: tiil. Namoluk. maguro Possibly a name for Bluefin tinumw Siganus argenteus, small. Tuna; from Japanese. From tiin umwul´e. masawar Auxis sp. Pullap? Kuchuwa Taloas. ng´a´al Acanthocybium solandri Wa- umwul´e Siganus argenteus Forktail hoo. syn: ng´a´an. alt: ngeel. Rabbitfish. syn: umwun´e. Nama. Namoluk; Nama?; Lukunor? umwun´e1 Siganus argenteus Fork- ng´a´an Acanthocybium solandri Wa- tail Rabbitfish. syn: ?ikeinin; hoo. syn: ng´a´al. Chuuk Lagoon. umwul´e. Widely used. outa1 Probably Rastrelliger kanagur- umwun´e2 Questionably Siganus ta Striped mackeral or Rastrelliger javus. Wonip. brachysoma Chub mackeral. It was suggested there may be two umwun´e see: ´arr´ar. F´on´o. forms in Chuuk. Ordinarily up to 35cm. This species is under heavy stress in Chuuk Lagoon due to dy- namiting; difficult to catch except 10.56 SCOMBRIDAE: by dynamiting. Taloas. Tunas outa2 Identified with a photograph of Sarda orientalis. angarap Katsuwonus pelamis Skip- Namoneas; Faichuk. jack Tuna; Oceanic Bonita. Widespread; Fish poster. pwa´ur syn: pw´e´ur. Nomwin.

SCOMBRIDAE: Tunas Fishes 164 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 pw´e´ur1 Grammatorcynus bilineatus Te ika ni peka Double-lined mackeral. the fish of excrement pw´e´ur2 [There is a possibility that Oilfish this name can refer, in addition to the usual Grammatorcynos bi- lingikkar Possibly either Thyris- lineatus, to Dogtooth Tuna, Gyn- toides sp. or Promethichthys mosarda sp. and Scomberomorus prometheus. Greatly compressed commerson, the Narrow-Barred laterally, up to perhaps a meter King Mackerel.] F´os´on. long; three prominent front teeth, like those of barracuda. One de- sengir Large Thunnus albacares Yel- scription indicates the teeth are lowfin Tuna. dull black. lit: ngi, teeth; kkar, taipa Katsuwonus pelamis, when burned—the one with burned large. see: angarap. lit: This teeth. Caught at depths of about word means “scuba dive.” 100 fathoms, like teikenipp´ek (Ru- Wonip. vettus pretiosus). This might be similar to the fish known in toku Thunnus albacares Yellowfin Hawaiian as kawalea. Nama. Tuna. taikenipp´ek Ruvettus pretiosus. see: teikenipp´ek. Some on Namoluk reportedly also say teikenip´ek. 10.57 GEMPYLIDAE: Related to the Gilbertese form te Oilfish, Ruvetus ika ni beka (see above). Lukunor; Namoluk. The oilfish is called “the fish of ex- crement.” This fish is so oily that eat- teikenipp´ek Ruvettus pretiosus Oil- ing even a small amount of its flesh fish. Wonei; Fefan; Nama. has a strongly laxative effect, often in- voluntary. The name of the oilfish in the Eastern Carolines, and that in Kiri- bati are obviously related. The word pp´ek, defecate, may be practically un- 10.58 ISTIPHORIDAE: known in the Caroline Islands. This Marlins and suggests an interesting possibility of a Sailfishes word in common usage the meaning of the roots has essentially been lost. It is another example of an organism whose mwareno¯ro Sailfish. ?Istiophorus sp. names in Kiribati and the Eastern- Although this name has been Central Caroline Islands resemble one given for broadbill swordfish, this another closely, but which are distinct fisherman was certain that on Pu- morphologically3. The Kiribati form lusuk this is sailfish, Xiphidae. translates as follows: alt: ?mareno¯ro. Pulusuk. 3See teipwo (a sipunculid worm, page 38)

Fishes GEMPYLIDAE: Oilfish, Ruvettus Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 165

tekulaar Makaira sp. Marlins; Isti- fichen to´unom cf. Bothus sp. syn: ophorus sp. Sailfish. cf: Xiphi- tow´unom?; fichei towunom. dae. Nomwin? Nomwin. tekul´ar Said to include both Sailfish lipp´er All flatfishes. syn: apun- and Marlin; but see tek´uter. gupung. syn: towun´om; cf. niit´u. Nama. Namoluk; Muril´e;Ettal. tekunaar Makaira spp. Marlins. nich´ung All flatfishes. Etymology: [This may refer to sailfishes or see riching; p´ung´up´ung. to swordfishes. See Xiphidae, be- Kuchuwa Taloas. low.] Polle. niit´u A sole. Wonip. tek´uter Unidentified. Possibly Sail- nimes´a´apeni! Flatfish. lit: because fish? Nama. one eye moves to the other side, Farr´e. nimess´a´aff´e´u Possible synonym for nimess´a´apeni, which see. [Alter- 10.59 XIPHIDAE: nately, doubtful name for Platax Broadbill Swordfish sp?] Wonei. nip´e´enop´un Flatfish. mwareno¯ro Xiphias gladius Broadbill ! swordfish. cf: Istiophorus sp., richim Flatfish. Farr´e. page 164. Puluwat? richin Flatfishes. Polle. tekular Ziphias gladius Broadbill riching All flatfishes. Wonip; Polle. cf swordfish. : Istiophoridae, ? page 164. Pulusuk. riichiing All flatfishes. Farr´e. r¨uch¨ung “Flounder.” alt: r´uch´ung, see riching. (Elbert 1947). 10.60 FLATFISHES toun´om Flatfishes. syn: lipp´er. Muril´e.

Since there are few flatfishes in Mi- cronesia, I have lumped the several fam- ilies as a single category. 10.61 BALISTIDAE: Triggerfishes apungupung Flatfishes. syn lipp´er. Namoluk; Losap. awappach Rhinecanthus aculeatus fichan “Flounder.” (Elbert 1947). Picassofish. syn: ning´un´ung´un. “E. Lagoon.” Polle. fichei ton´om “Flounder.” (El- awemach Rhinecanthus aculeus. bert 1947). syn: kkum. Wonei.

XIPHIDAE: Broadbill swordfish Fishes 166 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

kkumw Rhinecanthus aculeus. syn: ng´u´ung´urei ewe samwol, don’t awemach. R´omanum. make noises, ng´ung´u. There’s also a song: atam me ng´u´ung´ura kupen1 Melichthys niger Black Trig- feileweisset etemw´uri. Eyaaeyaa! gerfish. alt: kup´en. Namoluk. (weiset, at the surface). see: ng´u´ug´u2. Namoluk. kupen2 Xanthichthys auromargina- tus Bluechin Triggerfish, male, or Guilded Triggerfish, female. alt: ng´u´ung´u2 Sufflamen chrysoptera kup´en. Namoluk. Halfmoon Triggerfish. lit: means the same in the Lagoon and Mort- kup´en see: kupen. lock Islands: moaning sound. “To chew” is nuunu in the lagoon, and kuum see: kkumw. it was suggested it may also be the name of (perhaps this) fish in lipeen Possibly a trigger fish; iden- the lagoon. cf: ng´u´ung´u1. tified as a black fish, diamond Namoluk. shaped. l´uel´u Perhaps both Balistoides viri- ng´u´ung´u3 Rhinecanthus aculeatus descens and Pseudobalistes flavi- Picassofish. Namoluk. marginatus. alt: ?l´u´ul´u, which see. Namoluk. ng´u´ung´u4 Said to be the light phase of Balistipus undulatus Or- l´uel´u2 Balistoides viridescens Mus- angestriped Triggerfish. see: tache Triggerfish; Titan Trigger- ng´u´ugn´uch´ol1. Losap. fish. cf: peel. Namoluk. l´u´ul´u Pseudobalistes flavomargina- ng´u´ung´uch´ol1 Uncertain; unveri- tus; P. viridescens. Namoluk. fied. Balistapus undulatus Or- angestriped Triggerfish, dark l´u´ul´u´atol1 There are two kinds, small phase. It was suggested that and large. Nomwin. ng´u´ung´u is the light phase. see: ng´u´ug´u4 Losap. l´u´ul´uatool Psedobalistes flavi- marginatus Yellowmargin Trig- nik´ukk´upen Pseudobalistes flavi- gerfish. [However Balistoides viri- marginatus Yellowmargin Trig- descens is l´u´ul´u.] Nomwin. gerfish. see: paan; pw´un´u´un´u. Polle. ng´u´ung´uch´ol2 Balistapus undulatus Orangestriped Triggerfish. Namoluk. nikumwukumw Like kumw, but black. There is a line. Wonip. ng´u´ung´u1 Sufflamen chrysoptera Halfmoon Triggerfish. There is niw´uk´upwech “A species of trigger a figurative meaning: when one fish.” lit: white tail. (Gooden- is opposed to some idea or con- ough & Sugita 1980). ditions or what’s going on, he is ng´u´ung´ureri: for example Ko sapw niuniu see: n´u´un´u2. (Elbert 1947).

Fishes BALISTIDAE: Triggerfishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 167

n´u´un´u Balistoides viridescens Mus- pwok´och´ew Balistoides conspicillum tache Triggerfish or Titan Trigger- Clown Triggerfish. syn: pwoo- fish; Pseudobalistes flavimargina- kechikech. Paata. tus Yellowmargin Triggerfish. pwukechikech Rhinecanthus aculea- lit: chew. R´e´er´eTaloas; Uman. tus Picassofish; R. spp. syn: pwookechikech; pwokechew. n´u´un´u2 (Goodenough & Sugita 1980) Odonus niger. [Elbert (1947): Polle. when bigger this is niuniu.] p´ung´urewa An unidentified trigger- Goodenough & Sugita (1980): fish, a kind of pwuupw. see: pwu- pw´un´u´un´u, ng´u´ung´u. (El- uwp2. bert 1947). pw´un´u´un´u Balistoides viridescens paan2 see: pw´un´u´un´u. This may be Mustache Triggerfish; Titan Trig- n´uk´ukk´upen. Polle. gerfish. [It was said these are called paan when larger; how- peel1 Pseudobalistes flavomarginatus ever peel is Pseudobalistes flavo- Yellowmargin Triggerfish. Con- marginatus on Namoluk.] syn: sidered to be the female, while n´u´un´u;l´uel´u. see: peel. Polle. peel, Balistoides viridescens, pwuupwpwupw1 Rhinecanthus ver- l´uel´u, is the male. This is the rucosa Blackbelly Picassofish; one of the two that is usually Balistapus undulatus Orange- seen nesting; it is the aggressive striped Triggerfish. Namoluk. species. syn: paan, p´a´an. Namoluk. pwupwpwupw2 Rhinecanthus spp. Picassofishes. Namoluk. p´e´erech´o´och´o see: p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o. pwupwuch´on “A species of trigger lit p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o Balistoides conspicillum fish.” : black pwuupw (Good- Clown Triggerfish. lit: many con- enough & Sugita 1980). tainers, bottles, empty coconuts. pwupwuy´e´ech “A species of trigger syn: pwokechikech; pukechikech. fish.” lit: “good triggerfish.” alt: p´e´er´ech´o´och´o. Nomwin. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). p´erch´och´o see: p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o. (El- pw´u´ukesaaf A triggerfish, unidenti- bert 1947). fied, in shallow water. A kind of pwuupw. Nomwin. p´e´ute Triggerfish from drift logs, pwuupw1 Melichthys vidua; Pseu- seen in bycatch of tuna seiners. dobalistes fuscus; Xanthichthys hom : fruit bat (Mammal). mento, male and female. (Ma- Farr´e;Nech´e´ech´e´e. suda, Araga & Yoshino 1975, p. 134-133). May be a group of pwookechikech Balistoides conspicil- deepwater triggerfishes. lum Clown Triggerfish. syn: Nomwin. pwok´och´ew; pwuukechikech. Polle. pur´u¯r´o´o¯r´o see: p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o.

BALISTIDAE: Triggerfishes Fishes 168 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

pwuupw2 A list was obtained from for certain Nasos as well, see Nomwin, of subcategories of pwu- page 155 ff. lit: maataat, “rough upw: pungurewa, pwuupw (in to the touch, (but not to the eye)” deep water), luulu´atol (2 kinds: (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). small and large), pw´u´ukesaaf Namoluk. (shallow water), and p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o. Pwuupw is also something like a li´e´umm´a Filefish. Namoluk? family name in Namoluk. Nomwin. liyoomm´a1 A filefish or filefishes. pwuupw3 Balistoides conpicillum Young girls are not allowed to eat Clown Triggerfish. Namoluk. these fish(es). Nomwin. ¨uk¨upw¨och An unidentified trigger- fish. alt: ´uk´upw´ech. see: liyom´a´a2 see: li´e´umm´a. Namoluk. niw´uk´upwech. [pw´ech would sug- gest an Outer Islands name.] (El- nikaap´et A file fish. alt: nikaap¨ot. bert 1947). [nikaapw´et?] See note, above.

nikaap¨ot See nikaap´et. (El- 10.62 MONACANTHIDAE: bert 1947). Filefishes nim´a´am´a´awo Aluteres scriptus. [A dog was said to have died after It is interesting that two series eating one of these, in Wonip.] of similar variant names are retained Not eaten? by both the filefishes and the mi- F´os´on; Wonip; Wichukun´o; Farr´e. gratory cuckoo, Eudynamis taitensis. See likaapit, page 176, and likapilei, page 176. ni´ew´umm´a Cantherines dumerili Barred Filefish. syn: limmaattat. nim´am´awo Filefishes. Wonip. F´on´o ´e´usses Filefishes. Kuchuwa Taloas. lioym´a´a Cantherhines pardalis, C. likapilei1 Oxymonacanthus longirost- dumerili; Aluteres monoceros. ris Longnose Filefish. One of the Young girls are not allowed to eat likapilei; see likapilei2. hom: also this fish on Nomwin. Nomwin. a bird, see page 176. Namoluk.

likapilei2 Pervagor aspricaudus; P. nioum´a lit: Makes no sudden moves, janthinosoma. Orangetail File- swims by undulatory waves of the fish; Blackbar Filefish. See dorsal and venrtral fins. Taloas. likapilei1. Namoluk. limaataat Cantherhines dumerilii p´ungng´ut Filefish. lit: perhaps Barred Filefish. May be a name “falling of rain.” Nomwin.

Fishes MONACANTHIDAE: Filefishes Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 169

10.63 OSTRACIIDAE: le¯rupwo Smooth puffers. Thought to Trunkfishes; be oopwil, when larger. see: le¯r; Cowfishes lesh. Pullap.

l´e´esh Smooth puffers. Palauans are liff´e´uff´e´u Any Trunkfish (Boxfish) or reputedly good at cleaning them. Cowfish. Ostracion spp.; Lactoria syn: choupwo; sek´un. alt: l´e´esh; spp. Namoluk. l´e´e¯r. Mortlocks. niff´e´u Trunkfishes, Ostracion spp. syn: niff´e´uff´e´u. Polle. l´e´e¯r Smooth puffers. niff´e´uff´e´u Lactoria spp.; Ostracion nipang´ach An unidentified pufferfish, spp. Both of these groups. syn: in mangroves. niff´e´u. Fefan; Polle. ppw´or Boxfishes. lit: box. nipwoo Smooth puffers. syn: S. Namoneas. choupwo. R´e´er´eTaloas.

nississis Large smooth puffers, Aro- thron spp. This name means to 10.64 TETRAODONTIDAE: bite (in two). When the dead Smooth Puffers were buried at sea, in mats, it was one of these fishes that first bit through the shroud. Polle. Canthigaster spp., small smooth puffers, are the object of a sport in oopwil Canthigaster spp. Sharpnose Micronesia—fish fighting. This sport is puffers. Mortlocks; Widespread. highly developed, and while it is the sport of children, it is perhaps taken seriously by certain older folk, and I ´opwiin Probably Canthigaster spp. have heard tell of certain training meth- [Not referred to as nipwoo.] ods that will make a fish more coura- R´e´er´eTaloas. geous, or tougher. Fish are hidden in the jungle in coconut shells. This sport ´opw´ul Canthigaster spp. [Seasonal: takes place in a certain season, and It has been suggested they are the arrival of the juvenile fishes—their abundant before the setting of recruitment—is considered a signal of breadfruit of the R´as season; but breadfruit season. that when breadfruit are ripe, they cannot be found. I have ob- choupwo Arothron spp.; ?Canthi- served numerous smooth puffers, gaster spp. Smooth puffers. though not oopwil, on Tol in May.] Wonip; Wonei; Mechitiw; Polle. alt: oopwil, oopwin. Nomwin. ikapwoopwoo Pufferfish. Fanapanges. oopwin Canthigaster spp. Sharpnose puffers. Fighting fish. [Spelling lechupwo see: le¯rupwo. uncertain.] Polle; Fefan.

OSTRACIIDAE: Trunkfishes, Cowfishes Fishes 170 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

oopwiniik An unknown, small sharp- Perhaps peculiar to Wen´e,from nose puffer. Resembles, perhaps, Sapuk to Mechitiw. Canthigaster epilampra. It is “white.” [This may suggest C. taamw´un Bigger than oopwin. bennetti, which “occurs primarily Wonip. in inner reef flats and sheltered w´a´at Arothron spp.; ?Canthigaster lagoons” (Myers 1991).] It is spp. Namoluk. said that opwiliik is a fighting fish, that can fight against oopwin or choopwo. Polle; Fefan. oopwinin neyin chia Canthigaster 10.65 DIODONTIDAE: solandri Spotted Sharpnose Porcupinefishes Puffer. Said to be calm until at- tacked, not to pick a fight. Polle. seew Diodon spp. Porcupinefishes; Spiny Puffers. Namoluk. oopwinin w´on ooch Said to be like Cathigaster compressa Finger- s´es´ew Diodon spp. syn: s´ew. print Sharpnose Puffer. Polle. R´e´er´eTaloas; Farr´e;Wonip. sek´un Smooth puffer. syn: choopwo; s´ew Diodon spp. syn: s´es´ew. l´e´esh; l´e´e¯r; nipwo. R´e´er´eTaloas.

Fishes DIODONTIDAE: Porcupinefishes 11 BIRDS: Phylum Vertebrata; Class Aves

11.1 Remarks rors in recording these names will be corrected in the future.

Bird names are very difficult to fas- Some of the names highlight the penchant among Faichukese for word ten down. A few specific examples may 1 be illuminating. play . For example niteikapar, nikeita- par, nit´ak, etc., for Myzomela sp., the Names for the Pacific Reef Heron Cardinal Honeyeater. and the Rufous Night Heron, both rel- atively common in Chuuk, are confus- Still other names have been all but ing. Names, including those of these impossible to untangle. Moving from two species, are often reversed from one village to village in Faichuk, there are village to the next, or, in other circum- wide ranging differences in usage of the stances, lumped together. The com- same names for different birds, and of plex of names such as nimesepwpun; various names for the same bird. These nimesoun´upwpw´un;nifesen´upwun, and confusing disagreements are neverthe- so on, are applied to at least three less strongly argued in each village as species of birds: Zosterops semperi ow- correct. stoni, the Caroline Islands White-Eye; The names kawakaw and ´err´e, and Rukia ruki, the Chuuk Greater White- their variations, present almost impos- Eye; and Erythrura trichroa, the Blue- sible difficulties. They must be dis- Faced Parrotfinch. Pronunciations seem cussed separately. Certainly, there does to overlap; meanings are obscured or not appear to be any possibility of elic- seem to be distorted; even seemingly im- iting a regional correspondence. Both possible accounts of the biology of these kawakaw and ´err´e have been given as birds are interlinked with the usage of names for Egretta sacra, the Pacific Reef names. I hope that the inevitable er- Heron, and a number of variations pre- 1See also the names kitit and tikit for the freshwater eel (Fishes:Eels) 172 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

sented, sometimes arguments given to 11.2 General Names support the assertion. Likewise, each of the names ´err´e and kawakaw has maachang Birds, general name. But been argued just as vehemently to be means fly (insect) in the Mort- the correct name of Nycticorax cale- locks. lit: chang, to fly. donicus, the Rufous Night-Heron. Al- [Machang is used, as one man though such statements have been made from Uman did use it, to mean an- as, ´err´epwech is one species of kawakaw, imal, in general.] Tol. the fact remains that strong arguments have been made in favor of a specific maan Can be a general name for interpretation of the name kawakaw; it birds in some contexts. seems impossible to make a statement that one is a general name, including maan ´ak´a´as lit: flying animal. the other. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980).

Folk etymologies—each of them sen- maan s´u´us´u Bird. lit: flying animal. sible on first encounter—are given Mortlocks. for two different interpretations of machang wiiset Sea bird. Tol; Polle. kawakaw. According to the one, the name comes from kaw, the digging ac- tion of its feeding; this name is used to support the use of the name kawakaw for the Reef Heron. According to the 11.3 Bird Names other, equally believable, the name is onomatopoeic: it mimics the sound of aam´o´o Sula leucogaster Brown the Night Heron. Booby. Wonip; Polle.

Notes on the names kawakaw, ´err´e, aapwang Sula sula Red-footed and variants, are presented without Booby. alt: apwang. Tol. much attempt at making sense of them. ´af´atamas Eudynamis taitensis Long- Engbring et al. (1990) went to some tailed Cuckoo. hym: Also the pains to obtain local names for birds name of an octopus species (Mol- during their study of forest birds in lusca: Cephalopoda) (page 57). Chuuk Lagoon. Their identifications syn: nik´ap; lik´apalei; likapitamai. have been quite helpful. There is much Chukien´u;Faichuk;Tol; Niku; they missed, during their short study, F´os´on; Wen´e. however, of the subtlety of bird names. see This oversimplification, and some ap- amo : aam´o´o. Poster. parent errors, have carried over to the anga see: ´ang´a; mwi. (U.S. Fish and set of two posters of FSM Forest Birds Wildlife Service n.d.). from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service n.d.). I ´ang´a Aplonis apaca Micronesian have tried to correct either spelling or Starling. see: ´ang´ach´on, ´ang´a- usage, as I have been able, in the few pwech. syn: mwi. Wonip; Polle; cases I have seen it necessary. (All Chuuk Lagoon).

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 173

´ang´ach´on Aplonis apaca, adult form. arr´echcha Nycticorax calendonicus Micronesian Starling, completely Rufous Night Heron. syn: ´err´e. black form. lit: ch´on, black. It is a widespread belief that if a Wonip. pregnant woman encounters one of these birds, she will experience ´ang´amwii Aplonis apaca, juvenile. difficulties during pregnancy (mis- Micronesian Starling with white carry) or delivery. Losap. breast. see: mwii, ´ang´a. cf: ´ang´ach´on. Wonip; F´os´on. arrochcha Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night-Heron. syn: apeng see: apwang; aapwang. (U.S. kawakaw. Kuchuwa. Fish and Wildlife Service n.d.). asaf Fregata minor Great Frigate- apwang Sula sula Red-Footed Booby bird. syn: mallap; mannap? apw´ongin leeppi A Nomwin Islander Chuuk Lagoon. associated this name with Pratt’s illustration on Plate 1 of a stand- ´aterapan Puffinus lherminieri. syn: ing Laysan Albatross. This bird niwan´ek, ch´ur´ukak, nifaro. lit: was said to nest on F´ey´ew. Al- a woman or man who wanders though this may not be the around looking for the company albatross, this is suggestive. of men. Niw´an´ek, a synonym for Nomwin. this bird (which see), has a similar meaning. This name was stated to arafao see: araff´e´u. (U.S. Fish and be used only in Nech´e´ech´eVillage, Wildlife Service n.d.). Tol Island. Nech´ech´e.

araf´e´u There are two birds, arar and ato A bird, said to have been brought araf´eu. Araf´eu is larger. to Chuuk by the Japanese to Satawan. Chuuk to carry messages. syn: ?nisom. Paata. araff´e´u Sterna bergii Great Crested Tern. Wonip. ch´ar´ang´a Uncertain. Either the Swiftlet or the Bat. It was said arar1 Unidentified sea bird. Lukunor. that if it buzzes one, someone will die. Patta. arar2 Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- chik A heron. Kuchuwa. vice n.d.). chinginiwo Unverified synonym for arawowo Unconfirmed, for Ixo- niwoowo. Nech´ech´e. brychus sinensis. syn: niwoowo. chuk´o Domestic chicken. syn: arin Unidentified bird, perhaps a m´aluk; pwisik´e;puch´o. shorebird. Puluwat; Ulul. Chuuk Lagoon. arocha see: ´err´e chcha; arrochcha; chuk´oir´e Gallus gallus Red Jun- ´err´e pwech. (U.S. Fish and glefowl; wild chicken. syn: Wildlife Service n.d.). chuk´on´uw´en;chuk´on wel. F´e´up.

