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350 International Atlas of Lunar Exploration 8 January 1973
:UP/3-PAGINATION/IAW-PROOFS/3B2/978«52181«5(M.3D 350 [7428] 19.8.20073:28PM 350 International Atlas of Lunar Exploration 8 January 1973: Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2 (Soviet Union) The 4850 kg Luna 21 spacecraft was launched from Baikonur at 06:56 UT on a Proton booster, placed in a low Earth parking orbit and then put on a lunar trajec tory. Power problems required that the Lunokhod solar panel be opened in flight to augment power, and stowed again for the trajectory correction and orbit insertion burns and for landing. On 12 January Luna 21 entered a 90 km by 100 km lunar orbit inclined 60° to the equator. After a day in orbit the low point was reduced to 16 km, and on 15 January after 40 orbits the vehicle braked and dropped to just 750 m above the surface. Then the main thrusters slowed the descent, and at :UP/3-PAGINATION/IAW-PROOFS/3B2/978«52181«5(M.3D 351 [7428] 19.8.20073:28PM Chronological sequence of missions and events 351 22 m a set of secondary thrusters took over until the After landing, Lunokhod 2 surveyed its surround spacecraft was only 1.5 meters high, when the thrusters ings. A rock partly blocked the west-facing ramp so the were shut off. Landing time was 23:35 UT. rover was driven east across a shallow crater, leaving the The site was in Le Monnier crater on the eastern edge lander at 01:14 UT on 16 January. It rested 30 m from of Mare Serenitatis, 180 km north of the Apollo 17 land the descent stage to recharge its batteries until 18 ing site, at 25.85° N, 30.45° E (Figure 327A). -
Space Act Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Moon Express Inc. for Lunar Catalyst Article 1
SPACE ACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION AND MOON EXPRESS INC. FOR LUNAR CATALYST ARTICLE 1. AUTHORITY AND PARTIES In accordance with the National Aeronautics and Space Act (51 U.S.C. § 20113), this Agreement is entered into by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, located at 300 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20546 (hereinafter referred to as "NASA") and Moon Express, Inc. located at 100 Space Port Way, Cape Canaveral, Florida 32920 (hereinafter referred to as "Partner" or "Moon Express"). NASA and Partner may be individually referred to as a "Party" and collectively referred to as the "Parties." ARTICLE 2. PURPOSE This agreement is an amended version of Space Act Agreement #18251, which went into effect on September 30, 2014. NASA recognizes that private-sector investment in technologies intended to enable commercial lunar activities has been increasing. In addition to recognizing these activities NASA wants to encourage and enable commercial successes to cultivate the increased innovation and entrepreneurship in the commercial space transportation sector. The “Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown” (Lunar CATALYST) initiative, is consistent with the National Space Transportation Policy. Per this policy, NASA is “committed to encouraging and facilitating a viable, healthy, and competitive U.S. Commercial space transportation industry”. This initiative also supports the internationally shared space exploration goals of the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) that NASA and 11 other space agencies around the world released in August 2013. The GER acknowledges the value of public-private partnerships and commercial services to enable sustainable exploration of asteroids, the Moon and Mars. -
Searching for Lunar Horizon Glow with the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)
Searching for lunar horizon glow with the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA) M. K. Barker, D. Smith, T. McClanahan, E. Mazarico, X. Sun, M. T. Zuber, G. A. Neumann, M. H. Torrence, J. W. Head DAP-2017 Boulder, CO Jan. 11-13, 2017 Lunar Horizon Glow • Surveyor landers, Lunokhod-2 lander, Apollo 17 astronaut sketches (Rennilson & Criswell 1974, Severnyi et al. 1975, McCoy & Criswell 1974, Zook & McCoy 1991) ==> Electrostatic levitation, dynamic lofting (Stubbs et al. 2006, Farrell et al. 2007) • Apollo 15 photographs at dawn: LHG extending ~30 km above horizon, N~103-105 cm-2 for grain r = 0.1 µm (McCoy 1976, Glenar et al. 2011) ==> Meteor stream impact ejecta could initiate a saltation-like cascade process • Recent searches with Clementine Star Trackers, LRO/LAMP, and LADEE/LDEX gave limits on dust density ~100x lower than A15 (Glenar et al. 2014, Feldman et al. 2014, Szalay & Horányi 2015, Horányi et al. 2015) Glenar et al. (2011) Lunar Orbiter ~65 m Diffractive Optical Element Laser Altimeter (LOLA) •5-beam time-of-flight laser altimeter onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance 50 m Orbiter (LRO) 5-m diameter •28 Hz laser, 140 measurements/sec observation area (red) •Each shot provides: • up to 5 ranges to surface (10 cm prec.) 20-m FOV (green) • footprint-scale surface roughness • footprint-scale slope 10 to 12 m apart • 1064-nm reflectance of surface along track •Detectors: 5 fiber optically-coupled avalanche photodiodes LOLA has two radiometric modes: (1) Active radiometry: LOLA laser is the light source. 1064-nm normal albedo Lemelin et al. (2016) (2) Passive radiometry: Sun is the light source. -
