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Advanced Exploration Systems National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advanced Exploration Systems 10 October 2017 JASON CRUSAN Director, Advanced Exploration Systems NASA Headquarters 1 2 PHASE 1 Deep Space Gateway (DSG) Concept Phase 2: Deep Space Transport Orion PHASE 2 Deep Space Gateway HABITATION CAPABILITY Systems to enable crews to live and work safely in deep space. Capabilities and systems will be used in conjunction with Orion and SLS on exploration missions in cislunar space and beyond. 5 DEEP SPACE HABITATION SYSTEMS TODAY FUTURE Habitation Systems Elements Space Station Deep Space LIFE SUPPORT Excursions from Earth are possible with artificially produced breathing air, drinking water and other conditions for survival. 42% O Recovery from CO 2 2 75%+ O2 Recovery from CO2 90% H O Recovery 2 98%+ H2O Recovery Atmosphere Waste Management Management < 6 mo mean time before failure >30 mo mean time before Water (for some components) failure Management ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING NASA living spaces are designed with controls and integrity that ensure the comfort and safety of inhabitants. Limited, crew-intensive On-board analysis capability on-board capability with no sample return Identify and quantify species Pressure Particles Chemicals Reliance on sample return to and organisms in air & water O & N Earth for analysis 2 2 Moisture Microbes Sound CREW HEALTH Astronauts are provided tools to perform successfully while preserving their well-being and long-term health. Bulky fitness equipment Smaller, efficient equipment Limited medical capability Onboard medical capability Monitoring Diagnostics Food Storage & Management Frequent food system resupply Long-duration food system Exercise Treatment EVA: EXTRA- Long-term exploration depends on the ability to physically investigate the unknown for VEHICULAR ACTIVITY resources and knowledge. High upper body mobility for limited Full body mobility for expanded sizing range sizing range Low interval between maintenance, Increased time between maintenance contamination sensitive, and cycles, contamination resistant system, 25% consumables limit EVA time increase in EVA time Mobility Science and Exploration Construction and repair focused tools; Geological sampling and surveying Life excessive inventory of unique tools equipment; common generic tool kit Support DEEP SPACE HABITATION SYSTEMS TODAY FUTURE Habitation Systems Elements Space Station Deep Space Node 2 crew quarters (CQ) with RADIATION During each journey, radiation from the sun and other sources poses a significant threat to polyethylene reduce impacts of proton Solar particle event storm shelter, humans and spacecraft. irradiation. PROTECTION Large multi-layer detectors & small pixel optimized position of on-board detectors – real-time dosimetry, environment materials and CQ monitoring, tracking, model validation & Small distributed pixel detector verification systems – real-time dosimetry, environment monitoring, and tracking Modeling Bulky gas-based detectors Monitoring – real-time dosimetry Tracking Mitigation Small actively read-out detectors for crew Small solid-state crystal detectors – real-time dosimetry – passive dosimetry (analyzed post-mission) FIRE SAFETY Throughout every mission, NASA is committed to minimizing critical risks to human safety. Large CO2 Suppressant Tanks Water Mist portable fire extinguisher 2-cartridge mask Single Cartridge Mask Detection Suppression Obsolete combustion prod. sensor Exploration combustion product Protection Cleanup monitor Only depress/repress clean-up Smoke eater LOGISTICS Sustainable living outside of Earth requires explorers to reduce, recycle, reuse, and repurpose materials. Manual scans, displaced items Automatic, autonomous RFID Disposable cotton clothing Long-wear clothing/laundry Tracking Packaging Packaging disposed Bags/foam repurposed w/3D printer Clothing Trash Bag and discard Resource recovery, then disposal CROSS-CUTTING Powerful, efficient, and safe launch systems will protect and deliver crews and materials across new horizons. Minimal on-board autonomy Ops independent of Earth & crew Near-continuous ground-crew Up to 40-minute comm delay communications Widespread common interfaces, Avionics, Some common interfaces, modules/systems integrated Robotics Communication Materials modules controlled separately Autonomy Manufacture replacement parts in & Software space Power Docking Thermal Industry Partnerships in Pursuit of NASA’s Strategic Goals • NextSTEP solicits studies, concepts, and technologies to demonstrate key capabilities on the International Space Station and for future human missions in deep space. Focus areas include: – life support systems, advanced electric propulsion systems, small satellites, commercial lunar landers, and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) measurements and systems • Most NextSTEP efforts require some level of corporate cost- sharing. • This cost-sharing model of public-private partnerships stimulates the economy and fosters a stronger industrial base and commercial space market. 