Birds 174 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

chuk´on Chuuk syn: chuk´oniw´en; ´err´ekerier Egretta sacra Pacific Reef chuk´on´uw´en. Heron, mottled form. Lukunor.

chuk´on´uwen Gallus gallus Red Jun- ´err´epwech Egretta sacra Pacific Reef glefowl; wild chicken. syn: chuk´o Heron, white morph. Kuchuwa. ir´e. lit: -w´en, common suffix, feral, wild. (Goodenough & Su- ´err´epwesh Egretta sacra Pacific Reef gita 1980, : kichiniw´en, uncivi- Heron, white morph. Mortlocks. lized). Chukien´u. ´err´etopw Presumed to be Egretta ch´ur´ukak Puffinus lherminieri Au- sacra, the brown form. dubon’s Shearwater. lit: refers to its vocalization, at night. syn: ni- esies1 Gygis alba White Tern; Fairy waan´ek; aterapan; nifaro. Tern. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- Tol?; Polle; Wonip. vice n.d.). Tol. ekiek Gygis alba White Tern; Fairy esies2 Gygis alba White Tern or Fairy Tern. syn: esies. Tol. Tern. syn: ekiek. Reportedly, in Paata, this name is now being epiekung Possibly a bird, from the used; in former years, people said Radio Nepukos radio show, in ekiek. Patta; Namoneas. about 1990. hepal A sea bird, possibly Puffinus ´er´e see: ´err´e; kawakaw. pacificus Wedge-Tailed Shearwa- ´er´e1 Elbert lists kawakaw and ´er´e, ter. This bird figures prominently both as general names for herons. in a myth involving the Pleiades alt: ¨or¨o. (mw´ariker), and may be suggested to be seasonal in some way. see: ´err´e2 Definitely identified as Nycti- sepal. Pullap; Puluwat. corax calendonicus, the Rufous Night Heron. This bird bears a ilil Unidentified shore birds. see: mystique akin to that of the stork inin. Lukunor. in western cultures: it is associ- ated with evil spirits, carries the inin1 Unidentified shore bird(s). coffin. Parem. syn: ilil; ninn´ap. lit: The name comes from its flight vocalization, ´err´e3 Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous “in in in in . . . .” Widespread. Night Heron. Faichuk. inin2 Two birds are identified as inin ´err´e4 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef on this poster: Arenaria inter- Heron. Three varieties are named: pres Ruddy Turnstone; and Het- ´err´epwesh; ´err´esh´ol; ´err´ekerier eroscelus incanus Wandering Tat- (mottled form) Lukunor. tler. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- ´err´e5 syn: kawakaw. vice n.d.). ´err´echcha Nycticorax caledonicus ininipwpw´un Unidentified small bird, Rufous Night Heron. “One of the said to stay under the mud. see: kinds of kawakaw.” Ton; Polle. inin neepw´en. F´os´on.

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 175

inin neepw´en Unidentified shore kawakaw mei ngngaw Egretta sacra bird. lit: inin of the mud? Pacific Reef Heron, dark morph. Polle; ?Mwmw´an. Tol. see ka´uka´u : kawakaw. kiilel Eudynamis taitensis. Long- kaukau see: kawakaw. Tailed Cuckoo. Said to be a bird of leer´ek (r´as), bread- kawakaw1 Nycticorax caledonicus fruit season. syn: ´af´atamas, Rufous Night Heron. Identified likapit´amai, likaapit, nik´a´ap, in flight. Wonip. likapilai, likapilei. Nama. kawakaw2 Kawakaw must be the reef heron because the name describes koikoi Unidentified. its behavior when fishing. lit: ka´u, octopus fishing stick. koki1 Parrot. Was present on Taloas, Parem. Tol and Wen´eduring the Japanese time, but said to have been exter- kawakaw3 Kawakaw are of many minated by slingshot. Taloas. kinds. Among them are: ´err´epwech; ´errotopw; ´erroch´on. koki2 This name for the parrot may be used for some native birds to- kawakaw4 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef day on Tol, but mention has not Heron. Positive. Peniasene. been consistent. Wonip. kawakaw5 Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron. [This kuling Pluvialis dominica Lesser does not preclude possibly that Golden Plover. Alt: kuning. kawakaw is also the Reef Heron. This bird is quite common and Either of the species may be well known in Chuuk. Lukunor. known as w´er´e.] Pregnant women fear this bird, as it is a spirit. kuning Pluvialis dominica Lesser Namoluk. Golden Plover. alt: kuling. Chuuk Lagoon. kawakaw6 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron, white or black morphs, in kunnu Elbert (1947) lists kunnu and which respective cases it is known pinik as synonyms for some as ´err´epwech or ´err´ech´on. unidentified “small” land bird. It Lukunor. is of interest that there is a bi- valve shell referred to as pinik, kawakaw7 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron. Speaker did not recognize while another small bivalve shell the red one, and is quite specific is also referred to as kinnu. Note that it is this species. Nomwin. also the name for the Gray Duck, niawpinik, “the one with a pinik kawakaw mei ´e´ech Egretta sacra Pa- mouth.” (Elbert 1947). cific Reef Heron, white morph. syn: uneisomw; uneis´opw; s´o´opw. kurukak Anous stolidus. syn: lit: “good Reef Heron.” cf: pwoonik, mangopwech, nair´e. kawakaw me ngngaw. Tol. Nama; Namoluk.

Birds 176 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

liakak Numenius phaeopus Whim- limw´emwmw´eng´e´asepw´al Aerodra- brel. syn: niakak. Pullap. mus vanikorensis Island Swift- let. syn: ss´ass´a; ninnuss´ass´a; lichok Acrocephalus syrinx Caroline n´onnupwe. Nama; Lukunor. Islands Reed Warbler. alt: nichok. Lukunor. linn´ap A shorebird. see: ninn´ap. lit: nn´ap, do push-ups. likaapit Eudynamis taitensis Long- Puluwat; Ulul. Tailed Cuckoo. cf: likapiit´amay. syn: likapiit´amay; likapalai; lipowale arar? This is perhaps two nik´a´ap; ´af´atamas; kiilel. names: lip´e´u ´anney, and arar. Nomwin. Identified as Black-Naped Tern. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- likapalai Eudynamis taitensis Long- vice n.d.). Tailed Cuckoo. Lukunor. lirangaipw´el syn: niawpinik. likapiit´amay Eudynamis taitensis Puluwat. Long-Tailed Cuckoo. lit: may, fishtrap: “the one that dries up lisom syn: mwur´e. Nisomw may be the fish weir trap”s—apparently a name for domestic pigeons. in the sense that the its appear- Lukunor. ance in May or June corresponds with the time of daytime low tides, liteikapar Myzomela rubrata ma- and good fishing on the may. [I jor. [This is the correct name have spelled this so to be consis- on Nomwin. syn: niteikapar; tent with the spelling of may, fish nikeitapar; nit´ak´apar; nit´a´ak; trap, in Goodenough & Sugita nik´a´atapar; nik´a´at.] Nomwin. (1980).] Puluwat. m´al´uk Domestic chicken. syn: likapilei Eudynamis taitensis Long- pwisika, chuk´o, puch´o. Tailed Cuckoo. Namoluk. Mortlocks. like¯rour Described as a bird with a small white spot on stomach, and m´en´ur´a´an Myiagra oceanica Chuuk a long tail, always in groups, es- Flycatcher; Oceanic Flycatcher. syn pecially in taro patch. Possibly a : nim´ek´ur. This name was shore bird. Puluwat. stated to be an itang word; how- ever, it is widely known, perhaps likeitapar Myzomela rubrata major for the following chanty. The Cardinal Honeyeater, Chuuk sub- name literally means “animal of species. syn: liteikapar; niteika- day”: it is the first to announce par; nikeitapar; nit´ak´apar; nit´a´ak; the sun’s imminent appearance. A nik´a´atapar; nik´a´at. tikitik m´en´ur´a´an me w´on Chimwi- Satawan; One´op; Poster. itoon, “Nim´ek´ur is singing on Mt. Winipw´e´et.” Chimwiitoon, head likidurung see: nikittir´ung. (U.S. of Tol, is the proper name for Mt. Fish and Wildlife Service n.d.). Winipw´e´et.

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 177

maan General name for birds, in miimi2 syn: nich´onafor; nich´e´enafor; some contexts, for speakers from ?nimesepwpwun. Polle. some communities. moimoi1 syn: mwuur´e. alt: mwoim- mall´ap Fregetta minor Great woi. Farr´e. Frigatebird. Pullap. moimoi2 Listed as synonymous with mangopwech Anous stolidus Brown witiwit. (Elbert 1947). Noddy. syn: kurukak; pwoonik; nair´e. Polle. mwur´e Ducula oceanica subspecies teraoki Micronesian Pigeon, mannap Fregata minor Great Chuuk subspecies. Frigatebird. (Elbert 1947). Widely known. mechikow Unidentified seabird, seen mwur´enSapan Columbia livia Rock only occasionally. May be the Dove, feral pigeon. Said to sooty term, as Woleian for this have been brought to Chuuk by bird is said to be mashigow. Japanese as messengers (and to Goodenough & Sugita (1980); have been taken back by them (Farr´e). when they left—though a few sur- vive). m´en´ew´o “A kind of eagle, same as tupuras´e. A legendary bird, king mura See: mwur´e, above. (U.S. Fish of the birds. lived in the winds.” I and Wildlife Service n.d.). have encountered neither of these ? mwuur´e2 Ducula oceanica Microne- names. (Goo & Banner 1963, sian Pigeon, Chuuk subspecies. attributed to Elbert). One speaker from Farr´e, Tol, suggested there are two types: mwii1 Aplonis opaca Micronesian Starling. In the Mortlocks, this mwuur´e aaraw, also called name is used for both adult and mwuur´e s´amwon; and a yellow one, for which he did not know juvenile forms. cf: mwii2. syn: ´ang´a. Ettal; Namoluk; Nama. the name, but suggested it to be called mwuur´e´o´on. Farr´e. mwii2 Aplonis opaca Micronesian Starling. Juvenile form. syn: mwuur´eaaraw Blue form of Ducula syn ´ang´amwii; ´ang´a. Wonip. oceanica. : mwuur´esamwon. lit: aaraw, blue. Farr´e. miimi1 Zosterops semperi owstoni mwuur´e´o´on Yellow form of Ducula Caroline Islands White Eye. syn: oceanica. lit: ´o´on, yellow. Farr´e. nich´onafor; nimesepwpwun. This name is not known in Wonip ex- mwuur´esaamwon Blue form of cept to children. It is either an Ducula oceanica. syn: mwuur´e innovation, perhaps on an ono- aaraw. lit: chief mwurr´e. Farr´e. matopoeic basis, or recent intro- duction by children. It is known mwurr´e Given as a correct spelling on Polle. Wonip. on Nomwin. Nomwin.

Birds 178 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 n´e´uchch´us Eudynamis taitensis afor tree,” see afor, a small tree, Long-Tailed Cuckoo. Nomwin. page 196. The bird’s coloration is similar to that of the tree’s nair´e Anous stolidus Brown Noddy. leaves. [Pratt says this bird for- syn: kurukak; pwoonik; mangop- ages in small trees.] syn: miimi; wech. Outer Faichuk. nimesepwpwun. alt: nich´onafor. nemesonupwpw´un Rukia ruki Chuuk nich´enafor see: nich´onafor. Farr´e. Greater White-Eye. syn: w´a´an ´e´ur; w´a´an p´e´engaas; nikomor; nich´enef´or alt: nich´e´enafor. see: nik´em´err´ech´en. [This is an en- nich´onafor. demic bird, named after Chuuk. nich¨onef´or see: nich´enef´or. (El- “Ruk” is a German spelling of bert 1947). “Chuuk.”] nich´onafor Zosterops semperi ow- ng´e´en Eudynamis taitensis. It means stoni Bridled white eye. see: “soul.” syn: nik´ap; etc. nich´e´enafor. syn: miimii; nime- Polle Nethon. sepwpwun. Polle. ni´a´upinik2 It was stated that penik nicha¨u see: nichchaw. (El- is a newer pronunciation. This bert 1947). is consistent with the meaning “mouth like a pinik shell”; but nichaw see: nichchaw. (U.S. Fish in this case one would expect the and Wildlife Service n.d.). name to be something like niaaw nichch´e “Short for nichch´e´en´ofor.” pinik. Outer Faichuk. (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). nia¨upenik see: nia´upinik. alt: nia´u- nichch´e´en´ofor Zosterops semperi ow- penik. (Elbert 1947). stoni Caroline Islands White Eye. lit: “Leaf of the afor tree.” nia´upinik1 Anas superciliosa Gray (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). Duck. This is the only resident duck in Micronesia, and has a dis- nichchaw Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow tinct name. cf: ch´ek; rangaan´u; Bittern. syn: nimmang, niwoowo. pungun p´a´alei. [Indicated as a lit: chchaw, slow. Said to be a correct spelling.] slow flier. (Goodenough & Su- Widespread name. gita 1980). Taloas; Mwmw´an. niakak Numenius phaeopus Whim- nichchok Acrocephalus syrinx Car- brel. syn: liakak. oline Islands Reed Warbler; Chuuk Lagoon; Elbert (1947). Nightingale Reed Warbler. Ud´et.´ niawpenik see: nia´upinik. (Eng- bring, Ramsey & Wildman 1990). nichok Acrocephalus syrinx Caroline Islands Reed-Warbler; Nightin- nich´e´enafor Zosterops semperi ow- gale Reed-Warbler. Used in magic stoni Caroline Islands White-Eye, to help a child learn to speak Chuuk subspecies. lit: “Leaf of quickly. alt: lichok. F´on´o.

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 179 nieche Probably Porzana cinerea nifongou A bird that is rarely if ever White-Browed Rail or White- seen by humans. Like a ghost Browed Crake. Wonip. (may make a sound like a human baby?). If it shows up, someone nif´engou Unidentified bird, cries like will die. Said to be found not in a human, but it flies at night and Wonip, but in Chukien´u,F´e´up´e. is difficult or impossible to see. cf: nif´engouk. Tol. F´os´on. nik´a´ap Eydynamis taitensis Long- nif¨o¨umesepun see: nif´e´umese- Tailed Cuckoo. Note: This bird pwpwun. (Elbert 1947). is known as a cowardly bird; it is nif´engou Unidentified bird, cries like mobbed by smaller birds, includ- a human, but it flies at night and ing niteikapar. lit: truncation of is difficult or impossible to see. lik´apelai, etc., (which see). F´os´on. Wonip; Polle; Fefan; Farr´e; Uman. nif´engouk Unidentified bird. Possi- bly Audubon’s Shearwater. He nik´a´at´apar Myzomela rubrata major definitely knew it as a bird, not Cardinal Honeyeater. syn: nitt´ak, as something out of the ordinary. nik´a´at, nitt´ak´apar; niteikapar; Sounds like a human being. Noc- nikeitapar. Polle. turnal. Compare nifongou, below. Nomwin. nik´a´at Myzomela rubrata major Car- dinal Honeyeater. syn: nitt´ak, nif´eti aaraw Sterna sumatrana nitt´ak´apar; nik´a´at´apar; niteika- Black-Naped Tern. lit: Named par; nikeitapar. Polle. from f´e´et, eyebrow. Wonip. nik´ap see: nik´a´ap. nif´o´otom´a syn: kawakaw. S. Namoneas. nik´apelei Eydynamis taitensis Long- Tailed Cuckoo. see: nikapalai. nifaro Puffinus lherminieri Audu- Mortlocks. bon’s Shearwater. syn: niwan´ek; ch´ur´ukak; aterapan. nik´at´apar Mysomela rubrata major Wen´e;Outer Islands; Engbring, Cardinal Honeyeater. syn: nitt´ak, Ramsey & Wildman (1990). nik´a´at, nitt´ak´apar; niteikapar; nikeitapar. alt: nik´atepar. cf: nif´engouk Definitely a bird, not a nik´a´at. Wonip. mythical beast or something ex- traordinary, as it is in Chuuk La- nik´at see: nik´a´at. Tol. goon. Sounds like a human being. Nocturnal. Nomwin. nik´em´err´ech´en Rukia ruki Chuuk Greater White Eye. syn: niko- niff´e´umesepwpwun Zosterops sem- mor; perhaps also nikomorr´ech´en; peri owstoni Caroline Islands w´a´an p´e´engaas; w´a´an ´ew´ur. White Eye. alt: nif´e´umesepwun. [An older man distinguished syn: nimesepw´un (Spelling?). nik´em´ur´echu from nik´em´er´ech´en.] Mwmw´an. Wonip.

Birds 180 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nik´em´ur´echu Myiagra oceanica nikomor Rukia ruki Chuuk Greater Chuuk Flycatcheer. Endemic White Eye. syn: nik´em´err´ech´en; to Chuuk. syn: nim´ek´ur. cf: w´a´an p´e´engaas; w´a´an ´ew´ur; nime- nik´em´err´ech´en. Wonip. soun´upw´un. But see nikomoro- chuk. Wonip. nika¯rou¯r Unidentified bird, probably a shorebird. Puluwat; Ulul. nikomorochuk syn: men´ur´an; nim´e- k´ur; nim´ek´ur´uchu. cf: nikomor. nikapalai Eydynamis taitensis Long- Mwmw´an. Tailed Cuckoo. Lukunor. nikoow´emmang Myiagra oceanica Chuuk Flycatcher. syn: nim´ek´ur; nikauu see: nikou. (Elbert 1947). etc. see: nikou mmang. Polle. nikeitapar Myzomela rubrata ma- nikoow Ptilopus porphyraceus jor Cardinal Honeyeater, Chuuk Purple-Capped Fruit Dove. syn: subspecies. syn: niteikapar; witiwit. see: nikou, etc. Polle. nit´ak´apar; nit´a´ak; nik´a´atapar; nik´a´at. See also the sea cucum- nikou´emang syn: nim´ek´ur, nik´em´ur- ber of apparently the same name, ´echu. alt: nikou (m)mang; nikou- page 91. Wonip; Wonei. ´emmang? Wonip. nikou Ptilonicus porphyraceus. syn: nikitirr´ung Erythrura trichroa Blue- witiwit. F´os´on. Faced Parrotfinch. syn: ?nime- sounipwin; nimesepwin; nikit- nikou mmang Myiagra oceanica tir´e´ung´ung. [It is widely believed Chuuk Flycatcher. syn: nim´e- that these birds smear human fe- k´ur. see: nikoow´emmang. ces on their nests to discourage Namoneas, by a Faichukese. predators; it is also believed that 100 eggs are laid in its oven nest.] nikowu Ptilonicus porphyraceus Pur- Polle; Tol. ple-Capped Fruit Dove. lit: ono- matopoeic, for cooing sound. nikittir´e´ung´ung Erythrura trichroa Outer Faichuk. Blue-Faced Parrotfinch. syn: nim´ek´ur´echuk Myiagra oceanica nikittir´ung. S. Namoneas. Oceanic Flycatcher. syn: nikokop Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow nim´ek´ur; nik´em´ur´echu. Bittern (= Chinese Least Bittern; Namoneas. Chinese Little Bittern). syn: nim´ek´ur´uchu Myiagra oceanica Oce- nichaw; nimmang; niwoowo. anic Flycatcher. syn: men´ur´an; Fefan. nikomorochuk; nim´ek´ur. Mwmw´an. nikomor´uch´en Rukia ruki Chuuk greater white eye. syn: nim´ek´ur Myiagra oceanica Chuuk w´a´an´ew´ur; w´a´anp´e´engaas; niko- Flycatcher. syn: men´ur´an; mor; nik´em´err´ech´en; nime- nikomorochuk; nim´ek´ur´uchu; soun´upw´un. Wonip. nikouemmang. Mwmw´an; Polle.

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 181 nimesenepwun Zosterops semperi ninn´apann´ap Possibly a synonym of owstoni Caroline Islands White- ninn´ap, or else expresses its mean- Eye. Wonip. ing. Faichuk. nimesepw´un Erythrura trichroa ninnep syn: ninn´ap. Reportedly dis- Blue-Faced Parrotfinch. syn: ni- tinguised from kuning by its doing kitt´urr´ung. lit: dirty face? “push-ups” when it lands. Longer bill than kuning. Polle. nimesepwin Erythrura trichroa Blue- Faced Parrotfinch. syn: nikittir- niinu Micronesian Swiftlet. Polle. ´ung; nimesounipwin? cf: nime- ninn´u Aerodramus vanikorensis Mi- sounipwin. Polle. cronesian Swiftlet. syn: ni- nimesepwpwun Probably the bridled mwmw´emw´eng´e ´asepw´al. [This white eye, meaning “one with is also the name of insectivorous shining eyes.” bats on Tol, see page 189.] Patta. nimmang Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow ninnuss´ass´a see: ninnu; s´a´ass´a. Bittern. syn: niwoowoo; nichaaw. lit: “slow one.” Faichuk? nipw´epwpw´er´uk see: ninekenek. syn: ninn´ap. Also the name of ninekenek syn: nipw´epwpw´er´uk. an insect. lit: nek, to bob up and down. Goodenough & Sugita (1980): gy- nip´e´u´annei A sea bird; probably the rate the hips in dancing. Also the Great Crested Tern. Tol. synonym of ninn´ap. nipopw´or´uk A sea bird. lit: “danc- Kuchuwa Taloas. ing creature.” (Elbert 1947). ning´u´ugn´umech Only few people nis´ek´ur´umataw Possible synonym of have ever seen it. Like a ghost. sep´al. One speaker from Farr´e, Used to be caught with Chuukese Tol, insisted that it is the name of hand nets. When caught it had a ghost, not of a bird. Polle; Tol. hair, like human, but we couldn’t see the eyes, nose, head, legs, etc. nisi´op Chick, of chicken. [For other Only hair. Also the name of a birds?.] lit: si´op, peep. (El- mushroom in Niku District, Tol. bert 1947). F´os´on. nisomw Probably the domestic pi- ninn´ap1 Wandering tattler. syn: geon, Columba livia, sometimes inin. lit: From back and forth called mwur´en Sapan (Japanese waving motion of bill in sand. pigeon). It is not, at least here, mwur´e, as Engbring stated. alt: w´a´an ´e´ur Rukia ruki Chuuk Greater nisom. Farr´e. White Eye. syn: w´a´an p´e´engaas; nimesoun´upw´un;nikomor. Polle. nis´uk´ur´umataw A sea bird. see: nis´ung´ur´umataw. The name may ninn´ap see: ninekenek; nipw´e- refer to some habit of flight over pwpw´er´uk. Faichuk. water?

Birds 182 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 nis´ung´ur syn: nim´ek´ur. Ud´et. Note the fish by the same name, page 130. Tol; Mwmw´an; E´et. nis´ung´ur´umataw A sea bird, per- haps Puffinus pacificus, the niwaluk see: niwaan´ek. (Engbring, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater. syn: Ramsey & Wildman 1990). ?sepal. Pronunciation obscure: nik´uk´ur´umataw? Niku; Wonip. niwoowo Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow nit´ak Myzomela rubrata major Car- Bittern. syn: nichchaw; nim- dinal Honeyeater. F´os´on. mang. See Phragmites sp., swamp cane, page 207; a favored envi- nit´ak´apar Myzomela rubratra major ronment of these birds, is called Cardinal Honeyeater, Chuuk sub- woowo, or niiwo. species. Wonip. Faichuk; (Mwmw´an). niteikapar Myzomela rubratra major Cardinal Honeyeater, Chuuk sub- niwoowo1 Poliolimnas cinereus species. Also called the Chuuk White Browed Rail; White Myzomela, or Micronesian My- Browed Crake; Ashy Crake. Pos- zomela. Of all the names for sible synonyms: nikewinin; ninep- this bird, this must be at least won. There has been some confu- nominally correct: word roots sion by Chuukese, and apparently are teik, cosmetic made from biologists, between the White- turmeric; par, red. Browed Rail and the Yellow Bit- tern. For example, comments of nitt´ak Myzomela rubrata major Engbring, Ramsey & Wildman Cardinal Honeyeater. syn: (1990) about slow flight. (Eng- niteikapar; nik´a´at; nitt´ak´apar; bring, Ramsey & Wildman 1990). nik´a´at´apar; nikeit´apar. F´os´on. niwoowo2 On the poster White- nitt´ak´apar Myzomela rubrata major Browed Rail is erroneously re- Cardinal Honeyeater. Cardi- ferred to as niwoowoo The Yel- nal Honeyeater. syn: niteika- low Bittern is referred to by par; nik´a´at; nitt´ak; nik´a´at´apar; many persons, perhaps especially nikeit´apar. Tol. in Faichuk, as niwoowoo, but as niwaan´ek Puffinus lherminieri Au- nichaw on the poster (which is dubon’s Shearwater. Per- correct, for example on Taloas). haps other shearwaters? syn: (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- ch´ur´ukak; nifaro; aterapan. Lit: vice n.d.). a woman who wanders around all day and doesn’t stay home to niyaw´upinik see: ?niaw pinik. take care of her children. This (Goodenough & Sugita 1980). bird is not seen around the island during the day, but flies in after n´onnupwe Needs to be verified. dark, when one hears its “kak, Probably the Micronesian Swift- kak, kak,” after which is derived let. see: ss´ass´a; nimw´emwmw´eng one of the other names, ch´ur´ukak. ´asepw´al. F´on´o.

Birds Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 183

n´uk´upar An unidentified bird with a pwooniik Anous stolidus Brown red tail. Said to be somewhat like Noddy. alt: nair´e;mangopwech; nif´ew´umesepw´un. see: ´uk´upar. kurukak. Nomwin; Polle (“some Mwmw´an. people”); E´et; Tol.