KPLO, ISECG, Et Al…
NationalNational Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Administration Space Administration KPLO, ISECG, et al… Ben Bussey Chief Exploration Scientist Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate, NASA HQ 1 Strategic Knowledge Gaps • SKGs define information that is useful/mandatory for designing human spaceflight architecture • Perception is that SKGs HAVE to be closed before we can go to a destination, i.e. they represent Requirements • In reality, there is very little information that is a MUST HAVE before we go somewhere with humans. What SKGs do is buy down risk, allowing you to design simpler/cheaper systems. • There are three flavors of SKGs 1. Have to have – Requirements 2. Buys down risk – LM foot pads 3. Mission enhancing – Resources • Four sets of SKGs – Moon, Phobos & Deimos, Mars, NEOs www.nasa.gov/exploration/library/skg.html 2 EM-1 Secondary Payloads 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON INTERIM EM-1 CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Lunar Flashlight STAGE • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners 3 3 3 Lunar Flashlight Overview Looking for surface ice deposits and identifying favorable locations for in-situ utilization in lunar south pole cold traps Measurement Approach: • Lasers in 4 different near-IR bands illuminate the lunar surface with a 3° beam (1 km spot). Orbit: • Light reflected off the lunar • Elliptical: 20-9,000 km surface enters the spectrometer to • Orbit Period: 12 hrs distinguish water -
The Development of Wheels for the Lunar Roving Vehicle
NASA/TM—2009-215798 The Development of Wheels for the Lunar Roving Vehicle Vivake Asnani, Damon Delap, and Colin Creager Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio December 2009 NASA STI Program . in Profi le Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientifi c and technical NASA Scientifi c and Technical Information (STI) conferences, symposia, seminars, or other program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientifi c, The NASA STI Program operates under the auspices technical, or historical information from of the Agency Chief Information Offi cer. It collects, NASA programs, projects, and missions, often organizes, provides for archiving, and disseminates concerned with subjects having substantial NASA’s STI. The NASA STI program provides access public interest. to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- Server, thus providing one of the largest collections language translations of foreign scientifi c and of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which Specialized services also include creating custom includes the following report types: thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major signifi cant phase For more information about the NASA STI of research that present the results of NASA program, see the following: programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. -
Lunar Rover with Multiple Science Payload Handling Capability
Lunar Rover with Multiple Science Payload Handling Capability Aravind Seeni, Research Engineer, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany. [email protected] Bernd Schäfer, Project Manager, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany. [email protected] Bernhard Rebele, Research Engineer, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany. [email protected] Rainer Krenn, Research Engineer, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany. [email protected] A rover design study was undertaken for exploration of the Moon. Rovers that have been launched in the past carried a suite of science payload either onboard its body or on the robotic arm’s end. No rover has so far been launched and tasked with “carrying and deploying” a payload on an extraterrestrial surface. This paper describes a lunar rover designed for deploying payload as well as carrying a suite of instruments onboard for conventional science tasks. The main consideration during the rover design process was the usage of existing, in-house technology for development of some rover systems. The manipulation subsystem design was derived from the technology of Light Weight Robot, a dexterous arm originally developed for terrestrial applications. Recent efforts have led to definition of a mission architecture for exploration of the Moon with such a rover. An outline of its design, the manipulating arm technology and the design decisions that were made has been presented. performing experiments on interesting locations after 1. INTRODUCTION landing with the available rover science instruments and tools. -
