Leslie Silko E James Redfield, Mentores De Uma Nova Consciência

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Leslie Silko E James Redfield, Mentores De Uma Nova Consciência Zaida Pinto Ferreira Leslie Silko e James Redfield, Mentores de uma Nova Consciência: da Fragmentação à Unidade Tese de Doutoramento em Literatura Especialidade em Literatura Norte-Americana UNIVERSIDADE ABERTA LISBOA 2013 Zaida Pinto Ferreira Leslie Silko e James Redfield, Mentores de uma Nova Consciência: da Fragmentação à Unidade Tese de Doutoramento apresentada à Universidade Aberta e realizada sob a orientação da Ex.ma Senhora Professora Doutora Maria Filipa Palma dos Reis UNIVERSIDADE ABERTA LISBOA 2013 A todos os Mestres que me inspiraram. Agradecimentos A elaboração desta dissertação de doutoramento contou com preciosos contributos que pretendo destacar. Assim, agradeço à Professora Doutora Filipa Palma dos Reis, minha orientadora, a disponibilidade, a dedicação, o apoio, e a leitura atenta e rigorosa que dedicou a este estudo, contribuindo para ampliar a minha visão sobre o tema. O seu empenho foi crucial para o resultado final deste trabalho. Expresso o meu agradecimento à Ana Maria Costa pelas preciosas sugestões que me facultou e pela leitura crítica, atenta e rigorosa que lhe mereceu o meu texto. Agradeço ainda às minhas amigas Anabela Sardo e Isa Severino pelo estímulo constante ao longo deste percurso, pelas ajudas que deram a este estudo, contribuindo para melhorar alguns aspectos. De igual modo, expresso o meu reconhecimento aos meus amigos que não preciso nomear, porque, de modo indirecto, concorreram para o sucesso do meu trabalho, com o seu apreço e amizade. Dedico uma mensagem especial aos meus filhos, Tiago, André, à minha mãe, ao meu irmão e à Mila, pois sem o saberem, deram-me um extremo alento para prosseguir esta travessia. Sem eles, o caminho não teria o mesmo sentido. E é por eles que persisto. Resumo As obras de Leslie Silko e James Redfield apresentam vectores temáticos diferenciados, porém, comungam da mesma perspectiva na abordagem que fazem da espiritualidade – “we are One, we are All Related”. Silko descreve com um realismo inquietante as perturbações do foro psíquico que podem despoletar problemas diversos quer a nível social, económico, ecológico e humano, e conduzir à prática de actos sórdidos. Redfield, nos seus quatro romances, propõe soluções, de forma a que as fragilidades que assolam um paradigma socioeconómico e cultural que ainda preza a posse material em detrimento da essência humana sejam ultrapassadas, ao mesmo tempo que desperta no leitor imagens arquetípicas que o religam a um passado longínquo, no qual havia uma ligação de total interdependência entre tudo e todos. Assim, partindo da análise da obra dos dois autores, o presente estudo, intitulado – Leslie Silko e James Redfield, mentores de uma nova consciência: da fragmentação à Unidade – pretende questionar os valores em que assenta a sociedade pós-moderna e reflectir sobre as causas que, ao longo dos tempos, têm originado guerras insanas, seres humanos confinados à miséria no meio de um mundo de abundância, relações disfuncionais, corrupção, massacres, criminalidade, entropia climática, entre outros. Este estudo tem ainda como objectivo perscrutar se os Estados Unidos estão dispostos a (re)erguerem-se e a (re)afirmarem-se como um modelo sagrado para todo o mundo, símbolo do berço de um novo Homem, pronto a viver em uníssono, no qual a Fragmentação cede lugar à Unidade. Palavras-chave: Silko, Redfield, sociedade, falocêntrica, unidade, fragmentação, inter- relação, sagrado, consciência, espiritualidade, arquétipo, psique. Abstract The works of Leslie Marmon Silko and James Redfield pursue unlike thematic lines, although they share the same perception in their approach to spirituality – "we are One, we are All Related". Silko depicts, realistically, the psychic disorders which may activate diverse problems at a social, economic, ecological and human level and lead to acts of sordidness. In his four novels, Redfield proposes solutions in order to overcome the weaknesses concerning the current social, economical and cultural paradigm, according to which Having is still valued over Being. Meanwhile, his works awaken archetypal images connecting the reader to an archaic past at the deeper levels of his/her psyche wherein there was a harmonious interrelatedness. So, the aim of this study, based on the writings of Silko and Redfield and entitled “Leslie Silko and James Redfield, mentors of a new consciousness: from fragmentation to Oneness” envisages to question the values upon which post-modern society is grounded and reflect on the causes that, over time, have been creating insane wars, human beings confined to misery amidst a world of abundance, disfunctional relationships, corruption, slaughter, crime, climactic entropy, etc. It also purports to assess the potentialities of the United