´omm´o Puluwat. puch´o Domestic chicken. syn: pwisika, chuk´o, m´al´uk. (El- ´omm´oin fainnat Unidentified bird. bert 1947). see: ´omm´o. lit: nnat, Tourne- fourtia argentea. Puluwat. pungun p´a´alei Certain birds that fly in formation, formations of these ¨or¨o see: ´err´e. birds. Said to be like niawpinik, a native duck. Geese or ducks. lit: ´orrochcha Nycticorax caledonicus pung, handle; also used in lagoon; Rufous Night-Heron. Wonei. p´a´alei, skeleton or structural out- pinik1 A small, unidentified land line of coconut frond or leaf; am bird. syn: kunnu. [This is of some pung, whatever is connected to interest: Pinik refers to empty you in a straight or right way; aa shells of Anadara sp. clams, nichik pung, it is connected. (page 55). It also refers to the Puluwat; Namoluk. clams themselves in some dialects. rangaan´uw Perhaps a duck. De- There is a duck called Nia´upinik scribed as a migratory bird, seen (though possibly there is a vari- only in summer, like a duck. Black ant Nia´upenik). This pinik is also and grey. Only on water, it has a called by other names in other bill like a duck. They are trapped places, including, perhaps r´e´epi, by hiding under an inverted bas- which Goo & Banner (1963) and ket while wading or swimming to- Goodenough & Sugita (1980) have ward it. Losap. listed as a name for the shell. Kunnu is the name I was given rech Anous minutus Black Noddy. when I showed a weathered shell syn: r´elap. Said always to have of a white mussel about 1.5-1” leeches around its mouth and in long. I have it a species name eyes. Widely known. for this mussel, on Tol.] (El- bert 1947). r´elap Anous minutaus Black Noddy. syn: rech. Puluwat; Ulul. pinik2 “Small land bird.” syn: El- bert (1947) may have had this as s´a´ass´a Aerodramus vanikorensis Is- kunnu. [I know both pinik and land (or Gray) Swiftlet. syn: k´unn´u as bivalves in Wonip (pinik, ninnu; ninnu s´a´ass´a. page 55).] (Elbert 1947). Wonip; Polle; Farr´e. pwisika Domestic chicken. syn: sapal This word, or hapal, was said m´al´ek, chuuk´o; puch´o. Tol. in place of sepal or hepal, in a song. The latter are impolite be- ponik see: pwooniik. (Engbring, cause they closely resemble the Ramsey & Wildman 1990). word see, “penis.” Pullap.

Birds 184 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

sasa see: s´a´ass´a. (U.S. Fish and t´urinw´on “Tiny, bright green with Wildlife Service n.d.). part of tail very red.” He gives as synonyms: n´uk´upar and ´uk´upar. saup see: s´o´opw. This name, listed [This is of great interest because by Engbring (1990), is apparently of my sighting in about 1988 of restricted primarily to Parem. a tiny bird, possibly a humming- But see ´uneis´opw. (Engbring, bird, feeding on a papaya flower Ramsey & Wildman 1990). on Wen´e(Moen). The Nama Is- lander I was standing with stated seikocho Possibly a Japanese name the name as ´uk´upar. Yet, it is for nikit´ur´ung, Erythrura trichroa, stated that hummingbirds cannot the Blue-Faced Parrot Finch. It possibly be in Micronesia. One or- was exported to Japan for the nithologist suggests it may be a pet trade. It was also taken to sunbird. I have observed a very Germany, where there may have small bird at dusk on Tol, also, been breeding in captivity until perhaps this bird, though in this World War II. They were captured case possibly a sphinx moth.] A with mist nets, boxed and sent similar name is found in Good- to Japan. There was a Japanese enough & Sugita (1980). (El- house for birds in Enin, Dublon. bert 1947) Japanese. t¨urinw´on Tiny bird, bright green sep´al alt: sepal. ?Puffinus pacificus with red tail. syn: ´uk´upar; Wedge-Tailed Shearwater. n´uk´upar. alt: t´urinw´on (see Nomwin. Goodenough & Sugita (1980, tur- inwon)). (Elbert 1947). sirip Gallicolumba kubaryi Caroline Islands Ground Dove. Endemic to u´a´an ´e´ur Rukia ruki Chuuk Greater Pohnpei and Chuuk. Polle. White Eye. Spelling stated to be correct, but see w´a´an ´e´ur. Polle. s´o´op Egretta sacra Pacific Reef uaaw See: uwaw. Heron, white morph. syn: arrop- wech; ´err´epwech. Farr´e. uk see: ´u´uk. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service n.d.). s´o´opw1 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron, white form. cf: ´uneis´opw ´uk´upar see: t´urinw´on. A bird re- or uneis´opw. Parem. sembling a hummingbird, hover- ing while feeding on a papaya s´o´opw2 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef flower on Moen in about 1988. Heron. Said by one person to be Metallic green, scalelike feathers; either morph. Parem. red tail. It has been suggested to be a sunbird. Nama. s´op see: s´o´opw. (Elbert 1947). uneisomw Egretta sacra Pacific Reef tupuras´e see: m´en´ew´o. (El- Heron, white morph. syn: bert 1947). kawakaw mei ´e´ech. F´os´on.

Birds uneis´opw Egretta sacra, white w´a´an p´e´engaas Rukia ruki Chuuk morph. see: s´o´opw. alt: ?un- Greater White Eye. lit: fruit of eisomw; ´uneis´opw. One person the p´e´engaas tree. syn: w´a´an ´e´ur: suggested that this word may be p´e´engaas is a synonym for ´e´ur, Fa- used in Ud´etand R´omanum. graea sp.; possibly also w´a´an s´e´ur. Niku or F´oson Tol. Wonip.

urupap Arenaria interpres Ruddy w´a´anaw Rukia ruki Chuuk Monarch. Turnstone. [Apparently mistak- syn: uaaw. Possibly f´os´unf´en´u enly identified as inin on the US- or itang, distinct modes of speech. FWS poster.] Also a variety of breadfruit. Ettal; Lukunor; Tol. Wonip.

´u´uk Phaeothon lepturus White- w´err´e Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Tailed Tropic Bird. [Uuk is also Heron. It is believed that the correct.] Ubiquitous. dark morph (w´er´e ch´ol) is the uwaw Metabolus rugensis Chuuk male, and the white one (see w´er´e Monarch. Endemic. With mor- pw´esh) the female. See the discus- phologically distinct male, female, sion above with kawakaw. and juvenile forms, as follows. Namoluk. Ubiquitous. w´err´epw´esh Egretta sacra Pacific uwaw´ech´on Metabolus rugensis, Reef Heron, white morph, be- black morph, female. lit: black lieved to be the female. uwaw. Wonip. Namoluk. uwaw´epwech Metabolus rugensis w´err´esh´ol Egretta sacra Pacific Reef white morph, male. lit: white Heron, dark morph, believed to be uwaw. Wonip. the male. Namoluk. uwawetopw Metabolus rugensis, ju- witiwit Ptilonopus porphyraceus venile, brown phase. lit: brown Purple-Capped Fruit Dove. syn: uwaw. Wonip. nikowu, after its cooing vocaliza- tion. alt: ?wiitiwiit. w´a´an ´e´ur Rukia ruki Chuuk Greater Polle; Widespread. White Eye. syn: w´a´an p´e´engaas; nimesoun´upw´un;nikomor. Polle. wuuk see: uuk. 12 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

12.1 TURTLES winichchen Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill turtle. alt: winich´en. syn: maaw. The shell of this tur- mau Eretmochelys imbricata Hawks- tle is used for combs and other bill turtle. (McCoy 1974). handicrafts. Ulul. Satawal. maaw Eretmochelys imbricata winich´en Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill turtle. alt: maw. syn: Hawksbill turtle. syn: maaw. winich´en. This species is owned alt: winichchen. Nomwin. by the traditional chief on Pullap. Pullap; Nomwin. winimw´en Green turtle. People can miir´eng The biggest sea turtle; yel- eat this variety; the back half is low. lit: r´eng, yellow. [Not Lea- owned by the traditional chief. therback.] alt: ?mir´ong. Pullap. Nomwin. winimwol Green turtle. syn: win- mir´ong Unidentified turtle. See imw´en; ´un´umwol. Eaten; the miir´eng. Nomwin. most common turtle. Nomwin. pw´a´apw´a´a General name for sea tur- tles. syn: wiin. wong Dermochelys coriacea Leather- Chuuk Lagoon; Nomwin?. back turtle. Nomwin. ´un´umwol see: winimwol. wongera Dermochelys coriacea Lea- wiin General name for sea turtles. therback turtle. (McCoy 1974). syn: pw´a´apw´a´a. Nomwin. Satawal.

186 Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 187

12.2 LIZARDS nich´e´upach Gecko. syn: nitoupach. Taloas.

Elbert (1947) gave fairly detailed de- nichoupach Medium sized lizard, scriptions for a few lizard names. otherwise same as nikattou. [This indicates a larger gecko.] (El- toopw´ur´e A large gecko. syn: bert 1947). kaater, which see. Fefan.

kaater A gecko, bigger than nitou ni´enuf Questionably a synomym for ppach. syn: toopw´ur´e. If it kinom, the large brown ground barks, the number of barks indi- lizard. Tol. cate the time it will rain. nik´otto Large geckos on rupung Faichuk; Polle. ivory nut palms. see: likattou. kinom A large lizard, big ground Wonip. skink. see: k´uen. Wonip. nikuch¨ouch see: nik´uch´e´uch. k´onuf Varanus indicus Monitor “Skink, yellow stripes, blue- lizard. Wonip. tailed”. (Elbert 1947).

kuel1 General name for lizards. nikuchch´e´uch Skink, blue tailed; may Outer Islands; Wonip. also refer to those with brown tails. F´os´on; Kuchuwa Taloas. kuen2 [Some persons have indicated that k´uen (or k´uel) is a synonym nik´u´uch Small skink with striped for kinom; in other places, it may (sometimes blue, sometimes be a general name for lizards. copper-colored) tail. Wonip. It is said, in this regard, that k´uena n´e´un´e´usenif (meaning the nipw´o´oroch Lamprolepris smarag- fish senif is born of lizards. See dina large green tree skink. page 104).] Wonip; widespread. Kuchuwa Taloas; Nomwin. nipw´o´oroch Lamprolepris smarag- likattou Gecko. syn: nitoupach. dina large green tree skink. Nomwin. Wonip.

lipw´oroch1 Lamprolepris smaragdina nitoupach1 House gecko. Wonip. large green tree skink. There are many color morphs, some of nitoupach2 Large gecko, on coconut which may be distinct species (Ke- trees. Tol; Nominseef´e. pler 1994). Nomwin. ottou Gecko. see: likkottou. lipw´oroch2 Small blue-striped skink. ?Nomwin. Nomwin. pwerri Large gecko. On trees. man t´e´et´e General name for lizards, Nomwin; Uman; Pulusuk. among other things. lit: “Crawl- ing animal”. Wonip. topwurei ?see: toopw´ur´e.

Lizards Reptiles and Amphibians 188 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

12.3 AMPHIBIANS sp., the Miniature Blind Snake. The fol- lowing names have been heard in refer- ence to it. The only amphibian in Chuuk La- goon is the Marine Toad, Bufo mari- ana. This toad is frequently referred mw´os´o Means literally “worm”. to as a frog; however there are no frogs in Chuuk. This toad was introduced, sometime after the U. S. Navy admin- serepenit An obviously borrowed istration constructed a dock on Wen´e, term, from English (perhaps bib- which enabled ships to tie up along-side, lical) “serpent”. and the toad to jump ship. One name is ubiquitous. seiwaan´u This name is certain for kair´u Bufo mariana Marine Toad. Nomwin; elsewhere it seems to be unknown with reference to the snake, which might be called “worm”, while some other islands, 12.4 SNAKE sewaan´u, which means “spirit ve- hicle”, refers to an eel or complex There is one species of snake, ubiq- of eels of great religious impor- uitous in the islands, Typhlobraminops tance. Nomwin.

Reptiles and Amphibians AMPHIBIANS 13 MAMMALS

13.1 Cetaceans: Whales tributes. The usual name of this and Dolphins bat is p´e´ute, which see. k´u´uw Dolphin. fairoot´a Fruit bat. cf: fairootiw. raaw Whale. ninn´u Insectivorous bat. See also the bird by this name on Polle, page 181. Polle; F´e´up´e. 13.2 Bats ninn´upwe Insectivorous bat. F´on´o; Tunnuk. There are two kinds of bats in Chuuk, the large, conspicuous fruit- eating bat, which nests on trees, and the p´e´ute Fruit bat. Readily domesti- smaller, cave-dwelling insectivorous bat. cated. see: fairoot´a; fairootiw. There may be some confusion be- tween the insectivorous bat and the Is- ninn´us´a´as´a Possibly a name for the land Swiftlet, Aerodramus vanicorensis, insectivorous bat. see: ninn´u; both of which fly at twilight. n´unn´upwe. fairootiw Fruit bat. cf: fairoot´a. Fairoo is a deferential politeness. s´a´as´a´a Questionably, a possible name This is a statement on the behav- for the insectiverous, bat. See the ior of fruit bats, possibly in regard bird of this name, page 183. see: to eating at night, or being the ninn´u;n´unn´upwe. first. It may refer to first fruits Outer Faichuk. 190 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

13.3 Rodents nakkichin rapaun Shrew. Suncus suncus. lit: rat of Rabaul. Wonip. The three extant species of large rats are all called by the same names. Be- maus Mouse. side the rat, other rodents are the shrew, Suncus suncus, introduced via ships, af- ter the Second World War; and the house mouse, possibly an even later in- 13.4 Miscellaneous Mam- troduction. Interestingly, there is an appar- mals ently obscure German name for rodents, somewhat similar to lagger, that is close chia Deer. Deer have been intro- to nakkich, the most common name for duced to Pohnpei. English loan the rat. word. Tol.

kech see: kesh. kichi Cat. cf: naka. (Elbert 1947). kesh Rat. alt: kech. syn: nakkich; kuch Goat. syn: siike. (El- lakkich. Mortlocks. bert 1947).

lakkich Rat. alt: nakkich. syn: oonif Wolf. Direct English loan. kesh. Nomwin. os´angi Rabbit. Borrowed? nakkich Rat. alt: lakkich. syn: kesh. Outer Islands. siike Goat. Commonplace.

Mammals Rodents Appendix A Prokaryota, Fungi, Algae

A.1 KINGDOM naa pwakak Athlete’s Foot. PROKARYOTA: Cyanophyta— nik´amereey´a A small, luminescent Blue-Green Algae bracket fungus, on dead coconut logs. Also refers to bioluminescent plankton. see: nikaramay´a. fenin akkar Coating on rocks in in- Ud´et. tertidal zone or on massive corals. Tol. nikaramay´a A small luminescent bracket fungus, on dead coconut m´ekuran ch´en´ukken lit. hair of sea logs. alt: There are several vari- ghost. Describes blue-green algae, ations, including nik´amar´aiy´a; including Schizothrix spp. and nikarameey´a?; nik´am´ar´a´ay´a; and Blennothrix (=Microcoleus spp.), nikemereei´a. Wonip. and the green alga Enteromorpha clathrata. see: luumw; nuumw. nikemereei´a! A small bioluminescent bracket fungus, on dead coconut nuumw Any slimy or mosslike plant logs. nik´amar´aiy´a; nikarameey´a?; growth, including conspicuous nik´am´ar´a´ay´a. blue green algae in puddles, Polle; known in outer islands. ditches, and streams, as well as marine cyanophytes such as ning´u´uchew Goodenough & Sugita Schizothrix spp. see: luumw. (1980, “A kind of toadstool.”). Lagoon. see: ning´u´ugn´u´umech. luumw Any slimy or mosslike plant growth. see: nuumw. ning´u´ung´u´um´ech2 A small mush- Outer Islands. room. Polle.

ning´u´ung´umech1 Probably the stinkhorn, Dictyophora cf. indusi- ata. A tall, phallic mushroom— A.2 KINGDOM FUNGI about 6” high—with a structure resembling a veil. lit: ng´u´ung´u, fasafas (Elbert, 1947) A skin disease. moaning sound—it is said to make Elbert refers to this as tinea, a sounds during the night. syn: skin fungus infection. Known in n´uk´uss´o´oss´o´on. Wonip, said to be a skin disease, Polle; Kuchuwa Taloas. somewhat like fiik m´en´u. no pw´ekak Athlete’s foot. alt: naa helingen an´u General name for pwakak. lit: pwakak, mud. mushrooms. Ulul. Puluwat. 192 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

n´uk´uss´o´oss´on Dictyophora cf. in- A.3 KINGDOM PRO- dusiata. Stinkhorn, a large, TISTA: phallic mushroom. syn: Algae ning´u´ung´u´umech; ?ning´u´uchew. Wonip. A.3.1 PHAEOPHYTA: Brown selingan an´u Mushroom; perhaps es- Algae pecially the ear-like bracket fungi? lit: ghost’s ear. syn: seningen achefan Uncertain. Perhaps a brown soope; helingen an´u. alga. Puluwat. Outer Islands. seningen an´u Any mushroom. syn: ir´afiik Sargassum sp. Wonip. seningen soope. Lagoon. mw´ereng! see: mworen efen. seningen soope Any mushroom, in- cluding bracket fungi and upright mworen efen Sargassum sp. see: umbrella-like mushrooms. syn: mw´ereng. syn: p´erreng. seningen an´u;heningen an´u. Sapuk, Wen´e. Wonip; Tol. niseeningeening Padina sp. lit: the -ssening Mold, mildew. The ex- ear one. syn: ?Seningen soope. ample was given of pwossening, lit: ghost’s ear; dead person’s ear. smell moldy. (Goodenough & Su- alt: niseningening. [This is also a gita 1980) name for certain eel species, based on the resemblance of their pec- sinin r´as A skin disease—fungus?— toral fins to ears.] Wonip. that recurs annually, on the skin of those afflicted, during rainy sea- p´erreng Sargassum sp. son. lit: r´as, breadfruit season; Farr´e;Munien. sinin, skin of. sapukuuk Hydroclathrus clathratus. taapwpw´un Probably athlete’s foot. [Was careful in pronouncing with lit: taa, broken; pwpw´un, mud. a long final syllable.] Polle. see: no pwaakak. Wonip. s´ap´uk´u´uk! Hydroclathrus clathratus. topw´ur Food mold. see: topwur. var: ?s´ap´u´ukuuk. Wonip. topwur1 Food mold. alt: topw´ur?. syn: unow´en. s´ap´uukuk Hydroclathrus clathratus. This unusual pronunciation was topwur2 On trees. Possibly slime heard several times. Wonip. mold. seningen soope Padina sp. unow´en Food mold, such as on bread- fruit or kk´on. syn: topwur. alt: ukouk Sargassum sp. inow´un;unow´un. Mw´och. N. Namone´as; Fefan.

Prokaryota, Fungi, Algae ALGAE Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 193

A.3.2 CHLOROPHYTA: Green All the names are based on the Algae root nn´uch, pop, which obviously refer to the clusters of small glo- aapwaapw Halimeda spp. see: ap- bose bodies that can be popped waapw1; apwaapw2; pweemw. in one’s fingers. alt: apwaapw. niker´enn´unn´uch2 Caulerpa race- aapwaapw “A seaweed, inedible, mosa. Chukur´am Polle. growing on sea bottom, used as medicine.” Goodenough & Sugita nik´er´enn´uch3 Caulerpa racemosa. (1980). Several names, obviously for Caulerpa racemosa, are closely apwaapw1 Halimeda macroloba. related, in Faichuk. They are F´e´up;Wonip. numbered here, although they are apwaapw2 Halimeda spp., including clearly distinct. The Faichukese H. opuntia and H. macroloba, as penchant for word play is here well as other species. at work, again. Several differ- Taloas; Namoneas. ent names have been encoun- tered in Wonip Village alone. All eminipw´e´et Unsubstantiated name the names are based on the root for a species of Halimeda distinct nn´uch, pop, which obviously re- from H. macroloba and H. opun- fer to the clusters of small glo- tia. Has thinner segments than H. bose bodies that can be popped in macroloba. Wonip. one’s fingers. syn: nit´er´en´unn´uch; luumw Enteromorpha sp. alt: lu- niker´enn´unn´uch; nik´et´er´enn´uch. umw, which see. [Lumwuniffai lit: nn´uch, pop or snap. This on Puluwat is the name of sea name is correct in Chukuram and anemones.] [The hawaiian gen- Nethon Villages, Polle. Polle. eral name for algae is limu.] nik´et´er´enn´uch4 Caulerpa racemosa. Mortlocks; Nomwin. Wonip. m´ekuran chenukken Suggestive of the green alga Enteromorpha sp. nit´er´en´unn´uch5 Caulerpa racemosa. or the bluegreen Schizothrix spp., see: nik´er´enn´uch, etc. page 191. Outer Faichuk. nik´en´unn´uch1 Caulerpa racemosa. nit´er´enn´uch6 Caulerpa racemosa. This name is uncertain. Several see: nit´er´en´unn´uch. see: names, obviously for Caulerpa nik´on´unn´ur (See sea anemones, racemosa, are closely related, in page 29.) Farr´e. Faichuk. They are numbered here, although they are clearly distinct. nitter´enn´unn´uch7 Caulerpa race- The Faichukese penchant for word mosa. Wonip. play is here at work, again. Sev- eral different names have been en- nuumw Enteromorpha sp. A name countered in Wonip Village alone. with broad reference, including

ALGAE Prokaryota, Fungi, Algae 194 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

moss, blue green algae; nonde- script slimy algae. alt: luumw. Chuuk Lagoon. pweemw Halimeda opuntia. Tol. uett´ong ?Boodlea sp. waan r´as Caulerpa sp. Sapuk, Wen´e.

A.3.3 RHODOPHYTA: Red Al- gae peipei Stony algae? Unconfirmed name, perhaps from outer islands. chee1 Coralline algae, non articu- lated branching type. Painful to walk on. On reef platform. Fefan. chee2 Coralline algae, including both articulated and non-articulated coralline algae; perhaps also en- crusting forms. Farr´e. chee3 Coralline algae; includes nubbed type of encrusting form (Porolithon sp.) Polle; Tol.

Prokaryota, Fungi, Algae ALGAE Appendix B B.2 Land Plants HIGHER PLANTS: Kingdom Plantae aa Rhizophora apiculata. Long leaves; see Percival & Womersley (1975, fig 60). see: chia2 Fefan?

´a´ach´on Rhizophora cf. apiculata. Dark green, large, thick leaves; B.1 General Names and perhaps darker bark; buds on Taxa short petioles, somewhat woody. lit: Black mangrove. see: ´a´apwech. syn: chiaan iimw, which fatil Grass Puluwat. see. Tol; Farr´e;F´os´on. fetinin neeset May have a more gen- ´a´apw´a´an A tree with round fruits. eral meaning, including algae: one Wonip. man used it in reference to the brown Turbinaria sp. Wonip. ´a´apwech Rhizophora cf. stylosa. (Might be R. mucronata var. sty- losa, or even R. mucronata). lit: fetin General name for grass, but can pwech, white. syn: chiaan uumw. refer to herbs. Grasses and per- haps herbs. acharong see: achorong. Farr´e. ir´a May be a general name for plant, achekken Enhalus sp. Sea grass. though also tree. syn: In this Ud´et. sense, synonyms are weliwel, pe- tewen, fetin. ach´ekken A sea grass. Unidentified, perhaps Cymodocea sp. or Thalas- sia sp. alt: achikken; ´achikken. ir´a´an ekis Alien plant, plant from R´omanum. outside Chuuk, from another place. achikken see: ach´ekken. This may be the correct pronunciation. ir´a´an w´on Plant from the White R´omanum. Man’s world. ´achiiu ?Ixora sp. Hard wood. ir´a´an neesit Sea plant. syn: weli- Wonip. welin leesit. Tol. ´achiiwu Ixora sp. identified from postage stamp. Red flowers. pet´uwen Plant, general name; the Muril´e. bushes. Tol. ´achiyowu Unidentified plant from weliwel Plant, general term. which sticks are used in a game during festivities at the beginning weliwelin leesit syn: ir´a´an neesit. of r´as, breadfruit season. This

195 196 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

season is heralded by the turn- afuuch Crataeva speciosa. Namoluk. ing down of af´e´ef´e´e, blossoms of breadfruit. Ettal. af´uch Crataeva speciosa. (Stone 1959) Muril´e. ´achiy´u Ixora? Perhaps also the name of a tree? ahaah Terminalia catappa. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. achorong! Hernandia sonora. alt: see acharong. syn: ak´urang, ´ek´urang. ais Parinarium laurinum. : ayis. Seeds used as “marbles,” therefore (Kanehira 1932-1935). also known as ramine. Wonip. ak´urang Hernandia sonora. Namoluk. adogobwe Piper fragile. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Nominweit´e. al´eu Cordia subcordata. Namoluk.

afan see: ´af´an. Curcuma sp. alloowaisiip Hedyotis biflora. (Man- Satawan; One´op. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

´af´an Curcuma sp. May be C. domes- all´uw Cordia subcordata. syn: ann´e. tica or C. longa. syn: eek; iong; Pullap. pw´er´uw´en, for unprocessed, har- vested roots. aama Garcinia ponapensis var. Outer Faichuk; Nomwin. trukensis. syn: chamai. Endemic to Chuuk. (Kanehira 1932-1935). afanafananikerh Laportea ruderalis. (Manner & Mallon 1989). am´a´ar´e Tree fern. Puluwat. ´am´a´ar´e Tree fern. Tol; F´e´up. afaarmarh Ipomoea macrantha. ! ´am´a´arew Unidentified fern; correct (Manner & Mallon 1989). name. Farr´e. Puluwat. ´am´a´arew Fern, pinnate twice. affeiyhohhon Ceratopteris thalic- Farr´e. troides (Manner & Mallon 1989). amala see: nikasafasaf 3. afor Glochidion sp. cf: emweses. These trees are sibling species. amaare Nephrolepis hirsutula, N. Apparently emweses has larger saligna. Piper ponapense. (Man- fruits, and there is some difference ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. in wood and/or bark. Wonip. amare Cyclosorus interruptus. af´or Glochidion sp. Namoluk. (Stemmermann 1981). affuch Crataeva speciosa sp. [Chil- ammaren Pentaphalangium caroli- dren bury these fruits in the sand nense Lauterb. Kanehira stated on the beach, and dig them up this is endemic to Chuuk: Moen, later when they are ripened.] syn: Fefan, Dublon. (Rinehart & appuch. Nama. Raulerson n.d.).