Lunar COTS: Using the Moon’S Resources to Enable an Economical and Sustainable Pathway to Mars and Beyond
Lunar COTS: Using the Moon’s Resources to Enable An Economical and Sustainable Pathway to Mars and Beyond Dr. Allison Zuniga, Dr. Dan Rasky, Bruce PiGman NASA Ames Research Center LEAG MeeIng, Nov. 1, 2016 1 Background • President Obama’s 2010 Naonal SPace Policy set the following goal for NASA: – By the mid-2030’s, send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. • As a result, NASA has established its Journey to Mars and Evolvable Mars CamPaign (EMC) to: - InvesIgate architectures to further define capabiliIes needed for a sustainable human presence on the surface of Mars. - Proving Ground Objecve: Understand the nature and distribuIon of volales and extracIon techniques and decide on their potenal use in future human exploraon architecture. • Under the EMC, NASA has also develoPed a Pioneering SPace Strategy with the following principles: - Opportuni)es for U.S. commercial business to further enhance the exPerience and business base; - Near-term mission oPPortuniIes with a cadence of human and roboIc missions Providing for an incremental buildup of capabilies; - SubstanIal new interna)onal and commercial partnerships, leveraging the current ISS PartnershiPs while building new cooPerave ventures. 2 Moon as a “Stepping Stone” to Mars • ProsPect and extract lunar resources to assess the From the Moon value proposion to NASA and our Partners. – Lunar resources may prove beneficial for inclusion in future Mars architectures, e.g., lunar-derived propellant • Apply the proven COTS model to develoP low-cost commercial capabiliIes and services, such as: – Lunar Landers and Rovers – Resource Prospecng Techniques – Lunar Mining and ISRU capabiliBes – Lunar Relay CommunicaBon Satellites – Power StaBons • Use campaigns of missions, instead of single missions, in a 3-Phase apProach to incrementally develoP capabiliIes and lower risks. -
Politecnico Di Torino
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Aerospaziale Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Lunar Nano Drone for a mission of exploration of lava tubes on the Moon: Navigation System Relatore Candidato Prof. Paolo Maggiore Gael Latiro Co-relatori Matricola Ing. Piero Messidoro 257622 Gen. Roberto Vittori Ing. Nicolas Bellomo Dicembre 2020 Acknowledgment There are many people whom I would like to thank for their contributions, both directly and indirectly, to this thesis. I would first to like to thank my supervisor prof Paolo Maggiore which allowed me to carry out this thesis and make contacts with leading figures in the sector. I also want to thank Eng. Piero Messidoro for his precious help both in terms of logistics and for the experience he shared with us. To Nicolas Bellomo who helped us enormously despite his constant commitment to work. Finally, I want to thank the astronaut as well as General Roberto Vittori for his precious help both as a reference and contact figure and as the creator of the project. To my parents and friends, in particular to my best friend Matteo Lertora who has always supported me and has always been there since I can remember. To my grandmother, who helped me a lot and unfortunately is no longer with us. To my aunt, my cousin and my girlfriend, who have always supported and helped me. I also want to thank my roommates who have accompanied me in these 5 years of university and have also been my colleagues for this thesis project. -
Localization of the Chang'e-5 Lander Using Radio-Tracking and Image
remote sensing Technical Note Localization of the Chang’e-5 Lander Using Radio-Tracking and Image-Based Methods Jia Wang 1, Yu Zhang 1, Kaichang Di 2,3 , Ming Chen 1, Jianfeng Duan 1, Jing Kong 1, Jianfeng Xie 1, Zhaoqin Liu 2, Wenhui Wan 2,*, Zhifei Rong 1, Bin Liu 2 , Man Peng 2 and Yexin Wang 2 1 Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC), Beijing 100094, China; [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (J.X.); [email protected] (Z.R.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (B.L.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (Y.W.) 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-64807987 Abstract: Chang’e-5, China’s first unmanned lunar sample-return mission, was successfully landed in Northern Oceanus Procellarum on 1 December 2020. Determining the lander location precisely and timely is critical for both engineering operations and subsequent scientific research. Localization of the lander was performed using radio-tracking and image-based methods. The lander location was determined to be (51.92◦W, 43.06◦N) by both methods. Other localization results were compared for cross-validation. The localization results greatly contributed to the planning of the ascender lifting off from the lander and subsequent maneuvers, and they will contribute to scientific analysis of the returned samples and in situ acquired data. -