8 NEXTSTEP HABITATION OVERVIEW NextSTEP Phase 1: 2015-2016 Cislunar habitation concepts that leverage commercialization plans for LEO FOUR SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CONCEPTS RECEIVED Partners develop required deliverables, including concept descriptions with concept of operations, NextSTEP Phase LOCKHEED MARTIN BIGELOW AEROSPACE ORBITAL ATK BOEING 2 proposals, and statements of work. NextSTEP Phase 2: 2016-2018 Initial discussions with international partners • Partners refine concepts and develop ground prototypes. ONE CONCEPT STUDY • NASA leads standards and common interfaces development. FIVE GROUND PROTOTYPES NANORACKS Phase 3: 2018+ BY 2018 BIGELOW AEROSPACE BOEING • Partnership and Acquisition approach, Define reference habitat leveraging domestic and international architecture in capabilities preparation for Phase 3. • Development of deep space habitation SIERRA NEVADA capabilities LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION ORBITAL ATK • Deliverables: flight unit(s) 9 FULL-SIZED GROUND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR BROAD TRADE SPACE OF OPTIONS Expandable Leverages Existing Technologies Builds on proven cargo spacecraft development Refurbishes Heritage Hardware Modular Buildup 10 NextSTEP Propulsion Developing propulsion technology systems in the 50- to 300-kW range to meet the needs of a variety of deep-space mission concepts Ad Astra Rocket Company: Aerojet Rocketdyne: MSNW: Variable Specific Impulse Nested Hall thruster Electrodeless Lorentz Force plasma Magnetoplasma Rocket thruster. (VASIMR). NextSTEP Habitation Systems NASA awarded seven habitation projects. Four will address habitat concept development, and three will address Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Dynetics, Inc Hamilton Sundstrand Space Sierra Nevada Systems International Huntsville, AL Windsor Locks, CT Corporation/Orbitec Madison, WI Miniature atmospheric Larger, more modular Hybrid Life Support scrubbing system for long- ECLSS subsystems, Systems integrating duration exploration and requiring less integration established habitation applications. and maximize component Physical/Chemical life Separates CO2 and other commonality support with bioproduction undesirable gases from systems spacecraft cabin air 12 IN-SPACE MANUFACTURING ON-DEMAND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEEP SPACE MISSIONS 3-D printer installed on International Space Station in 2014. Crews aboard station have successfully used the printer to manufacture parts and tools on-demand. In-Space Manufacturing logo created through Freelancer crowd- sourced challenge. Issued new appendix to NextSTEP Broad Agency Announcement soliciting proposals for development of First student-designed 3-D tool printed first-generation, in-space, multi-material fabrication aboard station in 2016 laboratory, or FabLab, for space missions. 13 BIGELOW EXPANDABLE ACTIVITY MODULE TWO-YEAR HABITAT DEMONSTRATION 14 SPACECRAFT FIRE SAFETY EXPERIMENTS (SAFFIRE) Saffire-I&III: cotton-fiberglass blend burn sample measured 0.4 m wide by 1 meter long Saffire-II: nine samples in the experiment kit include a cotton-fiberglass blend, Nomex, and the same acrylic glass that is used for spacecraft windows 15 Harnessing Space-Based Resources In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Extracting volatiles or building materials from extraterrestrial soils (regolith). Extracting volatiles or consumables from extraterrestrial atmospheres. 16 CubeSats • Less expensive than traditional satellites • Appealing to new users – students, amateurs, non-space industry • Performance has rapidly improved CubeSat Launch at a low cost over the last 18 years Initiative • Are productive scientific spacecraft Provides launch opportunities to educational, non-profit organizations and NASA Centers that build CubeSats to fly as auxiliary payloads on previously planned missions or as International Space Station deployments. • 151 CubeSat missions selected • 85 organizations in 38 states • 42 CubeSats to be launched over the next 12 months 17 EM-1 Secondary Payloads 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON INTERIM EM-1 CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Lunar Flashlight STAGE • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners 18 18 AES EM-1 Secondary Payloads: Strategic Knowledge Gaps and Key Technologies Strategic Knowledge Gaps Addressed Technologies Advanced BioSentinel • Deployable & Gimbaled Solar Arrays Human health/performance
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