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 197 amerei Nephrolepis biserrata. angoniy´ap Possibly Curcuma sp. (Stone 1959). Nominweit´es. Said to be like ´af´an, but to have a different smell. Puluwat? amwiik Capsicum frutescense. (Manner & Mallon 1989). ´annif´ot A tree with 1” diameter Puluwat. spherical fruits. Wonip. ´anipwpw´un A type of yam? Different amwiik Hippobroma longiflora. than ep. Spiny. Wonip. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. aanuu Ipomoea sp. Beach morning glory. F´os´on. amoloset Tournefortia argentea. Namoluk. apaseu see: ´ap´asew. (Stemmer- mann 1981). amonosset Tournefortia argentea. ´ap´asew Acrostichum aureum. Very Several synonyms are unfamiliar large mangrove fern. F´os´on. from Falanruw’s (1990) list: chen, chchen or jin (properly spelled appaaw Acrosticum aureum. (Man- chin?). alt: amolosset. Tol. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. an uk´ech maai A tree, very hard aapwech Clerodentrum inerme var. wood, very strong. Stronger than oceanum. F´os´on. ´achiyiw. Very small, footballish apw´ech Clerodentrum inerme var. shaped fruits, yellow when ripe. A oceanum. Namoluk. shrub. lit: ant’s breadfruit. Wonip. apeellap Canna indica. syn: oruuru. (Manner & Mallon 1989). ´ann´achch´a An unidentified fern. Puluwat. alt: ?´an´ach´a; ?´an´achch´a R´e´er´e Taloas. apeu see: ´ap´asew. apwii Clerodendrum buchananii var. ´ann´ach´a Unidentified fern. Farr´e. falla. (Manner & Mallon 1989). ´an´ach´a see: ´ann´achch´a. An uniden- Puluwat. tified fern, possibly either a sword apwinis ?Ficus sp. ?syn: ?´ewen; fern or an epiphytic bipinnate aw´en. Wonip. fern. Tol. ´apuuch Crataeva speciosa. syn: ap- anaw Cordia subcordata. syn: ann´e. puch; apuch. Tol. The nut is edible. Farr´e. apuoch see: aapwech. ann´e Cordia subcordata. syn: anaw; ara Triumfetta procumbens. (Man- all´uw; al´eu. lit: “it’s delicious.” ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Tol. arakak Cassia alata. Candle annebut Pottosporum ponapense. bush. Flowers around Christmas. (Kanehira 1932-1935). (Stemmermann 1981). Wonip.

Land Plants Higher Plants 198 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 arar Unidentified plant, said to be ´ass´at Mountain cane. Used for used for stonefish envenomations. houses. It is remembered that ?Satawan. a certain man planted it on the mountain. syn: ene. Wonip. arekak Cassia alata. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. as´o´ol Barringtonia sp. cf. racemosa. syn: s´o´on. Satawan. arepwal Canavalia rosea. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. atiat Wedelia trilobata; Wollasonia biflora var. biflora. (Manner & arepwalunimataw Ipomoea pes- Mallon 1989). Puluwat. caprae spp. brassiliensis. (Man- ! aaw Ficus prolixa. Banyan tree. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Farr´e. arhiiow Ixora casei. (Manner & Mal- aw Ficus prolixa. lon 1989). Puluwat. awan Ficus tinctoria var. neo- ´arrin Unknown plant, used for ebudarum. (Manner & Mal- medicine for sty in eye. lon 1989). Puluwat F´e´up;Niku? awarepik Caesalpinia pulcherrima. arring Perhaps Morinda citrifolia. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Fruits eaten; used in love magic. Puluwat. Wonip. awen Ficus tinctoria. Large, assy- ´aring Morinda citrifolia. syn: nen; metrical leaves. alt: aw´en. syn: nopw´ur. Uman. apwinis. Nama; Namoluk. aw´en Ficus tinctoria. alt: awen. aroma Pipturus argenteus var. argen- syn: apwinis. Farr´e. teus. A tree. Namoluk. ayis! Parinari sp. This name is out aruru Ponape Heliconia latispatha. of date; at least two trees may be (Manner & Mallon 1989). involved. Orthography: There is Puluwat. a y glide in this word, one of the few, which would be masked by aas Terminalia catappa. Beach al- the indiscriminate use of y by a mond. syn: aasas. Wonip. rule that between every two vow- ´ass´a Derris elliptica. syn: ´u´up. lit: els must intervene a consonant or fish ss´a (run) when they are poi- glide.] Farr´e. soned. Namoneas. bun see: oong; wong. (Stemmer- mann 1981). aasaas Terminalia catappa. syn: aas. Tol; F´e´up´e;Nama. buru see: oong; wong. (Stemmer- mann 1981). asas Terminalia catappa. This name is unknown in Namoluk. chamai see: aama. (Rinehart & Chuuk Lagoon. Raulerson n.d.).

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 199

changke Job’s Tears. Wonip. identified in Faichuk. Descrip- tion: Short, very dense, small pro- ch´ar´ang´a A vine, with pendant proots. Leaves not salty. [Trees in strings of black fruits about 1.5 an area that has been pointed out cm. across. F´os´on. to me as an area of chia mwoch are pretty clearly Rhizophora sty- ch´e´ekis Pemphis acidula. syn: engi. losa, on account of the long styles Namoluk. of the flowers.] See discussion, page 195. Wonip. ch´e´epwech1 Heritiera littoralis. Tol. chia mwoch2 Rhizophora spp. It is ch´e´epwech2 On mountain above possible, as one older man insin- Winifei and Winimw´er. In the uated, that short chia just refers mangrove swamp too. Tol. to undeveloped Rhizophora sp., of ch´emmis A tree with long leaves, any species. However, it is well used for iyas breadfruit picker. On established in the literature that Mt. Winipweet. F´os´on. the three species (possibly) con- cerned each has a characterisic chen Tournifortia argentea. (Manner maximum height; R. stylosa may & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. be the shortest. Wonip. chi Physalis minima. (Manner & chia pwech Rhizophora cf. stylosa or Mallon 1989). Puluwat. R. mucronata. syn: ´a´apwech; chi- aan uumw. Wonip. chi syn: pinimiin´e. ?Farr´e. chia1 A taxonomic term. Includes chii see: chi. syn: pinimiin´e. Farr´e. woong, ´a´ach´on, ´a´apwech, but not punupun. Wonip. chia ch´on Rhizophora apiculata. syn: ´a´ach´on; chiaan iimw. cf: chia2 Rhizophora cf. stylosa or R. chia pwech. Wonip. mucronata. Described as having rounded leaves, compared with chia kiinen Rhizophora sp. the bark the long leaves of aa (page 195). is said to be rough, leaves some- Fefan? what rounded; lots of branches, chia3 Rhizophora apiculata. Was re- very long; shorter than chia; good ferred to as “regular chia”; it was for firewood; gnarly. Maybe chian said that it is used for houses. uumw, ´a´apwech. Kiinen is a small syn: chiaan iimw; ´a´ach´on; chia crab that lives on proproots of ch´on. Tol. mangroves. Farr´eTol. chia4 It is commonly said there are chia mwoch1 Rhizophora stylosa. three kinds, beside woong. lit : short Rhizophora. It is un- Nech´e´ech´e. clear whether this is a third species of Rhizophora, or just chia5 Can be used to refer to any stunted or smaller trees of one mangrove on Namoluk except of the two which are commonly oong. Namoluk.

Land Plants Higher Plants 200 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

cia see: chia. (Stemmermann 1981). eirenges Pittosporum sp. Culturally important: the sap is said to chiaan iimw Rhizophora apicu- smell good. Sap was collected, lata. lit: mangrove of house— used in perfume (annoiting) for its Goodenough & Sugita (1980): “a scent; also for medicine. Ayis and species of mangrove used for house eirenges were used together. rafters.” syn: ´a´ach´on; chia ch´on. Wonip. (Stone 1967). R´omanum. chian kinen see: chia kiinen. eis Parinari sp. syn: ayis. Namoluk. chiaan uumw Rhizophora mu- cronata. lit: mangrove of ekipwin Red flowered ginger (that earth oven (Goodenough & Hawaiians use for shampoo: Sugita 1980, “a species of Shampoo Ginger.) Edible root. mangrove used for firewood.”). syn: ?amaras. Wonip. syn: ´a´apwech; chia pwech. (Stone 1967). R´omanum. ´ek´urang Hernandia sonora. syn: achorong; acharong; ak´urang. chichi Fern with rhizome, climbs on lit: noisy. trees. Tol. elaw Cassytha filiformis. (Manner & choiro Sonneratia sp. syn: saras. It Mallon 1989). Puluwat. is said that crabs like choiro. Tol. eechep Breadfruit. syn: mayi. Tol. el´ot Enhalus acoroides. syn: epino; all´ot; eomwiomw? Pullap. ´e´em´e A tree, on the mountain of Tol. Platelike roots are prized for ´em´e see: ´e´em´e. breadfruit pounding boards; they may be overharvested, threaten- emmek Unprocessed roots of ´af´an, ing this tree. F´os´on. Curcuma longa. syn: pwer´uw´en, which word is used in Wonip but ´e´em´e Cynometra yokotai. Kane- is not known on Polle. Polle. hira states this is endemic to Tol. Large platelike roots are cut emweses Glochidion sp. Said to be for breadfruit pounding boards similar to afor; in fact it was (nn´uf ). It is said this tree draws said “there are two kinds of afor.” rain from the clouds. Wonip. This species has red wood, bark ´e´em´e Cynometra yokotai. Identified like that of Calophylum inophy- from Kanehira, who claimed this lum (sangngang). By contrast, species is endemic to Tol. afor has smooth bark. The fruits Wonip; Tol. are almost identical, with that of emweses slightly larger. Wonip. efar Glochidion sp. Stone left it unnamed until a monographic ´emwiy´emw An unidentified sea treatment appears. syn: afor. grass. alt: omwiyomw. (Stone 1959). Nominweit´e. Ta, S. Mortlocks.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 201

´emw´unsiip Small leaves, like a dan- epino Enhalus acoroides. syn: ´ol´ot; delion, with purple flowers. syn: ´on´ot; eyomwiyomw; ´achikken; enen siip (polite speech); fenin siip ´ach´ekken. [Not used in F´os´on, as (impolite speech, meaning excre- a result of a tabu against uttering ment of sheep). the name of the chief Epino after his death: instead, the name ´on´ot syn ene Mountain cane. : ´ass´at, is used, not ordinarily a name of which see. F´os´on; Wichukun´o. Faichuk.] Uman; R´e´er´eTaloas; enen ´e´epwpw´un syn: chia kiinen. Losap?; Polle; Wonip. lit : ´e´epwpwun is a crab, possibly ´ett´un´o syn: ´ett´uw´et. a synonym of kiinen. Polle. ´ett´uw´et This is the name of a small see enen siip : emw´unsiip. composite herb, common in Nan- enenikko Reportedly Fimbristilis cy- taku Wen´e,that was pointed out mosa. (Stemmermann 1981). to me as an ingredient in a local medicine by a man who said it was eenes Piper sp. A pepper vine. May an ingredient in a successful cure not be betel pepper. F´os´on. for cancer after he was brought ? back from Japan, where treat- engi Pemphis acidula. syn: te ingea ments were unsuccessful (possibly (Kiribati). hom: Also a name for during the late Japanese period.) black coral, see page 33. syn: ´ett´un´o. engiy Pemphis acidula. (Manner & eur Plumeria rubra. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. eeo Ludwigea octovalvis. (Manner & ´ew´en One elder informant pointed Mallon 1989). Puluwat. out the this is not apwinis. eomeom1 Small-leafed sea grass, ei- Wonip. ther Thalassia hemprichii or Cy- fach Pandanus sp. Pandanus, Screw modocea spp., or both. ?syn: Pine. syn: sepwey. mwmwuch. Namoluk. Tol; Mortlocks; Ubiquitous. eomwiomw2 May refer to both types fach A spiney, poisonous tree. There of sea grass. Namoluk. are many on Mt. Winipw´e´et. eong Bruguiera gymnorhiza. (Man- Polle. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. fachaire Variety or species of fach, eep Dioscorea alata. (Manner & Pandanus. We cannot bite the Mallon 1989). Puluwat. hard end of a key, but it is cut with a knife. Fachaniwel is eep Yam. Wonip. smaller, but similar in that it has see ep Yam. Wonip. a hard part. : fachaniwel, sillaw. Three types of Pandanus epinget An epiphyte on coconut were mentioned from Namoluk. trees. Namoluk.

Land Plants Higher Plants 202 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 fachaniwel Probably Pandanus odor- fetinin umwun´e A grass: preferred atissiumus var. fatyanion. syn?: by the bird nimesepwin. 1’ high. fachani´en. Namoluk. An older man says he doesn’t see it anymore in F´os´on Tol. fachiniw´en Wild Pandanus. Proba- lit: umwun´e, a rabbitfish, see bly a synonym of nifach. cf: page 163. F´os´on. fachaniwel. Tol. fine Alocasia macrorhiza. (Manner ! f´ani´ap Identity uncertain, from & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Falanruw, Maka, Cole & White- sell (1990), Eugenia malaccensis. fitaw Meremia peltata. An elder man Namoluk. of Tol states that Peter Hill, a botanist who worked in Chuuk in f´aniep Eugenia javanica. the 1950’s as an educator, pointed (Stone 1959). Nominweit´es. out that there are two species of this plant: one with leathery faniyap Eugenia malaccensis. (Man- leaves, and another with thinner ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. leaves. Yellow flowers are com- mon; I have been told locally faarh Pandanus tectorius. (Manner there is a violet flowered form. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. These leaves are important in food preparation, for packaging food fari´ap Eugenia sp. Said to have been for the earth oven, and to cover planted from outer islands. and wrap food. Wonip. Chukien´u. forget Barleria cristata. (Manner & f´ari´ap Eugenia malaccensis. syn: Mallon 1989). Puluwat. f´ani´ap. Chuuk Lagoon. guon sun see: kuun; s´o´on. (Stem- ffaw Unidentified large tree. This mermann 1981). tree flowers at the same time breadfruit sets on—sawit—the hana Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. main crop (it was flowering on 19 rosa-sinensis; Malvaviscus ar- Mar., 1993). Wonip. boreus var. penduliflorus. (Man- ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. fenin siip see: ´emw´unsiip. Wonip. hifiniker Diplazium malanocaulon. f´enupwun Shoots (of Hibiscus tili- (Manner & Mallon 1989). aceus?). see: menew, ´ottopwech. Puluwat. Tol. hifinikerh Pteris tripartita. (Manner fetinimwmw´uch Name comes from & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. the end stem being stuck fast in the sheath of the previous node: imwen kitit A plant, collected in a thus it is hard to pull out the end flowing freshwater stream. Possi- portion from the stem. bly Chara sp. lit: house of fresh- Chukien´u;F´o´os´on. water eel, kitit. Farr´e.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 203

imwen sich´on cf: sich´on. syn?: ketik Alocasia sp. Sweet Taro. syn: niyen. lit: house of sich´on, mil- ´oni; oot; ´otik. This is correct in lipede. F´os´on. Wonip. Wonip.

imwen uut A vine, violet flower kia see: ki´e. (Stemmermann 1981). greater than an inch across, sim- ilar to morning glory. It is be- ki´e Nypa fruticans. Nypa palm. lieved if one touched it, there will Chuuk Lagoon. be rain. lit: house of rain. Vari- ous animals are called by a similar kiliaw An unidentified tree on name, puungun r´a´an, nip´epp´er´un Namoluk, said to be like awen. uut, imwen ngngaw r´a´an, includ- Namoluk. ing starfishes and nudibranchs. kilife Hibiscus tiliaceus. (Manner & Namoluk. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. imwenipot Derris trifoliata. lit: home of pot, probably milkfish. kin Terminalia samoensis. (Manner see: ´u´upenipoot. Wonip. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. inaf A type of cane, perhaps, or kingk´eng Mandarin lime, a small, grass, used as a floor covering— tasty lime with orange flesh and enen—in the uut meeting house. skin. syn: perhaps siitorin k´onik. Polle; Fefan. Mortlocks; Tol. iong Curcuma sp. syn: ´af´an. see: kiniaw ?Exorhizza sp. Caroline Is- rh´e´enyoung. Chukien´u. lands Ivory-Nut Palm (endemic). syn: ochap. Tol. ir´a´atong Bouganvillia sp. lit: tong, love or pain; ir´a, plant, tree. Tol. kinupw Uncertain; perhaps a large sword fern. kachchi An unknown plant with red berries. Tol. kiopw mwootiw Crinum asiaticum, kalamaasa Cucurbita pepo. (Manner pink flowered form. (Manner & & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. kamach´uri ?Intsia sp. A large tree, kiopw pwuniwal Crimum asiaticum. leaves less than an inch across. (Manner & Mallon 1989). May be somewhat salt-tolerant. Puluwat. Edible fruit. Chukien´u. kiop Crinum asiaticum. Spider lily. kanneeta Thevetia peruviana. (Man- syn: siop, kiup, siip. Wonip? ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. kiup Crinum asiaticum Spider k´er´uw´en An unidentified vine or lily. syn: siop, kiop, siip. small tree with large, tough, (Stone 1959). pointed, round leaves with two Nominweit´e;Halls. tooth-points along their sides. Wonip. kiy´e see: ki´e.

Land Plants Higher Plants 204 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

k´uch´ul Curcuma sp. syn: k´uch´un, likokoot Euphorbia hirta. (Manner which see. Nomwin. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

k´uch´un Curcuma sp., with golden likotekoot Centella asiatica. (Man- yellow-orange root. There are ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. apparently two other species of Curcuma in Chuuk: ´ongin, with li´or Premna obtusifolia. Accord- larger leaves; and ´af´an, with a ing to the Chuukese Prometheus dark orange root from which teik myth, this is the tree in which fire cosmetic is manufactured. alt: is stored. Onofat stole fire from k´uch´ul. Chuuk Lagoon. heaven and placed it into the li´or. syn: ni´or; ´o´or, umukaw. kuul Barringtonia asiatica. (Manner Namoluk; Satawan. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. liirio par Hippeastrum punicieum. kuul Barringtonia racemosa. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Namoluk. Puluwat. kuul Barringtonia asiatica. Boxfruit liirio Hymenocallis littorialis (Man- Tree. alt: kuun. Pullap. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. kuun Barringtonia asiatica. Boxfruit lirrio Possibly Crinum asiaticum. tree. syn: kuul. Lagoon. syn: ?siip. Puluwat. k´urim A variety of ´oni, which see. losus see: oussus. Excoecaria agal- Nech´e´ech´eTol. locha, the Poison Mangrove. syn: rosus (Stemmermann 1981). kurukurilaang Cyperus polystachyos. (Manner & Mallon 1989). luhuealen kaatu Acalypha hispida. Puluwat. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. kuwa see: ki´e. (Stemmer- mann 1981). maa Allamanda cathartica. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. laimis Citrus aurantifolia. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. mwaach´e Acrostichium aureum. see: ´ap´asew. Yow Wonip. lifaus Similar to rekich. see?: liff´e´us. Namoluk. machinoki Casuarina sp. The point was made that this is not week´u. liff´e´us A tree, leaf almost a rectan- Needles burned as a mosquito re- gle, rounded at corners. Its fruits pellent. F´os´on; Chukien´u. explode on the fire. Its flower is similar to the flower of s´on. see?: mahk Pisonia grandis. (Stone 1959). lifaus. Pis Losap. Nominweit´e. likakeeke Achyranthes aspera. syn: mai fauw Artocarpus altilis. (in seetan. (Manner & Mallon 1989). part). Seedless breadfruit. (Man- Puluwat. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 205

mai rhoyang Artocarpus altilis. [A meei Delonix regia. (meei flower) variety of mai fauw.] (Manner & (Manner & Mallon 1989). Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Puluwat. maiyah Artocarpus mariannensis. mweek Pisonia grandis. (Manner & Seeded breadfruit. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat mwaak Pisonia grandis. F´os´on. meneng An unidentified tree (?per- haps Tournefortia); nesting place mwakumwak1 Tacca leontopetaloides of brown noddies, pwoonik / nair´e Arrowroot. (Manner & Mal- / mangopwech. Polle. lon 1989). Puluwat. menew Hibiscus tiliaceous. syn: mwakumwak2 Heliconia sp. (Man- s´a´apwow; sinif´e; kilif´e. see: ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. ´ottopwech; f´enupwun. manako Mango. Old people are said Wonip; Tol. to use this name. Borrowed from English. Namoluk. merah Soulamea amara. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. maang Pandanus sp. Cultivated for leaves, used in weaving. (Manner meram Unidentified plant. Possibly & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. a drift seed. Pullap. mangko Mangifera indica. (Manner m´ew´umwmw´ew´u An unidentified & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. grass, red flowers. mannow see: m´onnow. Chukien´u;F´o´os´on. maras1 Possibly a synonym of millera Codiaemum variegatum. pwicherik, which see. [A plant (Manner & Mallon 1989). which is said to explain why Puluwat needlefish tak (reportedly) taste bitter. A story tells of a race be- mocmoc (Hunter-Anderson, 1991) tween tak and the land crab. Tak see: m´e´ek´um´ek. got carried away, and striking a maras tree, and getting its pro- mwohor Guettarda speciosa. (Man- boscis stuck in the bitter tree.] ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. lit: maras, bitter. Enin Tanoas. moirer1 Stemmermann gives this as maras2 Much larger than apwech. Rhynchospora corymbosa. (Stem- Namoluk. mermann 1981). mw´e´ek Pisonia grandis. syn: mwaak. Namoluk. moirer2 see: nikasafasaf 3. (Stem- mermann 1981). m´e´ek´um´ek Tacca lentapentoides. Ar- rowroot. Formerly an important momwiy´ap Carica papaya. Papaya. starch crop; now scarcely used. syn: kipwaaw. Namoluk.

