INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS AND CITIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS AND CITIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE Monographies of the “győr autoMotive industrial DiSTRICT AS THE NEW TREND AND MEANS OF SPATIAL developMent” research no. 6. Edited by EDIT SOMLYÓDYNÉ PFEIL Universitas-Győr Nonprofit Ltd. 2014 Book Series General Editor: János Rechnitzer Book Series Editor: Edit Somlyódyné Pfeil Editor: Edit Somlyódyné Pfeil Authors: Judit Berkes, Zoltán Egri, László Faragó, Pál Germuska, Tamás Hardi, János Honvári, Boris Kazakov, Ágnes Kralovacski, Gábor Lux, Andrea Miklósné Zakar, Chavdar Mladenov, Imre Nagy, Ádám Páthy, János Rechnitzer, Edit Somlyódyné Pfeil Translated by: KENDU Bt. Revised by: Gábor Nemes Technical Editor: Zoltán Nagy Cover: Judit Nagy Legally responsible publisher: Managing Director of Universitas-Győr Nonprofit Kft. Published by Universitas-Győr Nonprofit Kft. Address of Editorial Office: H-9026 Győr, Egyetem tér 1. Printed by: Palatia Nyomda GYŐR, 2014 ISBN: 978-615-5298-43-1 The book has been supported by “Győr Automotive Industrial District as the new trend and means of spatial development” No. TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0010 project, sponsored by the European Union and the Hungarian State, co-financed by the European Social Fund. Európai Szociális Alap CONTENTS 7 János Rechnitzer research programme of the győr automotive district 13 László Faragó growth poles/centres in development policy 27 Gábor LUx industrial districts: Building Blocks of the organised economy 46 EDIT SOMLYÓDYNÉ PFEIL the changing roles of the state and their impact on urban policy 64 Zoltán Egri Main relationships between town structures, economic growth and Automotive industry in central and eastern europe 89 Tamás Hardi – Chavdar Mladenov – Boris Kazakov – Andrea Miklósné Zakar – Imre Nagy – Ágnes Kralovacski the evolution of passenger car production and its impact on urban Development in south-eastern europe 109 János Rechnitzer – Ádám Páthy – Judit Berkes stability and changes of the hungarian city-network 131 Pál Germuska – János Honvári the history of public vehicle production in győr from 1945 until 1990 6 János Rechnitzer Research Programme of the Győr Automotive District 7 Research Programme of the győr automotive district JÁNOS RECHNITZER The research on the spatial structure of society has been strengthened throughout the last 30 years in Hungary. The institutional framework of the new branch of studies called regional science has been established, thus, it has a broad base in higher education and research, its embedding in scientific life and its international relationships, as well as its human resources, are widespread reaching from Doctoral Schools to qualifications awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The history of new branch of studies began in Győr when a research group of the Hungarian Academy of Science was established here, then an Institute was founded in the city (1986) and it went on in the early 90ies at the legal predecessor of the Széchenyi István University. In the first phase a separate major, later on an independent Master course was offered by the University. From 2004 on the Doctoral School started its work and in the second phase (from the beginning of the 2010ies) independent research programmes were started. These programmes were influenced by the genius loci influenced, since the scientific profile of the University was strictly linked to the automotive industry and the research of traffic systems, thus, it naturally welcomed and required the spatial economic analysis of these sectors. In the framework of a research finished in 2012 (TÁMOP- 4.2.1./B-09/KONV-2010-0003 “Mobility and environment: Environmental researches in the Central and Western Hungarian region) we reviewed the location factors of the automotive industry in Central and Eastern Europe, looking for Hungarian and regional positions and analyzing the specificities, structural and operational factors of supplier networks (Rechnitzer – Smahó 2012a; 2012b). In the research group these results raised the following scientific questions: how a district or region based on automotive industry is organized, how its economic, social, institutional and networking specificities can be described, and how its development can be influenced, formed by different tools. The scientific questions were elaborated in Research Programme nr. TÁMOP- 4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0010 The Győr Automotive District, as the direction and tool of regional development, and after the successful project the analyses were started in the fall of 2012, presumably they are going to be finished by the fall of 2014 1 . 1 The results of this research are going to be published in six volumes in Hungarian language and two volumes in English. The present volume is a collection of theoretical research results. 