CONTINUITIES IN CRISIS Everyday Practices of Disaster Response and Climate Change Adaptation in Mozambique Luís Artur Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. Ir. Dorothea Hilhorst Professor of humanitarian aid and reconstruction Disaster studies, Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. Linden Vincent Wageningen University Prof. dr. Greg Bankoff University of Hull, UK Prof. dr. Ton Dietz African Studies Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands Dr. Maarten van Aalst Center for Climate Change, International Federation of the Red Cross, The Hangue, The Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Science ii CONTINUITIES IN CRISIS Everyday Practices of Disaster Response and Climate Change Adaptation in Mozambique Luís Artur Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at the Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 12 April 2011 at 11.00 AM in the aula iii Luís Artur Continuities in Crisis. Everyday Practices of Disaster Response and Climate Change Adaptation in Mozambique Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2011) With references, with summaries in Dutch, English and Portuguese ISBN: 978-90-8585-926-0 iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ADPC Asia Disaster Preparedness Centre CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management CEA Centro dos Estudos Africanos CDM Clean Development Mechanisms CENOE Centro Nacional Operativo de Emergencias CVM Cruz Vermelha de Moçambique DNA Direcção Nacional de Aguas DPCCN Departamento de Prevenção e Combate as Calamidades Naturais DRC Danish Red Cross FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique GACOR Gabinete de Coordenação do Reassentamento GDP Gross Domestic Product GoM Government of Mozambique GPZ Gabinete do Plano do Zambeze GTZ German Technical Assistance HCB Hidroelectrica de Cahora Bassa IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross IMF International Monetary Fund INE Instituto Nacional de Estatística INGC Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MDG Millennium Development Goals MPF Ministerio do Plano e Finanças NAPA National Action Plan for Adaptation NGO Non Governmental Organization NWO Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research RENAMO Resistência Nacional de Moçambique SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SCF Save the Children Fund WFP World Food Programme UEM Universidade Eduardo Mondlane UNAPROC Unidade de Protecção Civil UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees USD United States Dollar v Figure 1: Map of Mozambique vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a collective endeavor. It would never have been accomplished without the support and cooperation of different people and organizations, at different levels. I am ever grateful to people on the Zambezi delta, their collaboration was critical to achieve this outcome. I owe my special gratitude to Inácio and his parents, Tomé Gole and António Marromo for their kind consent to my ethnography of their lifewords. In Holland I am thankful to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Ir. Dorothea Hilhorst. Thea, your endless intellectual capacity intertwined with your personal commitment and caring abilities made this journey so interesting and lively. I also admire your sixth sense. You know when the student needs a push, needs a break, needs a mammy shoulder and above all you are able to coach students to discover their own potential. Thank you very much. My wife Eliane and my daughters Elaine and Daniella deserve all the merits and my deepest gratitude. For four years of the PhD journey I had been an absent husband and father but their affection to me never vanished. Thanks for your endless love, support and understanding. I also want to thank my friend and life mentor Bart Pijnenburg. Bart, you and your family made this possible. Without your endless support and encouragement the journey would have been very painful. Thank you. My deepest thanks go to Disaster Study Group and Rural Development Sociology Department at the Wageningen University for the good working environment. Many thanks to a growing group of researchers especially to Maliana, Hilde, Annelies, Rens, Lucie, Mieke, Jos, Jeroen, Bram, Gemma, Georg, Peter for their moral and academic support. In Holland I owe my deepest gratitude to NWO, the institution that funded my PhD programme. Without your financial commitment this work would never be possible. Thank you very much In Mozambique my list is endless. In Mopeia district my acknowledgments go to the Mozambican Red Cross branch, especially to Mr. Melo, Mr. Ernesto and the local Red Cross volunteers. They were very good companions for long periods of