States of America, inquiring whether this nation is willing to (re)build and (re)establish itself as a sacred model for the whole world, symbol of the cradle of a new Man, ready to live up to the demand for Oneness. Key-words: oneness, interrelatedness, sacred, consciousness, spirituality, archetypal, phallocentric, society, psyche. Resumen Las obras de Leslie Silko y James Redfield presentan diferentes componentes temáticos, sin embargo, comparten la misma perspectiva en el acercamiento que hacen a la espiritualidad - “we are One, we are All Related” (Nosotros somos uno solo, estamos todos relacionados). Silko describe con un realismo inquietante las perturbaciones del orden psíquico que pueden provocar diversos problemas en el nivel social, económico, ecológico y humano, y conducir a la práctica de actos sórdidos. Redfield, en sus cuatro romances, propone soluciones, de manera que las debilidades que afectan un paradigma socio-económico y cultural que todavía se aprecia en la posesión material en detrimento de la esencia humana sean transpuestas, al mismo tiempo que despierta en el lector imágenes arquetípicas que lo lleven nuevamente a un pasado lejano, en el cual había una conexión de interdependencia total entre todo y todos. Así, partiendo del análisis de la obra de los dos autores, el presente trabajo, titulado – Leslie Silko y James Redfield, mentores de una nueva conciencia: de la fragmentación a la Unidad – pretende cuestionar los valores que sustentan la sociedad contemporánea y reflexionar sobre las causas que, con el tiempo, han originado guerras insanas, seres humanos confinados a la miseria en medio de un mundo de abundancia, relaciones disfuncionales, corrupción, masacres, criminalidad, entropía climática, entre otros. Este estudio reflexiona todavía sobre las potencialidades de Estados Unidos de América, cuestionando si esta nación está dispuesta a reconstruirse y a reafirmarse como un modelo sagrado para todo el mundo, símbolo del nacimiento de un nuevo Hombre, listo para vivir al unísono, en el cual la fragmentación cede lugar a la Unidad. Palabras llave: Silko, Redfield, sociedad, falocéntrica, unidad, fragmentación, interrelación, sagrado, conciencia, espiritualidad, arquetipo, psique. Índice Introdução ........................................................................................................................ 15 1. Enquadramento .........................................................................................................................15 2. Objectivo ...................................................................................................................................17 3. Leslie Marmon Silko e James Redfield: considerações sobre o caminho a percorrer, capítulo a capítulo .......................................................................................................................................21 4. Metodologia utilizada e observações várias .............................................................................45 Capítulo I. Um proémio à Literatura Nativo-Americana .................................................... 47 1. A Literatura Nativo-Americana e o seu reconhecimento ..........................................................47 2. A dialéctica da tradição oral com as narrativas dos autores nativos americanos da época contemporânea .............................................................................................................................63 3. A linguagem como expressão da tradição oral em The Man Made of Words ..........................72 4. A tradição oral e a escrita feminina nativo-americana ..............................................................92 Capítulo II. Fragmentação da sociedade pós-moderna: uma leitura de The Almanac of the Dead de Leslie Silko ................................................................................................. 117 1. Enquadramento geral..............................................................................................................117 2. Silko, Freud e Marx .................................................................................................................124 3. A discriminação feita pelos discriminados e outros vectores/paradigmas de perpetuação do mal ...............................................................................................................................................142 4. Misoginia, Eugenia, Elitismo Capitalista e sociedade tecnocêntrica ......................................164 5. De volta a Freud: poder patriarcal – subjugação do feminino e da Terra-Mãe ......................175 6. O dinheiro como valor maior: solidão e crueldade, como produto da alienação da Terra-Mãe e da Mãe biológica .........................................................................................................................194
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