8 János Rechnitzer development trend of a hungarian city Győr and its region 2 belong to the most dynamically developing regions of Hungary. It is city with county rights, and the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County. The city is located 120 km distance from Budapest and Vienna, while it is situated 80 km from the Slovak capital Bratislava. Győr and its region has highway, railroad and water transport connections to the national and neighboring (Vienna, Bratislava) capitals. There are two international airports (Vienna, Bratislava) and two ports in the vicinity of the city (Győr-Gönyű, Komárno). The city has excellent transport connections. Its is located in two (IV, VII.) European transport corridors. The main roads determining the economic life of the Northern- Transdanubian region start from or pass by this city. Győr has a regional airport (Győr- Pér) and port (Győr-Gönyű). The economic trauma of the transition found the city in a relatively beneficial situa- tion: due to its favorable geographic location and multifold economic structure the city has undergone significant developments in the 90ies. Győr became a favored destination for foreign investments; the appearance of new industry diversified further the city’s economic structure. As suppliers for Audi global companies settled in the city, however, national and international SMEs on advanced technological level are present as well. Győr is one of the centers of secondary schooling in the Transdanubia. The College of Transportation and Telecommunication Technology (Közlekedési és Távközlési Műszaki Főiskola) was established in 1977 and the range of courses offered has been increasingly widened, in 2002 Széchenyi István University was established. Besides the determin- ing technical studies the university offers economic, legal, musical and health science programmes, 22 BA/BSc and 18 MA/MSc study programmes and doctoral programmes in three Doctoral Schools. The number of university students approaches 17,000. In comparisons with the other cities of the Western-Transdanubian region (Sopron, Szombathely, Nagykanizsa, Zalaegerszeg) Győr’s leading role is unambiguous; its provision- ing indicators are almost in every aspect higher than in other cities with county rights or cities in the region hosting higher education institutions. Only in the aspect of proportion of leading professors and in case of the members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences’ public body (researches with scientific qualifications) is it lagging behind Sopron, however, Győr’s primacy is outstanding considering every factor connected to innovations and its indicators are similar to other Hungarian regional centers, development poles. We can state clearly that Győr has caught up to the traditional Hungarian regional centers, its strong, always renewing economic potential triggered the establishment of new higher education and R&D systems. This is supported by the fact that institutions organizing and forming practical innovation, as well as the ones representing new tech- nologies are in large number present in the city. 2 When speaking of region we understand the city’s catchment area within a radius of 60–100 km. The focal cities are the following: Komárom, Tatabánya, Veszprém, Pápa, Kapuvár, Mosonmagyaróvár, and beyond the state border Dunajská Streda and Komárno. A more precise delineation of the region follows in the first phase of the analysis. Research Programme of the Győr Automotive District 9 The goal of Győr’s development is to create a regional center, as sub-center of the Vienna-Bratislava-Budapest Central and Eastern European development region, in which – through the improving establishment of the institutions supporting knowledge – indus- trial and technologic conditions can be renewed. It is an explicit goal that the institutions of the city shall be able to assist the integration of the Northern Transdanubian region into a new European development area, and this integration shall be accomplished by a devel- opment, which sustains urban environment and enhances its capacities in order to provide attractive living conditions for the people living in both the center and the region. The direction of the urban policy placing innovation into the focal point of development is that the conditions and milieu of industry’s and services’ renewal shall be established. The knowledge base, higher education background and R&D potential concentrated in the city – thoroughly linked to this sector – are providing favorable conditions. Through the results of development policies such a growth center can be established in the Northern Transdanubian region that participate in the network of European regional centers, and is able to induce the further dynamic