time as well as valuable sources of information even when I was away. I also want to extend my thanks to the district Agricultural directorate, especially engineer Natalino, for their open- ended support. Also to the district Education and Health directorates for their cooperation. My acknowledgement also goes to Mr. Osvaldo from the World Food Program in Mopeia for our friendship and ooh, of course, our football team. Osvaldo, I honestly think that, as a goalkeeper, you are a complete disaster! To the Save the Children organization, I want to thank dra. Sophie for our long discussions on how to break what she methodologically termed ‘the emergency thinking’. I also extend my thanks to my friend Salomão who was working for the Save the Children while I was conducting my fieldwork. Salomão fed me, time to time, with field information when I was away. vii In Caia, Mutarara, Marromeu districts, my thanks to the local Red Cross branches for their cooperation. I also thank engineer Dambiro and Mr. Lucas Renço both from the INGC and Carolina from the GTZ all in Caia. At provincial levels, my special thanks to Mr. João Zamissa from the INGC in Zambezia province. Zamissa, there are no words to thank you and your team for your full cooperation in this research. I also thank the governor and his cabinet, who friendly opened their library for an entire week for my consultation. In Quelimane I also thank my friends Kilu and Nelia for their support. In Beira, Sofala province my thanks to the Red Cross and the INGC delegate, engineer Luís Pacheco, all for their support. In Maputo I am grateful to the Mozambican Red Cross headquarters especially to the former secretarygeneral dr. Fernanda Teixeira, to dr. Eunice Mucache, dr. Respeito, dr. Rabeca Chalufo, dr. Jorge as well as dr. Ataibo. Very special thanks to dr. Ivete Dengo, ex- coordinator of the Community Based Disaster Preparedness project within the Mozambican Red Cross. At the Eduardo Mondlane university in Maputo, my acknowledgements to Professor Roland Brouwer, Professor Almeida Sitoe, Professor Boaventura Cuamba, Professor Rui Brito, Professor Glead M`lay and to my colleagues Nicia Givá and Eunice Cavane with whom I shared most of my worries and for giving me scientific and moral support to continue the journey. I also thank Professor Andrade Egas, Professor Mário Falcão and Professor Emilio Tostão for their full cooperation on my studies. At the INGC headquarter in Maputo, my thanks to dr. Bonifácio António, dr. Higino Rodrigues, dra. Ana Cristina, and dra. Marta Manjate and to the ex- general director dr. Paulo Zucula for their encouragement and support. At the National Water directorate I extend my thanks to dr. Chivambo and the library managers for their cooperation and patience. At the German organization INWENT my thanks to dr. Wegner, dr. Bene in addition to dr. Florian for our lively discussion on disaster management in Mozambique. At the National Institute of Meteorology my thanks to dr. Benessene for his personal cooperation, interest and encouragement on the research topic. In the Philippines, my thanks go to mammy Lorna Victoria from APC. Mammy, remember we are like ants! I also want to thank the Philippines’s Red Cross for their technical support and advice. In Bangladesh I offer my thanks to Professor Atiq Rahman from the Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies for his helpful insights. Professor, I also believe in a better world emerging from a development thinking embraced with disaster risk reduction thinking. In Thailand I extend my thanks to Dr. Babette Resurreccion and Professor Suvit Yodmani from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). Thanks Professor Yodmani for letting me browse through your library and for taking your time to share your experiences on disaster management. Last but not least, many thanks to my friends who shared my worries and successes: Bambissa, Gregório, Olivier, Nascimento, Mate, Perosa, Albert, viii Arsénio, Paulo, Gessica and Professor Rui Maia. A special thanks to my friend Peter Hungwe for turning my ‘Portu-English’ into readable English. To all who directly or indirectly contributed to this outcome but did not receive mention I say, MUITO OBRIGADO; many thanks; Brigado Maningue; Ndiku Pereka Takhuta Unkulu! Luís Artur ix LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHS List of Figures page Figure 1: Map of Mozambique vi Figure 2: A typical poster during the 1977 flooding 44 Figure 3.1: Districts along the delta Zambezi 64 Figure 3.2: National newspaper reporting lynching 73 Figure 3.3: Map of Mopeia district 76 Figure 4: Flood preparedness box 116 Figure 5.1: Helicopter with UN and WFP logos 136 Figure 5.2: The car with CVM goods in Caia 141 Figure