Land Plants Higher Plants 206 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

moon Possibly a name for passion- Chukienu in the 1950’s, as they fruit. This name is not widely thought it was beautiful. known. lit: sour. Farr´e. Chukien´u. monou Possibly m´onnow. If so, this naapar A variety of breadfruit. is probably the better spelling. Wonip. “Similar to menew, but leaves are nat Scaevola sericea. (Manner & rough, not smooth as in menew. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. In menew family.” Farr´e. nn´at Scaevola taccada. Either nn´at m´onnow mi par Acalypha sp. with or nnet is correct on Namoluk. red flowers. syn: nnet. Namoluk. m´onnow pwech Acalypha sp. with n´e´ek A variety of ´oni sweet taro. white flowers. lit: named because we neek this m´onnow Acalypha sp. see: monou. variety—pile mulch around the Three varieties or species of stalks. Nech´e´ech´eTol. m´onnow are noted: Wonip. neen Morinda citrifolia var. citrifo- lia; Morinda penunculata. (Man- m´onnowin Sapan A variety (or sp.) ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. of Acalypha, and ornamental with mottled/variegated red leaves. neen Morinda citrifolia. Satawan. mosor Guettarda speciosa. nenechch´a A fern with lacy edge. Namoluk. syn: ´ann´achch´a. Farr´e.

mwoosor Perhaps Guettarda nnet Scaevola taccada. syn: some speciosa. Tol; Wonei. say nn´at; nn´et. Namoluk.

mw´osor syn?: mosor. F´os´on. nge Allophyllus timoriensis. (Man- ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. mwmwuch At least two distinct species of sea grasses: Thalas- ngng´e Allophylus timorensis. A tree, sia hemprichii and Cymodocea used for house materials, fire- rotundata; and possibly a third, wood. Namoluk. Halodule pinnafolia. Any narrow- nifach Small leaved Pandanus sp. leafed sea grass, perhaps. syn?: in secondary forest. syn?: fa- eomeom, omweomw. chiniw´en?; sepwey? Tol. Faichuk; Mortlocks. nigoron Cyperus odoratus L. (Stem- mwuch see: mwmwuch. mermann 1981). mw´uch An unidentified small-bladed nikam´e´ur Short, weedy ?Mimosa. seagrass. Ud´et; Tol; Namoluk? Probably the name of Sensitive Plant. lit: m´e´ur, sleep. F´os´on. n´ant´ana Lantana sp. It was related that lantana was introduced to nikasafasaf 1 Cyperus sp. An uniden- Tol by two local women from tified sedge. F´os´on.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 207

nikasafasaf 2 “Tall swamp grass used niiwoo Phragmites karka. Swamp as fishing medicine.” They de- cane. The bird named niwoowo fine saf as (1) a condition of lives in the Phragmites habitat, lichenification; (2) to have vitiligo see page 182; this grass is named [senisen: white patches on hands woowoo in other places. F´os´on. or feet.] (Goodenough & Su- gita 1980). niwo Phragmites karka Swamp cane. syn: woowoo; oo oo. Wonip; Tol. nikasafasaf 3 Cyperus javanicus. Stemmermann lists the follow- niy´as see: niyef. ing synonyms: nikaunon, amala, moirer. (Stemmermann 1981). niye see: niyef. nikaunon see: nikasafasaf 3 niyef A creeping fern, with some- syn nik´ok´on Uncertain. In Falanruw, what palmate leaves. : niy´as, Maka, Cole & Whitesell (1990) niye; sich´on? [This is the name one sees likokon as a name of Millepedes in some dialects; the for Thespesia populnea. syn: Tol name for millipedes, sich´on, is nik´on´okon. Tol. also the name of a fern. Scolopen- dra sp., a centipede, is the scien- nik´on´okon see: nik´ok´on. tific genus name of a fern as well!] Fanapanges. nikop´ur Morinda citrifolia. syn: nopwur; neen. Polle. nopw´ur Morinda citrifolia. syn: neen. nik´ot´ok´ot “A vine.” Listed as Cauletta asiatica. This is also a nu Cocos nucifera. (Manner & Mal- name of fiddler crabs. (Gooden- lon 1989). Puluwat. ough & Sugita 1980). niko´uno´un Cyperus sp. An uniden- n´u´u Cocos nucifera. Coconut palm. tified sedge. syn?: nikasafasaf. n´u´uk Bird’s Nest Fern. Used as a liner under breadfruit Farr´e;Ubiquitous. while cooking tiipen. Polle; Wonei. ochan onofat uuch An epiphytic or- nikuk´okk´on A nettle? A roadside chid on large trees, including plant on Tol that is almost always breadfruit. Possibly Dendro- heavily attacked by insects which bium okabeanum. lit: “Ono- perforate the leaves. Wonip. fat’s bananas”—Onofat is a trick- ster character in Carolinean myth. ni´or Premna obtusifolia. syn: This orchid may resemble a ba- umukaw; ´o´or; li´or. This may be nana, somewhat. Wonip. the name used when this plant is being used for magic, for singing oochap Exorrhiza carolinensis. En- in magic. see: umukaw; ´o´or. alt: demic palm. syn: kiniaw. niy´or. Ir´as Wen´e. Wonip; Farr´e.

Land Plants Higher Plants 208 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ocher An unidentified common road- ´oni Hawaii Hawaiian ´oni, which see. side plant with cockleburrs, pink Tol. flowers about 1 cm in diame- ter, broad, pointy-lobed palmate ´oni Sapan syn: ootan sapan. Uncer- leaves, entire. Leaves are suscep- tain, probably a type of Aloca- tible to insect attack. sia macrorrhiza introduced from Chukien´u;Wichukun´o; Farr´e. Japan. Namoluk?

ohlot see: ´ol´ot. ´oni Chuuk Local variety of Alocasia oht see: oot. macrorrhiza Sweet dry-land taro. syn: ketik; ´oni; oot; ´otik. Tol. ojal Hernandia sonora. Nominweit´es. (Stone 1959). ´oni Alocasia macrorrhiza Sweet dry- land taro. Four varieties were ´oll´ot Enhalus acoroides. syn: epino, listed by a resident of Nech´e´ech´e all´ot, ?ell´ot, ?eyomwiyomw. Tol: ´oni pwech; ´oni chcha; n´e´ek; Nomwin. k´urim. syn: ketik; ´otik; oot. ´ol´ot Enhalus acoroides. Tol; Uman. olloowaisiip Ageratum conyzoides. ´onniir´e Said to be a plant used for (Manner & Mallon 1989). medicine for diarrhea or vomiting, Puluwat. for adults or children. From Yap, it is found on Ud´etand Winifei, ooluuw Vigna marina. (Manner & Tol. Said to be so good it is even Mallon 1989). Puluwat. used for bloody stools and bloody omwiomw A seagrass, or several. vomiting. F´os´on. There is no Enhalus acoroides on Satawan, so this must be ei- ´on´ot Enhalus acoroides. syn: epino; ther a Cymodocea sp. or Thalassia ?eyomwiyomw. F´os´on. hemprichii. Satawan. ´on´otiich´en Unconfirmed. Ludwigia omwuti Ipomoea batatas. (Manner & octovalvis. Wonip. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. ´o´ol´ot Enhalus acoroides. alt: al´ot; see ong : oong; woong. ´ol´ot. syn: epino; ?eyomwiyomw. oong Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. alt: (Stone 1959). woong. [There are two types in F´os´on Tol, one with yellow flow- ´o´or1 Premna obtusifolia. Correct for ers, in addition to the commonly Satawan. syn: li´or, umukaw, ni´or. seen type with red flowers.] Mortlocks; Pattiw. F´os´on; Namoluk. ´o´or2 Premna obtusifolia. This name ´ongin Curcuma cf. australasiatica. may also have special cultural sig- Large leaves used for food wrap- nificance, involving special knowl- ping; root only slightly yellow, not edge, kapasan f´en´u me roong. much fragrant. Faichuk. see: ´o´or1.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 209

opw1 Portulaca australis. (Manner paa ch´on A type of taro. syn: babai & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. (Kiribati).

opw2 Portulaca grandiflora. (Man- ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. pwaipwai Carica papaya. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. opwileekilel Portulaca grandiflora. syn: opw2. (Manner & Mal- pakureng Intsia bijuga. (Manner & lon 1989). Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. oopiim A herb, with wind dispersed seeds, a bit like dandelion. palaai Dioscorea sp. (Manner & F´os´on. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. orenso Ipomoea cf. aquatica. syn: wuun cheepa; serri. F´e´up. pwalang Cananga odorata. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. orhal Hernandia sonora. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. panau see: panaw. ororis Probably lemon. This is a re- cent word. panaw Semecarpus kraemeri. The Chuuk Poison Tree. Endemic to oruuru Canna indica. SYN: apeel- Mt. Winipw´e´et, on Tol Island. lap. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Tol. Puluwat.

oot Alocasia macrorrhiza. syn: ´oni; paar Erythrina variegata var. orien- ´otik? Namoluk? talis. (Manner & Mallon 1989). ootan sapan syn: ´oni sapan. Identi- Puluwat. fied it first as ´oni sapan. It was said that there are many roots on pwaw Job’s tears. Pullap. this one, while ´oni has but one. Namoluk. pwayinaper Ananas comosus. alt: pinga. (Manner & Mallon 1989). ´otik syn: oot, ´oni. It si either ´oni or Puluwat. kk´a. Uman.

oto Piper fragile. (Manner & Mal- pee-cha Impatiense balsamina. lon 1989). Puluwat. (Manner & Mallon 1989). oun Commersonia bartramia. Puluwat. (Kanehira 1932-1935). pee-pingek Catharantheus roseus. ooussus Exoecaria agallocha. The (Manner & Mallon 1989). poison mangrove. Tol. Puluwat. owussus Excoecaria agallocha. The poison mangrove. cf: ?losus, ro- peeal Tabebuia heterophylla. (Man- sus. F´os´on; Fefan. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

Land Plants Higher Plants 210 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

p´e´ech´on Stachytarpheta sp.1. There pene Thespesia populnea. (Manner are two plants almost identi- & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. cal. This one has smooth leaves; pinimiina has wrinkled leaves. p´en´e see: p´e´en´e. These distinct, but nearly identi- peerang Tagetes erecta. (Manner & cal, species, and their local names Mallon 1989). Puluwat. were pointed out to me by only one expert on Tol. cf: pinimiin´e. pwerh Dioscorea bulbifera. syn: ?pw- F´os´on. erika. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. p´e´en´e Thespesia populnea. Wonip; Ubiquitous; Namoluk; Tol. pwerika Unidentified; a wild yam. Possibly known in Hawaii as air p´e´engaas1 Fagraea berteriana var. potato. This is a famine food. galilai. syn: s´e´ur; ´ew´ur. There is a clan by this name. Wonip. [Both F´os´on; Yow Wonip. the native Fagraea berteriana var. galilai and the introduced orna- philip Zepharanthes rosea. (Manner mental Plumeria sp. are known & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. by the same names in Chuuk, but three distinct names have been pwichirik Clerodendrum inerme var. recorded—p´e´engaas, s´e´ur, and ´e´ur oceanicum. Beach plant with (or ´e´e´ur). The former is called, long tubular white flowers; bitter for example, p´e´engaasin Chuuk, leaves. syn: aapwech; ?maras. while the introduced species is Tol. called p´e´engaasin w´o´on. Interest- pihhinomw Sophora tomentosa. ingly these trees do not closely re- (Manner & Mallon 1989). semble each other except in the Puluwat. flowers. Mark Merlin and a col- league relate that the same two pilooris Mirabilis jalapa. (Manner & species are given identical names Mallon 1989). Puluwat. in the Cook Islands, as well. P´e´engaas literally means “flower pinga Ananas comosus. alt: pwayi- of breath.” B. C. Stone discusses naper. (Manner & Mallon 1989). the name s´e´ur, for both of these Puluwat. species.] (Stone 1959). pinimiin´e Stachytarpheta sp. 2. p´e´engaas2 Plumeria rubra. syn: ´e´ur; (see: p´e´ech´on, the sibling s´e´ur. cf. p´e´engaas1. Wonip. species). Pinimiin´e is the wrin- kled leaf form. syn: ?chii. It has p´e´engas see: p´e´engaas. (Goodenough been problematical to find names & Sugita 1980). for these common roadside plants. F´os´on. peekoonia Kalanchoe pinnata. (Manner & Mallon 1989). poku Pandanus dubius. (Manner & Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 211

pom pom Passiflora sp. cf. foetida. rakich Calophylum inophylum. syn: Wild passionflower vine. F´os´on. rekich—either name is correct on Namoluk. Namoluk. pomaria Plumaria rubra. Namoluk. rakirh Calophyllum inophyllum var. pono see: p´en´e. inophyllum. (Manner & Mal- pucherik see: pwicherik. lon 1989). Puluwat. pwukarimwaan Paspalum distichum. r´amine An unknown plant. Pullap. (Manner & Mallon 1989). rasaras Sporobolus virginicus. (Stem- Puluwat. mermann 1981).

pwukarimwarh Cyperus odoratus. raatta Cerbera manghas. (Manner & (Manner & Mallon 1989). Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Puluwat. r´e´es Known as a mountain man- pwukaringah Cyperus brevifolius. grove. Said to be abundant on (Manner & Mallon 1989). Winipw´e´et. Wonip. Puluwat. rekich Calophyllum inophyllum var pukarirhap Fimbristylis cymosa. inophyllum. Widespread. [Fimbristylus dichotoma is called fatil.] (Manner & Mallon 1989). reemes An unidentified tree on reef Puluwat. islands used by ´err´e for nests. Polle. pwula Cyrtosperma chamissonis. (Manner & Mallon 1989). remes Unidentified. see: reemes. Puluwat. Farr´e;F´os´on. pulbun see: punopun. (Xylocarpus reyas Reportedly a kind of Hibiscus granatum). (Kanehira 1932- tiliaceous with dark (red) wood, 1935). like mangroves. Used to make iyas breadfruit pickers. F´os´on. pwulopwul Xylocarpus granatum. (Manner & Mallon 1989). rhaiwal Ipomoea littoralis. (Manner Puluwat. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. pwpwuna Taro. Wonip. rhaal Vitex negundo var. bicolor. (Manner & Mallon 1989). pwunaff´en A kind of taro that is Puluwat. spiny. Wonip. rhall Dodonaea viscosa. (Manner & punopun Xylocarpus granatum. Can- Mallon 1989). Puluwat. nonball tree. Tol. rh´e´enyoung Curcuma sp. syn: ´af´an. pwupwu Variety of banana, used for lit: ?young, yellow. Puluwat. weaving cloth. Very short tree, near houses, not on mountain. rheeluk Asplenium nidus. (Manner Wonip. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat.

Land Plants Higher Plants 212 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

rheenyong Curcuma australasica. seir see: s´e´ur. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. seeri see: serri. Ipomoea aquatica. (Stemmermann 1981). rhia Rhizophora mucronata var. sty- losa. (Manner & Mallon 1989). seri Ipomoea aquatica. (Manner & Puluwat. Mallon 1989). Puluwat. rhiirhi Polypodium scolopendria. serri Ipomoea aquatica. In swampy (Manner & Mallon 1989). places, taro patches. syn: wuun Puluwat. cheepa; orenso. F´e´up;Wonip. ringngo Used for American apples. seetan Achyranthes aspera. syn: Polle. likakeeke. (Manner & Mal- ronima Unknown, possibly a drift lon 1989). Puluwat. seed. see: r´amine. [R´omine refers to childrens’ “marbles”. This is s´eur1 Plumeria rubra. (Stone 1959). a name for Hernandia sonora in Nominweit´es. Wonip.] Pullap. s´e´ur2 Plumeria rubra. syn: ´e´ur; rosus see: owussus. p´e´engaas. cf. s´e´ur3 Tol. rukoruk A morning glory. syn: s´e´ur3 Fagraea berteriana var. galilai. ?ruuk. F´os´on. syn: p´e´engaas; ´e´ur. Wonip ! syn s´a´apwow1 Hibiscus tiliaceus. : s´e´ur4 I found it odd that although sinif´e;menew. Niku Tol. both Plumaria rubra and Fagraea sp. are commonly referred to by s´a´apwow2 It is said there are two va- rieties: s´a´aewow and reyas; both either ´e´ur or p´e´engaas in Wonip, may be found either on mountain two residents of West Wonip were or in muddy places. F´os´on. adamant that s´e´ur is the correct name. Wonip. s´a´apwow3 A variety of (Hybiscus tili- aceus), wood is white, not strong. sich´on A fern, ?Microsorus scolopen- see: reyas. F´os´on. dra. “Real” name said to be imwen sich´on. It is used for magic s´a´ap´uk Sugar cane. F´os´on. to cause someone to be consti- see saras Sonneratia cf. alba. syn: pated for a month. : niyen. choiro. Wonip. F´os´on. saasaf Annona muricata. syn: sas- sif Terminalia catappa. This is the sap. (Manner & Mallon 1989). correct name on Namoluk. see: Puluwat. asas, aas Namoluk. saasap Annona muricata. syn: sas- sillaw Perhaps Pandanus cylindrica. saf . (Manner & Mallon 1989). An edible Pandanus variety. Puluwat. Namoluk.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 213 silif´e Hibiscus tiliaceus. syn: kilif´e; s´o´on Barringtonia racemosa. s´a´apwow; menew; sinif´e. Faichuk. Namoluk. soopal Eclipta alba. (Manner & Mal- simwata Flame tree? There are at lon 1989). Puluwat. least two different trees involved: one with small pods, a few inches sossich Abrus precatorius. Small, long, which are edible, tasty, but hard, shiny red and black seeds sparse, and reportedly eaten as a are poisonous (f´e´unsossich). famine food during the Japanese Wonip. period; and the other with very large pods, a very spectacular tree sour see: s´e´ur. common on Ween´e. Wonip. supwa Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco. sinif´e Hibiscus tiliaceus. syn: me- Namoluk. new; s´a´apwow; silif´e;kilif´e. Polle. t´an´an A banana variety with an up- standing fruit stalk—the bunch sinifo see: sinif´e. doesn’t hang down. It is said the si´oinen! Found along trailside. Used sap is violet colored, on account of as medicine for toothache. This which the sea hare miss´ukuuch, plant is said to belong to Fefan Is- banana sea hare, which emits vio- land, residents of which know how let ink, gets its name. F´e´up´e. to make handicrafts from it. Chukien´u;Wonip. tapioka Manihot esculenta. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. siop Crinum asiaticum. Spider lily. syn: kiup, kiop, siip. Wonip. teipwo Ocimum sanctum. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. siip Crinum asiaticum. Spider lily. Stalk is used for medicine for teerow Polygonium minus. (Manner Stonefish envenomations. syn: & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. siop, kiup, kiop. Ud´et. siitor Lime tree; lime. syn: naimis; tiji see?: chiichi. Microsorium laimis. see: kingk´eng. scolopendria. Terrestrial or with Outer Faichuk. climbing rhizomes. (Stone 1959). Nominweit´es. siitorin k´onik A variety of lime. lit: drinking lime. tin1 Cordyline sp. Ti plant. Wonip. syn s´oll Barringtonia racemosa. : tin2 Like an iris or gladiolus. Seed s´on, s´o´on. Pis Losap. used in a game, balanced on a puff s´on see: s´o´on. of air. Wonip. soonga Cultivated edible ginger; cul- tipwpw´e´uk A grass, used in mens’ tivated ginger root. Soongaan house, mats put on top of it. Chuuk may be eekipwin. Fefan. Farr´e.

Land Plants Higher Plants 214 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

tolon Hedychium coronarium. (Man- umwa Neisosperma oppositifolia. ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. Similar to maras, but much big- ger. Namoluk. tomaato Looks like tomatillo. F´os´on. umwo Neisosperma oppositifolia. (Manner & Mallon 1989). tonoika Unknown plant. F´os´on. Puluwat. umukaw Premna obtusifolia. This tunun Ginger, including white flow- name is used in everyday speech, ered and red flowered gingers, perhaps for medicine. cf: ni´or, as well as cultivated edible gin- ´o´or. syn: ni´or; ´o´or. ger. Tununun Sapan is edible Ir´as Wen´e;Tol. (“Japanese”) ginger, soonga. see: eekipwin; tununin nein echep; uun cheepa Ipomoea aquatica. syn: songa. Polle. orenso; serri. F´e´upTol.

tununin nein echep Red flowered, unen chuk´o An unidentified fern. shampoo ginger. One elder man Large, sword type fern, leathery suggested that this is a synonym leaves. lit: chicken neck. of eekipwin, which is a rare name Faichuk. in Wonip for this ginger; the elder see man who gave this name, however, uouo : woowoo; oo oo. seemed to have a completely dif- up Derris elliptica. syn: ´u´up. ferent idea about eekipwin. lit: (Stone 1959). Nomwinweit´e. ginger of the breadfruit zone. Wichukun´o. ´upenipot Derris trifoliata. syn: may be imwenipoot. uchiya Variety of banana; the name Polle; R´omanum. of which is said by an elder of Faichuk to have important sig- urh Musa x sapientum Bananas and nificance to people of Namoneas. plantains. (Manner & Mal- Short, stalk reaches to the ground, lon 1989). Puluwat. many hands. ursa (sic) see: urus´e. Schefflera kraemeri. [This is Kanehira’s uenipot see: ´u´upenipot; imwenipot. spelling; the consonants r and s should not be juxtaposed: urus´e ulo Jasmimum samba. (Manner & is probably correct.] (Kane- Mallon 1989). Puluwat. hira 1932-1935). ulo Clerodendrum inerme var. ocean- urus´e Schefflera kraemeri. The name icum. (Manner & Mallon 1989). of this tree is considered impo- Puluwat. lite in some sense, as the smell of its leaves resembles the smell of ulo Pseuderanthemum carruthersii. women’s genitalia. Polle; Tol. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. ´u´up Derris elliptica. syn: ´ass´a. Tol.

Higher Plants Land Plants Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 215

´u´upenipot Derris trifoliata. May be weng´u Unknown tree. Namoluk. a synonym of imwenipoot. Polle; R´omanum. wiliancher Nerium oleander. (Man- ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. vei see: weei. wong! Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. see: w´a´an aw A breadfruit variety. oong. Farr´e. F´os´on. woot Colocasia esculenta. (Manner w´a´anaw see: w´a´an aw. & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. wairhirhicha Gomphrena globosa. (Manner & Mallon 1989). wotopwula Xanthosoma sagitti- Puluwat. folium. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. walumo Phyllanthus amarus. (Man- ner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. woow Saccharum officinarum. (Manner & Mallon 1989). wanuailiyos Asclepias curassavica. Puluwat. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. woowo Phragmites karka. Swamp Cane. see: oo oo. syn: niiwo. war´ung Ocimum cf. sanctum Sacred Polle; Nama. Basil. There is a song: amo nenin sia la m´e´urle ul´unmwarei wurus´e see: urus´e. war´ung. Namoluk. w´u´up see: ´u´up. weei Lumnitzera littorea. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. yafuurh Crateva speciosa. (Manner & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. weei Lumnitzera littorea. wei see: weei. yan keerh nuu Corymborkis veratri- folia Ground orchid. (Manner & weich Unidentified small ornamental Mallon 1989). Puluwat. plant with globose purple flowers. Wonip. yaaw Ficus prolixa. (Manner & Mal- lon 1989). Puluwat. weeku Casuarina equisetifolia. (Manner & Mallon 1989). yeloot Cymodocea rotundata, Thalas- Puluwat. sia hemprichii. (Manner & Mal- lon 1989). Puluwat week´u Casuarina littorea. Different than machinoki. Tol. yomiyom Enhalus acoroides. alt: syn w´en´engng´ut A tree, on Mt. Wini- eyomweyom. : epino; an´ot. pw´e´et. Hard wood. This name may refer to the Wonip; F´os´on. smaller-leafed seagrasses Thalas- sia sp., Cymodocea sp., and Halo- weengu Mammea odorata. (Manner dule sp., insofar as they are found & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. in Chuuk. Namoluk; Ettal.

Land Plants Higher Plants 216 Micronesica 31(1), 1999 yoor Premna serratifolia. (Manner yoroma Pipturus argeneus var. ar- & Mallon 1989). Puluwat. genteus. (Manner & Mal- lon 1989). Puluwat.

Higher Plants Land Plants References

Akimichi, T. 1981. Bad fish or good fish - the ethnoichthyology of the Satawalese (Central Carolines, Micronesia). Bull. Nat. Mus. Ethnology 6:66–133. [In Japanese; English Abstract].

Akimichi, T. & S. Souchomal. 1982. Satawalese fish names. Micronesica 18:1–35. Alkire, W. n.d. Printed wordlist from UH Linguistics Department database. Com- puter Printout. [At Micronesian Seminar Library].

Bollig, P. L. 1927. Die Bewohner der Truk-Inseln, Religion, Leben, und k¨urze Grammatik eines Mikronesiervolkes. vol. 3 of Anthropos Ethnol. Bibliothek. As- chendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung., M¨unster.

Cheng, L. 1981. Halobates from Micronesia with notes on a laboratory population of H. mariannarum. Micronesica 17:97–106.

Chuuk DMR. n.d. Chuuk Department of Marine Resources specimen collection. Label in specimen jar.

Chuuk Ethnographic Museum. n.d. Label on specimen. Display.

D. G. Chia, e. a. 1993. Localization of toxins in the poisonous Mosaic crab, Lopho- zozymus pictor (Fabricuius, 1798) (Brachyura, Xanthidae). Toxicon 31:901–904.

Damm, H. & E. Sarfert. 1935. Inseln um Truk: Puluwat, Hok and Satawal. In: G. Thilenius (ed.), Ergebnisse der S¨udsee Expedition 1908-1910, vol. 6 of 2B. Friedrichsen, De Gruyter, and Co., Hamburg. de Laubenfels, M. W. 1954. The Sponges of the West Central Pacific. No. 7 in Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology. The College Press, Corvallis.

Edmondson, C. H. 1951. Some Central Pacific crustaceans. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 20:183–243.

Elbert, S. H. 1947. Trukese-English and English-Trukese Dictionary, with notes on pronunciation, grammer, vocabularies and phrases. United States Naval Military Government.

Engbring, J., F. L. Ramsey & V. J. Wildman. 1990. Micronesian Forest Bird Surveys, the Federated States: Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, and Yap. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Honolulu.

Esaki, T. & S. Miyamoto. 1975. Homoptera: Cicadidae, vol. 6 of Insects of Mi- cronesia, pp. 633–662. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. [Names of cicadas in Chuuk].