Private Sector Lunar Exploration Hearing
PRIVATE SECTOR LUNAR EXPLORATION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION SEPTEMBER 7, 2017 Serial No. 115–27 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 27–174PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas, Chair FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon BILL POSEY, Florida ALAN GRAYSON, Florida THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky AMI BERA, California JIM BRIDENSTINE, Oklahoma ELIZABETH H. ESTY, Connecticut RANDY K. WEBER, Texas MARC A. VEASEY, Texas STEPHEN KNIGHT, California DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia BRIAN BABIN, Texas JACKY ROSEN, Nevada BARBARA COMSTOCK, Virginia JERRY MCNERNEY, California BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana PAUL TONKO, New York DRAIN LAHOOD, Illinois BILL FOSTER, Illinois DANIEL WEBSTER, Florida MARK TAKANO, California JIM BANKS, Indiana COLLEEN HANABUSA, Hawaii ANDY BIGGS, Arizona CHARLIE CRIST, Florida ROGER W. MARSHALL, Kansas NEAL P. DUNN, Florida CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE HON. BRIAN BABIN, Texas, Chair DANA ROHRABACHER, California AMI BERA, California, Ranking Member FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama DONALD S. -
Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research: Comprehensive Report to the NASA Lunar Science Institute March 1, 2012
Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research: Comprehensive Report to The NASA Lunar Science Institute March 1, 2012 Principal Investigator: Jack Burns, University of Colorado Boulder Deputy Principal Investigator: Joseph Lazio, JPL Page 1 3.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research (LUNAR) is a team of researchers and students at leading universities, NASA centers, and federal research laboratories undertaking investigations aimed at using the Moon as a platform for space science. LUNAR research includes Lunar Interior Physics & Gravitation using Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), Low Frequency Cosmology and Astrophysics (LFCA), Planetary Science and the Lunar Ionosphere, Radio Heliophysics, and Exploration Science. The LUNAR team is exploring technologies that are likely to have a dual purpose, serving both exploration and science. There is a certain degree of commonality in much of LUNAR’s research. Specifically, the technology development for a lunar radio telescope involves elements from LFCA, Heliophysics, Exploration Science, and Planetary Science; similarly the drilling technology developed for LLR applies broadly to both Exploration and Lunar Science. Lunar Laser Ranging LUNAR has developed a concept for the next generation of Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) “A new Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) program, if conducted as a low cost robotic mission or an add- retroreflector. To date, the use of the Apollo on to a manned mission to the Moon, offers a arrays continues to provide state-of-the-art promising and cost-effective way to test general science, showing a lifetime of >40 yrs. This relativity and other theories of gravity…The program has determined properties of the lunar installation of new LLR retroreflectors to replace interior, discovered the liquid core, which has the 40 year old ones might provide such an opportunity”. -
ILWS Report 137 Moon
Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Albury February 2020 © 2011, revised 2020. All rights reserved by the authors. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR & Murphy, Guy (2020). Returning to the Moon. Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 137. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. iv, 35 pp ISBN 978-1-86-467370-8 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected] Spennemann & Murphy (2020) Returning to the Moon: Heritage Issues Raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Page ii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. HUMAN ARTEFACTS ON THE MOON 3 What Have These Missions Left BehinD? 4 Impactor Missions 10 Lander Missions 11 Rover Missions 11 Sample Return Missions 11 Human Missions 11 The Lunar Environment & ImpLications for Artefact Preservation 13 Decay caused by ascent module 15 Decay by solar radiation 15 Human Interference 16 3.