217 218 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Falanruw, M. C., J. E. Maka, T. G. Cole & C. D. Whitesell. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Resource Bulletin PSW-26, Pacific Soutwest Research Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service., Berkeley, CA. FSM DMR. n.d. FSM Department of Marine Resources Poster: Commercial Fishes of Micronesia. Set of two posters. Garth, J. S. & A. C. Alcala. 1977. Poisonous crabs of Indo-West Pacific coral reefs, with special reference to the Genus Demania Laurie. In: Proceedings, Third Interntional Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 625–651. Girschner, M. 1911. Die Karolineninseln Namoluk und ihre Bewohner. In: P. Ehren- reich (ed.), Bæssler Archiv, vol. Band II, Heft 3/4 of Beitrage zur V¨okerkunde, heraus gegeben aus mittlen des Baessler Institutes. . . . B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin. Goo, F. C. C. & A. H. Banner. 1963. A preliminary compilation of animal and plant names of the Caroline Islands. Mimeo, Hawaii Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Goodenough, W. H. 1966. Notes on Truk’s place names. Micronesica 2:95–129. Goodenough, W. H. & H. Sugita. 1972. Final report of the conference to decide on an orthography for the Truk language, July 6-14, 1972. Mimeographed, Moen, Chuuk. Goodenough, W. H. & H. Sugita. 1980. Trukese-English Dictionary: Pwpwuken tettenin f´o´os: Chuuk-Ingenes. American Philosophical Society, Philadephia, PA. Griffiths, D. A. 1977. Fungi of Hong Kong. Urban Council, Hong Kong. Hinton, A. G. 1984. Shells of New Guinea and the Central Indo-Pacific. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., Rutland, Vermont. [First published in 1972 by The Jacaranda Press, Milton, Qsld, Australia]. Hodgson, E. S. 1978. Knowledge and exploitation of the sensory biology of sharks in the Southwestern Pacific. In: E. S. Hodgson & R. Mathewson (eds.), Sen- sory Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays., pp. 57–67. Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy. Jackson, F. H. 1983. The Internal and External Relationships of the Trukic Lan- guages of Micronesia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Kanehira, R. 1932-1935. New or noteworthy trees from Micronesia. Botanical Magazine Tokyo 46-49. [Raulerson and Rinehard, 1991.]. Kepler, A. K. 1994. (report of survey of terrestrial environments of reef islets of Chuuk Lagoon, Chuuk Coastal Resource Inventory, 1993). Unpublished Manuscript.

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 219

Kimiuo, K. 1993-1994. Pers. comm.

Kr¨amer, A. 1932. Truk. In: G. Thilenius (ed.), Ergebnisse der S¨udsee Expedition 1908-1910, vol. 5 of 2 B. Friedrichsen, De Gruyter, and Co., Hamburg, Germany. Kuiyama, Y. 1943. Nanyo yukodu gyomi chosa hokoku (report of investigation of poisonous fish of the South Seas). Unedited mimeographed manuscript, Unknown, Tokyo. Translated by K. Nusya, May 1950.

Kumada, T. Probably c. 1940. Poisonous fishes and plants in the tropics. Unedited mimeographed manuscript, Pacific Geological Surveys, Military Geology Branch, U. S. G. S., Tokyo. Translated by K. Nusya, May 1950.

Lamberson, G. O. 1978. Notes on the morphology, ecology, and distribution of Thelenota anax H. L. Clark (Holothuroidea: Stichopodida). Micronesica 14:115– 122.

Manner, H. I. & E. Mallon. 1989. An annotated list of the vascular plants of Puluwat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23–63.

Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno & T. Yoshino (eds.). 1984. Fishes of the Japanese Archipeligo. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.

Masuda, H., C. Araga & T. Yoshino. 1975. Coastal Fishes of Southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.

Mather, P. & I. Bennett. 1993. A Coral Reef Handbook. 3rd ed. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, NSW.

McCoy, M. 1974. Man and turtle in the Central Carolines. Micronesica 10:207–221.

Merlin, M. & J. Juvik. 1996. Ir´ame Neenier n´on Chuuk: Plants and Their Envi- ronments in Chuuk. East-West Center, Honolulu.

Morton, J. 1990. The Shore Ecology of the Tropical Pacific. UNESCO-ROSTSEA, UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for South - East Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Myers, R. F. 1991. Micronesian Reef Fishes: a practical guide to the identification of the inshore marine fishes of the tropical Central and Western Pacific. 2nd ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam.

Percival, M. & J. S. Womersley. 1975. Floristics and ecology of the mangrove vegetation of Papua New Guinea. Botany Bulletin 8, Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. Rinehart, A. F. & C. L. Raulerson. n.d. Trees and shrubs of the Caroline Islands. selections from Ryozo Kanehira. book ii, Trees and shrubs of Micronesia 1933. new or noteworthy trees from Micronesia. the Botanical Magazine. Tokyo. 1932- 1935. with revisions from F. R. Fosberg, Geographical checklist of Micronesian

REFERENCES REFERENCES 220 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

Dicotyledonae, 1979. Tech. Rep. Contribution Number 27, University of Guam Herbarium, Guam. Recent photocopied compilation.

Rowe, F. W. E. & J. E. Doty. 1977. The shallow-water holothurians of Guam. Micronesica 13:217–250.

Schreiner, I. 1994. List of Chuukese insect names. Unpublished manuscript.

Stemmermann, L. 1981. A Guide to Pacific wetland plants. Tech. rep., U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Stone, B. C. 1959. The flora of Namonuito and the Hall Islands. Pacific Science 13:88–104.

Stone, B. C. 1967. The flora of Romonum Island, Truk Lagoon, Caroline Islands. Pacific Science 21:98–114.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. n.d. Birds of the Federated States of Micronesia. Set of Two Posters.

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 221 Index of Vernacular Names

´a´ach, 104, 149 aiwotor, 149 am´a´ar´e,194 achanapa, 154 aiwott´ur, 149 ´am´a´ar´e,194 acharong, 193 akapwas, 64 ammaren, 194 achaua, 108 ´akken, 52 ´am´a´arew, 194 achawa, 133, 158 akk´ung, 84 ´a´am´as, 64 achefan, 190 ak´urang, 194 ´am´ass´a, 64 ´achefengeet, 34 ´a´al, 27, 31 ammat, 25 achekken, 193 ´al´ak, 123 amwatang, 63 ach´ekken, 193 ´al´as, 123 ammataresiim, 25 ´achek´eng, 107 alei, 114 amaw, 64 achi, 77 alepwi, 40 amwe, 52 achikken, 193 ´alepwpwi, 40 am´ennanong, 123 ´achik´un,40 ´a´alepwo, 31 aamw´e´ong, 63 ´achiiu, 193 ´a´aletong, 27 amerei, 194 ´achiiwu, 193 al´eu, 194 am´es, 40 ´achiyowu, 193 aali ch´el, 113 am´es´a´ach, 64 ´achiy´u,194 aali paalap, 113 amwiik, 194, 195 ´a´ach´on, 193 aali ¯r´eneong, 113 amwit, 127, 128 achchopw´uch, 149 ´ali ¯r´eny´ong, 114 amwitio, 128 achorong, 194 aali, 113 aam´o´o, 170 ach´u´uset, 37 ´ali, 114 amo, 170 adogobwe, 194 ´a´alii, 114 am´okup, 154 affa, 62 ´a´alie fain´u,114 amoloset, 195 afaamach, 37 ´a´alie marah, 114 amw´ong, 71 afan, 194 ´a´alie paalap, 114 amonosset, 195 ´aff´an, 94 ´a´alie ¯ruuk, 114 amor´ech´en,145 ´af´an, 194 ´alimol, 145 amorochin, 145 afanafananikerh, 194 aliolei, 114 amwmwos, 40 afaarmarh, 194 ´alipaapa, 111 am´os, 40 ´af´atamas, 170 ´alipaapaa, 110 amm´ot, 57 ´af´atemas, 57 alloowaisiip, 194 amm´o´ot, 40 affeiyhohhon, 194 al´un´umei, 142 amwmw´u,57 afor, 194 allup, 128 an uk´ech maai, 195 af´or, 194 all´uw, 194 ´a´an, 27 affuch, 194 aama, 194 ´ann´achch´a, 195 afuuch, 194 amachch´u,40 ´ann´ach´a, 195 af´uch, 194 ´am´af´ew, 128 ´an´ach´a, 195 ahaah, 194 amakupw, 154 anatam, 149 ´ah´ap, 142 amala, 194 annaun urumech, 140 ainiwow, 106 amara, 154 anaw, 145, 195 ainiyo, 152 amarapwei, 127 annaw, 146 airoch, 40 amaare, 194 anawan lel´ol, 145 ais, 194 amare, 194 ´a´ane mwurres, 31

REFERENCES REFERENCES 222 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ann´e,195 aapwech, 195 arawowo, 171 annebut, 195 apw´ech, 195 arr´echcha, 171 ´anemwures, 31 ´a´apwech, 193 arekak, 195 ´anepwpwo, 31 apeellap, 195 ar´en,137 ´a´anepwpwo, 31 apeng, 171 arepwal, 195 ´anepwopwo, 31 ´apwpwer, 34 arepwalunimataw, ´anees, 123 aap´e´et, 33 196 ´a´anetong, 27 apeu, 195 arepi, 52 an´ew´unurumwmw´ech, apwiil, 39, 40 arhiiow, 196 140, 142 apwil, 195 arin, 171 anga, 170 apwilin lew´ow, 40 ´arrin, 196 ´angng´a, 64 apwilin l´uk´unfaan´u, arring, 196 ´ang´a, 170 40 ´aring, 196 ´ang´ach´on, 171 apwinis, 195 aroch, 40 ´ang´amwii, 171 ´apir´a, 64 arroch, 119 angarap, 162 ´appirrekkich, 88 arocha, 171 aanget, 52 ´api¯r´oi, 136 arrochcha, 171 anget, 52 ´a´apwo´o, 145 arokochow, 146 angnget, 52 ´a´ap´o, 145 aroma, 196 angiingi ch´e´el, 114 ap´ocho, 64 arong, 123 angiingi ¯r´el, 114 apw´ongin leeppi, 171 arronipwin, 57 angoniy´ap, 195 ´apuuch, 195 arrotong, 27 ´a´anii, 114 apungupung, 163 aruru Ponape, 196 ´annif´ot, 195 ap´ung´up´ung, 40 aas, 196 anikotor, 111 apuoch, 195 ´ass´a, 196 ´annimon, 146 appura, 64 asaf, 171 ´a´anin w´us´u´us, 31 ap´ur´a, 64 ass´a´ap, 111 anipwi, 40 ´a´ar, 145 asapw´on, 100 ´anipwi, 40 ara, 195 aasaas, 196 ´anipwpw´un,195 arra, 84 asas, 196 aanuu, 195 araf, 149 ´ass´at, 196 an´unleesit, 86 arrafan p´echchaw, assea, 88 ´annus, 71 149 ´assea, 88 appach, 94 arafao, 171 aseng´ur, 88 apwpwacho, 64 araff´e´u,171 ´aserapw´ow, 100 ´a´apw´a´an, 193 araf´e´u,171 ´aserepw´ow, 100 aapwang, 170 arakak, 195 asses, 111 apwang, 171 arar, 171, 195 ´assess, 107 aapwaapw, 191 ´arr´ar, 159 aseeya, 88 apwaapw, 191 arratol, 84 asseya, 88 apaar, 88 arraton, 84 as´o´ol, 196 apaseu, 195 ´arr´aton, 84 asoong, 149 ´ap´asew, 195 ´ar´aton, 85 ason´ong, 108 aapwaw, 152 arr´atong, 85 ass´ung´ur, 88 appaaw, 195 ´arr´atong, 85 ´assung´ur, 89

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 223

´as´ung´ur, 89 aw´ungech´on, 64 chia kiinen, 197 atam, 123 aw´unger, 108 chia mwoch, 197 atamun, 149 aw´ung´er, 108 chia pwech, 197 ´at´ar, 62 aw´uw´a´a, 143 chia, 188, 197 ´a´at´a´ar, 52 ayis, 196 cia, 197 atek, 133 chiaan iimw, 197 ´aterapan, 171 beche-pwech, 132 chian kinen, 197 ´aterreppep, 87 bun, 196 chiaan uumw, 197 atiat, 196 buru, 196 chichi, 197 ´atin noot, 143 chik, 171 ´a´atin, 52 chaalea, 143 chileil, 143 ´attinipwe, 52 ch´alea, 143 chilen p´echaw, 122 ´a´atipw, 40 chamai, 196 chiinein, 143 ato, 171 chamwechuk, 146 chinginiwo, 171 atookun, 40 chamwomwoch, 108 chiwat, 100 atoomei, 100 chanan p´eshaaw, 122 chiw´at, 89, 100 atongotong, 33, 111 chanan p´ok´o, 122 chiwet, 101 attur, 64 chanan, 122, 123 chiwin, 135 auepek, 107 chanaan´u,123 chocho, 108 aung¨or, 108 changke, 41, 196 choiro, 198 a´uroura, 41 char, 86 chok´a´ar, 114 auta, 162 ch´ar´ang´a, 171, 196 chokeer, 114 auw´e,128 ch´e´e-n,56 chokochok, 133 aaw, 196 chee, 31, 192 ch´on-´un,60 aw, 150, 196 ch´e´ekis, 196 ch´on´un,39 awachopw, 128 cheleil, 143 ch´onuwon, 39 awamach, 153 ch´emmis, 196 chopw´a´ak, 119 awan, 196 chen, 197 chopan, 128 awan´uch, 128 ch´en´epwech, 100 chopw´as, 119 awappach, 164 chenin, 77 chopwei, 119 awarepik, 196 ch´en´uchcha, 38 chopwil´e´etow, 138 awa¯ropw, 123 ch´enuken, 86 chopwochopw, 107 awaw, 146 ch´en´ukken, 84–86, 95 choopwuchoopw, 119 awekkak, 128 chep, 123 chopwuchopw, 107 awek´eng, 107 chepakawe, 123 chorochor, 38 awel´ush, 128 ch´e´epwech, 196 chorrongon´o, 57 awemach, 164 chep´ekawe, 123 choupwo, 167 awen, 196 ch´e´er´am, 159 chuu, 135 aw´en,196 cherris, 123 chuuff´e´u,143 awenger, 108 ch´e´ukk´e,76, 85 chchuk, 52 awen´uch, 128 ch´e´uk´e,76 chuk, 52 aweppek, 107 ch´e´ukk´e´enneesit, 85 chukafan, 140 awe¯ropw, 123 chi, 197 ch´ukafan, 140 aw´et´ur, 150 chii, 197 chuko, 138 awou, 146 chia ch´on, 197 chuk´o, 171

REFERENCES REFERENCES 224 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

chuk´ofan, 140 ´em´e,198 ´e´ep´et´um´a´a, 34 chuk´oir´e,171 ´e´em´e,198 ´epwpw´e´u,152 chuk´on Chuuk, 171 emmek, 198 ´e´epw´e´u,152 chuk´on´uwen, 172 ´em´ekupw, 154 epinget, 199 ch´uk´ufan, 140 eemeem, 65 epinik´os, 137 chunen, 77 emem, 65 epino, 199 ch´ur´ukak, 172 emeniwi, 25 epir´a, 65 chuw´at, 101 emwerepwe, 138 ´epwpw´un,65 ch´uwat, 100 emweses, 198 ´e´epwpw´un,64 ch´uw´at, 101 eminipw´e´et, 191 ´ep´ung´up´ung, 138 ´emwiy´emw, 198 ep´ung´up´ung´un doap, 98 ´emw´unsiip, 198 imwen ene, 198 ´en´u´u´enap, 138 e´an, 119 enen ´e´epwpw´un,198 epiekung, 172 eechep, 198 enen siip, 198 er´a´aton, 85 echcherewe, 89 enenikko, 198 ´err´echcha, 172 echeerewe, 89 eenes, 198 ´err´ekerier, 172 echerewei, 37, 89 engang, 124 ´err´e,172 ´e´echi, 114 engi, 198 ´er´e,172 ´e´echii, 114 engngi, 33 ´err´epwech, 172 eef, 63 engiy, 199 ´err´epwesh, 172 efar, 198 eenii, 114, 115 erer, 41 efiing, 132 eni, 115 ´er´e´er, 26 efing, 132 enimm´ong, 65 ´e´er´e´er, 26 eef´o, 62 eninap kukkun, 65 ´err´etopw, 172 eff´o, 62 eninap mi par, 65 errimon, 146 ef´o, 62 eninap, 65 esies, 172 ehillew, 162 enipaapa, 110, 111 esillew, 162 einimeiff´e,111 enipaapaan nein ´a´an, essinn´ew, 162 eirenges, 198 110 eetam, 123 eiro¯r, 41 entaapi, 89 etik, 133 eis, 198 ´enuwaiset, 25 ettik, 133 ei´ul, 162 eeo, 199 etiniki, 34 ekken, 52 e´oke´ok, 41 etippo, 31 ekiek, 172 eomei, 136 etipwpwo, 31 ekipwin, 198 eomeom, 199 ´ett´un´o, 199 ´ekk´ung, 85 eomwiomw, 199 ´ett´uw´et, 199 ´ek´urang, 198 eong, 199 ´e´e´un,162 ell´a, 34 e´op, 146 ´e´un,162 elaw, 198 eep, 199 ´e´ung´e´ung, 65 elli, 115 ep, 199 eur, 199 elipwi, 41 epwei, 143 ´e´usses, 166 el´ot, 198 ´ep´et, 33, 34 ´e´utin onof´at, 37 ´e´emwmw´a, 52 ´e´ep´et, 33 ´e´uw´e,128 ´e´emw´a, 52 ´e´ep´e´et, 33 ´ew´en,199

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 225

´ew´un,124 ffeiyanap, 98 fiepwerrik, 155 eyan, 120 f´ena, 107 fiik m´en´u,74 ey´op, 146 f´en´e´un,107 fil´ang, 155 f´en´e´ung, 107 fin´ang, 155 ff´a´am´or, 110, 111 fenin akkar, 189 fine, 200 f´a´a, 153 fenin chuk´o, 37 fit´a, 137 f´a´aa, 153 fenin nn´ong, 77 fitaw, 200 fach, 199 fenin n´o´ong, 82 fitian p´eshaaw, 122 fachaire, 199 fenin siip, 200 fitian p´ok´o, 122 fachaniwel, 199 fenin t´a´appi, 51 fitian, 122 fachiniw´en,199 fenin t´e´eppi, 51 fiti´an, 143 faichoo, 52 feniin´ong, 77 fitichu, 155 faihuuhuu, 143 f´en´umw, 86 fitishu, 155 fainikei, 135 f´enupwun, 200 fitien p´echaw, 122 ffaipar, 52 fetin, 193 fitiff´e´u,140 fairoot´a, 187 fetinimwmw´uch, 200 fitip¨ur¨u,108 fairootiw, 187 fetinin neeset, 193 fiti¯ru, 155 fairupw, 31 fetinin umwun´e,200 fonom, 86, 87 ffaitong, 27 ff´et´un,155 forget, 200 faalafaal, 154 ff´e´umanaw, 27, 31 f´u´ur´an, 85 ff´an m´or, 111 f´e´umanaw, 31 f´u´u,84, 85 fana, 107 ff´e´uruupw, 32 f´u´uf´u,89 f´ani´ap, 199 ff´e´urupung, 115 f´u´unneeset, 84, 85 f´aniep, 199 ff´e´u´uss´us, 27 garangap, 162 faniyap, 199 ff´e´uff´e´urupung, 115 guon sun, 200 farawa samwon, 86 ff´e´ukk´eng, 32 farawa, 26 ff´e´unSamoa, 150 haah, 128 f´ar´ayap, 98 ff´e´unooch, 27 halang, 136 faarh, 199 f´e´un´upwpwo, 32 hamwoliyong, 41 fariap, 98 ff´e´upar, 53 hana 1, 200 fari´ap, 199 f´e´upwech, 89 hapap´uk´u,128 f´ari´ap, 98, 200 ff´e´upwpwo, 32 haara, 109 fasafas, 189 ff´e´urupw, 62 haraw, 152 fauruupw, 31 ff´e´urupwun pw´a´apw´a, harraaw, 41 ffautong, 27 62 h´araw´el, 41 ffaw, 200 ff´e´urupung, 132 har´u¯r, 124 ffawilam, 52 ff´e´utong me forget, 27 hawii, 41 f´e´ef´e´enwaan Eol, 101 ff´e´utong, 27 hawimwe´al, 41 ffei, 96, 98 f´e´utong, 28 heiaw, 115 ffeianap, 98 ff´ew´u´uss´us, 32 helingen an´u,189 ffeiap´uk, 98 f´ew´ur, 32 henn´ew´aneyol, 36 ffein nifaro, 98 fichan, 164 hepal, 172 feiniki, 135 fichei ton´om, 164 h´ep´o´u,153 feinisi, 135 fichen to´unom, 164 hetti mwmw´ew´u,29 feissiyuu, 143 fiepw´arr´uk, 155 heewaaniw, 101

REFERENCES REFERENCES 226 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

heewi, 115 ikenen n´on rumech, in´e´umei, 129 hewi, 115 140 ingiaaraw, 124 hifiniker, 200 ikenen p´unop´un,97 ingippar, 109 hifinikerh, 200 iikenen sapan, 128 inikkop, 159 hipor, 104 ikengngaw, 97 inin neepw´en,172 hokulun muun, 77 ikenifat, 124, 134 inin, 172 hhol, 120 ikeninnis, 97 ininipwpw´un,172 hopwin lumwunfai, ikeenipwin, 129 inipar, 109 140 iikeenoch, 96 inouch, 89 houfeng, 101 ikenoch, 97 inowuch, 89 houpeleau, 122 ikepor Paka, 129 iong, 200 h´ouwal, 108 ikepwuch, 124 i´o´osining, 147 howaaniw, 34, 101 ik´e´er, 106 ir´apenges, 98 how´ell´el, 135 iketech, 129 ir´a, 193 howu ef´eng, 36 iketor, 150 ir´afiik, 190 ik´eumwes, 146 ir´a´an ekis, 193 iiaw, 150 ik¨ur, 101 ir´a´an neesit, 193 ichich, 124 iil´ang, 53 ir´a´an w´on, 193 iieesh, 150 ileng, 53 ir´a´atong, 200 iik, 96 ilil, 172 i¯ri¯r, 124 ikakkar, 115 imweimwen aamos, irr´omw´e´ech´un,56 ik´amear, 134 32 itet, 41 ik´an´an, 152 imwen kitit, 200 ikanaaw´et, 142 imwen sich´on, 200 kachchi, 201 ik´a´ang, 150 imwen uut, 86, 200 kair´u,186 ikapwech, 146 im´en,146 kair´u,53 ikapwoopwoo, 167 imwenipot, 200 kakassow, 41 ikaaraw, 96 imwon, 146 kakiros, 77 ike´e´ech, 97 imw´on, 147 kalamaasa, 201 ikeechech, 128 inaf, 200 kalikali, 129 ikechoch, 146 in´a´anim, 53 kamach´uri, 201 ikech´on, 146 inein´o, 112, 119 kamaat, 32 ikeff´en,97 inen akken, 38 kanneeta, 201 ik´e´ei, 146 inen ´attin, 89 kare´ole´ol, 135 ikeili¯ran, 124 inen ch´e´ukk´e,74 kaater, 185 ikein´an, 104 inen m´annupong, 74 kaukau, 116, 173 ikein´e,134 inen menn´ukam, 74 ka´uka´u,173 ikeinin, 97, 159 inen nim´o´otong, 41 kawakaw mei ´e´ech, ikeir´e´ek, 135 inen nippach, 86 173 ikekkar-faichur, 116 inen pinik, 89 kawakaw mei ngngaw, ikekkar, 97, 115 inen rumech, 140 173 iken mataw, 97 inenimei, 65 kawakaw, 73, 173 iken n´a´ang, 152 inesoch, 63 kech, 188 iken ooch, 97 inesooch, 63 kesh, 188 ikenan winiines, 116 ineuch, 89 k´er´uw´en,201

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 227

ketik, 201 kitipwpw´un,29 kuliel, 42 kia, 201 kitir, 53 kuling, 173 kichi, 188 kitirinippi, 53 kkumw, 164 kichimmaw, 116 kitit, 101 kuum, 164 kichipwin, 29 kiup, 201 kumissil, 42 kichipwpwin, 29 kiwaano, 153 kumitimit, 36 ki´e,201 kiy´e,201 kumuhh´ul, 42 kieff´e´u,41 koikoi, 173 kumuh´ul, 42 kiekk´a, 41 koki, 173 kumusun, 42 kiek´a, 41 kolaali, 98 k´u´unkonak, 74 kiekien iin´on, 129 k´onuf, 185 k´u´unkow, 74 kiepwei, 41 k¨oro, 112 kuun, 201 kiepwerrik, 41, 155 koroongi, 77 kuning, 173 kiilel, 173 k´u´ummas, 77 kunnu, 173 kiil´el, 112 k´u,77 k´un´ufa´unatter, 116 kiliaw, 201 k´u´u,77 k´un´uff´e´u,116 kilife, 201 kk´uch, 109 k´un´uf´e´u,116 kimw´oni, 53 kuch, 188 kunufou, 116 kin, 201 k´uch, 109 kunnumma, 89 kiinen, 66 kk´ucha, 109 k´u´un´umaas, 77 kingk´eng, 201 kk´uchcha, 109 ku´o, 159 kiniaw, 201 kk´uchchafanafan, 109 kupen, 164 kinika, 66 kk´uchappar, 109 kup´en,164 kinikka, 66 kk´uch´a´atik, 109 k´urim, 201 kinim, 66 kuch´on, 53 kurukak, 173 kiniso, 77 k´uch´ul, 201 kurukurilaang, 201 kinom, 185 kk´uch´umeimw´e´en, k´ur´urifai, 42 kinnu, 53 109 k´u´usaatol, 58 kiinun, 41 k´uch´un,201 k´u´us, 58 kiin´un,41 kuel, 185 k´usair´e,57 kinupw, 201 ku´elin f´an h´a´at, 143 k´usair´ek, 58 kiopw mwootiw, 201 k´uenmas, 77 kuusei l´engil´eng, 86 kiopw pwuniwal, 201 kuen, 185 k´useiroch, 58 kiop, 201 k´uenin nein ´a´an, 111 k´u´usen neepwin, 58 kiipap, 53 kufel, 140 k´usenif´eng, 58 kipap, 53 kuufen, 140 k´usenipong, 58 kiipw´u´ut, 53 k´u´uh,58 kuusilengileng, 86 kipw´ut, 53 k´uhan leer´an, 57 k´u´usiiroch, 58 kiirach, 155 k´uhan leero¯r, 57 k´uss´un,66 kirach, 155 k´uhan ler´orh, 86 k´uss´un´unnein epino kiroch, 41 k´uhan mayi, 57 me f´an chia, 66 kissaf, 41, 42 k´u´uhenyaang, 58 k´uss´un´unw´o´on ooch, kissimmat, 66 kuul, 201 66 kis´un,66 kuliel hapwolopwol, kuw, 77 kitipwin, 29 42 k´u´uw, 187

REFERENCES REFERENCES 228 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

kuwa, 201 lich´e´ek, 140 likaserr´ek, 159 kuweich´en,82 lish´ek, 141 likatter´epp´ep,87 k´u´uweich´en,77 lish´e´ek, 141 likattou, 185 k´uwenifat, 104 lich´e´enfetil, 77 likatoul, 43 kuw´o, 160 lishshew, 153 lika´ur´ur, 29 lichok, 174 likaawong, 63 laimis, 201 li´e´umm´a, 167 likaaw´un,61, 63 lakkich, 188 liff´a´a, 66 likk´e,66 lalaye, 88 lifafarek, 43 lik´eff´e´u,43 laam, 42 liffaimwarrang, 43 likeitapar, 174 l´a´am, 86 liffainat, 43 lik´e´elaw, 155 laamw´ar, 132 lifainn´o, 43 likeparapar, 44 laamw´a´ar, 132 lifanipe, 120 likk´er´e,66 llang, 124 lifanipwe, 120 likk´er´ek, 66 laang´u´u,124 lif´anopou, 120 likereker, 139 lapwot, 101 lifaaro, 98 likeriker, 138, 139 laar kal´e,112 lifaus, 202 like¯rour, 174 laar w´e´en´e,112 lif´en´erupung, 140 likk´er´uk, 67 laar, 87 life¯rfe¯reyar, 43 likk´e´ur´ur, 71 l´a´ar, 87 life¯rife¯rear, 43 liikii, 44 larewal´e,112 liff´e´uff´e´u,167 liki, 44 larier, 112 liff´e´us, 202 likidurung, 174 larier´e,112 liffich, 73, 77 likitooro, 87 laarwoun´e,112 liffichiffichimaas, 77 likkoch, 120 leang ¯r´e´enoot, 42 liffichiffichiset, 61 likokoot, 202 leang ¯ronot, 42 liffichingng´ung, 78 lik´omm´ot, 44 leang, 42 lihelingeling, 101 lik´onon´ur, 29 leang´ek´e,42 liherefa¯r, 129 likonur, 29 leaw, 42 likachiw, 140 likoppur, 143 l´e´esh, 167 likakeeke, 202 likotekoot, 202 lechupwo, 167 likallai, 43 likk´uk, 71 l´e´eng, 77 likamar toul, 43 likulukul, 44 l´e´engil´e´eng, 77 likam´e´ur, 29 lim´achcheilen, 33 l´e´e¯r, 168 likamm´o´ot, 43 limwaramwar le¯rupwo, 167 likapalai, 174 fainipw´ul, 101 leet selet, 109 likapikk´ang, 43 limwa¯rpaap, 98 leet, 109 likapikken, 43 limaataat, 155, 166 let, 109 likapilei, 166, 174 limaatong pwaw, 33 liakak, 173 likaapit, 174 limwatong, 28, 33 li´apikk´ang, 43 likapiit´amay, 174 limatongin mei´as, 33 li´apikk´eng, 43 likappur, 43 limatongin meiff´e´u, liaro kinin, 147 likapur, 43 33 li´ating, 66 likarafaraf, 150 limwatong´un mei´as, liawekeng, 43 likkarrak, 66 33 lishar, 87 lik´arak, 78 liimwei, 98

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 229

limw´emwmw´eng´e lipp´er, 164 l´ongin merika, 78 ´asepw´al, 174 lip´e´ukkar, 150 ll´ongin paaw, 122 limesepw´etek, 155 lipwisikkar, 150 lopwut seni f´e´utong, limesepwitik, 155 lipworiap, 122 101 limilim, 98 lipw´oroch, 185 loput, 44 limwilimw, 137 lipwootikk´eng, 155 lopwut, 101 limoul´a´ang, 140 lipou, 129 lopwutan mwmw´e´e- limwoumw, 63 lip´ow, 129 mwmw´eng, 101 linn´ap, 174 lipowale arar, 174 losus, 202 lineeneeto, 128 lipukal, 87 luchan p´echaaw, 122 lingikkar, 163 lipunupunei, 138, 139 l´uel´u,164 lingimmach, 147 li¯ramw´ekk´ang, 44 luhuealen kaatu, 202 ling´us, 155 li¯ramw´ekk´eng, 44 lukon´un´ur, 29 lioioi, 159 lirangaipw´el, 174 lukoon´ur, 29 lior kelen, 147 li¯r´ek, 141 l´uk´uffai, 44 li´or, 202 li¯r´enipwpwak, 160 l´uk´uf´e´u,44 lioym´a´a, 167 lir´e´er´eff´e´u,98 l´uk´u´uk´u´ufenech, 74 lipaikk´ang, 44 lir´e´er´e´eff´e´u,98 l´uk´uk´ufene¯r, 74 lippaikkar, 44 liirio par, 202 lukum, 44 lippaimwarrang, 44 liirio, 202 l´uk´unimwen ippach, lipaal´u,140 lirrio, 202 139 lipaapaa, 111 liis, 160 l´u´ul´u,164 liparapar, 62 lisafichifich, 78 l´u´ul´uatool, 164 lipa´upwe¯r, 98 lisauch´umwunial, 119 l´u´ul´u´atol, 164 lipehh´ar, 44 liseffichiffich, 61 luumw, 189, 191 lipp´eher, 44 liselingeling, 101 lumwunifai, 29 lipwpwei, 67 liseliselin waan Eyol, lumwunif´ew´u,29 lippeih´ar, 44 89 l´ung´us, 156 lipwpweik, 143 lisew, 28 luos´oss, 67 lipwpwein lein chia, lisom, 174 l´uppu,153 67 lisopw´olopw´ol, 102 lussupat, 153 lipwpwein mwaach´en, lis´opwolopwol, 90, 67 101 maa, 156, 202 lipwpweisset, 67 lis´opw´ol´opw´ol, 101, maach, 160 lip´e´ekk´ang, 44 102 mmach, 44 lipw´ek´epw´ek, 78 liteikapar, 174 maachang saamwol, lipw´e´ek´upw´ek, 78 litopwul´ar, 74 78 lip´ek´up´ek, 78 littur, 67 machang saamwon, lipp´el´eweicho, 141 liweik, 143 78 lippeli´eshsh´o, 141 liyenif, 76 machang wiiset, 170 lippeliyechcho, 29 liyom´a´a, 167 maachang, 170 lipel´uweicho, 140 liyoomm´a, 167 maachchang, 78 lipeen, 164 liyor kkellung, 147 mwaach´e,202 lipp´eomworrang, 44 lokotor, 150 mwach´e,72 lipp´epwe¯r, 44 l´o´ong, 78 m´achew, 98, 100

REFERENCES REFERENCES 230 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

machinoki, 202 mara¨u,147 m´eh´op, 63 maguro, 162 maaraw, 147 meei, 203 m´ah, 141 maraw, 147 meiarrawarraw, 141 mahamah, 133 mwareno¯ro, 163 meich´e´ech´e,160 mahk, 202 mar´ep,122 meich´e´en,90 mai fauw, 202 m´arer, 143 meim´un,129 mai rhoyang, 202 mw´arike, 45 meironap, 90 maiyah, 202 mw´arin Onof´at, 53 meisin, 90 mwaak, 202 m´aripi, 101 mweek, 203 maakoupw, 156 ma¯ro¯r, 45 mw´e´ek, 203 mwakumwak, 202 mar´ukoch, 78 m´e´ek´um´ek, 203 mall´ap, 174 masachcha, 129 m´ekuran chenukken, m´al´uk, 174 masashsha, 129 191 m´a´am, 143 maasamas, 133, 134 m´ekuran ch´en´ukken, mamochis, 124 masawar, 124, 162 189 maan ´ak´a´as, 170 masowan, 56, 60 mel´umel, 78 maan shaallap, 78 mas´u´up,63 memin´e,147 maan s´u´us´u,170 maata, 156 mw´e´enff´e´uch´ol, 110 maan t´e´e,63 mataw, 116 meen tt´e,63 man t´e´et´e,185 mw´a´atik, 74 mw´e´en,97, 109 maan, 36, 170, 174 matou, 116, 152 mw´een´ekkar, 110 manako, 202 matow sonu, 116 menemen, 78 mannap, 175 matow, 116 meneng, 203 manapwei, 143 mau, 184 mw´e´en´eppar, 110 maneff´er, 78 maunos, 135 menew, 203 maang, 202 maus, 188 m´engar, 108 mangko, 202 maaw, 184 menger, 108 mangomaw, 112 maw, 135 m´eng´er, 108 mangopwech, 175 mweal, 45 m´engng´ur, 116 mang´ur, 116 mwmwe´al, 45 mwenik, 144 mang´ur´ul´e,116 mwe´an, 45 meniir´ek, 51 mannikair, 44 mweang kk´e,45 menn´ukam, 76 manniw, 87 mweang, 45 menn´ukkamin neeset, mannow, 202 meech, 160 85 m´annupong, 76 mmech, 160 mw´e´en´ukkar, 110 man´ut´e,63 mecha, 156 mennukkuk rues´opw, manut¨o, 63 mechailuk, 45 78 m´ap, 45 meshal´ap, 78 menukkuk, 78 mwarafach, 156 mechanin, 134 m´en´um´en,79 mw´arafach, 156 m´ech´enen mwenipar, m´en´unneepaain´u,79 maram, 45 143 m´en´unrais, 79 mwaramwar, 160 mechengin, 134 m´en´ur´a´an, 174 maramwen, 160 mecheram, 160 mm´enus, 79 maraanaw, 147 mechikow, 175 m´enus, 79 maras, 202, 203 mech´onap, 78 merah, 203

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 231

meram, 203 mwohor, 203 mwuuch, 104 mwereng, 32 m´oihara, 135 mw´uch, 203 mwerreng, 28, 32 moimoi, 175 mun, 79 mw´ereng, 32, 190 moirer, 203 muun, 79, 83 merrep, 122, 135 m´okoup, 156 mura, 175 merer, 144 mwolong, 156 mwurr´e,175 mw´erres, 144 moomachik, 125 mwur´e,175 m´err´op, 129 momachis, 125 mwuur´e,175 mesachcha, 129 momach´uk, 125 mwur´enSapan, 175 mesan pii, 87 mooma¯rik, 125 mesaatei, 144 moomasich, 125 naa pwakak, 189 mesechcha, 129 momien, 129 nain Eyol, 97 mesellap, 124 momwiy´ap, 203 nair´e,175 mesenap, 124 moon, 203 n´ak´at´a´at´an, 79 mesennap, 124 mw¨on, 110 nakkich, 188 mesenipik, 79 m¨on, 110 nakkichin rapaun, mesewar, 124, 125 m´o´ongelu, 135 188 m´esson, 120 mon´ong, 156 n´ant´ana, 204 mwmwet, 53 monou, 203 naapar, 204 metail, 116 m´onnow mi par, 203 n´ar´e´er´e´e,112 m´ett´e,79 m´onnow pwech, 203 narw´en´e., 112 m´e´ett´e´e,78 m´onnow, 203 narw¨on¨o, 112 m´e´et´e,78, 82 m´onnowin Sapan, 203 nat, 204 m´e´et´e´e,38 mm´o´or, 116 nn´at, 204 metea, 98 morai, 104 naun urumech, 141 meetiin, 79, 134 morrek, 104 nawaw, 160 metiin, 134 mworen efen, 190 neang, 45 m´e´eu,147 morop, 129 neang´ek´e,45 meuw, 147 mworupw´ut, 147 neawepar, 45 meew, 129 mmoos, 156 nechef´an, 46 meewa, 160 mw´osenis, 120 nefech, 46 m´ew´umwmw´ew´u,203 mw´o´osenis, 120 neitt´an, 67 mwii, 175 mw´os´o, 186 n´e´ek, 204 millera, 203 mw´os´on neeset, 38 nemesonupwpw´un, miimi, 175 moson, 97 176 miniwi, 26 mosson, 120 neen, 204 miir´eng, 184 mosor, 203 nenechch´a, 204 mir´ong, 184 mwoosor, 203 neou, 104 mm´o´o, 156 mw´osor, 203 nnet, 204 mwoch, 156 mounouno, 132 n´e´uchch´us, 175 mwochchar´eng, 156 mounoun´o, 132 n´e´un´a´atin, 154 mwochechi, 120 mo¨ur¨up¨ut, 147 n´e´unng´a´al, 35 mocmoc, 203 -mw´u´u,94 n´e´unng´a´an, 35 mw´och´on, 87 mwmwuch, 203 n´e´unruumech, 141 mw´ochchup, 90 mwuch, 104, 203 n´e´un´ep´er, 129

REFERENCES REFERENCES 232 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

n´e´un´eunngeel, 35 nichik, 54 nif´e´ef´e´ei´as, 139, 159 neew, 112 nichin, 67 nif´ei´ei´as, 159 ng´achep´e,116 nich´o, 46 niff´ek´e,90 ng´a´al, 162 nichoocho, 117, 132 nif´en,90 ng´a´an, 162 nichoochoo, 132 nif´engou, 176, 177 nge, 204 nichchok, 176 nif´engouk, 177 ng´e´en,176 nichok, 176 nifet´an, 46 ngiingi ch´on, 46 nichomon, 137 nif´eti aaraw, 177 ngiingi pwech, 46 nich´onafor, 176 nif´etipwpwin, 30 ngiingi, 46 nich¨onef´or, 176 niff´e´u,167 ngiingii, 46 nich¨onengi, 125 niff´e´uff´e´urupung, 117 ngiit, 58 nichoupach, 185 niff´e´uff´e´u,167 ngng´e,204 nich´ung, 40, 164 niff´e´umesepwpwun, ngor, 125, 137 nieche, 176 177 ngu´al, 144 nief, 38 niff´ew´uf´ew, 142 ng´u´ung´u,165 nieich´u,120 niffich, 61, 79 ng´u´ung´uch´ol, 165 niemw´anin ning´us, niffichiffich, 79 nguwen, 144 156 niffichiffichimaas, 79 niakak, 176 nien neeman, 67 niffichimaas, 79, 80 niarraw, 153 ni´en,76 niffichimas, 80 niaro sinin, 147 nieneeman, 67 niffichin nessit, 73 ni´a´ating, 66 nienika, 104 niffichipw´or, 72 ni´at´ung, 67 nienimei, 67 nifinifin toun´om, 99 nia¨upenik, 176 nieniwi, 67 nifinifin, 98 ni´a´upinik ?2, 176 nienuf, 46 nifirifir waalik, 36 nia´upinik, 176 ni´enuf, 185 nifitiffaw, 153 niawpenik, 176 ni´enuf, 46, 76 nifongou, 177 nichchap, 67 ni´en´uf, 76 nifooto, 90 nichaapwiis, 151 ni´er´e´er, 151 niff´ot´off´ot, 68 nichchapwiis, 150 nietaf, 46 nif´o´otom´a, 177 nicharong, 58 ni´e´uetin, 151 nif¨o¨umesepun, 176 nicharongorong, 58, ni´e´uss´along, 35 nif´uf´u,90 59 ni´e´uss´awo, 36 nif´u´uf´u,90 nicha¨u,176 ni´ew´umm´a, 167 nigoron, 204 nichaw (Poster), 176 nifach, 204 nika, 90 nichchaw, 176 nif´af´aiach, 159 nikaach, 90 nichch´e,176 nif´af´a´arr´ek, 68 nikach, 90 nichem, 74 nifanak´en,107 nikaffa, 46 nichen, 79 nifanak¨on, 107 nik´amereey´a, 189 nich´enafor, 176 nifanan, 90 nikam´e´ur, 30, 204 nich´e´enafor, 176 nifanang, 90 nikamwopw, 46 nich´enef´or, 176 nifaro, 98, 177 nikamwoumw, 46 nichch´e´en´ofor, 176 nifaat, 138 nikamwmw´u,59 nich´e´upach, 185 niff´at´an, 46 nikamwunumwun, 80 nichchik, 53, 54 nifeefeech´on, 79 nikaanipwpw´un,37

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 233

nik´a´anipwpw´un,37 nik´epikken, 47 niko´uno´un,204 nik´ap, 177 nikk´er´e,68 nikoow, 178 nik´a´ap, 177 nik´er´enn´uch, 191 nikoow´emmang, 178 nikapalai, 177 niker´enn´unn´uch, 191 nikowu, 178 nik´apelei, 177 nikkerik, 68 nik´u´uch, 185 nikap´epp´ep,88 niketeppar, 91 nikuchch´e´uch, 185 nikaap´et, 167 nik´et´er´enn´uch, 191 nik´uch´e´uch, 153 nikapw´et, 60 nikeueinin, 112 nikuch¨ouch, 185 nikapikken, 46 nik´e´uinin, 112 nikkuk, 68 nik´apikken, 46 nik´e´ur´ur, 72 nikukemei, 91 nikaap¨ot, 167 nik´e´utm´ach´a, 68 nikuk´okk´on, 204 nikkar, 85 nik´e´ut, 72 nik´u´uk´u´ukeme, 91 nikaramay´a, 189 nik´e´ut´uppar, 68 nik´ukk´upen, 165 nikarasaw, 36 nikichiw, 47, 153 nikk´u´ukk´utong, 61 nika¯rou¯r, 177 nikichch´ur, 47 nik´ukk´utong, 80 nikasafasaf, 204 nikimekim, 91 nikumwukumw, 165 nikasaamon, 80 nikipwin, 127 nik´uwenimmas, 80 nikasaamwon, 80 nikipwur, 47 nik´uweniin, 112 nikasso, 46 nikitipwpw´un,68 nimwaken, 99 nikasomw´a´aniy´en,36 nikittir´e´ung´ung, 178 nim´am´awo, 166 nik´at, 177 nikitirr´ung, 178 nim´a´am´awo, 152 nik´a´at, 177 nikochour, 47 nim´a´am´a´awo, 167 nik´at´apar, 177 nik´ok´on, 204 nimmang, 179 nik´a´at´apar, 177 nikokop, 178 nimw´anniyu, 68 nikaterrepp´ek, 88 nikomor, 178 nimwaramwar faunip- nikaatto, 68 nikomorochuk, 178 wun, 36 nikatot, 68 nikomor´uch´en,178 nim´a´ar´am´a´ar, 59 nikauu, 178 nik´ong, 147 nimwararamwarsapwon, nikaunon, 204 nik´on´okon, 204 101 nikk´e,68 nik´on´ok´on, 130 nimatat, 156 nik´eff´e´u,90 nikopwunuw, 153 nimwatong, 34 nikeitapar, 178 nikoppur, 47 nim´atong, 34 nik´ek´e´u,68 nikopur, 38, 47 nimm´e,37 nikeki fan, 80 nikop´ur, 204 nimech, 160 nik´emw´echin an- nikos, 47 nimechekeeyang, 74 garap, 125 nik´osso, 47 nimeiff´e,111 nik´emw´echin toku, nikos´o´otin, 80 nim´ek´ur, 178 125 nik´o´ot, 72 nim´ek´ur´echuk, 178 nik´em´err´ech´en,177 nik´otto, 185 nim´ek´ur´uchu, 178 nikemereei´a, 189 nik´ot´ok´ot, 68, 204 nimen waan kiyer, 59 nik´em´ur´echu, 177 nik´otoot, 68 nimenger, 91, 108 nikken, 80 nikou mmang, 178 nimennuk´o, 76 nikenen, 68 nikou, 178 nimwere, 47 nikkenin neeset, 80 nikou´emang, 178 nimwerey´on, 137 nik´en´unn´uch, 191 nikoun, 106 nimess´a´aff´e´u,164

REFERENCES REFERENCES 234 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

nimes´a´apeni, 164 ning´us, 157 nip´e´ukkar, 151 nimesenepwun, 178 ninnim, 75 nip´e´upwech, 99 nimesengngaw, 68 ninn´us´a´as´a, 187 nipwpweyin neeman, nimesepar, 106 niinu, 179 69 nimesepwin, 178 ninn´u,179, 187 nippii, 69 nimesepwitik, 157 ninumunum, 99 nipwich, 51 nimesepwpwun, 179 ninuunu, 68 nipinini, 160 nimesepw´un,178 ninuunuffach, 68 nipinipin, 69 nimesetin, 91, 120 ninuunuukeme, 91 nipwiripwir, 72 nimesettin, 106 ninuunuukemi, 36 nipwisik, 137 nimwet, 153 ninn´upwe, 187 nipisipis kk´on, 80 nimeew, 34 ninnuss´ass´a, 179 nipwisipwis, 80 nimong, 47 nio’oias, 159 nipitik, 157 nim´ong, 47 nioioiy´a´as, 159 nipwoo, 168 nim´ongach´on, 59 ni¨on¨uf, 76 nip´och, 47 nimorrek, 105 ni´or sining, 147 nip´o´och, 47 nimw´o´otong, 34 ni´or, 204 nipooit, 91 nimuk, 141 ni´ot´ot, 69 nipwoopwo, 157 nimumukeme, 91 nioum´a, 167 nipwoopw´o, 157 nimuumuukeme, 36, nippach, 59, 86 nip¨opp¨oren¨ut, 85 91 nip´ach, 160 nipopw´or´uk, 179 nimuumuukemei, 36, nippachappach, 62 nipw´o´oroch, 185 91 nipachekken, 38 nipos, 69 nimwumwukom´ai, 91 nippachin neepwin, nipwow, 69 nimwuumwuukonei, 59 nipwpwow, 70 91 nipang´ach, 168 nip´ow, 130 nimunumun, 80 nipparappar, 91 nipu, 153 nimurrek, 105 nipaaw, 130 nipukan, 87 nimus, 120 nipwei, 80 nipwpw´un,70 nimwmwus, 37 nipwpwei, 69 nip´u´up´u´u,61 ninn´ap, 179 nipwpwei´aset, 54 ni¯r´enki´o, 159 ninn´apann´ap, 179 nipwpweik, 143, 144 nir´e´er´e´eff´e´u,99 ninekenek, 179 nipekepekikken, 47 nirumurum, 117, 147 ninnen, 128 nipwpw´en,157 nirumwurumw, 148 ninnep, 179 nip´e´enn´e´e,94 nirupwurupw, 34 ningnger, 80, 83 nip´e´enop´un,164 nnis, 161 ninget, 99 nipp´en´u,139, 141 nisaaf´en,130 ningnget, 100 nip´epp´er´en´ut, 85 nisaf´en,130 ning´u´uchew, 189 nipw´epwpw´er´uk, 179 nisamwomw, 107 ning´u´ugn´umech, 179 nip´ep´er´unut, 85 nis´an´af´och, 144 ning´u´ung´u´u,80 nipp´er´uch, 69 nisannawa, 91 ning´u´ung´umech, 189 nip´er´uch, 69 niss´ang´an, 144 ning´u´ung´u´um´ech, nip´e´er´uch, 69 niss´ar, 75 189 nipw´e´et, 47 nisarafach, 130 ningurungurun, 80 nip´e´u´annei, 179 nis´ar´afach, 130, 159

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 235

nis´ar´akka, 139 nis´opwunu kaachaw, nittum, 54 nis´ar´akk´ot, 139 102 nittun, 70 niss´ar´apw´ek´u,75 nisopw´olopw´ol, 47 niumip´are, 85 nis´a´as´a´anepwin, 80 niss´opwukken, 106 niuniu, 165 nisaw, 28 nis´opw´un´u kaachaw, niwaluk, 180 niseefich, 72, 80 37 niwan´e,81, 83 niseffich, 61, 80 nis´opw´un´u kachaw, niwaan´ek, 133, 180 niseeffichiffich, 80 91 niwan´ek, 130 niseffichin neeset, 72 nis´orr´opw´ek´u,81 niiwin, 61 nis´ek´ur´umataw, 179 nis´ukfitaw, 99 niwiniwin, 61 nis´ek´ur´uppach, 36 nis´ukuch, 99 niiwoo, 205 niselisel waalik, 37 nis´uk´ur´umataw, 179 niwo, 205 nis´emwanion, 91 nis´ung´ur, 179 niw´ok´ow´ok, 38 nisenawwe, 37 nis´ung´ur´u mataw, niwoosiwoos, 70 niseeningeening, 190 179 niwoowo, 180 niseningening, 102 niit, 59 niwowoi´as, 139, 159 nisenisen kemei, 91 nitafam´ek´ur, 81 niw´uk´upwech, 165 niserekka, 159 nitafataf, 81 niy´as, 205 nisses, 88 nitaaftaaf, 81 niy´a´at´un,70 nis´e´u,28 nitt´ak, 180 niy´at´ung, 70 niseew, 28 nit´ak, 179 niyaw´upinik, 180 nisew, 28 nitt´ak´apar, 180 niye, 205 nnisi ku´o, 161 nit´ak´apar, 179 niyef, 38, 205 nnisi mm´as, 161 nitakatak, 107 niy´en,76 nnisi nipinini, 161 nit´arup, 70 niyenika, 105 nnisi peniwa, 161 nit´aat´a´a, 121 niy´en´uf, 76 nnisi umwun´e,161 nit´a´at´a, 117 niyon, 76 nisi´op, 179 nit´a´at´a´a, 121 no pw´ekak, 189 nisipwich , 113 nit´e´e,153 nokomoti, 70 nisipwich, 113 niteikapar, 180 n´o´omw´ar, 133 nisiipwisiipw, 80 nitekappar, 91 n´o´omw´a´ar, 133 nisipisip, 80 nitt´e´erppwachen, 70 nomwokk´uk, 81 nisipwisipw, 80 nit´er´enn´uch, 191 n´omwokk´uk, 81 nisipwopw´ut, 160 nitter´enn´unn´uch, 191 nomonom, 54 nississis, 168 nit´er´en´unn´uch, 191 n´o´omu´a´ar, 133 niso, 153 niterep´epp´ep,88 n´o´ong, 81 nisom, 141 nitikipwpw´un,70 n´o´ongin saamwon, 81 nisomw, 179 nitongotong, 30 n´onnupwe, 180 nissomw, 117, 141 nitopw r´an, 75 nopw´ur, 205 nisomwomw, 108 nitoupach, 185 nnopwut, 102 nisomwoukech, 108 niit´u,164 nopwut, 102 nisomwoumw, 108 nit´uk´ut´uk´uniios, 83 nopwutan newu, 102 nisoong, 80 nit´u´uk´ut´u´uk´uniios, nopwutun f´an och, nisongong, 80 81 102 nis´opwokken, 36–38 nitukutukuniiyos, 81 noot, 134

REFERENCES REFERENCES 236 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

notoeetik, 134 ochaali, 99 onger, 110, 122 noou, 104 ochan onofat uuch, oongi, 54 nou, 105, 106, 113 205 ´ongin, 205 nounou, 113 oochap, 205 ´oni Hawaii, 205 no´uno´u,112 ooch´ap, 81 ´oni Sapan, 206 nouw´et, 153 ochek´u´ut, 28 ´oni Chuuk, 206 nowu, 113 ochel, 144 ´oni, 206 nu, 205 ochen, 144 oonif, 188 n´u´u,205 ocher, 144, 205 ´onniir´e,206 n´uch, 60 ochetong, 28 ´onochimwi, 130 n´uch´on, 39, 51, 60 ochi, 136 onof´at, 144 n´u´uk, 205 oochi, 136 oon´on, 54 nuukan, 56 oochii, 130 ´on´ot, 206 n´uk´e,91 ´oshshopwhosh, 151 ´on´otiich´en,206 nukuchani, 91 oochuk, 47 opw, 206 n´ukuukutong, 61 offa, 62 oopw´ati, 125 n´uk´uk´utong, 81 off´o, 62 op´ers´ek, 130 nukkum, 92 ´off´o, 62 oopwil, 168 n´uk´umwee´ang, 75 ´o´of´o, 62 opwileekilel, 206 n´uk´unimwenipach, ohlot, 205 oopiim, 206 139 oht, 205 oopwin, 168 n´uk´upar, 180 ojal, 205 ´opwiin, 168 n´uk´upen, 70 oolaalumw, 130 oopwiniik, 168 n´uk´upw´on´o, 130 olek´eng, 54 oopwinin neyin chia, n´uk´usamwon, 81 ´oli´elei, 117 168 n´uk´usenisen, 37 ´oll´ot, 205 oopwinin w´on ooch, nukusor, 136 ´ol´ot, 205 168 n´uk´uss´o´oss´on, 190 ´o´ol´ot, 206 oopwu mataw, 125 n´uk´us´o´otin, 81 olloowaisiip, 205 ´opw´ul, 168 nuumw, 189, 191 ooluuw, 205 opwpwuumataw, 125 num´a´a, 152 oomai, 136 opwpwuun mataw, numan wan kier, 47 omaal´e,161 125 nuumin waan kiyer, oomeyi, 136 ´opwpw´uni mataw, 59 omwiomw, 205 125 numuch´ech´e,161 ´omm´o, 180 ´o´or, 206 numwun f´en´um, 87 ´omm´oin fainnat, 180 o¯rel, 144 n´u´ung, 81 omos, 47 o¯reliap, 144 n´ung´us, 157 ´om´os, 47 o¯relirupw, 144 n´u´un´u,165 ´omm´o´ot, 47 oren iwi, 37 nunupis, 113 omwuti, 205 oreniwi, 30 nuunupis, 113 onek, 54 orenso, 206 nuupe, 152 oonek, 54 orhal, 206 nuupee, 152 onek´eng, 54 ¨or¨o, 180 nusupat, 154 ong, 205 oroch, 121 n´us´upat, 154 oong, 205 ´oroch, 121

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 237

´orrochcha, 180 pwachik, 141 pechar, 48 ´orongenif´ew, 125 pwaachiw, 141 pweechar, 48 orropwin, 134 pwach´u,141 p´eshaaw, 99 ororis, 206 pwpwai, 54 pechepwech, 133 oruuru, 206 pwaipwai, 206 pechepw´ech, 133 oos, 81 paiyou, 54 pwechepwech, 157 os, 81 pwak´ok, 48 pw´echeepw´ech, 130 os´angi, 188 pakureng, 207 pw´esh´epw´esh, 157 ´os´eei, 121 pwalang, 207 pechere, 126, 133 ´osel´ong, 136 paaleaw, 122 p´e´echew, 157 ´osolong, 136 pw´aliffa´u,141 p´e´ech´on, 207 ´os´onong, 110, 121, p´a´an akkar, 48 p´eho, 55 136 p´a´an ey´ol, 48 pwei, 55 oot, 206 pan pw´eles, 92 pwpwei, 55 ootan sapan, 206 paan, 165 pwpweiapwech, 55 ´otik, 206 panau, 207 pweiech´on, 55 oto, 206 panaw, 207 pwpweiech´on, 55 otok, 54 pannu, 122 pweief´ot, 55 ´otomun, 151 p´ann´u,104 pweiepwech, 55 ´otomwun, 151 pan´uwa, 161 pwpweiepwech, 55 ottou, 185 pwaapwaa, 157 pweikker, 55 otow, 70 pw´a´apw´a´a, 184 peipei, 192 ootumw, 54 pw´a´apw´a´an f´an pi, 63 peiu, 55 ootupw, 54 pw´a´apw´a´an neeman, p´e´ekken, 55 otupw, 54 81 peekoonia, 207 ´otupw, 54 paar, 207 peel, 165 ottur, 70 parapar, 157 pw´el, 157 ott´ur, 71 p´arech, 32 p´e´el, 157 ´ott´ur, 70 pasapas, 62 pwel´a, 117 oukam, 121 passo, 55 pw´el´a, 117 oul´angi, 99 paattaa, 81 pwele lukul´ap, 117 oun, 206 paatiw, 125 pwele, 117 oupeng, 54 pat´u,125 peleaw, 122 our´o´on´o, 71 pwa´ur, 162 pweleffau, 142 our´o´on´on, 71 pwauriap, 122 pweleyaw, 142 ooussus, 206 paaw, 99 pwelifaai, 142 outa, 162 pwaw, 207 pwellifau, 157 owussus, 206 p´a´aw´unlel´e´el´e´e,99 pweemw, 192 p´a´aw´unleemataw, 99 p´e´enaff´o, 62 paa ch´on, 206 pwayinaper, 207 p´e´enmaan, 39 paachan, 60 pee-cha, 207 pp´en,158 paachang, 30 pee-pingek, 207 p´e´en,157 pachang, 30, 34 peeal, 207 pene, 207 pachapach, 62 pweas, 125, 126 pween´e,154 pachar, 48 pwe´as, 126 pwene, 117

REFERENCES REFERENCES 238 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

p´en´e,207 pw´et´er, 81 ponik, 181 p´e´en´e,207 pw´eterr´ek, 48 pwooniik, 181 peneaw, 104, 122 p´e´et´e´et, 33 pono, 208 p´e´engaas, 207 p´et´u,126 pw´o´on´on, 93 p´e´engas, 207 pw´et´ur, 81 p´onn´o´on, 93 peni-, 92 pw´e´et´u´ut, 157 p´o´op, 99 penich´ol, 92 pet´uwen, 193 pwoopwech, 56 penich´on, 92 pw´e´ur, 162 pw´opwech, 30 penif´u,92 p´e´ute, 165, 187 pwoopwo, 93 penik, 92, 94 pwpwey, 55 ppw´or, 167 penikappach, 92 philip, 207 pwoori´ap, 122 penikappar, 92 ppich, 81 pwori´ap, 122 penikin mwuuto, 92 ppichila, 48 poro, 144 penik¨o, 92 pwichirik, 208 porro, 145 penimwarrang, 92 pihhinomw, 208 poot, 104, 154 ppenin ffaw, 61 pwiil, 39, 48 pot, 103, 104, 145 ppenin iik, 61 pwilan leo, 48 ppoot, 145 pp´enin iik, 61 pwilan nomar, 48 pwoot´u´ut, 158 penipen, 84, 92, 93 pwilan w´on al´ot, 48 p¨ou, 130 peniwa, 161 pwilin n´e´emai, 49 poub, 99 pen´uwa, 161 pilooris, 208 pougle uch, 100 peppep, 88 pwiin nannewu, 49 poounen, 152 pwpwe¯r, 48 pwiin, 39, 49 p´ow, 130 p´e´er, 117 pinga, 208 pw´owunipwin, 117 perrai, 48 pingk´e,81 pucherik, 208 peerang, 207 pinik, 39, 55–57, 180, puch´o, 181 p´e´e¯rar, 48 181 pp´u´ug´umm´ot, 63 p´e¯raw, 99 pinimiin´e,208 puukaal, 87 p´erch´och´o, 165 pinin mahapaa¯r, 126 pwukarimwaan, 208 p´e´erech´o´och´o, 165 pirisiman, 142 pwukarimwarh, 208 perei, 48 pwisika, 181 pwukaringah, 208 perrei, 48 pisiki, 137 pukarirhap, 208 p´erreng, 190 pooi, 56 pwukechikech, 166 p´ereniet, 117 pwookechikech, 165 pw´u´ukesaaf, 166 pe¯repw´e¯r, 133 p´ok´o, 99, 121 pul, 39 p´e´er´e¯r´o´o¯r´o, 165 pwok´och´ew, 166 pwula, 208 pwerh, 207 p´ok´o´on iik, 99 pul´a´ale, 158 pwerri, 185 p´ok´o´on nen´een´e,99 pulbun, 208 pwerika, 207 p´ok´on ooch, 99 pwulopwul, 208 p´ero, 144 poku, 208 puun, 138 p´erro, 144 pom pom, 208 pwpwuna, 208 peschau, 99 pomaria, 208 pwuna, 158 p´et, 36, 38 ppon, 158 pwunaff´en,208 pwetek, 48 pwoonap, 33 p´ungngk´e,81 pw´etek, 48 poonen, 128 pungun p´a´alei, 181

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 239

p´ung´unr´a´an, 85 ren nim´e,138 rukoruk, 209 p´ung´urewa, 166 ren nupuk, 138 rumech, 30 p´ungng´ut, 167 reen, 137 r´u´urr´ung, 139 punopun, 208 ren, 137, 138 ruuw, 148 ppunukatam, 126 r´e´en,137 pw´un´u´un´u,166 rennema, 138 saiaw, 117 pwuupw, 97, 166 r´enissawo, 137 saipwok, 158 pwupwu, 208 reepi, 56 saiwaan´u,102 pwupwuch´on, 166 r´e´epi, 56 sakuach, 134 pwupwpwupw, 166 ¯r´e´e¯r, 142 sak´ur´uach, 117 pwuupwpwupw, 166 ¯r´e´e¯r´e,49 salesia niiken, 82 pwupwuy´e´ech, 166 r´e¯r´oro¯r, 81 saal´u,117 pwurrek, 93 r´e´es, 208 s´an´apwapw, 139 pwurrey, 151 resiimen neeset, 26 s´anepw, 158 pur¨ok, 93 reyas, 208 ss´ang´an, 145 pur´u¯r´o´o¯r´o, 166 rhaiwal, 209 s´anikk´u,126 pw´ut´ur, 133 rhaal, 209 s´anik´u,126 rhall, 209 s´antumwe, 30 raachchuk, 49 rheeluk, 209 santumwei, 30 rakich, 208 rh´e´enyoung, 209 s´antumwei, 30 rakirh, 208 rheenyong, 209 s´an´uk´u,126 raakot, 49 rhia, 209 sap pw´esh, 148 rakumw, 71 rhiirhi, 209 sapal, 181 ramanum, 127 richim, 164 sapap´uk´u,131 r´amine, 208 richin, 164 saporang, 93 rangaan´uw, 181 riching, 164 s´a´apot, 56 raap, 102 riichiing, 164 s´a´apwow, 209 raar, 87 ringngo, 209 s´a´ap´uk, 209 r´a´ar, 87 ¯rookapwe¯r, 49 sapukuuk, 190 r´aripwech, 87 rokeak, 62 s´ap´uk´u´uk, 190 r´a´ariss´u,113 rok´of, 59 s´ap´uukuk, 190 r´a´aris´u´us´u,113 rokumw, 71 sarra mi k´ukk´un,110 rasaras, 208 r´omanum, 127 sara, 110 raatta, 208 ¯romwolomwul, 100 sarra, 110 r´a´aton, 85 rong´of, 59 s´arra, 110 raaw, 187 ronima, 209 saras, 209 rech, 181 roopei, 121 saraw, 152 rei y´ap, 49 rosus, 209 saas tor, 131 rekich, 208 roow, 148 saas, 130, 131 r´ek´ot, 49 row´of, 59 sasa, 181 reelap, 49 row´ofemwmw´u,59 s´a´ass´a, 181 r´elap, 181 row´of´emwmw´u,59 s´a´as´a´a, 187 ¯releil, 145 row´ofenipwin, 59 saasaf, 209 reemes, 208 ruu, 148 saasap, 209 remes, 208 r¨uch¨ung, 164 saup, 181

REFERENCES REFERENCES 240 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

sawi faluw, 49 sesemen, 106 simwata, 210 sawi, 49 s´es´ew, 168 sing, 82 seeffich, 61 seetan, 209 sing´urmw´e´echen, 57 sefich, 82 set´an, 145 sinif´e,210 seia¨u,118 setiimwo, 30 sinifo, 210 seiaw, 118 settiimo, 30 sinin r´as, 190 seikocho, 181 settimwo, 30 si´oinen, 210 seipwok, 158 settimw´u,93 siop, 210 seipor, 127 settimwun, 30 siip, 210 seir, 209 sett´umwun, 30 siipii, 56 seiwa, 102 set´ut, 71 sipor, 104 seiwaan´u,186 s´et´ut, 71 siipuu, 121 seiwaan´u,102 s´e´u,49 sipu, 121 sek´un,168 s´eur, 209 sip´ur´ungng´u,139 s´ek´ur´upi, 131 s´e´ur, 209 sirip, 182 ss´el, 142 seew, 168 siru, 154 selep, 158 s´ew, 168 sisaata, 82 selepap, 139 sewaan´u,102 siitor, 210 selingan an´u,190 sewi chcha, 118 siitorin k´onik, 210 selisel waanniol, 93 sewi, 49, 118 siwu, 148 selisel, 37, 93 sewiaaw, 118 sokopwa, 121 sema´urepong, 136 sewiechcha, 118 sokuliyaw, 103 semen, 105 sewin fen´ung, 50 sokurupi, 134 senep, 158 sewiy´on, 118 s´oll, 210 senepwapw, 139 seyaw, 118 son, 142 sengir, 118, 162 sii ooris, 112 sson, 142 senif, 105, 106 sich´on, 76, 209 s´on, 210 senifana, 106 sichopw, 136 s´o´on, 210 senifan´e,105, 106 sichow, 136 soonga, 210 seniku, 126 sieffar, 106 s´onout, 134 -ssening, 190 sif, 210 son´umatow, 118 seningen an´u,190 sik´ach n´uk´un chia, son´u,118 seningen soope, 190 100 son´uapot, 118 seningeen, 127 sik´ach, 100 s´op, 182 sening´ur, 49 sik´achin n´uk´unchia, s´o´op, 182 sep´al, 181 100 s´o´opw, 182 sepien onof´at, 32 sikaap, 161 soopal, 210 sepien umwul´e,32 siike, 188 sopor, 104, 127 sepien umwun´e,32 sikket, 93 soporang, 93 s´epor, 127 ssiket, 93 soporrang, 93 sera¨u,103, 152 ssikket, 38, 93 s´opworrang, 93 serepenit, 186 sillaw, 210 sopow, 154 seeri, 209 silif´e,210 s´opw´urr´ungng´u,139 seri, 209 silipw´ut, 148 sopwusopw, 26 serri, 209 siim, 56 soren, 126

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 241

sorom´a, 82 t´e´ern´on f´aw´u,38 tomaato, 211 soromei, 82 t´e´er, 38 tomun, 94 s´o´orowa, 87 terekung, 34 tomwun, 94 sossich, 210 tereppep, 88, 158 tonan, 100 soufen´ung, 50 terepp´ep,158 tongola, 85 sour, 210 terreppep, 88 tonoika, 211 soow, 111 terep´epp´ek, 88 tonokkar, 100, 151, sowuef´eng, 103 terepp´op, 88 152 sowu´ef´eng, 103 teerow, 210 topwur, 190 sowufeenung, 50 t´e´et´a, 94 topw´ur, 190 spaiter, 75 tettel, 104 toopw´ur´e,185 s´uk´un´uw, 71 tetten, 126, 127 topwurei, 185 supwa, 210 tiji, 210 t¨or, 94 s´upo´ur, 104 tik´em, 75 tooto, 71 supuniman, 50 tikit, 103 toun´om, 164 suuri, 148 tikiton, 103 t´ukul, 127 s´urupwurupw, 145 tikom, 75 tunun, 211 til-, 98 tununin nein echep, taafaa, 142 tiil, 105 211 taikenipp´ek, 163 tilimw´e´en,110 tupuras´e,182 taipa, 162 tilin umwul´e,161 tuur, 50 taak, 107 tilipwu, 132 turapon, 103 t´aal, 145 tiliwap, 158 t´urapon, 103 t´al, 145 tiin ni´er´e´er, 151 t´urinw´on, 182 taamw´un,168 tiin, 97, 105 t¨urinw´on, 182 tt´an, 71 tin, 210, 211 t´ur´unninnim, 75 t´an´an, 210 tingar, 131, 134 t´ur´uniinn´a, 75 tap, 50 tinimwer, 105 t´ur´usapwpwow, 112 t´a´appi, 51, 52 tinipweer, 105 tuutu, 50 tapioka, 210 tinipwer, 105, 121 taapwpw´un,190 tinipu, 132 u´a´an ´e´ur, 182 tarran, 94 tinipwu, 132 uaaw, 182 t´a´at´a, 118, 121 tinumw, 161 ucha, 148 tech, 131 tipwpw´e´uk, 211 uchchaa, 94 t´e´ef´e,94 tipir, 131 uuchee, 103 teikenipp´ek, 163 tiriniinn´a, 75 uchiya, 211 teipwo, 38, 210 tiwes´on, 134 udur, 118 tekulaar, 163 tto, 56 uee, 111 tekular, 163 tt´o, 56 uenipot, 211 tekul´ar, 163 t´o, 56 uett´ong, 192 tekunaar, 163 toku, 162 ufar, 148 tek´uter, 107, 163 tolan, 33 ´u´uf´o´or, 148 teempwo, 82 tolau, 62 ´uh´angifai, 134 tempura, 158 tolon, 211 uk, 182 tengng´u,82 toom, 142, 153 ´u´uk, 182

REFERENCES REFERENCES 242 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

ukaareng, 32 unuk´a´ap, 52 waa f´et´un,56 ukech, 34, 82 unum´e´u,56 waa herr´ek, 127 uk´ech, 82 ´un´umwol, 184 waa seris, 121 ´ukech, 82 ´un´un,134 waachan, 56 uuken ninnim, 75 ´un´ungan ngiit, 39 wairhirhicha, 212 ukouk, 190 unnun´o, 119 walumo, 212 ´ukk´uch, 110 unun´o, 119 w´a´an aw, 212 ´uk´uch´e,148 uouo, 211 w´a´an ´e´ur, 183 ´uk´uch´e´e,148 up, 211 w´a´an ooch, 50 ´uk´uchchen, 136 ´u´up,212 w´a´an p´e´engaas, 183 ´ukk´uch´ukkar, 110 ´upenipot, 211 waan r´as, 192 ukuuk, 76 ´u´upenipot, 212 w´a´anaw, 183, 212 uukuuk, 76 ´urlepeyel, 72 wanuailiyos, 212 ´uk´unifan, 56 ´urrepeyin, 72 waap, 158 ´uk´upar, 182 ´urr´ep´eyin, 72 wap, 158 ´uk´upp´ek, 118 ´ur, 72 war´ung, 212 ¨uk¨upw¨och, 166 ´urachapw, 72 w´a´at, 168 ´uk´upw´on´o, 131 urh, 211 waawa, 104 ´uk´u¯r´e,148 ursa (sic), 211 w´e´echar, 119 ukureng, 127 urumech, 30 wechechew, 71 ´uk´ureng, 132 urumw´ech, 30 weei, 212 ulef, 148 ´ur´umech, 30 wei, 212 ulingan paashau, 50 urun´o, 135 weich, 212 ulingan pechaw, 50 urupap, 182 weiweiu, 94 ulingan p´echaaw, 60 uruppich, 50 weeku, 212 ulingen p´echaw, 50 urupwin, 134 week´u,212 ulo, 211 ´ur´ur, 72 weliwel, 193 ulul, 134 ´ur´u´ur, 72 weliwelin leesit, 193 ´ul´ungan ngiit, 60 urus´e,211 w´en´engng´ut, 212 umwa, 211 usaap, 148 w´engiyiw, 82 umwo, 211 usap, 148 weengu, 212 umwoumw, 63 ´usapw, 148 weng´u,212 umukaw, 211 uusekiich´en,82 weeow, 135 umwul´e,161 ussen, 73 w´err´esh´ol, 183 umwun´e,161 ´usseng, 73 w´err´epw´esh, 183 uun cheepa, 211 uusset, 38 weerr´e,149 uun, 82 ´ut´ur, 119, 153 w´err´e,183 uunaat, 100 uwap, 158 we¯r¯rik, 105, 136 uneisomw, 182 uwaw, 182 weetiken, 56 uneis´opw, 182 uwaw´ech´on, 182 wil´am, 136 unen chuk´o, 211 uwaw´epwech, 182 wiliancher, 212 ´uniff´e´u,94 uwawetopw, 182 wiin, 184 uninis, 145 uwei, 136 wiinam, 136 unow´en,190 winichchen, 184 ´un´uff´e´u,94 vei, 212 winich´en,184

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 243

winiff´e´u,94 woos, 82 w´u´up,212 winimw´en,184 wos, 82 wurun´o, 135 winimwol, 184 woot, 212 wurus´e,212 witiwit, 183 wotopwula, 212 wusekiich´en,83 wooch´ap, 82 woow, 212 yafuurh, 212 wong, 184, 212 woowo, 212 yan keerh nuu, 212 wongera, 184 wuuchaa, 149 yaaw, 212 w´onuroch, 153 wuuk, 183 yeloot, 212 w´o´op, 158 wukech, 82 yomiyom, 212 woor, 119 w´uk´er´e,149 yoor, 212 wor, 119 wuun, 82, 83 yoroma, 212

REFERENCES REFERENCES 244 Micronesica 31(1), 1999

REFERENCES REFERENCES Davis: Chuukese Animal Names 245

Note page 79 (as of 1999/03/27) for niffich3. Manual page break is here, putting the clumsy Schreiner reference on the next line.)

REFERENCES REFERENCES